Rostocker Meeresbiologische Beiträge

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Rostocker Meeresbiologische Beiträge Rostocker Meeresbiologische Beiträge Beiträge Zum Rostocker Forschungstauchersymposium 2019 Heft 30 Universität Rostock Institut für Biowissenschaften 2020 HERAUSGEBER DIESES HEFTES: Hendrik Schubert REDAKTION: Dirk Schories Gerd Niedzwiedz Hendrik Schubert HERSTELLUNG DER DRUCKVORLAGE: Christian Porsche CIP-KURZTITELAUFNAHME Rostocker Meeresbiologische Beiträge. Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften. – Rostock, 2020. – 136 S. (Rostocker Meeresbiologische Beiträge; 30) ISSN 0943-822X © Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, 18051 Rostock REDAKTIONSADRESSE: Universität Rostock Institut für Biowissenschaften 18051 Rostock e-mail: [email protected] Tel. 0381 / 498-6071 Fax. 0381 / 498-6072 BEZUGSMÖGLICHKEITEN: Universität Rostock Universitätsbibliothek, Schriftentausch 18051 Rostock e-mail: [email protected] DRUCK: Druckerei Kühne & Partner GmbH & Co KG Umschlagfoto Titel: Unterwasseraufnahmen und Abbildung des Riffs in Nienhagen, [Uwe Friedrich, style-kueste.de] Rückseite: Gruppenbild der Forschungstauchertagung [Thomas Rahr, Universität Rostock, ITMZ] 2 Inhalt Seite FISCHER, P. 5 Vorwort NIEDZWIEDZ, G. 7 25 Jahre Forschungstaucherausbildung in Rostock – eine Geschichte mit langer Vorgeschichte VAN LAAK, U. 39 Der Tauchunfall als misslungene Prävention: Ergebnisse aus der DAN Europe Feldforschung MOHR, T. 51 Überblick zum Forschungsprojekt „Riffe in der Ostsee“ NIEDZWIEDZ, G. & SCHORIES, D. 65 Georeferenzierung von Unterwasserdaten: Iststand und Perspektiven SCHORIES, D. 81 Ein kurzer Ausschnitt über wissenschaftliches Fotografieren Unter- wasser und deren Anwendung WEIGELT, R., HENNICKE, J. & VON NORDHEIM, H. 93 Ein Blick zurück, zwei nach vorne – Forschungstauchen am Bundes- amt für Naturschutz zum Schutz der Meere AUGUSTIN, C. B., BÜHLER, A. & SCHUBERT, H. 103 Comparison of different methods for determination of seagrass distribution in the Southern Baltic Sea Coast SCHORIES, D., DÍAZ, M.-J., GARRIDO, I., HERAN, T., HOLTHEUER, J., KAPPES, J. 117 J., KOHLBERG, G. & NIEDZWIEDZ, G. Analysis of time-lapse images as a tool to study movement in situ in four species of sea urchins and one limpet from North Patagonia and the South Shetland Islands 3 Vorwort Wie bei vielen wissenschaftlichen Infrastrukturen in Deutschland und Europa wird auch immer wieder die Existenzberechtigung des Forschungstauchens diskutiert. In einer zunehmend digitalen Forschungslandschaft fragen sich viele Förderinstitutionen, Institute, Behörden und Forschungseinrichtungen, ob es heute noch erforderlich und gerechtfertigt ist, ForscherInnen und StudentInnen dem Risiko eines beruflichen Aufenthaltes in einer primär lebensfeindlichen Umgebung, also unter Wasser, auszu- setzen. Als Sprecher der Kommission Forschungstauchen Deutschland führe ich diese Diskussion naturgemäß sehr oft. Auf der Gesprächspartnerseite spüre ich dabei häufig bereits nach einer kurzen Darstellung der Aufgaben und insbesondere der aktuellen Sicherheitskonzepte, die in Deutschland beim wissenschaftlichen Tauchen in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den zuständigen gesetzlichen Unfallkassen verfolgt und kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt werden, ein großes Interesse zum wissenschaftlichen und technischen Diskurs. Wissenschaftliches Tauchen ist heute keine „exotische“ Methode für wenige ausgewählte besonders „toughe“ Wissenschaftler und Wissen- schaftlerinnen mehr, es ist ein integraler Bestandteil einer modernen verteilten aquatischen Forschungsinfrastruktur. Bei der Lösung der im Zuge des Klimawandels und der anthropogenen Belastungen der im Küstenbereich auftretenden Forschungs- fragen ist eine enge Vernetzung der menschlichen Expertise unter Wasser mit den neuesten aquatischen Technologien zwingend erforderlich. Wissenschaftliches Tauchen und die fortschreitenden Entwicklungen im Bereich mariner Technologie wie z. B. bei AUV’s oder ROV’ in Kombination mit dem zunehmenden Fortschritt im Bereich „Künstlicher Intelligenz unter Wasser“ stellen dabei ein wissenschaftlich- technologisches Kontinuum und Potential dar, welches wir für die Wissenschaft sinnvoll einsetzen können auch müssen. Immer wieder sehe ich mich bei solchen Diskussionen aber auch mit Ansichten konfrontiert, dass der Einsatz der menschlichen Expertise unter Wasser zu teuer, zu aufwändig oder zu kompliziert wäre. Ein zu hoher Standard des berufsgenossen- schaftlichen Arbeitsschutzes wird dabei immer wieder ins Feld geführt, der die Arbeit von Studenten und Wissenschaftlern unter Wasser unnötig teuer und kompliziert machen würde. Uns ist allen klar, dass die zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel in der akademischen Welt oftmals mehr als begrenzt sind und ich habe vollstes Verständnis für jeden Arbeitsgruppenleiter und Institutsleiter, der aus forschungspolitischen Erwägungen entscheidet, dass an seinem Institut die Infrastruktur „Wissenschaftliches Tauchen“ nicht angeboten da für die Arbeit nicht benötigt wird. Weniger bis kein Verständnis habe ich jedoch, wenn in wissenschaftlichen Instituten und Forschungs- einrichtungen stolz die neuesten High-Tech-Sensoren und Geräte für die aquatische Forschung eingesetzt werden, eine adäquate und arbeitsrechtlich belastbare Aus- bildung und Absicherung der Studenten und Wissenschaftler für die Arbeit unter Wasser aber in Frage gestellt wird. Der vorliegende Sonderband zeigt auf beeindruckende Weise mit wie viel wissenschaftlichem und technologischem Know-How, Engagement und Einsatz Studenten, Studentinnen, Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen die verteilte, mobile und modulare Infrastruktur „wissenschaftliches Tauchen“ bilden und nutzen, 5 um hervorragende Forschungsprojekte im aquatischen Bereich umzusetzen und dazu Publikationen zu schreiben. Die KFT ist stolz darauf, dieses Engagement im Rahmen eines sicheren und gesetzlichen belastbaren Arbeitsumfeldes unterstützen und fördern zu dürfen. Rostock, März 2020 Prof. Dr. Philipp Fischer Sprecher Kommission Forschungstauchen Deutschland 6 Rostock. Meeresbiolog. Beitr. Heft 30 7 – 37 Rostock 2020 Gerd NIEDZWIEDZ* * Universität Rostock, Forschungstauchzentrum, 18059 Rostock [email protected] 25 Jahre Forschungstaucherausbildung in Rostock Eine Geschichte mit langer Vorgeschichte Zusammenfassung Forschungstauchen ist berufliches Tauchen mit wissenschaftlicher Zielstellung. Jede beauftragte berufliche Tätigkeit unterliegt hierzulande den Vorgaben der deutschen gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (DGUV). Spezifische Regeln des Arbeits- schutzes beim Forschungstauchen definiert die DGUV-Regel 101-023; diese legt auch Inhalt und Umfang der Ausbildung fest. In Rostock wurden diese Regeln erst nach der sogenannten "Wende" relevant, was aber nicht bedeutet, dass hier vor 1990 keine wissenschaftlichen Tauchgänge durchgeführt wurden. Diese fanden damals auf der Basis des Regelwerks der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik statt. Bekannt wurden Taucheinsätze bspw. im Rahmen der Fischereiforschung bereits vor 1960. Der Ausbil- dungsumfang insgesamt war mit dem aktuellen vergleichbar. Damalige Arbeitsschutz- regeln unterschieden sich zwar von den heutigen – aber nicht grundlegend. Bis Ende 1992 mussten die wissenschaftlichen Schwimmtaucher der ehemaligen DDR in einer neuerlichen Prüfung nachweisen, dass sie über ausreichende Kenntnisse im neu anzuwendenden Regelwerk der BRD verfügen. Diese Prüfung absolvierten jedoch nur 13 Personen. Es war absehbar, dass der künftige Bedarf an Forschungstauchern mit diesem Personal nicht abzudecken ist. Die seit 1989 ruhende Ausbildung wissen- schaftlicher Taucher wurde bis 1994 deshalb neu in Rostock belebt. In 25 Ausbildungs- kursen sind bis zum Jahr 2019 insgesamt 267 Absolventen erfolgreich durch die Prüfungskommission für Forschungstaucher der Berufsgenossenschaft Bau (BG) geprüft worden. In zahlreichen Projekten in den Naturwissenschaften, bei der Ingenieur- und Umweltforschung oder auch in der Landesarchäologie kommen diese Wissenschaftler zum Einsatz. Ohne Forschungstaucher wären manche Projekte nicht zu realisieren gewesen. Derzeit gibt es in Deutschland insgesamt nur 7 von der BG anerkannte Ausbildungsbetriebe für Forschungstaucher; die Universität Rostock ist davon immer noch der einzige in den 5 neuen Bundesländern. Schlüsselwörter: Forschungstauchen, Ausbildung, Arbeitsschutz, Berufsgenossenschaft, Tauchgeschichte, Tauchprojekte, Kooperationen 7 25 years of research diving education in Rostock A story with a long history Abstract Research diving is professional diving with scientific objective. Each contracted professional activity in Germany is subject to the requirements of the German statutory accident insurance (DGUV). Here are specific rules of occupational safety defined. For research diving applies the DGUV rule 101-023, which also specifies the content and scope of the training. In Rostock, these rules only became relevant after the after the fall of the Berlin wall, which does not mean that no scientific dives were conducted here before 1990. These took place at that time on the basis of the rules of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) Diving operations in the context of e.g. fishery research are already known before 1960. The old training programme is comparable with the exercises of today, but occupational health and safety regulations differed from today's, though not fundamentally. By the end of 1992, the scientific swimming-diver of the former GDR were re-examined to the regulations of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In total only 13 divers completed this examination. It was obvious that the future demand for research divers in
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