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Antero Maximiliano Dias Dos Reis Mcdonald's ANTERO MAXIMILIANO DIAS DOS REIS MCDONALD’S: A DURA FACE DO TRABALHO FLEXÍVEL NO MUNDO JUVENIL (FLORIANÓPOLIS, 2000-2007) FLORIANÓPOLIS – SC 2009 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA - UDESC CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E DA EDUCAÇÃO – CCE/FAED PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA ANTERO MAXIMILIANO DIAS DOS REIS MCDONALD’S: A DURA FACE DO TRABALHO FLEXÍVEL NO MUNDO JUVENIL (FLORIANÓPOLIS, 2000-2007) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, como requisito para obtenção de título de Mestre em História. Orientadora: Dra. Sílvia Maria Fávero Arend FLORIANÓPOLIS – SC 2009 2 ANTERO MAXIMILIANO DIAS DOS REIS MCDONALD’S: A DURA FACE DO TRABALHO FLEXÍVEL NO MUNDO JUVENIL (FLORIANÓPOLIS, 2000-2007) Dissertação aprovada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre, no curso de Pós-Graduação em História na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Banca Examinadora: Orientadora:_______________________________________________________ Dra. Sílvia Maria Fávero Arend Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Membro: _________________________________________________________ Dra. Cristiani Bereta da Silva Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Membro: _________________________________________________________ Dra. Esmeralda Blanco Bolsonaro de Moura Universidade de São Paulo FLORIANÓPOLIS, fevereiro de 2009. 3 Dedico à Sônia, Patrícia e Jade. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS: Gratidão, esta palavra-tudo. Agradeço, primeiramente, a minha estimada orientadora: Professora Doutora Sílvia Maria Fávero Arend, por ter acreditado e confiado na possibilidade da realização desta pesquisa, por tê-la tornado realmente possível. Agradeço- lhe por esta difícil tarefa que é orientar, por sua ajuda, dedicação e interesse. Agradeço à Professora Doutora Cristiani Bereta da Silva, que tem me oportunizado ideias valorosas com seu conhecimento e sensibilidade. Agradeço ao Professor Doutor Luiz Felipe Falcão, pelos apontamentos e contribuições em minha Banca de Qualificação. Agradeço, em especial, a Professora Doutora Esmeralda Blanco Bolsonaro de Moura, por ter me concedido sua presença na Banca Examinadora, conferindo à pesquisa apontamentos relevantes com palavras construtivas. Agradeço a minha companheira Patrícia Justo Moreira pelo apoio e incentivo, por dividir comigo alegrias e aflições. Agradeço-lhe pelas muitas leituras deste trabalho e por suas significativas contribuições. Agradeço à mulher e mãe Sônia Maria Dias dos Reis, pela paciência que sempre disponibilizou para me ouvir. Agradeço-lhe pelo cuidado para comigo e por sua força. Agradeço à Jade Liz Almeida dos Reis pelo carinho especial e inestimável de filha. Agradeço ao meu irmão e amigo Rogelho Roberto Dias dos Reis, encontros e desencontros, entrelaçando-nos. Agradeço aos meus amigos: Alexandre Iaboinski e Carlos Albinos Barth Adams pelas leituras e sugestões sempre atentas, pela amizade, algo maior. Agradeço ao meu amigo e companheiro musical Didi Lima, pelos interstícios nos bares da vida. Agradeço aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em 5 História da UDESC, em especial, ao Professor Doutor Reinaldo Lindolfo Lohn, propositor desta pesquisa, e aos Professores Doutores: Emerson César de Campos, Maurício Aurélio dos Santos; as Professoras Doutoras: Marlene de Fáveri, Gláucia de Oliveira Assis, que com capacidade e competência ajudaram-me no caminho deste trabalho. Agradeço à secretaria do Programa, a Anderson Mendes e Gabriela Vieira. Agradeço aos colegas que enfrentaram firmes esta jornada que é o mestrado: Ana Cláudia Ribas, Arnaldo Hass Júnior, Antônio Cleber Rudi, Caio Graco Valle Cobério, Cristiane de Castro Ramos Abud, Diego Finder Machado, Fábio Andréas Richter, Ismael Gonçalves Alves, Izani Pibernat Mustafá, Marcelo Sabino Martins, Mateus Gambá Torres, Yomara Feitosa Caetano de Oliveira. Agradeço à Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, pública e gratuita. Agradeço-lhe por ter me concedido a Bolsa PROMOP, com a qual foi possível maior dedicação à pesquisa. Agradeço aos colegas do Laboratório de Relações de Gênero e Família no qual fui monitor. Agradeço, especialmente, aos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras juvenis do McDonald’s, que me confiaram suas palavras. Sem tais protagonistas não haveria esta história. Agradeço a todos e todas que tornaram esta pesquisa possível, sem suas contribuições ainda poderia pretender dizer o que disse, mas nem sempre teria logrado dizer o que realmente pretendi. 6 A máquina do mundo se entreabriu para quem de a romper já se esquivava e só de ter pensado se carpia. Abriu-se majestosa e circunspecta, sem emitir um som que fosse impuro nem um clarão maior que o tolerável pelas pupilas gastas na inspeção contínua e dolorosa do deserto, e pela mente exausta de mentar toda um realidade que transcende a própria imagem sua debuxada no rosto do mistério, nos abismos. Abriu-se em calma pura, e convidando quantos sentidos e intuições restavam a quem de os ter usado os já perdera [...] Baixei os olhos, incurioso, lasso, desdenhando colher a coisa oferta que se abria gratuita ao meu engenho. Carlos Drummond de Andrade A máquina do mundo 7 RESUMO Nesta pesquisa buscamos analisar como se operam as relações de trabalho no mundo juvenil a partir das experiências dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da rede de restaurantes McDonald’s da cidade de Florianópolis/SC, no período entre 2000 e 2007. Constatamos que o sistema de produção vigente nesta cadeia de fast-foods é norteado por estratégias que vão do fordismo ao toyotismo. Este procura forjar um determinado tipo de trabalhador: “multifuncional”, “intercambiável” e “descartável” a medida em que, sob o eufemismo da flexibilização, o utiliza na quantidade, no lugar e pelo tempo desejado. Ao evidenciarmos, através das fontes documentais, os discursos e as práticas acerca dos atendentes da referida empresa de comidas rápidas, procuramos descrever a filosofia aplicada ao treinamento, bem como interpretar o porquê da grande rotatividade destes funcionários juvenis. Por fim, descrevemos as sociabilidades destes jovens construídas tanto no âmbito do trabalho quanto fora dele. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História. Juventude. Relações de Trabalho. Tempo Presente. 8 ABSTRACT This research sought to examine whether the active working relations with youth from the experiences of workers and employees of the network of McDonald's restaurants in the city of Florianópolis/SC, in the period between 2000 and 2007. We note that the production system in the existing network of restaurants is guided by strategies of Fordism and the Toyotism. This trying to shape a certain type of worker: "multifunctional", "interchangeable" and "disposable" the extent to which, under the euphemism of flexibility, the amount in use, in place and the desired time. When shown through documentary sources, the discourses and practices of the attendants on the company of fast-food, we describe the philosophy applied to the training and how to interpret why the high turnover of the staff the youth. Finally, we describe the sociability of these young people built in work and outside. KEYWORDS: History. Youth. Working Relations. Present Time. 9 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 – Organograma de um restaurante modelo.................................................39 Figura 2 – Gráfico 1. Percentuais dos empregados do McDonald’s por idade........111 Figura 3 – Gráfico 2. Pontos mais valorizados pelos funcionários..........................113 Figura 4 – Tabela 1. Sistema de Gestão de Desempenho........................................118 Figura 5 – Tabela 2. Modelo de Competência para os Restaurantes.......................119 Figura 6 – Gráfico 3. Grau de escolaridade dos funcionários do McDonald’s........135 10 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E EXPRESSÕES QSL&V: Qualidade, Serviço, Limpeza e Valor; LVs: Listas de Verificações; CIPA: Comissão de Prevenção de Acidentes; TCs: Transações Comerciais – cada cliente atendido que efetua pagamento; IP: Índice de Produtividade – tabela de gastos com horas de trabalho; Loby: Salão de Vendas; Break: Intervalo para descanso e lanche; Ok, obrigado! Afirmativo - entendimento do que foi comunicado; Retifica! Não entendimento do que foi comunicado – para repetir; Dessert-Center: Centro de vendas de sobremesas; Checklist: Lista de checagem de produtos e equipamentos; Ativada: Ritmo com muita intensidade de produção; Puxada: Ritmo com menor intensidade de produção; Chart: Tabelas de quantidades de sanduíches a serem produzidas por período; Walk-in: Refrigerador de produtos; Chicago: Congelador de Produtos; Backroom: Área de preparação de alimentos – atrás da cozinha; All-Star: Competição Interna, na qual são escolhidos os “melhores trabalhadores” do ano; Quiz: Jogos de perguntas e respostas em formas presencial, eletrônica e escrita sobre procedimentos e padrões do McDonald’s; Turnover: cálculo entre a permanência e a saída de funcionários. 11 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................13 1 TEMPO FAST-FOOD: TRABALHADORES PART-TIME.....................22 1.1 MCDONALD’S: UM “TEMPLO DE CONSUMO”...................................22 1.2 SISTEMA FAST-FOOD: DA RIGIDEZ DO FORDISMO ÀS RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO FLEXÍVEIS..........................................................................32 1.3 DOIS MODELOS DE PRODUÇÃO NO SISTEMA MCDONALD’S.................................................................................................39
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