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Bawang Merah Di Indonesia

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Bawang Merah Di Indonesia Monograf No. 5 ISBN : 979-8304-07-1 BAWANG MERAH DI INDONESIA Oleh : Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi BALAI PENELITIAN TANAMAN SAYURAN PUSAT PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN HORTIKULTURA BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN 1996 Monograf No. 5 ISBN : 979-8304-07-1 BAWANG MERAH DI INDONESIA i – x + 15 halaman, 16,5 cm x 21,6 cm, cetakan pertama pada tahun 1996. Penerbitan buku ini dibiayai oleh APBN Tahun Anggaran 1996. Oleh : Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi Dewan Redaksi : Anggoro Hadi Permadi dan Yusdar Hilman Redaksi Pelaksana : Tonny K. Moekasan, Wahjuliana M. dan Wida Rahayu Tata Letak : Wahjuliana M. dan Wida Rahayu Kulit Muka : Tonny K. Moekasan Alamat Penerbit : BALAI PENELITIAN TANAMAN SAYURAN Jl. Tangkuban Parahu No. 517, Lembang - Bandung 40391 Telepon : 022 – 2786245; Fax. : 022 - 2786416 e.mail : [email protected] website :www.balitsa.or.id. Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia KATA PENGANTAR Bawang merah adalah salah satu komoditas sayuran yang paling banyak diusahakan, mulai daerah dataran rendah (< 1 m dpal) sampai daerah dataran tinggi (> 1000 m dpal). Hasil bawang merah di Indonesia antara daerah yang satu dengan yang lainnya sangat bervariasi, yang antara lain disebabkan oleh perbedaan varietas yang diusahakan. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, telah melepas beberapa varietas bawang merah yang berpotensi hasil tinggi dan disukai oleh konsumen. Informasi tentang varietas-varietas tersebut, disusun dalam bentuk monograf berjudul “Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia”. Diharapkan informasi ini akan memberikan kontribusi bagi usaha peningkatan produktivitas bawang merah di Indonesia melalui pemilihan berbagai alternatif varietas bawang merah yang berpotensi. Kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan masukan untuk penerbitan monograf ini saya ucapkan terima kasih. Segala saran dan kritik untuk perbaikan isi buku ini sangat diharapkan. Lembang, Maret 1996 Kepala Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Dr. Ati Srie Duriat NIP. 080 027 118 Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran v Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia DAFTAR ISI Bab Halaman KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................... v DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................... vi I. PENDAHULUAN .................................................................. 1 II. KARAKTERISTIK TANAMAN ………………………………… 3 III. PERBAIKAN VARIETAS ………………………………………. 5 IV. DESKRIPSI VARIETAS BAWANG MERAH ………………… 7 1) Varietas Bima Brebes (Lampiran SK. Menteri Pertanian No : 594/Kpts/TP 290/8/1984) …………….. 7 2) Varietas Medan (lampiran SK. Menteri Pertanian No. 595/Kpts/TP 290/8/1984) …………………………. 8 3) Varietas Keling (Lampiran SK. Menteri Pertanian No. 596/Kpts/TP 290/8/1984) …………………………. 8 4) Varietas Maja Cipanas (Lampiran SK. Menteri Pertanian NO. 597/Kpts/TP 290/8/1984) .……………. 9 5) Varietas Sumenep ……………………………………… 9 6) Varietas Kuning …………………………………………. 10 7) Varietas Kuning Gombong …………………………….. 10 8) Varietas Bangkok ……………………………………….. 11 Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran vi Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia 9) Klon Bawang Merah No. 88 …………………………… 11 10) Klon Bawang Merah No. 86 …………………………… 12 11) Klon Bawang Merah No. 33 …………………………… 13 DAFTAR ACUAN ... ……………………………………………. 15 Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran vii Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia DAFTAR TABEL No. Halaman 1. Perkembangan luas panen dan produksi bawang merah di Indonesia (1998 s.d. 1992) ……………... 2 2. Data agroklimat sebagai pembeda kondisi cuaca antara dataran rendah dan dataran tinggi di Indonesia …………………………………………….. 4 3. Beberapa sifat bawang merah dari beberapa kultivar local dan luar negeri ………………………. 6 Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran viii Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia I. PENDAHULUAN Bawang merah dalam bahasa Sunda dinamakan “bawang beureum” dan dalam bahasa Jawa disebut “brambang”, sedangkan dalam bahasa Inggris disebut “shallot”. Bawang merah merupakan salah satu jenis sayuran yang digunakan sebagai bahan/bumbu penyedap makanan sehari-hari dan juga biasa dipakai sebagai obat tradisional atau bahan untuk industri makanan yang saat ini berkembang dengan pesat. Bawang merah (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) menurut sejarah awalnya tanaman ini memiliki hubungan erat dengan bawang bombay (Allium cepa L.), yaitu merupakan salah satu bentuk tanaman hasil seleksi yang terjadi secara alami terhadap varian-varian dalam populasi bawang bombay (Permadi 1995). Penyebaran alami tanaman bawang merah berkembang dari daerah asalnya yaitu dimulai dari Tazhikistan, Afganistan dan Iran (Jones dan Mann 1963). Tanaman tersebut menyebar di dunia, mulai dari Eropa sampai sekarang ditemukan di daerah ekuator sampai jauh ke Utara dan Selatan pusat polar. Di daerah tropik, bawang merah dominan dibudidayakan di dataran rendah pada 10° Lintang Utara dan 10° Lintang Selatan. Di Indonesia, bawang merah berkembang dan diusahakan petani mulai di dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi. Sistem budidayanya merupakan perkembangan dari cara-cara tradisional yang bersifat subsisten ke cara budidaya intensif dan berorientasi pasar. Produksi bawang merah sampai saat ini memang belum optimal dan masih tercermin dalam keragaman cara budidaya yang bercirikan spesifik agroekosistem tempat bawang merah diusahakan. Perkembangan bawang merah di Indonesia (Tabel 1) menunjukkan bahwa luas areal panen, produksi maupun tingkat produktivitasnya secara nasional umumnya meningkat secara perlahan. Gejolak peningkatan produksi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran 1 Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia bawang merah pada dasarnya hanya terjadi di daerah sentra produksi yang telah maju seperti di daerah Brebes Jawa Tengah dengan rataan produktivitas telah mencapai 9,2 ton/ha dibandingkan dengan rataan nasional 7,67 t/ha bawang merah (BPS 1994). Tabel 1. Perkembangan luas panen dan produksi bawang merah di Indonesia (1988 s.d. 1992) Tahun Luas panen Produksi Produktivitas (ha) (ton) (ton/ha) 1988 63.365 412.522 6.51 1989 60.399 399.488 6.61 1990 70.081 495.183 7.06 1991 70.989 509.013 7.17 1992 68.913 528.311 7.67 1993 74.656 577.264 7.73 1994 83.422 583.186 699 Sumber : BPS, 1987 s/d 1994 Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran 2 Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia II. KARAKTERISTIK TANAMAN Telah dikemukakan di atas, tanaman bawang merah memiliki hubungan erat dengan tanaman bawang bombay. Perbedaan antara bawang merah dengan bawang bombay yang paling menonjol adalah terletak pada sifat vegetatif umbi yang terbentuk dari pertumbuhan tunas samping umbi induknya. Umbi bawang merah biasanya mengandung banyak calon tunas dan bila umbi tersebut ditanam calon tunas akan tumbuh menjadi tunas daun yang kemudian membentuk umbi dan akhirnya terbentuklah kelompok umbi-umbi yang bagian dasarnya tetap melekat pada bagian dasar umbi asalnya. Bawang merah biasanya memiliki jumlah umbi per rumpun bervariasi antara 4 sampai 8 umbi dan bentuk umbinya dapat bervariasi mulai dari bentuk agak bulat sampai berbentuk lebih gepeng (Sunaryono dan Sudomo 1989; Rukman 1994). Umbi tersebut terbentuk di dalam tanah dengan posisi yang rapat serta dikelilingi suatu seludang. Pertumbuhan umbi-umbi dalam setiap rumpunnya adalah mandiri dengan bagian dasarnya yang berhubungan. Beberapa varietas bawang merah yang diusahakan di dataran rendah umurnya relatif pendek, bervariasi antara 55 sampai 70 hari tergantung pada varietas dan musim tanamnya. Daya adaptasi bawang merah yang ada di Indonesia cukup luas. Penanaman bawang merah ke daerah yang lebih tinggi menyebabkan tanaman memiliki umur panen yang lebih panjang, yaitu dapat mencapai umur 100 hari di ataran tinggi untuk satu varietas sama yang beradaptasi luas. Adanya perbedaan umur tanaman bawang merah di lapangan untuk siap dipanen merupakan manifestasi dari tanggapan tanaman tersebut terhadap pengaruh lingkungan dan yang paling menonjol adalah kondisi agroklimat yang terjadi antara dataran rendah dengan dataran tinggi, seperti keadaan temperatur udara, evaporasi, lamanya penyinaran matahari dan radiasi matahari yang diterima setiap harinya, termasuk perbedaan curah Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran 3 Monograf No. 5, Tahun 1996 Sartono Putrasamedja dan Suwandi : Varietas Bawang Merah di Indonesia hujan antara musim kemarau dan musim penghujan di dataran rendah dan dataran tinggi (Tabel 2). Perbedaan yang mencolok dari unsur iklim tersebut antara dataran rendah dan dataran tinggi adalah perbedaan temperatur dan cahaya matahari, demikian pula dengan perbedaan cahaya matahari antar musim hujan dan musim kemarau sangat mencolok baik terjadi di dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi. Tabel 2. Data agroklimat sebagai pembeda kondisi cuaca antara dataran rendah dan dataran tinggi di Indonesia Dataran rendah Dataran tinggi Bulan basah : Hujan > 200 mm 4 (Des-Maret) 6 (Nov-Aprill) Bulan kering : Hujan < 100 mm 6 (Mei-Okt.) 3 (Juni-Agust) Musim Hujan Kering Hujan Kering (Feb) (Agust) (Feb) (Agust) Kelembaban (RH). % 83.0 72.0 80.0 74.0 Temperatur °C – max 29.2 30.6 23.9 24.8 - min 23.0 22.0 15.0 13.2 - rata-rata 26.2 26.5 19.9 19.7 Evaporasi (mm/bulan) 120.0 158.0 90.0 115.0 Matahari (jam/hari) 4.2 8.2 3.3 6.2 Radiasi (Cal/cm2/hari) 380.0 435.0 200.0 296.0 Sumber : Irsal
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