Carbon Dynamics of Subtropical Wetland Communities in South Florida DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Require
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Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Guidance Manual
September 2002 RG-379 (Revised) Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Guidance Manual Water Supply Division printed on recycled paper TEXAS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Guidance Manual Prepared by Water Supply Division RG-379 (Revised) September 2002 Robert J. Huston, Chairman R. B. “Ralph” Marquez, Commissioner Kathleen Hartnett White, Commissioner Jeffrey A. Saitas, Executive Director Authorization to use or reproduce any original material contained in this publication—that is, not obtained from other sources—is freely granted. The commission would appreciate acknowledgment. Copies of this publication are available for public use through the Texas State Library, other state depository libraries, and the TCEQ Library, in compli- ance with state depository law. For more information on TCEQ publications call 512/239-0028 or visit our Web site at: www.tceq.state.tx.us/publications Published and distributed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality PO Box 13087 Austin TX 78711-3087 The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality was formerly called the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. The TCEQ is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. The agency does not allow discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability, age, sexual orientation or veteran status. In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, this document may be requested in alternate formats by contacting the TCEQ at 512/239-0028, Fax 239-4488, or 1-800-RELAY-TX (TDD), or by writing -
Estimation of Atmospheric Total Organic Carbon (TOC) – Paving The
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1055 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 12 October 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Estimation of atmospheric total organic carbon (TOC) – paving the path towards carbon budget closure Mingxi Yang1*, Zoë L. Fleming2& 5 1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom 2 National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, UK, United Kingdom * Correspondence to M. Yang ([email protected]) & Now at Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 10 Abstract. The atmosphere contains a rich variety of reactive organic compounds, including gaseous volatile organic carbon (VOCs), carbonaceous aerosols, and other organic compounds at varying volatility. Here we present measurements of atmospheric non-methane total organic carbon plus carbon monoxide (TOC+CO) during August-September 2016 from a coastal 15 city in the southwest United Kingdom. TOC+CO was substantially elevated during the day on weekdays (occasionally over 2 ppm C) as a result of local anthropogenic activity. On weekends and holidays, with a mean (standard error) of 102 (8) ppb C, TOC+CO was lower and showed much less diurnal variability. Excluding weekday daytime, TOC+CO was significantly lower when winds were coming off the Atlantic Ocean than when winds were coming off land. By subtracting the estimated CO from TOC+CO, we constrain the mean (uncertainty) TOC in marine air to be around 19 (±≥8) ppb C during this period. A proton- 20 transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was deployed at the same time, detecting a large range of organic compounds (oxygenated VOCs, biogenic VOCs, aromatics, dimethyl sulfide). -
The Role of Reforestation in Carbon Sequestration
New Forests (2019) 50:115–137 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-018-9655-3 The role of reforestation in carbon sequestration L. E. Nave1,2 · B. F. Walters3 · K. L. Hofmeister4 · C. H. Perry3 · U. Mishra5 · G. M. Domke3 · C. W. Swanston6 Received: 12 October 2017 / Accepted: 24 June 2018 / Published online: 9 July 2018 © Springer Nature B.V. 2018 Abstract In the United States (U.S.), the maintenance of forest cover is a legal mandate for federally managed forest lands. More broadly, reforestation following harvesting, recent or historic disturbances can enhance numerous carbon (C)-based ecosystem services and functions. These include production of woody biomass for forest products, and mitigation of atmos- pheric CO2 pollution and climate change by sequestering C into ecosystem pools where it can be stored for long timescales. Nonetheless, a range of assessments and analyses indicate that reforestation in the U.S. lags behind its potential, with the continuation of ecosystem services and functions at risk if reforestation is not increased. In this context, there is need for multiple independent analyses that quantify the role of reforestation in C sequestration, from ecosystems up to regional and national levels. Here, we describe the methods and report the fndings of a large-scale data synthesis aimed at four objectives: (1) estimate C storage in major ecosystem pools in forest and other land cover types; (2) quan- tify sources of variation in ecosystem C pools; (3) compare the impacts of reforestation and aforestation on C pools; (4) assess whether these results hold or diverge across ecore- gions. -
E.’S Responses ~(Continued)
: I’able K-3. ,Scnping stat~nts and EIS sectimns or .~E.’s responses ~(continued) COnunent scoping nuinber :Stateilmnt topic EIS section or DOE comnt h at this tti want to reiter&e that the Enviro~ntal l~act Statement should not represent. a legalistic charade ..but a sin. cere commitment to seek and evaluate pertinent in for~t ion. Obviously, any Envirocnnental. Assemnt- which led to the Find- ing of No Significant .l~act needs to be reviewed, evaluated and expanded upon, with full regard to the in~t of a broad range of interests, incl”di”g state agenciea,. the: academic comunit y, public interest groups, and private c iti-zens. We muld like to offer some co-”ts: on the in format io” euppl=ied by 00E relative to the probable contents. of the EIS. In the category of production alternatives: : It wuld seem L Need .Section 1.1 ., important tO. re-evaluate the ,need for i~reased protict ion,~nd %e Commnt D1 make every attempt to ::scale dom those need8. It is ine8ca~ able that the quest ion. af the.,need .to prodca plutoniun ia part of the greater ongoing natic,”al.?security debate. If it is indeed. essential that plutoniun: probct ion be stepped up, the Alternatives Saction 2.1 viable? alternatives should be thoroughly explored in the EIS. In the category of socioeconamics: A broad consideration of %cioeconomic .%ction 5.2.1 the state needs to be incorporated, beyond the immdiate jobs effects :-at SiU during construction and as .an ongoing operation. South Carolina has trenmndous potential for no-nuclear economic. -
Phytoplankton As Key Mediators of the Biological Carbon Pump: Their Responses to a Changing Climate
sustainability Review Phytoplankton as Key Mediators of the Biological Carbon Pump: Their Responses to a Changing Climate Samarpita Basu * ID and Katherine R. M. Mackey Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 January 2018; Accepted: 12 March 2018; Published: 19 March 2018 Abstract: The world’s oceans are a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The biological carbon pump plays a vital role in the net transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the oceans and then to the sediments, subsequently maintaining atmospheric CO2 at significantly lower levels than would be the case if it did not exist. The efficiency of the biological pump is a function of phytoplankton physiology and community structure, which are in turn governed by the physical and chemical conditions of the ocean. However, only a few studies have focused on the importance of phytoplankton community structure to the biological pump. Because global change is expected to influence carbon and nutrient availability, temperature and light (via stratification), an improved understanding of how phytoplankton community size structure will respond in the future is required to gain insight into the biological pump and the ability of the ocean to act as a long-term sink for atmospheric CO2. This review article aims to explore the potential impacts of predicted changes in global temperature and the carbonate system on phytoplankton cell size, species and elemental composition, so as to shed light on the ability of the biological pump to sequester carbon in the future ocean. -
From Nano-Gels to Marine Snow: a Synthesis of Gel Formation Processes and Modeling Efforts Involved with Particle Flux in the Ocean
gels Review From Nano-Gels to Marine Snow: A Synthesis of Gel Formation Processes and Modeling Efforts Involved with Particle Flux in the Ocean Antonietta Quigg 1,* , Peter H. Santschi 2 , Adrian Burd 3, Wei-Chun Chin 4 , Manoj Kamalanathan 1, Chen Xu 2 and Kai Ziervogel 5 1 Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Marine and Coastal Environmental Science, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; [email protected] (P.H.S.); [email protected] (C.X.) 3 Department of Marine Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; [email protected] 5 Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Marine gels (nano-, micro-, macro-) and marine snow play important roles in regulating global and basin-scale ocean biogeochemical cycling. Exopolymeric substances (EPS) including transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) that form from nano-gel precursors are abundant materials in the ocean, accounting for an estimated 700 Gt of carbon in seawater. This supports local microbial communities that play a critical role in the cycling of carbon and other macro- and micro-elements in Citation: Quigg, A.; Santschi, P.H.; the ocean. Recent studies have furthered our understanding of the formation and properties of these Burd, A.; Chin, W.-C.; Kamalanathan, materials, but the relationship between the microbial polymers released into the ocean and marine M.; Xu, C.; Ziervogel, K. -
Determining the Fraction of Organic Carbon RISC Nondefault Option
Indiana Department of Environmental Management Office of Land Quality 100 N. Senate Indianapolis, IN 46204-2251 GUIDANCE OLQ PH: (317) 232-8941 Indiana Department of Environmental Management Office of Land Quality Determining the Fraction of Organic Carbon RISC Nondefault Option Background Soil can be a complex mixture of mineral-derived compounds and organic matter. The ratios of each component can vary widely depending on the type of soil being investigated. Soil organic matter is a term used by agronomists for the total organic portion of the soil and is derived from decomposed plant matter, microorganisms, and animal residues. The decomposition process can create complex high molecular weight biopolymers (e.g., humic acid) as well as simpler organic compounds (decomposed lignin or cellulose). Only the simpler organic compounds contribute to the fraction of organic carbon. There is not a rigorous definition of the fraction of organic carbon (Foc). However, it can be thought of as the portion of the organic matter that is available to adsorb the organic contaminants of concern. The higher the organic carbon content, the more organic chemicals may be adsorbed to the soil and the less of those chemicals will be available to leach to the ground water. A nondefault option in the Risk Integrated System of Closure (RISC) is to use Foc in the Soil to Ground Water Partitioning Model to calculate a site specific migration to ground water closure level. In the Soil to Ground Water Partition Model, the coefficient, Kd, for organic compounds is the Foc multiplied by the chemical-specific soil organic carbon water partition coefficient, Koc. -
Trends in Soil Solution Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Concentrations Across European Forests
Biogeosciences, 13, 5567–5585, 2016 www.biogeosciences.net/13/5567/2016/ doi:10.5194/bg-13-5567-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Trends in soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations across European forests Marta Camino-Serrano1, Elisabeth Graf Pannatier2, Sara Vicca1, Sebastiaan Luyssaert3,a, Mathieu Jonard4, Philippe Ciais3, Bertrand Guenet3, Bert Gielen1, Josep Peñuelas5,6, Jordi Sardans5,6, Peter Waldner2, Sophia Etzold2, Guia Cecchini7, Nicholas Clarke8, Zoran Galic´9, Laure Gandois10, Karin Hansen11, Jim Johnson12, Uwe Klinck13, Zora Lachmanová14, Antti-Jussi Lindroos15, Henning Meesenburg13, Tiina M. Nieminen15, Tanja G. M. Sanders16, Kasia Sawicka17, Walter Seidling16, Anne Thimonier2, Elena Vanguelova18, Arne Verstraeten19, Lars Vesterdal20, and Ivan A. Janssens1 1Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium 2WSL, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 3Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 4UCL-ELI, Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 5CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain 6CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain 7Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, -
Deciphering Ocean Carbon in a Changing World PERSPECTIVE Mary Ann Morana,1, Elizabeth B
PERSPECTIVE Deciphering ocean carbon in a changing world PERSPECTIVE Mary Ann Morana,1, Elizabeth B. Kujawinskib,1, Aron Stubbinsc,1, Rob Fatlandd,1, Lihini I. Aluwiharee, Alison Buchanf, Byron C. Crumpg, Pieter C. Dorresteinh,i,j, Sonya T. Dyhrmank,l, Nancy J. Hessm, Bill Howen, Krista Longneckerb, Patricia M. Medeirosa, Jutta Niggemanno, Ingrid Obernostererp, Daniel J. Repetab, and Jacob R. Waldbauerq Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved February 11, 2016 (received for review October 21, 2015) Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the oceans is one of the largest pools of reduced carbon on Earth, comparable in size to the atmospheric CO2 reservoir. A vast number of compounds are present in DOM, and they play important roles in all major element cycles, contribute to the storage of atmospheric CO2 in the ocean, support marine ecosystems, and facilitate interactions between organisms. At the heart of the DOM cycle lie molecular-level relationships between the individual compounds in DOM and the members of the ocean microbiome that produce and consume them. In the past, these connections have eluded clear definition because of the sheer numerical complexity of both DOM molecules and microorganisms. Emerging tools in analytical chemistry, microbiology, and informatics are breaking down the barriers to a fuller appreciation of these connections. Here we highlight questions being addressed using recent meth- odological and technological developments in those fields and consider how these advances are trans- forming our understanding of some of the most important reactions of the marine carbon cycle. dissolved organic matter | marine microbes | cyberinfrastructure The global cycling of carbon supports life on Earth and and fundamental interactions have been necessarily affects the state of the biosphere within which humans oversimplified to yield a scientifically tractable reside. -
Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: a Role
Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: A Role for American Agriculture Dr. Charles W. Rice and Debbie Reed, MSc. Professor of Agronomy Kansas State University Department of Agronomy Manhattan, KS Agriculture and Climate Change Specialist DRD Associates Arlington, VA March 2007 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary (pg. 5) Global Climate Change (7) Greenhouse Gases and American Agriculture (8) The Role of Agriculture in Combating Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change (8) Agricultural Practices that Combat Climate Change (10) Decreasing emissions (10) Enhancing sinks (10) Displacing emissions (11) How American Agriculture Can Reduce U.S. GHG Emissions and Combat Climate Change (multi-page spread: 12-14) Building Carbon Sinks: Soil Carbon Sequestration (12) Cropland (12) Agronomy (12) Nutrient Management (12) Tillage/Residue Management (13) Land cover/land use change (13) Grazingland management and pasture improvement (13) Grazing intensity (13) Increased productivity (including fertilization) (13) Nutrient management (13) Fire management (13) Restoration of degraded lands (13) Decreasing GHG Emissions: Manure Management (14) Displacing GHG Emissions: Biofuels (14) Table 1: Estimates of potential carbon sequestration of agricultural practices (14) Economic Benefits of Conservation Tillage and No-Till Systems (15) Table 2: Change in yield, net dollar returns, emissions, and soil carbon when converting from conventional tillage to no tillage corn production in Northeast Kansas (15) Co-Benefits of Soil Carbon Sequestration: “Charismatic Carbon” (16) Table 3: Plant nutrients supplied by soil organic matter (SOM) (16) 2 New Technologies to Further Enhance Soil Carbon Storage (16) Biochar (16) Modification of the Plant-Soil System (17) Meeting the Climate Challenge: The Role of Carbon Markets (17) Mandatory v. -
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) (For Private Water and Health Regulated Public Water Supplies)
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) (For Private Water and Health Regulated Public Water Supplies) What Is Dissolved Organic Carbon? Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a general description of the organic material dissolved in water. Organic carbon occurs as the result of decomposition of plant or animal material. Organic carbon present in soil or water bodies may then dissolve when contacted by water. This dissolved organic carbon moves with both surface water and ground water. Acknowledgement: How Does Dissolved Organic Carbon Get Into Water? Organic material (including carbon) results from decomposition of plants or animals. This Fact Sheet is one of a Once this decomposed organic material contacts water it may partially dissolve. series developed by an Interagency Committee with representatives from How Does Dissolved Organic Carbon Affect My Health? Saskatchewan Ministry of DOC does not pose health risk itself but may become potentially harmful when in Health, Regional Health combination with other aspects of your water. When water with high DOC is Authorities, Saskatchewan chlorinated, harmful byproducts called trihalomethanes may be produced (see Watershed Authority, SaskH2O factsheet on trihalomethanes). Trihalomethanes may have long-term Saskatchewan Ministry of effects on health and they should be considered when chlorinating drinking water Environment, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, high in DOC. According to Health Canada, the benefits of chlorinating drinking Agriculture and Agri-Food water are much greater than the health risks associated with chlorination by- Canada – PFRA and Health products such as trihalomethanes Canada. DOC can interfere with the effectiveness of disinfection processes such as Responsibility for chlorination, ultraviolet and ozone sterilization. DOC can also promote the growth of interpretation of the content of microorganisms by providing a food source. -
Ocean Storage
277 6 Ocean storage Coordinating Lead Authors Ken Caldeira (United States), Makoto Akai (Japan) Lead Authors Peter Brewer (United States), Baixin Chen (China), Peter Haugan (Norway), Toru Iwama (Japan), Paul Johnston (United Kingdom), Haroon Kheshgi (United States), Qingquan Li (China), Takashi Ohsumi (Japan), Hans Pörtner (Germany), Chris Sabine (United States), Yoshihisa Shirayama (Japan), Jolyon Thomson (United Kingdom) Contributing Authors Jim Barry (United States), Lara Hansen (United States) Review Editors Brad De Young (Canada), Fortunat Joos (Switzerland) 278 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 279 6.7 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management 298 6.1 Introduction and background 279 6.7.1 Introduction to biological impacts and risk 298 6.1.1 Intentional storage of CO2 in the ocean 279 6.7.2 Physiological effects of CO2 301 6.1.2 Relevant background in physical and chemical 6.7.3 From physiological mechanisms to ecosystems 305 oceanography 281 6.7.4 Biological consequences for water column release scenarios 306 6.2 Approaches to release CO2 into the ocean 282 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, lakes 307 compressed, and transported into the ocean 282 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams 307 6.2.2 CO2 storage by dissolution of carbonate minerals 290 6.7.7 Risk management 307 6.2.3 Other ocean storage approaches 291 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception 307 6.3 Capacity and fractions retained