Timothy Gordon Fisher EDUCATION
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Indiana Glaciers.PM6
How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago. -
MAPPING and CHARACTERIZING a RELICT LACUSTRINE DELTA in CENTRAL LOWER MICHIGAN by Christopher B. Connallon a THESIS Submitted T
MAPPING AND CHARACTERIZING A RELICT LACUSTRINE DELTA IN CENTRAL LOWER MICHIGAN By Christopher B. Connallon A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Geography – Master of Science 2015 ABSTRACT MAPPING AND CHARACTERIZING A RELICT LACUSTRINE DELTA IN CENTRAL LOWER MICHIGAN By Christopher B. Connallon This research focuses on, mapping and characterizing the Chippewa River delta - a sandy, relict delta of Glacial Lake Saginaw in central Lower Michigan. The delta was first identified in a GIS, using digital soil data, as the sandy soils of the delta stand in contrast to the loamier soils of the lake plain. I determined the textural properties of the delta sediment from 142 parent material samples at ≈1.5 m depth. The data were analyzed in a GIS to identify textural trends across the delta. Data from 3276 water well logs across the delta, and from 185 sites within two-storied soils on the delta margin, were used to estimate the thickness of delta sands and to refine the delta's boundary. The delta heads near Mount Pleasant, expanding east, onto the Lake Saginaw plain. It is ≈18 km wide and ≈38 km long and comprised almost entirely of sandy sediment. As expected, delta sands generally thin away from the head, where sediments are ≈4-7m thick. In the eastern, lower portion of the delta, sediments are considerably thinner (≈<1-2m). The texturally coarsest parts of the delta are generally coincident with former shorezones. The thick, upper delta portion is generally coincident with the relict shorelines of Lakes Saginaw and Arkona (≈17.1k to ≈ 16k years BP), whereas most of the thin, distal, lower delta is generally associated with Lake Warren (≈15k years BP). -
Constraints on Lake Agassiz Discharge Through the Late-Glacial Champlain Sea (St
Quaternary Science Reviews xxx (2011) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Constraints on Lake Agassiz discharge through the late-glacial Champlain Sea (St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada) using salinity proxies and an estuarine circulation model Brandon Katz a, Raymond G. Najjar a,*, Thomas Cronin b, John Rayburn c, Michael E. Mann a a Department of Meteorology, 503 Walker Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA b United States Geological Survey, 926A National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA c Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at New Paltz, 1 Hawk Drive, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA article info abstract Article history: During the last deglaciation, abrupt freshwater discharge events from proglacial lakes in North America, Received 30 January 2011 such as glacial Lake Agassiz, are believed to have drained into the North Atlantic Ocean, causing large Received in revised form shifts in climate by weakening the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and decreasing ocean heat 25 July 2011 transport to high northern latitudes. These discharges were caused by changes in lake drainage outlets, Accepted 5 August 2011 but the duration, magnitude and routing of discharge events, factors which govern the climatic response Available online xxx to freshwater forcing, are poorly known. Abrupt discharges, called floods, are typically assumed to last months to a year, whereas more gradual discharges, called routing events, occur over centuries. Here we Keywords: Champlain sea use estuarine modeling to evaluate freshwater discharge from Lake Agassiz and other North American Proglacial lakes proglacial lakes into the North Atlantic Ocean through the St. -
Bildnachweis
Bildnachweis Im Bildnachweis verwendete Abkürzungen: With permission from the Geological Society of Ame- rica l – links; m – Mitte; o – oben; r – rechts; u – unten 4.65; 6.52; 6.183; 8.7 Bilder ohne Nachweisangaben stammen vom Autor. Die Autoren der Bildquellen werden in den Bildunterschriften With permission from the Society for Sedimentary genannt; die bibliographischen Angaben sind in der Literaturlis- Geology (SEPM) te aufgeführt. Viele Autoren/Autorinnen und Verlage/Institutio- 6.2ul; 6.14; 6.16 nen haben ihre Einwilligung zur Reproduktion von Abbildungen gegeben. Dafür sei hier herzlich gedankt. Für die nachfolgend With permission from the American Association for aufgeführten Abbildungen haben ihre Zustimmung gegeben: the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Box Eisbohrkerne Dr; 2.8l; 2.8r; 2.13u; 2.29; 2.38l; Box Die With permission from Elsevier Hockey-Stick-Diskussion B; 4.65l; 4.53; 4.88mr; Box Tuning 2.64; 3.5; 4.6; 4.9; 4.16l; 4.22ol; 4.23; 4.40o; 4.40u; 4.50; E; 5.21l; 5.49; 5.57; 5.58u; 5.61; 5.64l; 5.64r; 5.68; 5.86; 4.70ul; 4.70ur; 4.86; 4.88ul; Box Tuning A; 4.95; 4.96; 4.97; 5.99; 5.100l; 5.100r; 5.118; 5.119; 5.123; 5.125; 5.141; 5.158r; 4.98; 5.12; 5.14r; 5.23ol; 5.24l; 5.24r; 5.25; 5.54r; 5.55; 5.56; 5.167l; 5.167r; 5.177m; 5.177u; 5.180; 6.43r; 6.86; 6.99l; 6.99r; 5.65; 5.67; 5.70; 5.71o; 5.71ul; 5.71um; 5.72; 5.73; 5.77l; 5.79o; 6.144; 6.145; 6.148; 6.149; 6.160; 6.162; 7.18; 7.19u; 7.38; 5.80; 5.82; 5.88; 5.94; 5.94ul; 5.95; 5.108l; 5.111l; 5.116; 5.117; 7.40ur; 8.19; 9.9; 9.16; 9.17; 10.8 5.126; 5.128u; 5.147o; 5.147u; -
Routing of Meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet During The
LETTERS TO NATURE very high sulphate concentrations (Fig. 1). Thus, differences in P release has yet to prove the mechanism behind this relation P cycling between fresh waters and salt waters may also influence ship. If sediment P release were controlled largely by sulphur, the switch in nutrient limitation. our view of the lakes that are being affected by atmospheric A further implication of our findings is a possible effect of S pollution could be altered. It is believed generally that anthropogenic S pollution on P cycling in lakes. Our data lakes with well-buffered watersheds are insensitive to the effects indicate that aquatic systems with low sulphate concentrations of atmospheric S pollution. However, because changing have low RPR under either oxic or anoxic conditions; systems atmospheric S inputs can alter the sulfate concentration in with only slightly elevated sulphate concentrations have sig surface waters22 independent of acid neutralization in the water nificantly elevated RPR, particularly under anoxic conditions shed, the P cycle of even so-called 'insensitive' lakes may be (Fig. 1). Work on the relationship between sulphate loading and affected. D Received 22 February; accepted 15 August 1987. 17. Nurnberg. G. Can. 1 Fish. aquat. Sci. 43, 574-560 (1985). 18. Curtis, P. J. Nature 337, 156-156 (1989). 1. Bostrom, B .. Jansson. M. & Forsberg, G. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limno/. 18, 5-59 (1982). 19. Carignan, R. & Tessier, A. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta 52, 1179-1188 (1988). 2. Mortimer. C. H. 1 Ecol. 29, 280-329 (1941). 20. Howarth, R. W. & Cole, J. J. Science 229, 653-655 (1985). -
Synergistic Approach to Measuring Lake Properties Using Satellite and In-Situ Remote Sensing
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Michigan Tech Research Institute Publications Michigan Tech Research Institute 2009 Synergistic approach to measuring lake properties using satellite and in-situ remote sensing Robert A. Shuchman Michigan Technological University Guy Meadows Michigan Technological University Liza K. Jenkins Michigan Technological University Chuck Hatt Michigan Technological University John F. Payne NSSI Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/mtri_p Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons Recommended Citation Shuchman, R. A., Meadows, G., Jenkins, L. K., Hatt, C., & Payne, J. F. (2009). Synergistic approach to measuring lake properties using satellite and in-situ remote sensing. IAGLR 52nd Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/mtri_p/120 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/mtri_p Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons 52nd Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research International Association for Great Lakes Research Abstract Book BRIDGINGG EcosystemsEcosystems and EnvironmentalEnvironmental HealthHealth across our GREAT LAKES Monday May 18 - Friday May 22 2009 University of Toledo - Toledo OHIO UT Abstracts of the 52nd Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 18-22, Toledo, OH ACKERMAN, J.D. and LI, J., Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 3A7. A Review of Graduate Programs in the “Environmental Sector” in Canada. This review of graduate programs in the environmental sector was undertaken to examine the distribution and characteristics of training in Canada. Three categories of Environmental Graduate Programs were distinguished: (1) Environmental Science programs, which are science based and integrate natural, physical and social sciences; (2) Environmental Studies Programs, which are humanities based; and (3) Discipline-based programs, which examine environmental issues within a single disciplinary perspective. -
Geomorphic and Sedimentological History of the Central Lake Agassiz Basin
Electronic Capture, 2008 The PDF file from which this document was printed was generated by scanning an original copy of the publication. Because the capture method used was 'Searchable Image (Exact)', it was not possible to proofread the resulting file to remove errors resulting from the capture process. Users should therefore verify critical information in an original copy of the publication. Recommended citation: J.T. Teller, L.H. Thorleifson, G. Matile and W.C. Brisbin, 1996. Sedimentology, Geomorphology and History of the Central Lake Agassiz Basin Field Trip Guidebook B2; Geological Association of CanadalMineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 27-29, 1996. © 1996: This book, orportions ofit, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission ofthe Geological Association ofCanada, Winnipeg Section. Additional copies can be purchased from the Geological Association of Canada, Winnipeg Section. Details are given on the back cover. SEDIMENTOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY, AND HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL LAKE AGASSIZ BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS The Winnipeg Area 1 General Introduction to Lake Agassiz 4 DAY 1: Winnipeg to Delta Marsh Field Station 6 STOP 1: Delta Marsh Field Station. ...................... .. 10 DAY2: Delta Marsh Field Station to Brandon to Bruxelles, Return En Route to Next Stop 14 STOP 2: Campbell Beach Ridge at Arden 14 En Route to Next Stop 18 STOP 3: Distal Sediments of Assiniboine Fan-Delta 18 En Route to Next Stop 19 STOP 4: Flood Gravels at Head of Assiniboine Fan-Delta 24 En Route to Next Stop 24 STOP 5: Stott Buffalo Jump and Assiniboine Spillway - LUNCH 28 En Route to Next Stop 28 STOP 6: Spruce Woods 29 En Route to Next Stop 31 STOP 7: Bruxelles Glaciotectonic Cut 34 STOP 8: Pembina Spillway View 34 DAY 3: Delta Marsh Field Station to Latimer Gully to Winnipeg En Route to Next Stop 36 STOP 9: Distal Fan Sediment , 36 STOP 10: Valley Fill Sediments (Latimer Gully) 36 STOP 11: Deep Basin Landforms of Lake Agassiz 42 References Cited 49 Appendix "Review of Lake Agassiz history" (L.H. -
Importance of Freshwater Injections Into the Arctic Ocean in Triggering the Younger Dryas Cooling
Importance of freshwater injections into the Arctic Ocean in triggering the Younger Dryas cooling James T. Teller1 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2 he cause of past climate change has been the focus of many T studies in recent years. Various explanations have been advanced to explain the record of Quaternary cli- mate change identified in sediments on continents, in oceans, and in the ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica. Important in this is the scale of change—both temporal and spatial—and our best records, espe- cially in terms of chronological resolution, come from the past several hundred thousand years. A number of climate fluctuations, some of them abrupt and some of them short, have been linked to changes in the flux of freshwater to the oceans that, if large enough, might have impacted on ocean circulation and, in Fig. 1. Boulder concentration in gravel pit in the Athabasca River Valley that connects the Lake Agassiz turn, have resulted in a change in climate. and Mackenzie River basins, near Fort McMurray, AB, Canada, attributed to overflow from Lake Agassiz Broecker et al. (1) were among the first to during the YD by Teller et al. (12) and Murton et al. (18). propose that an injection of freshwater from North America was responsible for that of much of the western interior of Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which the anomalous Younger Dryas (YD) North America—really east through the is similar to THC. The authors assume cooling, ∼12.9 to 11.5 ka, known from Great Lakes/St. -
The Maumee River Watershed and Algal Blooms in Lake Erie1 2
SESYNC Case Study The Maumee River Watershed and Algal Blooms in Lake Erie1 2 Ramiro Berardo3 & Ajay Singh4. Summary: The decay of Lake Erie’s environmental health and its impacts on local communities, including public health and the environment, was one of the focal events motivating the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972. Despite the considerable improvement in water quality in the 1970s and 1980s because of implementation of agricultural best management practices to address soil erosion, seasonal algal blooms returned to Western Lake Erie. Potential causes of algal blooms may be a mixture of agricultural and urban practices that threaten ecological stability and public health for millions dependent on the lake for drinking water, tourism, and fisheries. For instance, in fall, 2014, national attention turned to the city of Toledo, Ohio as the city’s residents experienced disruption to city services such as access to potable water and certain medical services including child birth and surgery. For this case study we will study the relationship between human behavior and water quality impairments which lead to toxic algal blooms in the Western Lake Erie Basin, and in particular, the Maumee River Watershed. We will also review prior management and policy efforts of different stakeholders to improve water quality as well as issues surrounding the development of proposed policy and management changes. Multiple stakeholders from multiple states and Canadian provinces are involved in seeking solutions to the ongoing pollution problems. This case study will be ideal to examine how cooperation unfolds in the presence of collective action problems, and the interrelationships between human behavior and environmental outcomes. -
Beat High Bridge in Twilight Game Lake Bathers Must Wa|H Their Step
j, •SOME PAPERS are just taken. Others are READ." It is papers that are READ that profit the adver- tisers. Ask the STAR'S read- crs how closely they read it. 55th YEAR— NUMBER 29 WASHINGTON, WARREN COUNTY, N. J., THURSDAY, JULY 20, 1922 Conuly Contributes For Koad Worl( At n meeting; of the- board of fri Beat High Bridge THE LAST STRAW. Big Celebration to holders yesterday, the sum of $l,G0i Getting Ready For JOHN* I. IHJAIK'S TURTLE. Collapse of The STAR'S : correspondent wa« voted to Washington borough tc On the farm of Albert J. De2n from the village of Townsbury help defray the cost of repairing liroad at Mt. Hormon a few <la>'3 ago a sends In this plaint I vn missive Ktrout ami Belvidore avenue, which was in Twilight Game Open New Road done sometime ago at a cost of $4,000. the Chautauqua land turtle* was picked up by Fatal to Worl "It'Is rumored that a petition tho owner. TIIIH liiHcrlption was It has been tlic cu«tom of the count plainly seen on it« sholl: ia being signed calling lor tho to aid In thn repair or ronds whMi enn ; vUchovft' Hati\{> be- New P»e«u]pnt Cho«en and J.- iJ. isLALU, ioau. -:»,;,th, u; Junt-n Cnui^i. L.-I U» nect trunk roads, ' the sum of $1,000 Agcu, Josepli Beam - JM$£& tween Tallcott and bopo tberu will not he many .to having been .voted ..the town of Eelvl- Advertising Fund Although this turtle has been sign it. -
North Ridge Scenic Byway Geology
GUIDE TO THE NORTH RIDGE SCENIC BYWAY GEOLOGY LANDFORMS The North Ridge Scenic Byway corridor lies in the Erie Lake Plain landform of the Central Lowlands Physiographic Province of the United States (Fenneman 1938; Brockman 2002). The Lake Plain consists of wide expanses of level or nearly level land interrupted only by sandy ridges that are remnants of glacial-lake beaches and by river valleys carved into Paleozoic bedrock. With the exception of the sandy ridges, much of the Lake Plain in Avon and Sheffeld was a dense swamp forest prior to settlement. The North Ridge Scenic Byway follows the northernmost ancient beach ridge as it traverses Sheffeld and Avon at an elevation ranging from 675 to 690 feet above sea level, some 105 to 120 feet above modern Lake Erie. Topography of Sheffeld and Avon Townships as surveyed in 1901, showing North Ridge near the center of the map (courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey, Oberlin, Ohio Quadrangle 1903). 2 GEOLOGY FORMATION OF NORTH RIDGE Approximately 18,000 years ago, the last The chronology of lake stages in the Lake continental glacier blanketed northern Ohio as Erie basin relates a fascinating story of glacial it pushed down from the north to its maximum action, movements of the earth’s crust and southern thrust. The ice sheet reached as far erosion by waves to form the body of water south as Cincinnati, Ohio, then it began to we see today. The story begins nearly 15,000 melt back. As the glacier paused in its retreat, years ago as the last glacier [known as the piles of rock and clay debris [known as end Wisconsinan ice sheet] temporarily halted to moraines] were built up at the ice margins. -
Late Glacial Sedimentation and History of the Lake Nipigon Basin
Document generated on 10/02/2021 11:56 a.m. Géographie physique et Quaternaire Late Glacial Sedimentation and History of the Lake Nipigon Basin, Ontario Sédimentation tardiglaciaire et évolution du bassin du lac Nipigon, en Ontario Spätglaziale Sedimentablagerung und Geschichte des Nipigon-Seebeckens, Ontario Rick M. Lemoine and James T. Teller Volume 49, Number 2, 1995 Article abstract The Lake Nipigon basin lies north of the Lake Superior basin and was the URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/033039ar hydrological link between glacial Lake Agassiz and the Great Lakes during part DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/033039ar of the last deglaciation. A sequence of glaciolacustrine sediments, composed mainly of silt-clay rhythmites and sand, was deposited in the offshore waters of See table of contents glacial Lake Nipigon by overflow from Lake Agassiz and meltwater from the retreating glacier margin. Sections from six long sediment cores and four lake bluff exposures reveal a sandy (early deglacial) lower section that is overlain Publisher(s) by 300 to 850 silt-clay rhythmites (varves). Deposition of these varves, as well as coarser sediment along the western shore, began after 9200 BP, as the glacial Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal margin retreated northward along the continental divide that separated the Nipigon basin from the higher Lake Agassiz basin to the west. The absence of ISSN ice rafted clasts in the rhythmites suggests that the ice had retreated from the lake by the time they were deposited. On the basis of their elevation in relation 0705-7199 (print) to the lowest raised beach at West Bay, which formed about 9000 BP, most 1492-143X (digital) rhythmites probably were deposited between 9000 and 8000 BP.