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1 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Mineralogy 3.0 Textures Exhibited by Manganese

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1 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Mineralogy 3.0 Textures Exhibited by Manganese MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA 1. Details of Module Module details Subject Name Geology Paper Name ECONOMIC GEOLOGY & MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA Module Name/Title MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA Module Id GEL-05-158 Pre-requisites Before learning this module, the users should be aware of • Stratigraphy of India • Geological time scale. • Genesis of Manganese formations. Objectives • Importance and uses of Manganese ores • Mineralogy and textural features of manganese ores. • Genesis of manganese minralization and its relation to crustal evolution. • Manganese mineralization in space and time. • World’s distribution and Indian occurrences of manganese ores. • Manganese nodules – origin and future prospects. Keywords Manganese, Manganese ores of India, mineralogy of Manganese. 2. Structure of the Module-as Outline: Table of Contents only ( topics covered with their sub-topics) 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Importance of Manganese mineralization. 1.2 Uses 2.0 Mineralogy 3.0 Textures exhibited by manganese . ores 4.0 Genesis of manganese mineralization 4.1 Volcanogene-sedimentary deposit 4.2Non-volcanogene-sedimentary deposit 4.3 Manganese mineralization & crustal evolution 5.0 World distribution & Indian occurrences of manganese ores 5.1 World occurrence 5.2 Manganese deposits of India 5.2.1 Manganese deposits associated with Precambrian Iron Ore Group 5.2.2 Manganese deposits associated with Khondalite Group 5.2.3 Manganese deposits associated with Aravalli Supergroup 5.2.4 Manganese deposits associated with Champner Group 1 5.2.5 Manganese deposits associated with Sausar Group 5.2.6 Manganese deposits associated with Gangpur Group 5.2.7 Manganese deposits associated with Penganga beds 5.2.8 Manganese deposits associated with Dharwar Supergroup 6.0 Manganese nodules 7.0 Future outlook 8.0 Summary & conclusions 3.0 Development Team Role Name Affiliation National Co-ordinator Subject Co-ordinators Prof. M.S. Sethumadhav Centre for Advanced (e-mail: Prof. D. Nagaraju Studies [email protected]) Prof. B. Suresh Dept of Earth Science University of Mysore, Mysore-6 Paper Co-ordinator Prof. M.S. Sethumadhav Centre for Advanced Studies Dept of Earth Science University of Mysore, Mysore-6 Content Writer/Author(CW) Prof. M.S. Sethumadhav Centre for Advanced Studies Dept of Earth Science University of Mysore, Mysore-6 Content Reviewer (CR) Prof. A. Balasubramaian Centre for Advanced Studies Dept of Earth Science University of Mysore, Mysore-6 Language Editor(LE) 1.0 INTRODUCTION Manganese is the 12th. most abundant element and is represented in nature by only one stable isotope, 55Mn.. Manganese exists in +2, +3 and +4 valence states. 2 1.1 IMPORTANCE OF MANGANESE MINERALIZATION: Commercially exploitable deposits of manganese occur both on the continents and on the floors of the present day marine and lacustrine basins. During the last two decades, emphasis on the study of manganese deposits has shifted considerably from those located on the land to the large accumulation on the floors of the present day basins. The study of manganese nodules (and crust) on the floors of recent basins has not only shed new light on the resource potential but has also provided adequate opportunities to observe the process of formation of manganese deposits at any given time. The study of ocean floor deposits in conjunction with the concept of plate movements unravels the complete geochemical cycle of manganese: The metal is derived from the weathering of crustal rocks or volcanic exhalations and is deposited on the ocean floor, consumed in the subduction zones riding on the oceanic crust and is recycled to form new igneous rocks and associated ore bodies. Many manganese deposits now resting on the continents have been recognized as having originally formed the ocean floor and thus a connecting bridge between the deposits on the continents and those occurring on ocean floors has been established. 1.2 USES: Manganese is the most important ferro alloy metal, essentially employed in the manufacture of high –manganese steels and also carbon steels. 95% of Manganese is used for metallurgical purposes and minor amounts in the manufacture of alloy like bronze. Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur- fixing, deoxidizing and alloying properties. Among a variety of other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations. Small amounts of manganese improve the workability of steel at high temperatures. In the iron and steel industry, manganese ore containing 28 to 35% manganese is used. Ore size generally varies from 10 to 40 mm. For manganese ore used in ferro-manganese industry, besides manganese content, other important considerations are high manganese to iron ratio and a very low content of harmful phosphorus. Manganese alloy is the largest produced ferro-alloy in the world with a share of about 41% of the global production of ferro-alloys. Aluminium with a manganese content of roughly 1.5% has an increased resistance against corrosion. In the chemical industry, generally high-grade material is used for potassium permanganate. Ore containing MnO2 80% (min), SiO2 5% (max), Fe2O3 5% (max) and 3 200 to 250 mesh ore size is used. Manganese sulphide is used in the manufacture of salts and in calico printing. Manganese chloride is used in cotton textile as a bronze dye. Manganese salts are used in photography and in leather and matchbox industries. Manganese dioxide is used for manufacturing dry cell batteries in which it functions as a depolariser of hydrogen. Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to neutralize the greenish tinge in glass caused by trace amounts of iron contamination. Manganese is also used as a brown pigment that can be used to make paint and is a constituent of natural umber. Manganese compounds have been used as pigments and for the coloring of ceramics and glass. In the glass industry, ore analyzing MnO2 80% (preferably 86% min), Fe2O3 5% (preferably 0.75%max), SiO2 2.8% (max), Al2O31.1% (max), BaO 1.3% (max), CaO 0.4% (max) and MgO 0.4% (max) is preferred. Manganese also finds use as driers for oils, varnishes and paints. Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all known forms of life. Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications. 2.0 MINERALOGY Manganese-bearing minerals occur as oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, silicates, and rarely as sulfides, arsenates, and phosphates. However, manganese deposits composed of oxide-, hydroxide- and carbonate- minerals of manganese constitute economic grade ore deposits. The various ore minerals of manganese are:- • Pyrolusite: MnO2 • Psilomelane: MnO. MnO2.H2O • Manganite: MnO3 .H2O • Rhodochrosite: Mn CO3 • Hausmanite: Mn3O4 • Jacobsite: MnFe2O4 • Cryptomelane: K2 Mn8O18 • Hollandite: Ba2Mn3O16 4+ 2+ • Nsutite (MN Mn ) (O, OH) 2 • Braunite: 3Mn2O3. MnSiO3 • Todorkite 3MnO2 (Na,Mn)(OH)2.xH2O 4 • Lithiophorite (Al,Li)(OH)2. MnO • Vrendenburgite 3Mn3O4.2Fe3O4 4+ 2+ • Nsutite Mn 0.85O1.7Mn 0.15(OH)0.3 • Bixbyite (Mn,Fe)2O3. • Rhodonite (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca)SiO3 2+ 4+ • Birnessite (Ca,Na)(Mn Mn )7O14.3H2O 3.0 TEXTURES EXHIBITED BY MANGANESE ORES Manganese ores commonly exhibit the following textural features: STALACTITIC: Elongated forms of manganese minerals deposited from solution by slowly dripping water (Fig.1). BANDED: Containing alternate bands of silicate mineral and manganese ore (Fig.2). BEDDED ORE: Consisting of alternate layers of host rock and manganese ore (Fig.3). OOLITIC/PISOLITIC: Spherical grains of manganese minerals composed of concentric layers of diameter 0.25–2 mm are oolites; rocks composed of concentric layers larger than 2 mm are called pisolites (Fig.4). CAVITY FILLING: Growth of crystals on the walls of planar fractures in rocks, with the crystal growth generally occurring normal to the walls of the cavities (Fig.5). Fig 1. STALACTITIC Fig 2. BANDED Fig 3. OOLITIC/PISOLITIC Fig 4. CAVITY FILLING Fig 5. BEDDED ORE 5 4.0 GENESIS OF MANGANESE MINERALIZATION Genesis of manganese ore is believed to have occurred due to precipitation from hydrothermal solutions (volcanogene-sedimentary deposit) or by sedimentary processes (non-volcanogene-sedimentary deposit). 4.1 Volcanogene-sedimentary deposit: Formation of manganese deposits of different geological ages from hydrothermal fluid has been suggested. This is supported by occurrence of many deposits at or near active seafloor spreading centers, such as mid- Atlantic, mid- Indian, pacific-Antarctic ridges and sea floor bottom fractures zones. The seawater may act as a metasomatic fluid and substantial leaching of heavy metals by seawater, followed by their precipitation on re-emergence on the ocean floor has been visualized. Deposition of hydrothermal manganese- and iron - manganese oxides may either take place by direct precipitation from hypogene fluid forming hydrothermal deposits, or through interaction of the hypogene fluid and the basinal waters, leading ultimately to hydrogenous precipitation. 4.2 Non-volcanogene-sedimentary deposit: The process of chemically controlled sedimentation is responsible for the formation of the vast majority of the manganese deposits in recent and ancient geological sequences. The major sources of metals are identified as fluids derived from endogenous system (mainly submarine volcanism and circulation of water at considerable depth) and exogenous processes of weathering of pre-existing rocks. Where endogenous systems provide the source and manganese deposits are ultimately formed by the process of sedimentation in a hydrodynamic
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