The Reproductive Biology of the Fishes of Owa Stream, South - West Nigeria

The Reproductive Biology of the Fishes of Owa Stream, South - West Nigeria.

K.B. Olurin and O.I. Odeyemi

Department of Plant Science & Applied Zoology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria.

Abstract: Sex ratio, size at maturity, maturity stages, egg diameter and fecundity of some of the fishes of Owa stream, south – west Nigeria were investigated. Only Hemichromis fasciatus differed significantly from the 1:1 sex ratio. Size at maturity for females was 9.05cm for Chromidotilapia guntheri, 10.45cm for Tilapia mariae, and 8.3cm for Hemichromis fasciatus.Mature males were observed for specimens of C.guntheri, while the others had no mature males. The gonado-somatic indices increased with gonadal stage of development, and the values for males were lower than those of the females of corresponding stage of development. Egg diameter was highest in Xenomystus nigri, and least in Ctenoporna kingsleyae. There was a low correlation between fecundity and body weight in C. guntheri.

Keywords: Owa stream, gonado – somatic index, size at maturity, sex ratio

INTRODUCTION The specimens were sorted out in the laboratory and identified to species level using information Literature is replete with information on the provided by[8]. reproductive biology of the fishes of temperate streams The fishes were mopped on filter paper and their [e.g.,19,1,9,12], with a dearth of information on their total lengths and standard lengths were measured using tropical counterparts. a measuring board to the tenth of a centimeter. Total It has been observed[17] that most of the length of each specimen was taken as the distance information on tropical stream fishes are limited to from the snout to the tip of the caudal fin while the neo – tropical regions as reviewed by[2]. standard length was taken as the distance from the The reproductive biology of a community of fish snout to the base of the caudal fin. Weight was taken provides information on their spawning cycle, on a top loading Mettler balance to 0.01g. fecundity, egg size and sexual maturity, which helps in determining the recruitment patterns in such habitats. Determination of Sex: Each specimen was sexed by Owa stream is located in Ijebu – Ode, South – Western visual examination of the gonads after slitting open the Nigeria,[15]. The food and feeding habits[14] and the fish through the vent. The dissecting microscope was helminth parasites[16] of the fishes of the stream have used in the examination of the gonads which were not already been described. discernable to the naked eyes. This investigation was aimed at providing information on the reproductive biology of the fishes,to Determination of Maturity Stages: The stages of complement existing knowledge on the fish community maturity of the gonads were determined after[13] structure of the stream. (Table 1).

MATERIALS AND METHODS Fecundity Estimation: The ovaries were removed, weighed and then the gonadal stage III, IV and V were Fish specimens were collected from Owa stream preserved in Gilson’s fluid. using gill nets of 1 in (25.4mm) 3 in (75.2mm), 3.5 in Fecundity which is the number of ripening eggs (88.9mm) and 4 in (101.6mm) mesh sizes. Fishing found in the female fish just prior to spawning was took place twice a week at the edges and middle of estimated using gravimetric method. This method the stream. involves sub sampling by weight. Total weight of the Specimens collected were transported in an ice- eggs in the ovaries of each of the specimen examined chest to the laboratory where they were later examined. were measured after draining excess Gilson’s fluid on

Corresponding Author: K.B. Olurin, Department of Plant Science & Applied Zoology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria. E-mail address: [email protected] 81 Res. J. Fisheries & Hydrobiol., 5(2): 81-84, 2010

Table 1: Stages of Gonad development. Stages Condition of gonads I Immature Young individuals which have not yet engaged in reproduction. Gonads of very small size. II Resting stages Sexual products have not yet begun to develop, gonads of very small size, eggs not distinguishable to the naked eyes III Maturation Eggs distinguishable to the naked eye, a very rapid increase in weight of the gonad in progress, testes change from transparent to a pale rose colour IV Maturity Sexual products ripe, gonads have achieved their maximum weight, but the sexual products are still not extruded when light pressure is applied. V Reproduction Sexual products are extruded in response to very light pressure on the belly, weight of the gonad decreases rapidly from the start of Fig. 1: Maturity ogive for female C. guntheri Fifty spawning to its completion. VI Spent The sexual products have been discharged. percent maturity is indicated. Genital apperture inflamed, gonads have appearance of deflated sacs, the ovaries usually containing a few left over eggs, and the testes some residual sperm.

a filter paper. A subsample of 50 eggs were weighed and the number of eggs in the subsample was counted either with naked eye or with magnifying glass depending on the size of the eggs. By proportion the total eggs in the ovaries were then calculated.

Egg diameter: The eggs were dried and their sizes were measured by using a calibrated micrometer. Fig. 2: Maturity ogive for female T mariae. Fifty Gonadosomatic Indices (G.S.I): The gonadosomatic percent maturity is indicated. index for each of the specimen was calculated as the gonad weight expressed as a percentage of body weight [10].

G.S.I. = Gonad weight x 100 ------Body weight

Size at Maturity: The size at maturity is taken as the size at which 50% of the individuals have mature gonads[4].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Sex ratio: The sex ratio of specimens with observable Fig. 3: Maturity ogive for female H. Fasciatus Fifty gonads is given in Table 2. percent maturity is indicated. A chi square test indicated a significant departure (p < 0.05) from a 1:1 sex ratio in only H.fasciatus. guntheri that had 3 mature males (stage III and above) ranging in length between 9.5 and 12.5cm, there were Size at maturity: Sizes at maturity were determined no males with mature gonads for the other species. for the females of C. guntherii (9.05cm), T. mariae (10.45cm), and H.fasciatus (8.3cm) using maturation Gonado-somatic Index: The gonado somatic indices ogives (Figs. 1 - 3). The other species had few females for all the different species are shown in Tables 3-6. in the catch for any meaningful analysis. Except for C.

82 Res. J. Fisheries & Hydrobiol., 5(2): 81-84, 2010

Table 2: Sex ratio of fishes in Owa Stream The tables show that the gonado-somatic indices Species No. of No. of Sex X2 Significance increased with gonadal stage of development and that Males females Ratio value P = 0.05 the values for the males were lower than those of the Xenomystus nigri 5 7 1:1.4 0.16 n.s Papyrocranus afer -4-- females of corresponding stage of development. Clarias gariepinus -1-- Chromidotilapia 86 119 1:1.38 2.65 n.s Egg Size: The egg diameter of the fishes is shown in guntheri Table 7. The egg diameter is highest in X.nigri. Among Tilapia mariae 36 35 1:0.9 0.007 n.s Hemichromis 33 12 2:5:1 4.35 0 the cichlids, H. fasciatus had the lowest egg diameter fasciatus while C. guntheri had the highest value. Channa obscura -4-- Ctenopoma 2 9 1:4.5 2.23 n.s Fecundity: In C. guntheri, the eggs ranged from 59 for kingsleyae * - significant a fish of 112mm total length that weighed 29.65g n.s - not significant body weight to 216 for a 117mm specimen that weighed 25.60g. Table 3: Changes in gonado-somatic index with different stages of gonad development in X. nigri Male Female Fecundity-body weight relationship: The fecundity------body weight relationship in C. guntheri is expressed by Gonadal stages Range Mean Range Mean the regression equation. I 0.05-0.15 0.10 - - C Y = 61.59 + 2.09x II - - 0.75 0.75 C r = 0.3005 III - - 0.58-1.48 0.85 IV - - 6.50 6.50 Discussion: With the exception of H. fasciatus, the Table 4: Changes in gonado somatic index with different stages of sexes of the fishes were equally distributed in Owa gonad development in C. guntheri stream. It was similarly observed[15] that the sex ratio Gonadal Stages Male Female of this species differed from the 1:1 sex ratio in an ------Range Mean Range Mean earlier study on Owa stream. The dominance of males I 0.01-0.19 0.06 - - over females may be due to a greater number of males II 0.01-0.35 0.12 0.05-0.98 0.21 being hatched as found for Tilapia leucosta[18], or to III - - 0.17-0.86 0.39 differential survival over certain environmental IV - - 0.99 – 2.98 1.98 [6] V - - 1.17-2.93 2.21 conditions . Wide disparities have been recorded for sex ratios Table 5: Changes in gonado somatic index with different stages of of fluvial fishes[9], and have also been shown to vary gonad development in T.marie significantly according to the habitat[10]. Gonadal Stages Male Female Few mature males were encountered in this study. ------Range Mean Range Mean Similar observations have been made for other fish I 0.01-0.19 0.06 - - stream communities. It is possible that sexually mature II 0.01-0.31 0.12 0.05-0.98 0.21 males migrate to deeper waters where fishing did not III - - 0.17-0.86 0.39 take place[11]. IV - - 0.99 – 2.98 1.98 V - - 1.17-2.93 2.21 The size at maturity of male C.guntheri in Owa stream is comparable to that of the species in the Table 6: Changes in gonado somatic index with different stages of International Institute of Agriculture, Ibadan (IITA) gonadal development in H. fasciatus lake, which had a length of 12.08cm., while the size at Gonadal Stages Male Female maturity of the female cichlids in Owa stream that ------Range Mean Range Mean were sufficient for analysis, were within those recorded [5,3] I 0.04-0.30 0.10 - - for cichlids in similar habitats . II 0.20-0.44 0.32 0.43 0.43 The gonado – somatic indices (GSI) for males III - - 0.09-1.52 0.68 were lower than those of females of corresponding IV - - 0.27-3.64 1.70 stage of gonadal development. It has been observed Table 7: Egg diameters for the fishes in Owa Stream that for African species, the GSI is generally higher for [12] Species Egg range (mm) Mean (mm) females than for males . Xenomystus nigri 3.36-3.54 3.45 The fecundity estimated for C. guntheri was low. Chromidotilapia guntheri 1.84-3.62 2.82 Most cichlids in tropical streams have a low fecundity, Tilapia mariae 1.85 – 2.58 2.26 [13,5] Hemichromis fasciatus 1.56-2.31 1.94 which is indicative of parental care . As a rule, the Ctenopoma kingsleyae 1.06-0.64 1.88 fecundity of fish is inversely related to the degree of parental care[7].

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