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CI Otyi^^c^ ILLINOIS CLASSICAL STUDIES VOLUME XIIL2 FALL/1988 Miroslav Marcovich, Editor ISSN 0363-1923 2 ILLINOIS CLASSICAL STUDIES VOLUME XIII. Fall 1988 Miroslav Marcovich, Editor SCHOLARS PRESS ISSN 0363-1923 2 ILLINOIS CLASSICAL STUDIES VOLUME XIII. Plutarch The Board of Trustees University of Illinois Copies of the journal may be ordered from: Scholars Press Customer Services P. O. Box 6525 Ithaca, New York 14851 Printed in the U.S.A. 2 EDITOR Miroslav Marcovich CO-EDITORS OF ICS XIII. Frederick E. Brenk, S.J. (Rome) Jackson P. Hershbell (Minneapolis) Philip A. Stadter (Chapel Hill) ADVISORY EDITORIAL COMMITTEE John J. Bateman Howard Jacobson David F. Bright J. K. Newman Gerald M. Browne David Sansone CAMERA-READY COPY PRODUCED BY Mary Ellen Fryer Illinois Classical Studies is published semi-annually by Scholars Press. Camera-ready copy is edited and produced in the Department of the Classics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Each contributor receives twenty-five offprints. Contributions should be addressed to: The Editor Illinois Classical Studies Department of the Classics 4072 Foreign Languages Building 707 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801 PLUTARCH ROBERT FLACELERE (1904-1982) INMEMORIAM Preface The present issue oi ICS comprises the papers presented at the Conference of the International Plutarch Society held in the summer of 1987 at Athens. I have included the contributions by the scholars unable to attend the Athens Conference. In preparing the typescripts for publication I have been assisted by such renowned Plutarchean scholars as Fr. E. Brenk, S.J. (Rome), J. P. Hershbell (Minneapolis), and Ph. A. Stadter (Chapel Hill). My gratitude to them is sincere and immense. Thanks are also due to D. Tsekourakis (Thessaloniki), M. M. Kokolakis (Athens), W.D.E. Coulson (Director, American School of Classical Studies, Athens), and C. Williams (Director, Canadian Archaeological Insitute, Athens) for their kind assistance with the Conference. The Plutarch-issue of ICS is dedicated to the memory of Robert Haceliere (1904-1982), in recognition of his invaluable efforts and merits for the creation of the Bude Plutarch over twenty-five years (1957-1982). Mary Ellen Fryer, Barbara Kiesewetter, and Dr. Richard Warga have successfully processed foreign languages. Miroslav Marcovich . Contents 1. Rencontres avec Plutarque 219 JACQUELINE DE ROMILLY, College de France. Paris 2. Plutarch and Athens 231 ANTHONY PODLECKI, University of BriUsh Columbia, Vancouver 3. Nepos and Plutarch: From Latin to Greek Political Biography 245 JOSEPH GEIGER, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 4. Aspects of Plutarch's Characterisation 257 CHRISTOPHER PELLING, University College, Oxford 5. The Proems of Plutarch's Ljvej 275 PHILIP A. STADTER, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 6. Remarques h propos de I'usage des citations en mati6rc de chronologic dans les Vies 297 FRANgOISE FRAZIER, Paris 7. Notes on Plutarch: Pericles and Fabius 311 DAVID SANSONE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 8. Is Plutarch Fair to Nikias? 319 ANASTASIOS G. NIKOLAIDIS. University of Crete, Rethymnon 9. Plutarch's Philopoemen and Flamininus 335 SIMON SWAIN. Wolfson College. Oxford 1 0. The Lives of the Caesars and Plutarch's Other Lives 349 ARISTOULA GEORGIADOU, University of Dlinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 1 Plutarch and Platonist Orthodoxy 357 JOHN DILLON. Trinity College. Dublin 12. Plutarch's Portrait of Socrates 365 JACKSON P. HERSHBELL, University of Minnesota 13. La part du rationalisme dans la religion de Plutarque: I'exemple du De genio Socratis 383 DANIEL BABUT, University Lyon H 14. Una nuova interpretazione del De genio Socratis 409 ADELMO BARIGAZZI , University di Firenze 15. Plutarco, Socrate e I'Esopo di Delfi 427 MARIA JAGODA LUZZATTO, University di Firenze 16. Plutarco ed Euripide: alcune considerazioni sulle citazioni euripidee in Plutarco (De aud. poet.) 447 PAOLO CARRARA, Universita di Firenze 17. Plutarch's £ro/j)toj: The Drag Down Pulled Up 457 FREDERICK E. BRENK, S.J., Pontifical BibUcal Institute, Rome 18. np6<; tov EiTtovTa—Sources and Credibility of De Sloicorum Repugnantiis 8 473 JOHN GLUCKER, Tel Aviv Univerisity 19. Plutarch, Hesiod, and the Mouseia of Thespiai 491 ROBERT LAMBERTON, Princeton University 20. Der HOhepunkt der deutschen Plutarchrezeption: Plutarch bei Nietzsche 505 HEINZ GERD INGENKAMP, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms- Universitat Bonn 1 Rencontres avec Plutarque* JACQUELINE DE ROMILLY Nous devons tous etre reconnaissants aux organisateurs de ce congres et a la Grece qui veut bien I'accueillir. Que la Grece soil hospitaliere pour des gens qui aiment Plutarque n'a rien qui doive surprendre. Hospitaliere, elle I'a toujours 6t6. Et Plutarque n'est pas seulement un des tres grands auteurs de la Grece ancienne: il est celui qui a, si Ton peut dire, rev61e la Grece a I'Europe de la Renaissance. En France, la decouverte de Plutarque fut un phenomene sans precedent; il etait du en partie a la qualitd de la traduction d'Amyot, mais avant tout au fait que Ton trouvait dans I'oeuvre de Plutarque tous les aspects de I'Antiquite: les grands hommes de I'histoire, les doctrines des philosophes, la religion de Delphes, et aussi, entremeles, des citations de poetes et des mots historiques, des arguments et des anecdotes, et des hauts fails, et des curiosit6s. L'engouement, d'ailleurs, ne fut pas propre ci la France: Erasme a traduit du Plutarque comme Guillaume Bud6, et Shakespeare, plus tard, s'en est inspire plus largement que Comeille. D'autre part, si tout converge et se rencontre en Plutarque, comment n'offrirait-il pas un theme de choix pour des 6changes intemationaux? La collaboration, avec lui, est une loi. On ne peut en effet comprendre une Vie de Plutarque si Ton n'a pas une solide formation d'historien de I'Antiquite, si Ton ne peut comparer les sources et les critiquer a I'aide de documents divers: il faut etre historien de Rome et de la Grece, des epoques les plus anciennes comme les plus recentes, historien de Solon comme de Sylla, d'Aristide comme de Philopoemen; et le travail fait pour une des Vies ne prend vraiment quelque portee qu'une fois compare avec les resultats obtenus pour d'autres. Sans compter qu'il en va de meme pour ces centaines d'anecdotes, cousues I'une a I'autre dans les Traites moraux: elles ont leurs sources, elles aussi, plus difficiles a discemer, et parfois leurs variantes, sur lesquelles il faut faire le point. Mais c'est loin d'etre tout. Car, si I'histoire envahit les Oeuvres morales, il n'est pas une page des Vies ou n'affleure la reflexion morale, avec de brefs commentaires inspirds de Platon ou bien des stoiciens; Remarques destinies a rouveiture du Congits Plutarque l Athenes. 220 lUinois Classical Studies. XIII.2 et, du coup, c'est toute la philosophic de la Grfece qui intervient k c6t6 de I'histoire, et toute sa religion aussi, chaque fois qu'un geste de pi6t6 ou d'inipi6t6 suscite une remarque de I'auteur. Qu'il s'agisse des Vies ou des Moralia, la collaboration et les ^changes sont dgalement n^cessaires. Et je ne dis rien de I'histoire de la langue ni des emprunts littdraires, avou6s ou non, qu'il est si n6cessaire de percevoir si Ton veut comprendre le texte k fond. En un sens, cela justifie qu'intervienne aujourd'hui quelqu'un qui comme moi—vous le savez—n'est d'aucune manifere specialiste de Plutarque: ainsi sera du moins respect6 I'dquilibre entre les diverses sp&ialit6s, dont aucune ne sera alors privilegi6e. Je voudrais, en fait, profiter de cette incompetence meme. Car j'essaierai de partir de mon exp6rience d'hell6niste habitude au cinquifeme siecle avant J. C. et h. des textes qui se placent un demi-mill6naire avant Plutarque. Cela fait un grand recul. Et le recul est parfois utile. II permet en I'occurrence de mieux mesurer les changements profonds qui sont intervenus en Grfece et qui ont permis h. Plutarque de devenir ce qu'il est devenu. C'est grace a eux qu'il a pu produire cette oeuvre qui est comme la somme de I'Antiquit^, en effet, mais une somme deja tout entiere toum6e vers un monde et vers des habitudes modemes. Oui, il a fallu des changements profonds; et mes rencontres avec Plutarque aideront k mesurer, par contraste, cette puissante transformation interne de la pens^ grecque. J'ai d'abord rencontrd Plutarque dans le prolongement de Thucydide. Le plus austere et le plus sobre des historiens m'a conduite au biographe de P6ricl6s, de Nicias, d'Alcibiade, et k ces anecdotes personnelles que ces Vies apportent sur leur vie privde. II faut etre juste: formee k I'ecole d'un historien comme Thucydide, j'ai parfois 6prouv6 quelque agacement pour la libertd avec laquelle Plutarque traite les differentes versions d'un 6v6nement, ou n6glige la densit6 des analyses au profit du detail r6velateur. L'annde demi6re encore, j'etais k Jerusalem, et je faisais une conference sur Thucydide et Plutarque, comparant dans le detail les emprunts et leur mod61e;^ or, je dois I'avouer, j'insistais surtout sur ce qui s'dtait perdu en cours de route, sur I'affaiblissement du sens et le retrecissement de la pensde politique. Mais le point de vue que j'adoptais la faussait les perspectives. Car Plutarque savait ce qu'il faisait et ne songeait pas k etre un nouveau Thucydide. II fondait un genre nouveau, appel6 k devenir le grand genre k la mode de nos jours; et il le fondait consciemment, lucidemenL Je dis "fondait"; et j'ai I'air par Ik de prendre parti dans les longs d6bats des derni6res ddcennies sur I'origine de la biographie; en fait, par cette ' J. de Romilly, "Plutarch and Thucydides on the Free Use of QuoUtions," Phoenix 42 (1988) 22-34.
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  • Copyrighted Material

    Copyrighted Material

    9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 203 Index Acanthus, 130 Aetolian League, 162, 163, 166, Acarnanians, 137 178, 179 Achaea/Achaean(s), 31–2, 79, 123, Agamemnon, 51 160, 177 Agasicles (king of Sparta), 95 Achaean League: Agis IV and, agathoergoi, 174 166; as ally of Rome, 178–9; Age grades: see names of individual Cleomenes III and, 175; invasion grades of Laconia by, 177; Nabis and, Agesilaus (ephor), 166 178; as protector of perioecic Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), cities, 179; Sparta’s membership 135–47; at battle of Mantinea in, 15, 111, 179, 181–2 (362 B.C.E.), 146; campaign of, in Achaean War, 182 Asia Minor, 132–3, 136; capture acropolis, 130, 187–8, 192, 193, of Phlius by, 138; citizen training 194; see also Athena Chalcioecus, system and, 135; conspiracies sanctuary of after battle of Leuctra and, 144–5, Acrotatus (king of Sparta), 163, 158; conspiracy of Cinadon 164 and, 135–6; death of, 147; Acrotatus, 161 Epaminondas and, 142–3; Actium, battle of, 184 execution of women by, 168; Aegaleus, Mount, 65 foreign policy of, 132, 139–40, Aegiae (Laconian), 91 146–7; gift of, 101; helots and, Aegimius, 22 84; in Boeotia, 141; in Thessaly, Aegina (island)/Aeginetans: Delian 136; influence of, at Sparta, 142; League and,COPYRIGHTED 117; Lysander and, lameness MATERIAL of, 135; lance of, 189; 127, 129; pro-Persian party on, Life of, by Plutarch, 17; Lysander 59, 60; refugees from, 89 and, 12, 132–3; as mercenary, Aegospotami, battle of, 128, 130 146, 147; Phoebidas affair and, Aeimnestos, 69 102, 139; Spartan politics and, Aeolians,