Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Helsinki Commission HELCOM 42-2021 Online meeting, 17-18 March 2021
Document title Draft Marine HNS Response Manual Code 5-13 Category DEC Agenda Item 5 - Matters arising from the subsidiary bodies Submission date 25.2.2021 Submitted by Executive Secretary Reference Outcome of HOD 59-2020, paragraph 6.73
Background In the framework of the WestMOPoCo project (DG ECHO funding), CEDRE (Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux/Center for Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution), ISPRA (Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research) and ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd) have developed the draft Multi-regional Marine HNS Response Manual (Bonn Agreement, HELCOM, REMPEC), taking also into account input by the Response Working Group as well as the Bonn Agreement and REMPEC.
RESPONSE 28-2020 agreed on the draft Marine HNS Response Manual and HOD 59-2020 subsequently approved it, recognizing that certain non-substantial aspects of the draft Manual are still to be finalized.
Following HOD 59-2020 the Manual has undergone a review, focusing on editorials and the mentioned non- substantial aspects and the final version can be found attached. A final editorial review and formatting will be undertaken by the Secretariat and the WestMOPoCo project team before publication of the adopted Manual.
Action requested The Meeting is invited to adopt the draft Multi-regional Marine HNS Response Manual, which will replace the current HELCOM Response Manual Volume 2.
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MARINE HNS RESPONSE MANUAL Multi-regional Bonn Agreement, HELCOM, REMPEC
Disclaimer
All material produced under West MOPoCo project is available free of charge and shall not be used for any commercial purposes. Any amendment, review, and update of the content or format of this Manual shall be authorised by West MOPoCo Beneficiaries and shall refer to the original document developed under the project. Revisions to the original document conducted by West MOPoCo Beneficiaries shall be notified to the authors for record of the modifications. West MOPoCo Beneficiaries do not assert that this material is faultless and make no warranty, nor assume any legal liability for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of this manual. West MOPoCo Beneficiaries do not assume responsibility or liability for any direct, indirect or consequential damages for the use of this material.
The content of this Manual represents the views of the authors only and is their sole responsibility. The European Commission does not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of West MOPoCo Beneficiaries.
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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in the website do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of SGMer and the Project Partners concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authori- ties, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. MARINE HNS RESPONSE MANUAL Multi-regional Bonn Agreement, HELCOM, REMPEC
Authors: Luigi Alcaro, Julke Brandt, William Giraud, Michela Mannozzi, Annabelle Nicolas-Kopec
www.cedre.fr [email protected]
www.isprambiente.gov.it [email protected]
www.itopf.org [email protected] Preface
The Project Western Mediterranean Region Marine Oil and HNS Pollution Cooperation (West MOPoCo) supported Algeria, France, Italy, Malta, Morocco, Spain and Tunisia in collaboration with Monaco in strengthening their cooperation in the field of prepare- dness for and response to oil and Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) marine pollution and in improving the quality and interoperability of their response capacities.
The Project was implemented through an inter-regional effort, including the participa- tion of the Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC), the Bonn Agreement for the Greater North Sea and its approaches and the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) for the Baltic Sea. The project benefits from the technical support and expertise of expert partner institutions such as CEDRE, ISPRA and ITOPF.
The present Manual has been developed by CEDRE, ISPRA and ITOPF in the framework of the West MOPoCo project at the request of the Secretariat of the Bonn Agreement, HELCOM and REMPEC, to provide state of the art information on HNS pollution prepare- dness and response. The competent national authorities of Member States of the three regional conventions were consulted at each step of the drafting process, to ensure the Manual meets their operational needs and to enrich it with their national experience in responding to chemical spills at sea.
More info at :
www.bonnagreement.org [email protected]
www.helcom.fi [email protected]
www.rempec.org [email protected]
This Manual is available at www.westmopoco.rempec.org
The content of this Manual is also available through the decision trees of MIDSIS TROCS 4.0, the new Maritime Integrated Decision Support Information System on Transport of Chemical Substances also updated and upgraded under the West MOPoCo project. This tool, designed as a reference for use in the field (downloadable offline application) or office (Online version), seeks to provide decision-makers with options for response to marine chemical emergencies presented in a structured format through decision tree. MIDSIS TROCS 4.0 is available on REMPEC’s website: midsis.rempec.org POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES
6
3. HNSHAZARDANDBEHAVIOUR CLASSIFICATIONS 2. 1. INTRODUCTIONANDSCOPE TABLE OFCONTENTS 4. PREPAREDNESS
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4.4 Riskandsensitivity assessment 4.3 Stakeholders 3.2 Hazards 4.2 Legal framework HNSwhenspilledat sea3.1 Physicalfate andbehaviourof 2.3 IMOcodes 2.2 IMOprotocols 2.1 IMOconventions 1.2 HNSdefinition 1.1 Scope 4.1 Introduction IMO CONVENTIONS,PROTOCOLSANDCODES Marine HNS response manual 3.2.6 Hazard: toxicity 3.2.5 Hazard: reactivity 3.2.4 Hazard: corrosion 4.4.3 Sensitivitymapping 3.2.3 4.4.2 Challenges 3.2.2 2.3.4 4.4.1 Riskassessment 3.2.1 Hazard: explosivity 2.3.3 International MaritimeSolidBulkCargoes Code (IMSBCCode) 2.3.2 International CodeShips fortheConstruction andEquipmentof 2.3.1
Hazard: oxidation Hazard: flammability 3.2.6.2 3.2.6.1 carryingDangerous ChemicalsinBulk(IBCCode) of ShipsCarrying LiquefiedGasesinBulk(IGCCode) of International MaritimeDangerous GoodsCode (IMDGCode) International Code of theConstructionInternational Code andEquipment of Toxicity (hazardous tohumanhealth) Hazardous totheenvironment (ecotoxicity) 38 35 20 34 18 33 17 33 26 25 24 41 23 40 22 11 38 20 10 29 27 8 7 6 2 1 5 1 9 8 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES
5. RESPONSE
5.6 On-sceneresponse 5.2 Notification andinformation gathering 5.5 First actions 5.1 Introduction 4.6 Resource management 4.5 Contingency planning 5.4 Flowchart response considerations 5.3 Decision-making 4.6.4 Material andequipment 4.6.3 Exercises 4.6.2 Training 4.5.2 Writing process 5.3.2 Decision-makingdynamicswithintheIncidentManagement Team 5.2.2 Data gathering 5.6.2 Monitoring 4.6.1 Humanresources 4.5.3 Action plan–Key issues 4.5.1 Objectivesandscope 5.6.3 Response techniques 5.3.1 decision-making? Who isincharge of 5.2.1 Notification 5.6.1 Protection
5.6.3.1 Vessel-orientedactions 4.5.2.5 4.5.2.4 5.6.2.4 4.6.4.3 4.5.3.3 4.5.2.3 5.6.2.3 4.6.4.2 4.5.3.2 4.5.2.2 5.6.2.2 5.3.2.2 4.6.4.1 4.5.3.1 4.5.2.1 5.6.2.1 5.3.2.1 5.6.3.2 Pollutant-oriented actions Revisions andupdates Validation Implementation of monitoring Implementation of Maintenance andcare Response strategies Structure Measurements andanalyses Stockpiles andstorage Management Steps toconsider Remote sensing Feedback loopfordecision-makingbasedonhazards andresponse Response equipment Initial actions Teams andresources Modelling Phasing-in period
Marine HNS response manual 70 63 70 61 55 42 68 64 61 57 56 42 64 63 56 71 55 47 42 75 64 63 70 47 47 72 58 50 45 72 58 49 43 71 66 57 47 42 71 65 76 76
- 7 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES
3.2 GHSvsUN TDG 8. FACT SHEETS 7. CASESTUDIES 6. POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT 5.16 Response considerations: Sinkers 5.15 Response considerations: Dissolvers 5.14 Response considerations: Floaters 5.13 Response considerations: Gases andevaporators 5.12 Nondangerous goodscargo 5.11 HNSspillmodelling 5.6 5.5 Situation assessment 5.4 Packaged goodsidentification 5.3 Information resources 5.2 Incidentdata gathering 5.1 Incidentnotification 4.6. Acquisition andmaintenance 4.5. Response vessels 4.4. Wastemanagement 4.3. Internalcommunication 4.2. Press conference 4.1. Externalcommunication 5.10 LNG 5.9 Response considerations: Reactive substances 5.8 Response considerations: Corrosive substances 5.7 Response considerations: Toxic substances 6.3 Incidentreview 6.2 Post-spill monitoring 6.1 HNS BehavioursandHazards duringaship-source HNSincident Response Planning Contingency IMO Conventions, Protocols andCodes Documenting, recording andrecovering costsincurred 6.1.5 Summary 6.1.4 The claimsprocess 6.1.3 6.1.2 Protection &Indemnity(P&I)Club/ The insurer 6.1.1 Legislation -Legal basisforcompensation Situation assessmentandaction plan Information Gathering Modelling
Type claims of 3.1 SafetyData Sheet content 2.1 GESAMPHazard Profiles 6.1.2.2 6.1.2.1 6.1.1.1 Response considerations: Flammableandexplosive substances European Union-Environmental LiabilityDirective HNS Convention andits2010Protocol National legislation 125 87 84 78 93 91 78 173 168 162 157 155 152 129 122 120 118 115 111 107 105 103 101 148 142 138 135 132 84 82 82 80 78 99 97 95 81 80 78 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES 9 ANNEXES 7.3 7.2 Ece 7.1 BowEagle 6.2 Environmental restoration andrecovery 6.1 Claimsprocess Glossary 313 Acronyms 310 7.5 Venezia 7.4 Eurocargo 5.41 Packaged goodsresponse 5.40 HNSresponse ontheshore 5.39 HNSresponse ontheseabed 5.38 HNSresponse inthewater column 5.37 Usingsorbents 5.36 Maintainintheenvironment and monitoring 5.35 Usingfoam 5.34 Usingwater curtain 5.33 Wreckresponse 5.32 Sealing and plugging 5.31 Cargo transfer refuge 5.30 Placeof 5.29 Emergency towing 5.28 Emergency boarding 5.27 HNSdetectionandanalysismethods 5.26 Samplingtechniquesandprotocols 5.25 Portable gasdetectorsforfirst responders 5.24 Remotely Operated Vehicles 5.23 Substancemarking 5.22 Remote sensing technologies 5.21 Decontamination 5.20 Personnal Protective Equipment 5.19 Safetyzones 5.18 First actions(responders) 5.17 First actions(casualty) 5.44 Wildlife response (SeaAlarm) 5.43 Recovery techniques:Pumps andskimmer 5.42 Containment techniques:Booms Casestudies Post spillmanagement On sceneresponse Annex 4-Information onregional specificities REMPEC Annex 3-Information onregional specificities HELCOM Annex 2-Information onregional specificities Annex 1-General information Post SpillMonitoring Documentation andRecording Actions onpollutant Actions onvessel Monitoring Protection Response Techniques First actions Aleyna Mercan MSC Flaminia 303 307 306 305 304 293 290 287 284 298 296 301 264 261 255 251 247 244 240 236 231 228 226 224 220 217 212 208 205 201 199 197 192 185 183 181 178 280 275 272 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES Figure 34: Three monitoring maincomponentsof Figure 33:Decisiontree toaccessflowchart basedonbehaviour Figure 32:Decisiontree basedonhazards Figure 31:Progressive different exercise development of types of programmes Figure 30: The ‘wastehierarchy’ orwastemanagementsteps Figure wastemanagementprocess 29:Globalprocess of Figure 28:Mainstepstobedetailedwithinstrategies Figure 27:Decisionsupport bulkHNScargoes forresponse tospillsof Figure atypicalcommunication structure 26:Flowchart of inafunction-basedstructure Figure 25: Typical IncidentCommand System structure Figure 24: tieredThe preparedness conventionaldefinitionof andresponse Figure 23: Tools andreferences fordrafting acontingency plan Figure 22: The overall process forindustrialcontingency planning Figure sensitivitymapping 21:Exampleof Figure 20:Riskassessmentprocess anddownstream stepstoelaborate aCP Figure 19:Mainroles potentialstakeholders andrelevance involved of Figure 18: effectiveAttributes andmaintasksstakeholders of involvedinaspillresponse Figure 17:Regional coordination withinthe West MOPoCo area Figure 16:Mainstepsinthepreparedness process Figure 15:Representation flammability andinhalation hazards of Figure benzene 14:Flammablerange of Figure 13:Combustion triangle Figure 12:BoilingLiquidExpanding Vapour Explosion(BLEVE)sequence Figure 11:Usingsolubility, vapourpressure anddensitytodetermineasubstance Figure 10:Diagram illustrating howfirstresponse actionsdriveninitially Figure 9:MultimodalDangerous GoodsForm, asgivenintheIMDGCode Figure 8:IMDGCode pageentryexample Figure 7:IMDGCode classes’pictograms Figure thetwomostcommonintermodaldryfreight containersizes 6:Dimensionsof Figure 5:IMSBCCode entryexample: Magnesiumnitrate UN1474 Figure IMOcodes 4:Overviewof Figure 3:Countries whichhaveratified the2010HNSProtocol Figure 2:IMOconventions, protocols andcodesrelevant forthetransportHNSat sea of Figure HNSaccording toHNS Convention 1:Definitionof and OPRCHNSProtocol TABLE OFFIGURES and/or 2000OPRC-HNS(IMO, 2020) and concentriccircle modeltodefinetiered response capability(b) and developedthrough operational actioncards in theresponse implementedafter amarineHNSincident of ammoniaforresponders of behaviour inseawater by hazards andlater byfate andbehaviourchangeovertime 71 67 66 57 54 54 53 51 50 49 48 45 44 41 39 36 35 34 33 30 23 22 21 19 17 15 14 13 12 11 8 7 5 2 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES Figure 76:Package floatability Figure 75:HNSResponse intheseabed Decision tree Figure 74:HNSResponse inwater columnDecisiontree Figure 73:Foam projection equipment Figure 72:Foam blanket onaburningslick Figure 71:Creation awater curtain of Figure 70: Water curtain Figure 69: Wreck Response Decision Tree Figure towinglinearrangements the“RUBY-T” from 68:Exampleof thebowof Figure 67:Suggestedstepsinemergency towplanning Figure mostsuitableboarding 66:Identification location of Figure boarding locations 65:Examplesof Figure CustodyForm 64:Chainof Figure 63:Diagram showingsubsurface, surfaceandaerialtechnologies Figure 62:Decontamination area layout Figure 61:Key pointstoestablishadecontamination plan Figure PPEwithrespect toprotection 60:Listof level Figure 59:Safetyzones Figure 58:Response modeloutput Figure 57: Air pollutanttrajectory Figure 56:Pollutant trajectory onsea surface Figure 55:Fate modeloutput Figure 54:Decisiontree regarding releaseLNG of Figure 53: Toxicity onhumanhealth Figure 52:Riskassessment Figure 51: The 3mainstepsinthesituation assessment Figure 50:UNpackage identification for liquidsandsolids Figure different 49:Container carryingDGof UNnumbersoroneDGwithasubsidiaryrisk; Figure 48:Information resources Figure information applicablesources availablebycargo of type 47:Summaryof Figure incidentarea 46:Zoning of Figure 45:Communication plan Figure 44:Mainissuesrelating tointernalcommunication Figure 43:Key external communication issuesof Figure 42:Communication plan Figure Dangerous 41:Classification Goods of Figure aGESAMPHazard 40:Illustration Profile of forHydrochloric Acid Figure 39:Mainstepstoconducttheincidentreview process Figure 38:From IncidenttoSettlement: theclaimprocess Figure 37:LLMCConvention cover Figure 36:Environmental compartments andcorresponding measurement objectives Figure monitoringfordifferent theresponse 35:Objectivesof phasesof and example of anemergencyand exampletowinggear of configuration 4,000kgsgross UN3082inexcess mass Container of carryingDGof 265 259 254 241 240 239 236 235 222 221 219 218 208 201 194 192 187 184 153 153 152 152 150 136 133 130 128 125 122 121 113 106 105 102 101 99 96 89 83 78 74 73 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES Figure 80:From IncidenttoSettlement: theclaimprocess Figure 79:Step 2after anHNSincident Figure 78:Step 1after anHNSincident Figure 77:Packaged goodsresponse Decisiontree 284 275 272 271 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES Table 31:Floaters behaviours Table marineenvironmental gaseous/evaporator concern chemicalsof 30:Examplesof Table 29:Processes andFactors affecting gasesandevaporators behaviourand fate of Table 28:GasesandEvaporators behaviour Table 34:Dissolversbehaviour Table floaters that posehealth 33:Examplesof and/ormarineenvironmental hazards incident 172 Table products 27:Maincategories frequently of transported inlarge quantities Table 26:Modelsavailable Table 25:Possible impactsonpeople, environment andamenities Table 24:Physicalandchemical properties LNG of Table 23: Type LNG of Table 22:Reactive substances:applicabilityandmain risks Table reactive 21:Related casestudiesof substancesaccident Table 20:Corrosives substances:applicabilityandmainrisks Table 19: Toxic substances:applicabilityandmainrisks Table 18: Applicability andmainrisks Table situation thethree assessment mainstepsof 17:Descriptionof Table 16:Packaging typesandmaterials asperIMDGCode Chapter6 Table 15:Information gathering Table 14: Vessel response tozonemapping(source EMSA, 2014) Table 13: Types wastethat maritimeHNSspills maybegenerated of onthecasesof Table 12:Hazardous chemicalsvsdangerous goods Table thesubstance 11:Riskassessmentfor theuseof Table 10:Hazard criteria/end-pointsusedintheGESAMPHazard Evaluation Procedure Table 9:Shipowner’s liabilitylimitsundertheamendmentstoLLMC1996Protocol Table 8: Appendices orsupporting documentation Table 7: Action plan Table 6:Response challenges indifferent environments Table 5 AEGL Example: Ammonia (Source: EPA). Table 4:Short andlong-termexposure andeffects -examples Table thetwomostcommonintermodaldryfreight containersizes 3:Dimensionsof Table apartial IBCCode 2:Exampleof entryforhydrochloric acid Table hydrochloric acid entry asperIBCCode 1:Exampleof TABLE OFTABLES Table 37:Sinkers behaviours Table dissolversthat posehealth and/ormarineenvironmental 36:Examplesof hazards incident 179 by sea whichmaypresent issueswhenspilledat sea Table 35:Processes andfactorsaffecting dissolver inamarineaccident behaviourandfate of Table 32:Processes andfactorsaffecting floaters inamarineaccident behaviourandfate of
172 170 166 166 164 179 178 162 156 156 155 151 150 145 141 138 136 133 126 120 113 106 104 101 185 184 29 77 44 44 38 26 12 9 9 POST-SPILL HNS BEHAVIOURS IMO CONVENTIONS, SHEETS CASE STUDIES RESPONSE PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND HAZARDS PROTOCOLS AND CODES Table 40:Immediate actionstorespond tothesubstance Table sinker chemicalsthat 39:Exampleof posehealth and/ormarineenvironmental hazards incident 185 Table 71:Mechanicalequipment Table 70:Containment equipment Table Packaged 69:Mathods andapplication of GoodsResponse Table 68:Behaviourandfate inthemarineenvironment Table 67:Sandyshores Table 66:Rocky shores Table 65:Equipmentforrecovery Table sorbents 64:Useof Table 63: Type foam of Table 62:Expansionratio dependingonoperational conditions Table equipmentforpollutantrecovery 61:typesof Table 60: Techniques sealing and plugging andequipmentof Table bording 59: Advantages anddisadvantagesof Table 58:HNS-specificrisks andrelevant actions Table 57:Operational considerations Table 56:Maindetectiondevices Table theparameters characterising 55:Definitionof analyticalequipment Table 54:Samplestorage methods Table 53:Samplingtechniques andconsiderations Table 52:Different variables, reference measures andresponse actionsrelated togas Table 51: Typically usedportable detectors Table ROV 50:Classesof Table 49:Usesforremotely operated equipment Table 48:Marking Table existing detectorsandkey 47:Maintypesof characteristics Table 46:Operational platforms forremote advantages andlimitations of sensing Table 45:Decontamination method(s)andlayout Table protection PPEaccording required tothelevelof 44:Listof (European categories) Table 43:EUandUSPPEclassification systems Table 42:Procedure toestablishsafetyzones hazards 195 Table 38:Processes andfactorsaffecting dissolverinamarineaccident behaviour andfate of Table 41:Different zonesandthepotentialeffects andlimitstoconsiderbasedon typesof
194 189 290 288 283 279 277 277 272 264 257 256 248 245 240 233 229 227 226 225 224 220 219 215 214 212 211 210 206 200 198 196 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
Maritime transport is often described as involving HNS. HNS The manual does “the backbone of globalized trade and the not cover all aspects of an incident invol-
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, manufacturing supply chain”, since more ving HNS, but specifically addresses rele-
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS than 80% of the global merchandise trade vant offshore and onshore spill response
by volume is carried by sea. techniques (but excludes topics such as search and rescue, salvage, medical treat- Some of the goods transported are ment).The HNS Marine Response Manual defined as Hazardous and Noxious Subs- consists of three parts: tances (HNS). HNS might be released AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS into the sea as the consequence of illegal 1. Introductory background information discharges or maritime accidents such as relevant for understanding the concepts groundings or collisions; and whilst major driving an HNS response strategy in incidents involving an HNS spill are rare, seven chapters; they can be very complex and potential- ly have severe impacts on human health, 2. Operational fact sheets and deci-
PREPAREDNESS the environment, and socio-economic sion-making flowcharts relevant for res- resources. The particular challenges asso- ponders; Number Title of the sheet ciated with responding to HNS incidents are linked to the heterogeneity of the 3. Annexes I, II and III include regional various substances considered as HNS, specificities (information on maritime which include substances presenting transport, sensitive resources, etc.) for RESPONSE various hazards (physical hazards such as the Baltic Sea (Helsinki Commission fire and explosion, health hazards such as (HELCOM)), North Sea (Bonn Agree- toxicity, and environmental hazards) and ment) and Mediterranean Sea (The
behaviours (gases/evaporators, floaters, Regional Marine Pollution Emergency dissolvers, sinkers). Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC)) respectively. POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT The objective of this Marine HNS Response Manual is to provide operational guidance for first responders and decision-makers during a maritime incident at sea or in port CASE STUDIES CASE
SHEETS 1 - Marine HNS response manual 1.2 HNS definition INTRODUCTION There are two different key definitions of the marine environment, is likely to create
HNS: that of the 2000 OPRC-HNS Proto- hazards to human health, to harm living col and that of the 2010 HNS Convention. resources and marine life, to damage ame- Under the 2000 OPRC-HNS Protocol (IMO, nities or to interfere with other legitimate 2000), HNS are defined as “any substance uses of the sea”. other than oil which, if introduced into IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS
Any substance other than oil which, if introduced into the marine environment, is likely to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.
Dangerous, AND HAZARDS hazardous and MARPOL HNS if listed HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS Packaged IMDG Code harmful substances, Annex III in DGL materials and articles
Chemicals HNS if listed in OPRC HNS and noxious MARPOL IBC Code Chapter 17 and liquid substances Annex II pollution category in bulk X, Y, Z (and S, P or S/P)
HNS if listed
PREPAREDNESS Liquid Gazes in bulk IGC Code in Chapter 19 HNS Convention HNS if category Solid bulk IMSBC Code A, B or A/B AND listed in the IMDG Code Bulk Liquid substances with a flashpoint <60 C RESPONSE MARPOL © Cedre Oil Annex I
Figure 1: Definition of HNS according to HNS Convention and OPRC HNS Protocol POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT The HNS Convention (IMO, 2000) on the i. oils, carried in bulk, as defined in other hand includes oil and provides a regulation 1 of annex I to the International detailed list of HNS categories as defined Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by various International Maritime Organi- from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Proto- zation (IMO) conventions and codes: col of 1978 relating thereto, as amended; CASE STUDIES CASE a) “any substances, materials and articles ii. noxious liquid substances, carried carried on board a ship as cargo, refer- in bulk, as defined in regulation 1.10 of red to in (i) to (vii) below: Annex II to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,
SHEETS 2 - Marine HNS response manual 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 v. liquefied gases as listed in chap-
INTRODUCTION relating thereto, as amended, and those ter 19 of the International Code for the substances and mixtures provisionally cate- Construction and Equipment of Ships
gorized as falling in pollution category X, Y Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, as or Z in accordance with regulation 6.3 of amended, and the products for which pre- the said Annex II; liminary suitable conditions for the carriage have been prescribed by the Administra- iii. dangerous liquid substances car- tion and port administrations involved in
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, ried in bulk listed in chapter 17 of the Inter- accordance with paragraph 1.1.6 of the
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS national Code for the Construction and Code;
Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, as amended, and the vi. liquid substances carried in bulk dangerous products for which the preli- with a flashpoint not exceeding 60°C (mea- minary suitable conditions for the carriage sured by a closed-cup test); have been prescribed by the Administra- AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS tion and port administrations involved in vii. solid bulk materials possessing accordance with paragraph 1.1.6 of the chemical hazards covered by the Interna- Code; tional Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code, as amended, to the extent that these subs- iv. dangerous, hazardous and harm- tances are also subject to the provisions ful substances, materials and articles in of the International Maritime Dangerous PREPAREDNESS packaged form covered by the Internatio- Goods Code in effect in 1996, when car- nal Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, as ried in packaged form; and amended; b) residues from the previous carriage in bulk of substances referred to in (a) (i) to (iii) and (v) to (vii) above.” RESPONSE
POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES CASE
SHEETS 3 - Marine HNS response manual References INTRODUCTION IMO (2000), “Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution
Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances”
IMO (2010), International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, available from www.hnsconvention.org IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS,
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS IMO (2020), Status of Conventions, available from
www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/StatusOfConventions.aspx AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE
POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES CASE
SHEETS 4 - Marine HNS response manual 2 INTRODUCTION IMO CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS
AND CODES
The International Maritime Organization Recommendations (includes Codes and (IMO) is a specialised agency of the United Guidelines) and Resolutions. IMO adopts
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, Nations and is the standard-setting autho- these instruments and the national govern-
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS rity for the safety, security and environmen- ments of the current 174 Member States
tal performance of international shipping. are responsible for implementing them. So Its main role is to create a universally adop- far IMO has adopted more than 50 inter- ted and effective regulatory framework national conventions and agreements, as for the shipping industry. To achieve this well as numerous protocols and amend- goal, IMO uses five important instruments: ments. AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS Conventions, Protocols, Amendments,
MARPOL 73/78 Pollution Prevention Convention SOLAS 74 Safety at sea
2010 HNS Protocol Compensation & Liability PREPAREDNESS Protocol 2000 OPRC HNS Protocol Contingency Pallning
Transport of dangerous, hazardous and harmful IMDG Code substances, materials and articles in packaged form
Transport of dangerous chemicals IBC Code and noxious liquid substances RESPONSE
Code IGC Code Transport of bulk gas
IMSBC Code Transport of bulk solids
International Grain Code Transport of grain © Cedre
Figure 2: IMO conventions, protocols and codes relevant for the transport of HNS at sea POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT The two main IMO conventions concerning relevant for the carriage of HNS as per the the safety of merchant ships and the HNS Convention: prevention of pollution of the marine • IMDG Code (International Maritime environment by ships are: the International Dangerous Goods Code) ; Convention for the Safety of Life at • IBC Code (International Code for the Sea (SOLAS 74) and the International Construction and Equipment of Ships CASE STUDIES CASE Convention for the Prevention of Pollution carrying Dangerous Chemicals in from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) respectively. Bulk); SOLAS (IMO, 1974) and MARPOL (IMO, • IGC Code (International Gas Carrier 1973/78) refer to various IMO Codes, Code);
SHEETS 5 - Marine HNS response manual • IMSBC Code (International Maritime In addition to conventions, the 2010 HNS
INTRODUCTION Solid Bulk Cargoes Code). Protocol addresses the topic of liability and compensation and the OPRC-HNS Conventions become mandatory for Protocol focuses on contingency planning Contracting Parties/Member States and preparedness. once they are ratified and imple- mented into national law. IMO Codes A protocol forms additional legisla- (such as IMDG Code), on the other tion which adds to or complements an
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, hand, are often a recommendation. existing convention or treaty. Parties to PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS the original Convention may separa-
tely accede to its Protocol.
2.1 IMO conventions AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS SOLAS 1974 specifies minimum stan- • Category Y: substances which present dards for the construction, equipment a hazard to either marine resources or and operation of ships, compatible with human health or cause harm to ameni- their safety. Chapter VII of the Convention ties or other legitimate uses of the sea specifically addresses the carriage of dan- and therefore justify a limitation on the gerous goods in packaged form, in solid quality and quantity of the discharge
PREPAREDNESS form in bulk, dangerous liquid chemicals into the marine environment (e.g. in bulk and liquefied gases in bulk. styrene); • Category Z: substances which present MARPOL 73/78 is the main international a minor hazard to marine resources convention covering the prevention of pol- and/or human health and therefore lution of the marine environment by ships justify less stringent restrictions on the RESPONSE from operational or accidental causes quality and quantity of the discharge and addresses regulations for the preven- into the marine environment (e.g. ace- tion of pollution by oil (Annex I), noxious tone);
liquid substances in bulk (Annex II), harm- • Category OS: other substances, which ful substances carried by sea in packaged are not considered harmful and are not form (Annex III), sewage (Annex IV), garba- subject to any requirements of MAR- POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT ge (Annex V) and air pollution (Annex VI). POL Annex II (e.g. molasses).
MARPOL Annex II and the IBC Code divi- MARPOL Annex III sets out regulations de noxious liquid substances into four pol- for the prevention of pollution by harmful lution categories: substances in packaged form and includes • Category X: substances which pre- general requirements for the issuing of sent a major hazard to either marine detailed standards on packing, marking, CASE STUDIES CASE resources or human health, therefore, labelling, documentation, stowage, quan- the discharge into the marine environ- tity limitations, exceptions and notifica- ment is prohibited (e.g. phosphorus, tions for preventing pollution by harmful white or yellow); substances.
SHEETS 6 - Marine HNS response manual 2.2 IMO protocols INTRODUCTION
The Protocol on Preparedness, Response Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC
and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Convention) and International Convention Hazardous and Noxious Substances, (2000 on the Establishment of an International OPRC-HNS Protocol) seeks to provide a Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution global framework for international co-ope- Damage (1992 Fund Convention) which ration and compel national preparedness cover pollution damage from persistent oil IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, for combating major incidents or threats of from tankers. However, by 2009, the 1996 PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS marine pollution from ships carrying HNS. HNS Convention had still not entered into
It follows the principles of the International force (due to an insufficient number of Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, ratifications) therefore a protocol to the Response and Co-operation (OPRC 1990). HNS Convention (2010 HNS Protocol) was developed and adopted. The 2010 HNS
AND HAZARDS The International Convention on Liabi- Protocol was designed to address practi
HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS - lity and Compensation for Damage in cal problems that had prevented a num- Connection with the Carriage of Hazar- ber of States from ratifying the original dous and Noxious Substances by Sea Convention (IOPC Funds, 2019). The 2010 (1996 HNS Convention) was adopted in HNS Protocol is not yet in force, therefore 1996. It aims to ensure compensation to compensation following an HNS incident those who have been affected by damage
PREPAREDNESS remains subject to national regulations to persons and/or property. It is modelled (6.1.1 Legislation - Legal basis for com- on the International Convention on Civil pensation). RESPONSE
POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT © Cedre
HNS Protocol 2010 OPRC/HNS 2000 HNS Protocol 2010 & OPRC/HNS 2000 CASE STUDIES CASE Figure 3: Countries which have ratified the 2010 HNS Protocol and/or 2000 OPRC-HNS ( IMO, 2020)
SHEETS 7 - Marine HNS response manual 2.3 IMO codes INTRODUCTION There are various IMO codes addres- The International Code for the Safe Car-
sing the safe transport of HNS and grain, riage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain all of which are explained in more detail Code) covers specific transport conside- in the relevant sub-sections. All codes rations for wheat, maize (corn), oats, rye, are amended periodically. It is wor- barley, rice, pulses, seeds and processed th noting that the IBC, IGC and IMSBC forms thereof. Since the Code’s content
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, Codes include provisions for non-hazar- does not address physical or environmen-
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS dous cargo, whereas the IMDG Code only tal hazards associated with a spill of such
addresses HNS. substances, it is not further elaborated.
Choosing the appropriate IMO Code addressing HNS transport requirements
AND HAZARDS Containerized Cargo Tanker Bulk Carrier HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS
Dangerous Chemicals and Liquified Solid Bulk Grain substances, materials noxious liquid Gases in Bulk other than Grain and articles in substances in bulk packaged form © Cedre IGC Code IMSBC Code International IMDG Code IBC Code (IBC Code) (IMDG Code) Grain Code PREPAREDNESS
Figure 4: Overview of IMO codes
2.3.1 International Code of the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) RESPONSE
tion standards as well as equipment requi- rements aiming to minimise the risk to
the ship, its crew and the environment (IMO, 2016). Additional standards for ves- sels operating with gas or low flash point POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT liquids such as fuel are provided in the IGF Code (International Code of Safety for Ships using Gases or other Low-flashpoint Fuels). Coral Leaf Ethylene carrier aerial heavy sea
The IGC Code (International Code of the The three types of gas cargoes to be dis- Construction and Equipment of Ships tinguished are LNG (Liquefied Natural CASE STUDIES CASE Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk) sets out Gas), LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) cove- the international standards for the safe car- ring butane and propane (or a mixture of riage of liquefied gases in bulk by sea. The the two) and a variety of chemical gases Code defines vessel design and construc- (such as ammonia).
SHEETS 8 - Marine HNS response manual Depending on the nature of the cargo, • Type 3G carry the least hazardous pro-
INTRODUCTION it might be transported in LNG carriers, ducts (e.g. nitrogen, carbon dioxide). fully refrigerated ships, ethylene carriers,
semi-pressurised ships or pressurised Depending on the type of vessel, the pro- ships. All vessels subject to the IGC Code duct can be carried in independent tanks: are assigned one of four types (1G, 2G, • Type A (box-shaped or prismatic) 2PG, 3G) based on the hazard potential of • Type B (spherical or prismatic) the cargo they carry: • Type C (spherical or cylindrical),
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, • Type 1G vessels are intended to membrane tanks, integral tanks or
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS transport products which present the semi-membrane tanks.
greatest overall hazard (e.g. chlorine, ethylene oxide), All liquefied gases considered in the Code • Types 2G/2PG are designed to carry are listed in Chapter 19 of the IGC Code; cargoes with a lesser degree of a all product names followed by an asterisk hazard (e.g. ammonia, propane) are also covered by the IBC Code. AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS
2.3.2 International Code for the Construction and Equipment PREPAREDNESS of Ships carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code)
with regard to the nature of the products carried (IMO, 2016a).
The IBC Code (in concordance with MAR- RESPONSE POL Annex II) divides noxious liquid subs- tances into four pollution categories.
In addition to these pollution categories, Xxx
© the Code also indicates whether a subs- Chemical tanker tance is a safety (“S”) and/or a pollution POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT Chemical tankers built after 1st July 1986 (“P”) hazard with regard to fire, health, are required to comply with the IBC Code, reactivity and marine pollution hazards. which sets out the international standards for the safe carriage of dangerous che- Chapter 17 of the IBC Code contains a list micals and noxious liquid substances, of chemicals, organised by their product in bulk by sea. The IBC Code prescribes name (column a), followed by the pollution the design and construction standards category (column c) and hazards (column CASE STUDIES CASE of ships involved in the transport of bulk d), followed by columns addressing ship/ liquid chemicals and identifies the equip- tank type and minimum equipment requi- ment to be carried to minimise the risks to rements. the ship, its crew and to the environment,
SHEETS 9 - Marine HNS response manual a c d e f
INTRODUCTION Hydrochloric acid Z S/P 3 1G
Table 1: Example of hydrochloric acid entry as per IBC Code (a) Product name: Hydrochloric Acid, (c) Pollution category: Z, substance which presents a minor hazard to marine resources and/or human health for operational discharges but is considered (d) Hazard: Safety/Pollution, (f) Tank type: 1G, independent gravity tanks
(a) (c) (d) (e) (f) Product name Pollution category Hazards Ship type Tank type
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, Hydrochloric acid Z S/P 3 1G PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS Substance which pre- Safety/pollution Chemical tanker Independent
sents a minor hazard to hazard intended to transport gravity tanks marine resources and/ products with sufficiently or human health and severe environmental therefore justifies less and safety hazards which stringent restrictions on require a moderate the quality and quantity degree of containment of the discharge into the to increase survival AND HAZARDS
HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS marine environment capability in a damaged condition Table 2: Example of a partial IBC Code entry for Hydrochloric acid
The hazards of all noxious liquid subs- mental Protection (GESAMP). GESAMP is tances transported in bulk (MARPOL an advisory body, established in 1969, that
PREPAREDNESS Annex II) listed in the IBC Code are eva- advises United Nations (UN) bodies on the luated by the Joint Group of Experts on scientific aspects of marine environmental the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environ- protection 2.1 GESAMP Hazard Profiles
2.3.3 International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code RESPONSE (IMSBC Code)
viding information on the hazards asso-
ciated with their carriage (IMO,2020a). The IMSBC Code categorises cargoes into three groups: POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT • Group A: cargoes that may liquefy (e.g. fish, coal slurry); • Group B: cargoes possessing chemical hazards (according to either the IMDG
Cedre Code’s hazard criteria (e.g. magnesium © nitrate) or the IMSBC Code’s “materials HANDY La Loirais dry bulk hazardous only in bulk” (MHB) criteria CASE STUDIES CASE The IMSBC Code (International Maritime (e.g. lime); Solid Bulk Cargoes Code) addresses spe- • Group C: cargoes that are neither cial requirements for the safe stowage and liable to liquefy nor possess chemical shipment of solid bulk cargoes by pro- hazards (e.g. iron ore, pebbles).
SHEETS 10 - Marine HNS response manual Appendix 1 of the IMSBC Code lists the ment and shipping requirements as well as
INTRODUCTION physical properties of each substance to emergency procedures. which the Code applies, its hazards, equip-
Magnesium Nitrate UN 1474 Description White crystals, soluble in water. Hygroscopic. Characteristics IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, Physical properties PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS Size Angle of repose Bulk density (kg/m3) Stowage factor (m3/t)
Not applicable Not applicable
Hazard classification
Class Subsidiary hazard(s) MHB Group
5.1 Not applicable B AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS Emergency Procedures
Special emergency equipment to be Emergency Emergency action in the event of fire Medical first aid carried procedures Protective clothing We a r p rotecti v e Use copious quantity of water, which is best Refer to the Medi- (gloves, boots, cove- clothing and self- applied in the form of a spray to avoid distur- cal First Aid Guide ralls and headgear). contained breathing bing the surface of the material. The material (MFAG), as amended. Self-contained brea- apparatus may fuse or melt, in which condition application PREPAREDNESS thing apparatus. of water may result in extensive scattering of Spray nozzles. the molten materials. Exclusion of the aire or
use of CO2 will not control the fire. Due consi- deration should be given to the effect on the stability of the ship due to the accumulated
water. © Cedre
Figure 5: IMSBC Code entry example: Magnesium nitrate UN 1474 RESPONSE
2.3.4 International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)
The IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) sets provisions POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT for the safe transport of dangerous, hazar- dous and harmful substances, materials and articles in packaged form by sea (IMO, 2020). IMDG Code is based on the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, also known as the
ITOPF UN Model Regulations ( 3.2 GHS vs UN CASE STUDIES CASE © TDG ), which provides a framework of rules Container ship / RoRo vessel for the safe carriage of dangerous goods by all modes of transport (air, road, rail and sea).
SHEETS 11 - Marine HNS response manual The term “dangerous goods” in this context means the substances, materials and INTRODUCTION articles covered by the IMDG Code. Dangerous substances have an immediate phy- sical or chemical effect, whereas hazardous substances pose a risk to human health. Harmful substances are those identified as a marine pollutant in the IMDG Code.
At sea, packaged goods are usually trans- The IMDG Code comprises two volumes ported in “cargo transport units” (CTU) and a supplement, which are published
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, such as freight containers on board contai- bi-annually:
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS ner ships or car carriers. There are multi-
ple types of intermodal containers such • Volume 1 addresses general provi- as dry storage, tank containers, flat racks sions/definitions/training, classifica- and temperature-controlled containers, tion, packing and tank provisions, of which the most common standard sizes consignment procedures, testing are 20 ft and 40 ft (which differ in volume requirements for receptacles and AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS but not in maximum gross weight). One transport operations requirements. 20-foot container equals one TEU (twenty- • Volume 2 covers the Dangerous foot equivalent unit). Goods List (DGL), special provisions and exceptions where substances are 20’ (20-foot) listed by their assigned UN number and proper shipping name. PREPAREDNESS • The supplement contains Emergen- Max gross Height Volume 8’6’’ (2.6 m) weight cy Response Procedures for Ships 33.2 m3 30,480 kgs Carrying Dangerous Goods (EmS Guide) and the Medical First Aid
Length - 20 ft (6.1 m) Width Guide for Use in Accidents Involving 8 ft (2.4 m) Dangerous Goods (MFAG), which is RESPONSE 40’ (40-foot) the supplement to the International Medical Guide for Ships published by the World Health Organization
Max gross Height (WHO). The information contained in Volume 8’6’’ (2.6 m) weight the EmS Guide and MFAG is primarily 67.7 m3 30,400 kgs for shipboard use but may be of use to POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT shore-based personnel when respon- Length - 40 ft (12 m) Width 8 ft (2.4 m) ding to an incident involving a contai- ner within a terminal. Figure 6: Dimensions of the two most common intermodal dry freight container sizes All goods listed in the IMDG Code are allo- Inside a container, packaged goods are cated one of nine “classes” (excluding sub- carried in inner packaging (such as drums, divisions), according to the main danger CASE STUDIES CASE boxes, bags) which is most common- they present. More detail in Chapter 3. ly fixed onto wooden pallets. The IMDG Code specifies which inner packaging and which CTU is suitable for which HNS.
SHEETS 12 - Marine HNS response manual INTRODUCTION
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS
© Cedre Figure 7: IMDG Code classes’ pictograms AND HAZARDS
HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS The UN number is a four-digit number which identifies and groups all dangerous, hazardous and harmful substances, materials and articles according to their hazard profile and composition with regard to their international transport. There are four different types of UN Number entries:
• Single entries for well-defined substances or articles (e.g. UN 1194 ETHYL NITRITE SOLUTION)
PREPAREDNESS • Generic entries for well-defined groups of substances or articles (e.g. UN 1130 PERFUMERY PRODUCTS) • Specific entries not otherwise specified (N.O.S.) (e.g. UN 1987 ALCOHOLS, N.O.S) • Generic entries not otherwise specified (N.O.S.) (e.g. UN 1993 FLAMMABLE LIQUID, N.O.S). RESPONSE
A chemical in its solid state may receive a Example: different UN number to the liquid phase UN 1823 Sodium hydroxide, solid
if their hazardous properties differ signifi- UN 1824 Sodium hydroxide solution cantly. Similarly, substances with different BUT CAS Sodium Hydroxide: 1310-73-2 levels of purity (or concentration in solu- POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT tion) may also receive different UN num- For each UN Number, there are coded bers. instructions on packaging, labelling, mar- king, stowage and segregation based on UN numbers are different from CAS the substance’s hazard classification, inclu- Registry Numbers, which are assigned ding one of three packing groups in accor- to each chemical compound uniquely, dance with the degree of danger they pre- indifferently of its physical state, by the sent: CASE STUDIES CASE Chemical Abstract Service (CAS). As of • Packing Group I: high danger 2020, there were 159,000,000 unique che- • Packing Group II: medium danger mical substances indexed by CAS. • Packing Group III: low danger
SHEETS 13 - Marine HNS response manual INTRODUCTION
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS
AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS © Cedre
PREPAREDNESS Figure 8: IMDG Code page entry example
The Dangerous Goods List (DGL) speci- In addition, the IMDG Code specifies that fies which substances when transported packaged dangerous goods must be RESPONSE in small quantities may be carried as accompanied by the appropriate transport Limited or Excepted Quantities, which are documents or a signed declaration (Multi- exempt from some of the transport regu- modal Dangerous Goods Form, Figure 8)
lations (since small quantities are consi- stating that the consignment is properly dered safer to carry). A Limited Quantity packaged, marked, labelled and in pro- is defined as “the maximum quantity per per condition for carriage. The document POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT inner packaging or article for transporting must contain information relating to trans- dangerous goods as limited quantities”. An port (sender/receiver, vessel name, etc.) Excepted Quantity is defined as “the maxi- but also details about the article itself such mum quantity per inner and outer packa- as UN Number, Proper Shipping Name, ging for transporting dangerous goods as Hazard Class, Packing Group (where excepted quantities”. assigned) and if the article is a marine pol- lutant (Chapter 3.2.6.1 Hazardous to the CASE STUDIES CASE environment (ecotoxicity)).
SHEETS 14 - Marine HNS response manual 1. Shipper/Consignor/Sender 2. Transport document number
INTRODUCTION 3. Page 1 of pages 4. Shipper’s reference
5. Freight fowarder’s reference
6. Consignee 7. Carrier (to be completed by the carrier)
SHIPPER'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the contents of this consignement are fully and accurately described below by the proper shipping name, and are clas- sified, packaged, marked and labelled/placarded and are in all respects IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, in proper condition for transport according to the applicable internatio- PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS nal and national governmental regulations. 8. This shipment is within the limitations 9 Additional handling information prescribed for: (Deleted non-applicable) PASSENGER AND CARGO AIRCRAT CARGO AIRCRAFT ONLY
AND HAZARDS 10.Vessel/flight No. 11. Port/Place of HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS and date loading
12. Port/place of 13. Destination discharge
Number and kind of Net mass 14. Shipping marks packages; description Gross mass (kg) Cube (m3) (kg) of goods PREPAREDNESS
15. Container identi- 16. Seal number(s) 17. Container/vehicle 18. Tare mass 19. Total gross mass fication No./vehicle size and type (kg) (including tare) (kg) registration No. RESPONSE CONTAINER/VEHICLE PACKING CERTIFICATE 21. RECEIVING ORGANIZATION RECEIPT I hereby declare that the goods described above Received the above number of packages/containers/trailers in have been packed/loaded into the container/ apparent good order and vehicle identified above in accordance with the
condition, unless stated hereon: applicable provisions. RECEIVING ORGANIZATION REMARKS: MUST BE COMPLETED AND SIGNED FOR ALL COUNTAINER/VEHICLE LOADS BY PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR PACKING/LOADING
POST-SPILL POST-SPILL 20. Name of company Haulier’s name 22. Name of company MANAGEMENT (OF SHIPPER PREPARING THIS NOTE) Name/status of declarant Vehicle registration no. Name/status of de- clarant Place and date Signature and date Place and date
Signature of declarant DRIVER’S SIGNATURE Signature of declarant CASE STUDIES CASE
Figure 9: Multimodal Dangerous Goods Form, as given in the IMDG Code. The layout of the form is non-binding, but the content is mandatory (IMDG Code p 296)
SHEETS 15 - Marine HNS response manual References INTRODUCTION IMO (1973/78), “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL)”
IMO (1974), “International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)”
IMO (2020), International Gas Carrier Code (IGC Code) IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS,
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS IMO (2016a), International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code)
IMO (2018), International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)
IMO (2020a), International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code) AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE
POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES CASE
SHEETS 16 - Marine HNS response manual 3 INTRODUCTION HNS HAZARD AND BEHAVIOUR
CLASSIFICATIONS
During a marine incident involving HNS, it Decisions on the first actions to be taken is crucial to obtain information about the are often driven by the potential hazards
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, spilled substance’s chemical and physical associated with HNS, such as explosion,
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS properties, associated hazards and likely flammability, oxidation, corrosivity, reac- behaviour when spilled at sea. This infor- tivity, toxicity and ecotoxicity. However, mation is key in the development of a res- depending on the timespan of the hazards, ponse strategy. the longer term response strategy will tend to be driven by the chemical’s behaviour (as described by the Standard European AND HAZARDS
HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS Behaviour Classification (SEBC)).
PREPAREDNESS Response driven by Hazard Response driven by Fate/Behaviour
Explosivity Flammability
RESPONSE Reactivity
Hazard Polymerisation
Corrosion
Oxidation
Toxicity
POST-SPILL POST-SPILL Ecotoxicity © Cedre MANAGEMENT
0 Time Hours/days
Figure 10: Diagram illustrating how first response actions driven initially by hazards and later by fate and behaviour change over time CASE STUDIES CASE For operational advice related to hazards and fate/behaviour, see Chapter 5.
SHEETS 17 - Marine HNS response manual 3.1 Physical fate and behaviour of HNS when spilled
INTRODUCTION at sea
The SEBC (Standard European Behaviour a liquid (the solvent); it is usually mea- Classification) determines the theoretical sured in mg/L (or ppm) or in percen- behaviour of a substance according to its tage (where 1% is 1 g of solute in physical and chemical properties, and clas- 100 mL of solvent). Therefore, a solu- sifies it into one of the five main catego- bility of 500 mg/L equals 0.05%. If not
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, ries gases (G), evaporators (E), floaters (F), specified, water is considered to be the
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS dissolvers (D), sinkers (S). However, subs- solvent. tances might show not only one but seve- A substance is soluble if S > 5% ral behavioural phases throughout a spill – depending on the characteristics of the • The relative density (d) (or specific product(s) and its/their exposure to envi- mass) of a substance is defined as its ronmental processes; this explains why mass per unit volume – or its “com- AND HAZARDS
HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS seven further sub-categories were deve- pactness”. It is often measured in g/ loped (Figure 10). cm3 or kg/m3 and is used to determine whether the substance is heavier or The four physical/chemical properties rele- lighter than a reference (air or water vant to predict a substance’s behaviour are typically). solubility, density, vapour pressure, and A liquid floats if its d < dseawater, PREPAREDNESS viscosity. These are usually documented (1,025 kg/m3 at 20°C) for a standard temperature, typically 20°C, which is generally used in the 3.1 Safety • Vapour pressure (Vp) is an indicator Data Sheet. However, the atmospheric describing the tendency of a liquid to temperature will affect the values of these change into the gaseous state. Vapour properties and adjustments may need to pressure is measured in Pascal (Pa) and RESPONSE be applied. the standard atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa. A substance is an evaporator The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a docu- ment which provides information on if its Vp > 3 kPa chemical products that helps users in their situation assessment. It is manda- • Viscosity is the measure of a liquid’s POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT tory for all chemical suppliers to issue resistance to flow measured in cSt 2 SDS and they should be made avai- centistokes (mm /s). Viscosity varies lable online. The document includes with temperature, and in most cases information about a chemical’s proper- an increase in temperature will lead ties and hazards, and provides infor- to a decrease in a substance’s vis- mation on handling, storage and emer- cosity and an increase in the subs- tance’s tendency to spread. CASE STUDIES CASE gency measures in case of accident. A substance will form persistent slicks if v> 10 cSt at 20°C with a density
• Solubility (S) is the ability of a given d < dseawater , Vp ≤ 0.3 kPa, S ≤0.1% substance (the solute) to dissolve into (for liquids) or S ≤10% (for solids)
SHEETS 18 - Marine HNS response manual It is important to note, that SEBC does not take viscosity into consideration. INTRODUCTION GAS (Vapour pressure 101.3kPa at 20 C) SIN ING LI UIDS (density seawater) D or DE
G GD S SD if VP>10kPa Solubility 10 Solubility 0.1 5 FLOATING LI UIDS (density seawater) FLOATING SOLIDS (density seawater) Vapour pressure F or Fp if v>10 cSt FD D
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, DE Solubility 10 100 PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS 10 kPa E ED
SIN ING SOLIDS (density seawater) S SD D 3 kPa D Solubility 10 100 FE FED 0.3 kPa PAC AGE F or Fp AND HAZARDS if v 10 cSt FD PF PI PS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS 0.1 1 5 eight / volume ratio dsw 0.01 Solubility from HELCOM Cedre
Figure 11: Using solubility, vapour pressure and density to determine a substance behaviour in seawater PREPAREDNESS Classifications are based on laboratory experiments conducted in a controlled environment. Therefore, a substance’s behaviour observed during an incident may differ significantly from the predictions. RESPONSE If a substance is carried in packaged form, If w/v > dseawater + 0.01, the weight weight/volume (w/v) ratio of the the package will sink unit will give an indication as to whether
a package will float, immerse or sink. The formula given below is provided for information purposes only, as it does not POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT take into consideration whether a package is airtight. CASE STUDIES CASE
SHEETS 19 - Marine HNS response manual 3.2 Hazards INTRODUCTION
A substance’s chemical and physical pro- 2. The “UN Purple Book” or “Globally Har- perties not only determine its behaviour monized System of Classification and but also its hazard(s). In general terms, a Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)” (UN, hazard is defined as something that can 2019), which defines physical, health cause harm to people and the environ- and environmental hazards of chemi-
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, ment whereas a risk is the probability to cals, harmonises classification criteria
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS be harmed if exposed to the hazard. Flam- and standardises the content and for- mability, explosivity and toxicity are some mat of chemical labels and Safety Data of the hazards that are crucial to assess in Sheets. order to understand the potential effects and risks of an HNS spill on human health, The key differences between the two are the environment, and other resources. explained in 3.2 GHS vs UN TDG. As per AND HAZARDS
HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS the UN Model Regulations, there are nine There are two main guidance documents hazard classes (Chapter 2). The following governing and harmonising all communi- sub-chapters introduce the concepts cation on substances’ hazards: behind the hazards: explosivity, flamma- bility, oxidation, corrosion, toxicity, eco- 1. The “UN Orange Book” or “UN Recom- toxicity and reactivity, and link them to the
PREPAREDNESS mendations on the Transport of Dange- corresponding UN Hazard Class. Infectious rous Goods – Model Regulations” (UN, Substances (Class 6.2) and Radioactive 2015), which forms the basis for most Materials (Class 7) are outside of the scope transport regulations such as the IMDG of this manual and will not be addressed Code and IATA. further. RESPONSE
Dangerous substances have an immediate physical or chemical effect, whe- reas hazardous substances pose a risk to human health. Harmful/environ- mentally hazardous substances are harmful to the aquatic environment. POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT 3.2.1 Hazard: explosivity
An explosion is a reaction that produces less powders). In a confined environment, gas at a greatly accelerated rate, in a deflagration explosives build up pressure, brief period of time. The explosion can which can lead to detonation. The energy be a detonation (due to rapid decom- produced during the release is dissipated CASE STUDIES CASE position and high pressure, such as TNT) in the form of a shockwave that can cause or deflagration (due to fast burning and significant damage. low pressure, such as black and smoke-
SHEETS 20 - Marine HNS response manual UN Model Regulations INTRODUCTION An explosive substance is “a solid or liquid substance (or a mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a tempe-
rature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.” UN Class 1: Explosives includes six subcategories: IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS
Mass Explosion Hazard Projection Hazard Fire Hazard and Minor (e.g. Octonal) (e.g. Rockets) Blast and/or Minor Projection Hazard AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS
Minor Explosion Hazard Very Insensitive with Mass Extremely Insensitive; (e.g. Pyrotechnics) Explosion Hazard No Mass Explosion Hazard
Boiling liquid expanding vapour Code- which can temporarily reduce the PREPAREDNESS explosions overpressure in the tank (b). If the liquid’s In the field of maritime emergency res- temperature exceeds its boiling point ponse, it is important to understand the and the pressure relief valve’s capacity is concept of a Boiling Liquid Expanding exceeded, the tank might no longer be Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) especially in able to contain the pressure (c). This leads cases involving liquefied gas tankers. to a mechanical failure, causing an explo- RESPONSE sion (d). A BLEVE does not systematically As see in Figure 11, when a tank contai- involve a fire, however if the substance is ning pressurised liquid on board a ship flammable, it is likely to ignite and poten-
is heated, the pressure inside the tank tially form a “fireball” or vapour cloud increases (a). This activates a pressure explosion. relief valve -a requirement of the IGC POST-SPILL POST-SPILL MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES CASE
(a) (b) (c)
(d) bakuhatsu.jp from © Cedre Figure 12: Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) sequence
SHEETS 21 - Marine HNS response manual 3.2.2 Hazard: flammability INTRODUCTION
UN Model Regulations • UN Class 2.1: Flammable gases at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa at 20°C (e.g. propane)
• UN Class 3: Flammable liquids with a flash point of not more than IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS,
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS 60°C (e.g. diesel/gasoline)
• UN Class 4.1: Flammable solids, which are readily combustible or may cause or contribute to fire through friction (e.g. magnesium) AND HAZARDS
HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS The flammability of a substance is defined The defining properties of flammability as the ease with which a combustible are the flash point, the auto-ignition tem- substance can be ignited, causing fire or perature and the lower/upper flammable/ explosion. For a fire to ignite, three com- explosive limits: ponents are necessary: an oxygen source, an ignition source and a fuel source. This • The flash point is the lowest tempera-
PREPAREDNESS is often called the fire triangle or combus- ture at which the vapours of a material tion triangle to illustrate that a fire can be can ignite when exposed to an ignition fought or prevented by removing one of source. the three components. The lower the flash point temperature, the easier it is to ignite a material. RESPONSE
Oxygen source Ignition source E.g. benzene: -11.1°C (in closed capsule) oxygen heat hydroxide metal electricity
peroxide sparks • The auto-ignition temperature is flames the lowest temperature at which the vapours of a material can self-ignite POST-SPILL POST-SPILL
MANAGEMENT (without an ignition source).
The lower the auto-ignition temperature, the easier it is for the material Fuel source gasoline to self-ignite. wood propane Cedre E.g. benzene: 538°C CASE STUDIES CASE Figure 13: Combustion triangle
SHEETS 22 - Marine HNS response manual • The lower flammable/explosive limit If a flammable substance is released
INTRODUCTION (LFL/LEL) and upper flammable/explo- during an incident, its concentration in sive limit (UFL/UEL) mark the range the air may vary – the atmosphere can
within which a concentration of com- change from a highly concentrated bustible material and oxygen in the air non-flammable mixture, too rich to burn, can burn (flammable range). to flammable (combustible substance/ air mixture) when it drops below the UEL. The atmosphere will change from flam-
IMO CONVENTIONS, IMO CONVENTIONS, mable to non-flammable (substance/air
PROTOCOLS AND CODES PROTOCOLS mixture too lean to burn) when it drops below the LEL.
LEL UEL AND HAZARDS HNS BEHAVIOURS HNS BEHAVIOURS