Foot-Candles: Photometric Units
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Radiometric and Photometric Concepts Based on Measurement Techniques C
Application Note No. 6 April 1982 Radiometric and Photometric Concepts Based on Measurement Techniques C. Richard Duda Senior Scientist, United Detector Technology 3939 Lanmark Street, Culver City, Cal. 90230 Abstract The value of the fundamental quality in radiometry, the bution of optical radiation. In 1937 the National Bureau watt, is presently realized by electrical substitution in of Standards transferred the luminous intensity produced which the temperature produced in a blackened mate- by a platinium blackbody to a series of lamps. This orig- rial due to absorption of radiant energy is balanced inal calibration has served to this date for standardiza- against that produced by electrical energy whose cur- tion of lamps used by industry to realize the photometric rent and voltage can accurately be measured. A new scale. Recently the fundamental unit in photometry was method to measure optical radiation is being explored changed from the candela, as defined by a blackbody, to by the National Bureau of Standards in which photons the lumen, as defined by the watt, uniting the conceptual are absorbed in a semiconductor and converted with ef- interrelationships between photometry and radiometry. 1 ficiency closely approaching the theoretical maximum Changes in the photometric scale due to redefinition of - 100 percent. its less than one percent difference in NBS lamp inten- sity values. 2 Other radiometric concepts, such as radiance, irradi- ance, and radiant intensity can easily be defined through Because Vλ , the mathematical representations of human simple geometric relationships. Photometry on the other visual spectral response is difficult to realize with a high hand, while sharing these identical relationships also in- degree of accuracy in a practical detector, comparison troduces detector response modeled after human visual of sources with a broad spectral distribution can best be traits; new measurement unit names, and reliance on accomplished with a reference source. -
LEP 2.4.04 Lambert's
R LEP Lambert’s law 2.4.04 Related topics Problems luminous flux, light quantity, light intensity, illuminance, lumi- 1. The luminous flux emitted reflected by a diffusely reflecting nance. surface is to be determined as a function of the angle of observation. Principle and task 2. Lambert’s law (cos-law) is to be verified using the graph of the measurement values. Visible light impinges on a diffusely reflecting surface. The luminance of this surface is determined as a function of the angle of observation. Set up and procedure The stand tube is introduced into the articulated radial holder, Equipment which is fitted with an angular scale, until it goes no further. The articulated radial holder is then attached to the tripod Housing for experiment lamp 08129.01 1 base, after which the tripod rods are clamped each with an Halogen lamp, 12 V/50 W 08129.06 1 edge facing upward. The luxmeter probe is attached to the Holder G 6.35 f. 50/100 W halo.lamp 08129.04 1 short support rod using the universal clamp in such a way that Double condenser, f 60 mm 08137.00 1 it points to the pivoting centre whilst being aligned with the Lens holder 08012.00 1 rod. The rest of the set up is shown in Fig. 1. The distances of Lens, mounted, f +200 mm 08024.01 1 the components from the pivot centre are shown in Fig. 2. Zinc sulfide screen 08450.00 1 Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 4 On the luminous screen, the surface of which is directed per- Tripod base -PASS- 02002.55 1 pendicularly to the optical axis to start with, a circular surface B Barrel base -PASS- 02006.55 1 ( approx. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Photometric Calibrations —————————————————————————
NIST Special Publication 250-37 NIST MEASUREMENT SERVICES: PHOTOMETRIC CALIBRATIONS ————————————————————————— Yoshihiro Ohno Optical Technology Division Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Supersedes SP250-15 Reprint with changes July 1997 ————————————————————————— U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE William M. Daley, Secretary Technology Administration Gary R. Bachula, Acting Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Robert E. Hebner, Acting Director PREFACE The calibration and related measurement services of the National Institute of Standards and Technology are intended to assist the makers and users of precision measuring instruments in achieving the highest possible levels of accuracy, quality, and productivity. NIST offers over 300 different calibrations, special tests, and measurement assurance services. These services allow customers to directly link their measurement systems to measurement systems and standards maintained by NIST. These services are offered to the public and private organizations alike. They are described in NIST Special Publication (SP) 250, NIST Calibration Services Users Guide. The Users Guide is supplemented by a number of Special Publications (designated as the “SP250 Series”) that provide detailed descriptions of the important features of specific NIST calibration services. These documents provide a description of the: (1) specifications for the services; (2) design philosophy and theory; (3) NIST measurement system; (4) NIST operational procedures; (5) assessment of the measurement uncertainty including random and systematic errors and an error budget; and (6) internal quality control procedures used by NIST. These documents will present more detail than can be given in NIST calibration reports, or than is generally allowed in articles in scientific journals. In the past, NIST has published such information in a variety of ways. -
Photography Department Cerritos College
Program Review 2010 Photography Department Cerritos College 1. Description of the Program Mission Statement The mission of the photography department is to educate students in photography by providing a balanced education in both the creative and technical aspects of the photographic medium, the history of photography and the critical analysis of photographs. The mission is accomplished through course offerings that enable students to develop their technical skills, creativity and understanding of the social and historical role and relevance of the photographic medium. a. Course and Program Content i. Course Outlines and Curriculum Development Process The following Photography Department courses have been approved by the curriculum committee: Phot 100 - Introductory Photography (revised and approved 1/25/07) Phot 102 - Intermediate Photography (revised and approved 1/27/05) Phot 110 - Introduction to Digital Photography (revised and approved 3/10/05) Phot 112 - Intermediate Digital Photography (revised and approved 3/10/05) Phot 122 - Color Photography (revised and approved 10/26/06) Phot 130 - Jour 130 - Photojournalism (revised and approved 12/13/07) Phot 150 - Photography and Society (approved 2/26/09) Phot 160 - History of Photography (revised and approved 1/25/07) Phot 171 - Occupational Work Experience in Photography (revised and approved 9/22/05) Phot 200 - Advanced Photography (revised and approved 1/27/05) Phot 230 - Portrait Photography (revised and approved 1/27/05) Phot 232 - Approaches to Studio Lighting (revised and approved 1/27/05) Phot 234 - Portfolio Development (revised and approved 1/26/06) Phot 240 - Experimental Photography (revised and approved 2/24/05) Phot 250 - Contemporary Photographic Expression (revised and approved 12/11/03) Phot 252 - Photography of the Landscape (revised and approved 1/27/05) Phot 298 - Directed Studies Phot 299 - Directed Studies The only course in the list above that has not yet been offered is Photography and Society. -
Light Measurement Handbook from an Oblique Angle, It Should Look As Bright As It Did When Held Perpendicular to Your Line of Vision
Alex Ryer RED Boxes - LINKS to Current Info on Web Site Peabody, MA (USA) To receive International Light's latest Light Measurement Instruments Catalog, contact: InternationalInternational Light Technologies Light 10 Technology Drive Peabody,10 Te11 MA17 01960 Graf Road Tel:New (978) 818-6180 / buryport,Fax: (978) 818-8161 MA 01950 [email protected] / www.intl-lighttech.com Tel: (978) 465-5923 • Fax: (978) 462-0759 [email protected] • http://www.intl-light.com Copyright © 1997 by Alexander D. Ryer All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests should be made through the publisher. Technical Publications Dept. International Light Technologies 10 Technology Drive Peabody, MA 01960 ISBN 0-9658356-9-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-93677 Second Printing Printed in the United States of America. 2 Contents 1 What is Light? ........................................................... 5 Electromagnetic Wave Theory........................................... 5 Ultraviolet Light ................................................................. 6 Visible Light ........................................................................ 7 Color Models ....................................................................... 7 Infrared Light ..................................................................... -
The International System of Units (SI)
NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce NIST Special Publication 330 2001 Edition The International System of Units (SI) 4. Barry N. Taylor, Editor r A o o L57 330 2oOI rhe National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering, and develops measurement techniques, test methods, standards, and related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, MD 20899, and at Boulder, CO 80303. -
Manual of Style
Manual Of Style 1 MANUAL OF STYLE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ...............3 101.0 Scope .............................................. 3 102.0 Codes and Standards..................... 3 103.0 Code Division.................................. 3 104.0 Table of Contents ........................... 4 CHAPTER 2 ADMINISTRATION .........................6 201.0 Administration ................................. 6 202.0 Chapter 2 Definitions ...................... 6 203.0 Referenced Standards Table ......... 6 204.0 Individual Chapter Administrative Text ......................... 6 205.0 Appendices ..................................... 7 206.0 Installation Standards ..................... 7 207.0 Extract Guidelines .......................... 7 208.0 Index ............................................... 9 CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL STYLE .................... 10 301.0 Technical Style ............................. 10 302.0 Technical Rules ............................ 10 Table 302.3 Possible Unenforceable and Vague Terms ................................ 10 303.0 Health and Safety ........................ 11 304.0 Rules for Mandatory Documents .................................... 11 305.0 Writing Mandatory Requirements ............................... 12 Table 305.0 Typical Mandatory Terms............. 12 CHAPTER 4 EDITORIAL STYLE ..................... 14 401.0 Editorial Style ................................ 14 402.0 Definitions ...................................... 14 403.0 Units of Measure ............................ 15 404.0 Punctuation -
General Constants and Units
Sp.-V/AQuan/1999/10/08:06:45 Page 7 Chapter 2 General Constants and Units Arthur N. Cox 2.1 Mathematical Constants ................. 7 2.2 Physical Constants .................... 8 2.3 General Astronomical Constants ............ 12 2.4 Astronomical Constants Involving Time ....... 13 2.5 Units ............................. 17 2.6 Electric and Magnetic Unit Relations .......... 22 2.1 MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS [1–3] Constant Number Log π 3.141 592 653 6 0.497 149 872 7 2π 6.283 185 307 2 0.798 179 868 4 4π 12.566 370 614 4 1.099 209 864 0 2 √π 9.869 604 401 1 0.994 299 745 4 π 1.772 453 850 9 0.248 574 936 3 eore 2.718 281 828 5 0.434 294 481 9 mod = M = log e 0.434 294 481 9 0.637 784 311 3 − 1 1/M = ln 10 2.302 585 093 0 0.362 215 688 7 √2 2.000 000 000 0 0.301 029 995 7 √2 1.414 213 562 4 0.150 514 997 8 √ 3 1.732 050 807 6 0.238 560 627 4 10 3.162 277 660 2 0.500 000 000 0 7 Sp.-V/AQuan/1999/10/08:06:45 Page 8 8/2 GENERAL CONSTANTS AND UNITS Constant Number Log ln π 1.144 729 885 8 0.058 703 021 2 eπ 23.140 692 632 8 1.364 376 353 8 Euler constant γ 0.577 215 664 9 0.761 338 108 8 − 1 1 radian rad = 57.◦295 779 513 1 1.758 122 632 4 = 3 437.746 770 78 3.536 273 882 8 = 206 264.806 25 5.314 425 133 2 1◦ = 0.rad017 453 292 5 0.241 877 367 6 − 2 1 = 0.rad000 290 888 2 0.463 726 117 2 − 4 1 = 0.rad000 004 848 1 0.685 574 866 8 − 6 Square degrees on a sphere = 129 600/π = 41 252.961 25. -
Illumination Fundamentals
Illumination Fundamentals The LRC wishes to thank Optical Research Associates for funding this booklet to promote basic understanding of the science of light and illumination. Project Coordinator: John Van Derlofske Author: Alma E. F. Taylor Graphics: Julie Bailey and James Gross Layout: Susan J. Sechrist Cover Design: James Gross Technical Reviewers: Dr. Mark Rea and Dr. John Van Derlofske of the Lighting Research Center; Dr. William Cassarly and Stuart David of Optical Research Associates. Table 2.1 and Figures 2-3 and 2-5 are from Physics for Scientists and Engineers, copyright (c) 1990 by Raymond A. Serway, reproduced by permission of Harcourt, Inc. No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, or any other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose other than for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws. © 2000 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Illumination Fundamentals 3 Contents 1. Light and Electromagnetic Radiation ...................................... 7 1.1. What is Light? ................................................................... 7 1.2. The “Visible” Spectrum .................................................... 8 1.3. Ultraviolet Radiation ........................................................ 8 1.4. Infrared Radiation ............................................................ 8 2. -
The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For
NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use Kenneth Butcher Linda Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Technology Services NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors for General Use Editors: Kenneth S. Butcher Linda D. Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Carol Hockert, Chief Weights and Measures Division Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology May 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlo M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 1038, 24 pages (May 2006) Available through NIST Weights and Measures Division STOP 2600 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2600 Phone: (301) 975-4004 — Fax: (301) 926-0647 Internet: www.nist.gov/owm or www.nist.gov/metric TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................v -
The International System of Units (SI)
The International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 330 2008 Edition Barry N. Taylor and Ambler Thompson, Editors NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION 330 2008 EDITION THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) Editors: Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory Ambler Thompson Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication Le Système International d’ Unités (SI) (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 330, 2001 Edition) Issued March 2008 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, James Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 330, 2008 Edition Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 330, 2008 Ed., 96 pages (March 2008) CODEN: NSPUE2 WASHINGTON 2008 Foreword The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant system used in science, the SI is rapidly becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. In recognition of this fact and the increasing global nature of the marketplace, the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, which changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. industry increase its competitiveness, designates “the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce.” The definitive international reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) and often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure.