DOCSLIB.ORG

Flooding in the Philippines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Flooding in the Philippines The University of Texas at Austin Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering CE 394K.3: Geographic Information Systems in Water Resources Engineering Fall 2015 Term Project Flooding in the Philippines Jonathan David D. Lasco Submitted to: Professor David Maidment Submitted on: December 4, 2015 1 | P a g e I. Introduction Motivation While blessed with water resources, the Philippines is vulnerable to typhoons. Annually, about 10 typhoons make landfall in the country and most of these typhoons occur during the rainy season. There are many ways to describe a storm event – it may be described as the number of deaths, the damage, or the amount of precipitation that it caused. Shown in Table 1 are the deadliest cyclones in the Philippines. While there is not much information on Haiphong 1881, there is much that can be implied about the causes of these deaths based on personal experience (the author lived in the Philippines from 1991 to 2015). These causes may be a combination by one or a combination of the following: under-design of buildings, inadequate preparation, resistance of the people to evacuate their homes, underestimation of the magnitude of the cyclones, or simply people being at the wrong place at the wrong time. Under-design of the building may be intentional or unintentional. Intentional under-design may be due to the contractors not following the National Building Code of the Philippines or clients that don’t have money to pay for a more resilient home. In fact, a large number of Filipinos only live in nipa huts and shanties making them even more vulnerable to flooding. Unintentional under-design may be due to basing the design on past events. The problem with basing the design on past events is the assumption of hydrologic stationarity (Marriott, 2009) wherein the trend of rainfall events do not change from a cause (e.g. climate change). Inadequate preparation includes poor evacuation plan and negligence of hoarding of the basic necessities, particularly, food. People become resistant to evacuation possibly because of emotional attachment to their belongings – they just don’t want to leave their possessions. Moreover, the magnitude of the flood may be underestimate because of the scales of measurement that are used. For example, in 2009, Typhoon Ketsana was measured as a signal no. 1 storm which means that winds ranging from 30-60 kph are expected to occur within 36 hours. Yet despite the slow winds, precipitation was huge and the magnitude of precipitation is what caused the deaths. Aside from measuring the storm in terms of the number of deaths that it caused, a storm may also be measured by the damage that it caused (Table 2). It may be noticed that a catastrophic death toll does not necessarily make a storm event more destructive (e.g. Haiphong 1881, Haiyan 2013). This is because the amount of damage depends on the area affected by the storm – if it is more developed then it is more likely to suffer more damages compared to, say, a farmland. It may also be noticed that the destructive cyclones are concentrated on the 21st century. This is because there is more development in the 21st century than the 20th century. A storm may also be described in terms of the amount of precipitation it effects (Table 3). A high amount of precipitation leads to flooding. The most serious case of flooding is when it occurs to an area which is densely populated and highly developed because many people may die and many buildings may collapse leading to the loss of millions of dollars. 2 | P a g e Table 1. Deadliest cyclones in the Philippines. (Source: Typhoons in the Philippines, Wikipedia) Rank Storm Deaths 1 Haiphong 1881 > 20,000 2 Haiyan/Yolanda 2013 6,241 3 Thelma/Uring 1991 6,101 4 Bopha/Pablo 2012 1,901 5 Angela 1867 1,800 6 Winnie 2004 1,593 7 October 1897 Typhoon 1,500 8 Ike/Nitang 1984 1,492 9 Fengshen/Frank 2008 1,410 10 Durian/Reming 2006 1,399 Table 2. Most destructive cyclones in the Philippines. (Source: Typhoons in the Philippines, Wikipedia) Rank Storm Damage (million USD) 1 Haiyan/Yolanda 2013 2,020 2 Bopha/Pablo 2012 1,040 3 Rammasun/Glenda 2014 871 4 Parma/Pepeng 2009 608 5 Nesat/Pedring 2011 333 6 Fengshen/ Frank 2008 301 7 Megi/ Juan 2010 255 8 Ketsana/ Ondoy 2009 244 9 Mike/Ruping 1990 241 10 Angela/ Rosing 1995 241 Table 3. Wettest recorded cyclones in the Philippines. (Source: Typhoons in the Philippines, Wikipedia) Rank Storm Precipitation Millimeters Inches 1 July 1911 cyclone 2210.0 87.01 2 Parma/Pepeng 2009 1854.3 73.00 3 Carla/Trining 1967 1216.0 47.86 4 Zeb/Iliang 1998 1116.0 43.94 5 Utor/Feria 2001 1085.8 42.74 6 Koppu/Lando 2015 1077.8 42.43 7 Mindulle/Igme 2004 1012.7 39.87 8 Kujira/Dante 2009 902.0 35.51 9 September 1929 typhoon 879.9 34.64 10 Dinah/Openg 1977 869.6 34.24 3 | P a g e Aside from a quantitative description of storm events, they may also be described qualitatively. Shown in Figure 1 is a mosaic of pictures derived from Yahoo! images that depict the seriousness of typhoons in the Philippines – with a particular theme of flooding. From the quantitative and qualitative measures of typhoons, it may be concluded that flooding – an effect of typhoons – is a serious issue in the Philippines. This term project seeks to address flooding in the Philippines. First, the current flood forecasting system in the Philippines is discussed; second, the land cover variation of the Philippines is mapped and discussed; third, a terrain of analysis of Luzon is conducted; third, attention is focused one river basin in the Philippines – Pampanga River Basin – and hydrologic modeling is performed and compared with actual gage data; finally, recommendations are given of what can be improved to the flood forecasting system in the Philippines. Objectives Initially, the author aimed to construct a flood forecasting system for Luzon. However, upon the course of research and data sourcing, the objective was deemed as unreachable due to lack of data sources and lack of access to modeling software. Nevertheless, the ultimate aim of the author is still to create a flood forecasting system for the Philippines similar to the NFIE of the United States of America. This project is a step towards that goal. Henceforth, the final objective of the project is to apply GIS principles in discussing flood forecasting in the Philippines. Specifically, it aims to: 1. Discuss the current flood forecasting system of the Philippines 2. Map the land cover variation of the Philippines 3. Conduct terrain analysis of Luzon 4. Perform watershed delineation of a selected river basin in Luzon 5. Prepare a HEC-HMS model for the selected river basin 6. Validate the HEC-HMS model using historical streamflow data 7. Construct a rating curve for the selected river basin 8. Compare the simulation model of a US agency with the historical streamflow data 9. Recommend future work in the Philippines In accomplishing these objectives, data was sourced from various sources on the web and from the expertise of other people. 4 | P a g e Figure 1. Effects of flooding in the Philippines. 5 | P a g e II. Results and Discussion Flood forecasting in the Philippines (Objective 1) The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the main governmental body that handles typhoons and flooding issues of the country. One of its agencies is the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). As shown in its website, the main mandate of PAGASA is to “provide protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress” (Section 2, Statement of Policy, Presidential Decree No. 78; December 1972 as amended by Presidential Decree No. 1149; August 1977). One of the DOST’s project is the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH), which aims to prevents and mitigate disasters. The project makes use of Geographic Information Systems to disseminate critical information to the audience. This project aims to provide local government units a 6-hour lead time warning to vulnerable communities against imminent floods (Lagmay, 2012). Figure 1 is the user interface of Project NOAH where the left panel are links to flood maps and other natural disaster events. There is also a Twitter news feed about the weather conditions. Figure 2. Project NOAH. 6 | P a g e Land cover variation of the Philippines (Objective 2) Determination of the land cover variation is essential in hydrologic modeling because different land covers have different coefficient of permeability. More pervious surfaces are more desirable from the standpoint of flood alleviation because instead of water just rising, a part of it can infiltrate in the ground. Shown in Figure 3 is the land cover variation of the Philippines with the legend defined in Table 4. The dominant land covers are grassland (6), forests (5), and crops (1 and 10). It may also be seen that the developed area only constitutes 2.3% of the total land cover. It may therefore be concluded that the Philippines is still an agricultural country. Figure 3. Land use of the Philippines. (Source: NAMRIA) 7 | P a g e Table 4. Land use of the Philippines. Code Description Total area (hectares) %Total 1 Annual crops 6217767.123 21.0% 2 Barren 95694.37854 0.3% 3 Built-up area 694019.4828 2.3% 4 Fishpond 247348.6021 0.8% 5 Forest 6530137.254 22.1% 6 Grassland 8675408.056 29.4% 7 Inland water 482646.1804 1.6% 8 Mangrove 307879.5215 1.0% 9 Marshland 131439.595 0.4% 10 Perennial crops 6167900.41 20.9% 29550240.6 100.0% Another important area of research, which is not anymore part of the objective of this project, is determining the land cover change through time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix 8: Damages Caused by Natural Disasters
    Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Draft Finnal Report APPENDIX 8: DAMAGES CAUSED BY NATURAL DISASTERS A8.1 Flood & Typhoon Table A8.1.1 Record of Flood & Typhoon (Cambodia) Place Date Damage Cambodia Flood Aug 1999 The flash floods, triggered by torrential rains during the first week of August, caused significant damage in the provinces of Sihanoukville, Koh Kong and Kam Pot. As of 10 August, four people were killed, some 8,000 people were left homeless, and 200 meters of railroads were washed away. More than 12,000 hectares of rice paddies were flooded in Kam Pot province alone. Floods Nov 1999 Continued torrential rains during October and early November caused flash floods and affected five southern provinces: Takeo, Kandal, Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh Municipality and Pursat. The report indicates that the floods affected 21,334 families and around 9,900 ha of rice field. IFRC's situation report dated 9 November stated that 3,561 houses are damaged/destroyed. So far, there has been no report of casualties. Flood Aug 2000 The second floods has caused serious damages on provinces in the North, the East and the South, especially in Takeo Province. Three provinces along Mekong River (Stung Treng, Kratie and Kompong Cham) and Municipality of Phnom Penh have declared the state of emergency. 121,000 families have been affected, more than 170 people were killed, and some $10 million in rice crops has been destroyed. Immediate needs include food, shelter, and the repair or replacement of homes, household items, and sanitation facilities as water levels in the Delta continue to fall.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster Response Shelter Catalogue
    Disaster Response Shelter Catalogue Disaster Response Shelter Catalogue Disaster Response Shelter Catalogue Copyright 2012 Habitat for Humanity International Front cover: Acknowledgements Sondy-Jonata Orientus’ family home was destroyed in the 2010 earthquake We are extremely grateful to all the members of the Habitat for Humanity that devastated Haiti, and they were forced to live in a makeshift tent made of network who made this publication possible. Special thanks to the global tarpaulins. Habitat for Humanity completed the family’s new home in 2011. © Habitat Disaster Response community of practice members. Habitat for Humanity International/Ezra Millstein Compilation coordinated by Mario C. Flores Back cover: Editorial support by Phil Kloer Top: Earthquake destruction in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. © Habitat for Humanity International Steffan Hacker Contributions submitted by Giovanni Taylor-Peace, Mike Meaney, Ana Cristina Middle: Reconstruction in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, after tropical storm Washi. Pérez, Pete North, Kristin Wright, Erwin Garzona, Nicolas Biswas, Jaime Mok, © Habitat for Humanity Internationa/Leonilo Escalada Scarlett Lizana Fernández, Irvin Adonis, Jessica Houghton, V. Samuel Peter, Bottom: A tsunami-affected family in Indonesia in front of their nearly completed Justin Jebakumar, Joseph Mathai, Andreas Hapsoro, Rudi Nadapdap, Rashmi house. © Habitat for Humanity International/Kim McDonald Manandhar, Amrit Bahadur B.K., Leonilo (Tots) Escalada, David (Dabs) Liban, Mihai Grigorean, Edward Fernando, Behruz Dadovoeb, Kittipich Musica, Additional photo credits: Ezra Millstein, Steffan Hacker, Jaime Mok, Mike Meaney, Nguyen Thi Yen. Mario Flores, Kevin Kehus, Maria Chomyszak, Leonilo (Tots) Escalada, Mikel Flamm, Irvin Adonis, V. Samuel Peter, Sara E. Coppler, Tom Rogers, Joseph Mathai, Additional thanks to Heron Holloway and James Samuel for reviewing part of Justin Jebakumar, Behruz Dadovoeb, Gerardo Soto, Mihai Gregorian, Edward the materials.
    [Show full text]
  • The Change in Rainfall from Tropical Cyclones Due to Orographic Effect of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range in Luzon, Philippines
    Philippine Journal of Science 145 (4): 313-326, December 2016 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: ?? Feb 20?? The Change in Rainfall from Tropical Cyclones Due to Orographic Effect of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range in Luzon, Philippines Bernard Alan B. Racoma1,2*, Carlos Primo C. David1, Irene A. Crisologo1, and Gerry Bagtasa3 1National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 2Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 3Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines This paper discusses the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines and its associated influence on the intensity and distribution of rainfall during tropical cyclones. Based on Weather and Research Forecasting model simulations, a shift in rainfall was observed in different portions of the country, due to the reduction of the topography of the mountain. Besides increasing the rainfall along the mountain range, a shift in precipitation was observed during Tropical Storm Ondoy, Typhoon Labuyo, and Tropical Storm Mario. It was also observed that the presence of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range slows down the movement of a tropical cyclones, and as such allowing more time for precipitation to form over the country. Wind profiles also suggest that the windward and leeward sides of mountain ranges during Tropical Cyclones changes depending on the storm path. It has been suggested that in predicting the distribution of rainfall, the direction of movement of a tropical cyclones as well as its adjacent areas be taken into great consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifth Storm in Three Weeks Leaves Filipinos Trapped in Houses, on Roofs
    Fifth storm in three weeks leaves Filipinos trapped in houses, on roofs MANILA, Philippines (CNS) — Filipinos appealed for help as a fifth tropical storm or typhoon hit their country in a three- week period. These included the strongest typhoon since 2013 and the biggest floods since 2009. The latest, Typhoon Vamco — or Ulysses as it is known in Philippines — left at least 42 dead and 20 missing. Rescue workers said Nov. 13 they were still trying to reach people trapped in their houses, even after the storm blew out to sea. In eastern metropolitan Manila, water in the Marikina River rose to 72 feet, surpassing Typhoon Ketsana, which left 671 dead in 2009, the United Nations reported. Ucanews.com said Jesuits in the Philippines have appealed for material and spiritual support for victims of Vamco; many residents in Marikina City took refuge on the rooftops of their homes to await rescue. Ucanews.com reported Typhoon Vamco also brought misery to other areas still trying to recover from Super Typhoon Goni, which struck Nov. 1. That typhoon was the strongest since Haiyan, which hit in 2013. Aid agencies such as Caritas and its U.S. partner, Catholic Relief Services, were already helping people from Goni. Agencies said the main needs were for food, shelter, health assistance and mental health and psychosocial support. Marikina City Mayor Marcelino Teodoro also issued an appeal for help, reported ucanews.com. “Local authorities in Marikina City cannot conduct rescue efforts alone. Given the weather, we need air support. People are on their rooftops waiting to be rescued,” Teodoro told reporters.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Characteristics of the Response of Sea Surface Temperatures to Westward Typhoons in the South China Sea
    remote sensing Article Statistical Characteristics of the Response of Sea Surface Temperatures to Westward Typhoons in the South China Sea Zhaoyue Ma 1, Yuanzhi Zhang 1,2,*, Renhao Wu 3 and Rong Na 4 1 School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; [email protected] 2 Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999777, China 3 School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; [email protected] 4 College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-1888-885-3470 Abstract: The strong interaction between a typhoon and ocean air is one of the most important forms of typhoon and sea air interaction. In this paper, the daily mean sea surface temperature (SST) data of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observation System (EOS) (AMSR-E) are used to analyze the reduction in SST caused by 30 westward typhoons from 1998 to 2018. The findings reveal that 20 typhoons exerted obvious SST cooling areas. Moreover, 97.5% of the cooling locations appeared near and on the right side of the path, while only one appeared on the left side of the path. The decrease in SST generally lasted 6–7 days. Over time, the cooling center continued to diffuse, and the SST gradually rose. The slope of the recovery curve was concentrated between 0.1 and 0.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Orography on the Tail-End Effects of Typhoon Ketsana F
    Send Orders of Reprints at [email protected] 14 The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2013, 7, 14-28 Open Access Effects of Orography on the Tail-End Effects of Typhoon Ketsana F. Tan*, H.S. Lim and K. Abdullah School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Abstract: The study of tail-end effects of typhoon on orography is new to Malaysia. The current study used FY-2D satellite data to investigate the variation of selected parameters of the Typhoon Ketsana system. In situ data, obtained via the radiosonde technique, were used to verify the atmospheric conditions, whereas the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model was applied to determine the structure of the mountains in East Malaysia (EM). This study aimed to identify typhoon-terrain effects, in terms of wind, cloud, and rain of the tail-end effects of typhoon in a regional environment. The tail-end effects of Typhoon Ketsana were altered by the orography in EM such that a slow movement with higher rate of rainfall was distributed along the mountainous western region, and cloud classification distribution patterns were different before, during, and after the tail-end effects of the typhoon. The wind intensity increased with altitude and affected the larger atmosphere region over EM. Additionally, the location of the Sabah region puts it at a higher risk to the impact of the tail-end effect of typhoons compared with the Sarawak region due to its distance from the typhoon. This study concluded that the impacts of the tail-end effects of a typhoon can also be varied and enhanced by the orography.
    [Show full text]
  • LPRR: Philippines Case Study Policy Recommendations
    LPRR: Philippines Case Study Policy Recommendations Authors: Rebecca Murphy, Mark Pelling, Emma Visman and Simone Di Vicenz On September the 26th 2009 typhoon Ketsana (local name Ondoy) hit the Philippines. Metro Manila was faced with a rapid onset flood from the typhoon rains and flooding of the Marikina and Nangka rivers. 455 mm of rainwater fell in 24 hours, killing 747 people and displacing hundreds of thousands of people. Ketsana’s destruction created the political space to finally push the Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) 2010 legislation through congress. On November 8th 2013, Typhoon Haiyan (local name Yolanda) hit the central part of the Philippines affecting 14.1 million people, killing 6000 people and destroying more than 1 million homes. The total cost of damage is estimated at £536 million. 1 Typhoon Haiyan was recorded as the most powerful typhoon to ever make landfall.2 Linking Preparedness Response and Resilience in Emergency Contexts (LPRR) is a START DEPP DfID funded 3 year, consortium led project which is aimed at strengthening humanitarian programming for more resilient communities. This project recognises the term ‘community’ as a collective group of at risk, exposed residents. For this paper the communities include those living in the two study site areas: Taytay and Mahayag. The consortium is led by Christian Aid and includes Action Aid, Concern Worldwide, Help Age International, Kings College London, Muslim Aid, Oxfam, Saferworld and World Vision. The countries of focus include Kenya, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic Congo, Colombia, Indonesia and the Philippines and cover a multi-risk profile. The project has three strands focusing on; humanitarian response, resilience informed conflict prevention and learning and capacity building.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia Post-Ketsana Disaster Needs Assessment
    Cambodia Post-Ketsana Disaster Needs Assessment Part I: Main Report A Report prepared by the Royal Government of Cambodia With support from the World Bank, GFDRR, UN System, ADB and ADPC Under the Leadership of the Cambodian National Committee for Disaster Management Phnom Penh, March, 2010 Cambodia PDNA FOREWORD Typhoon Ketsana hit Cambodia on September 29/30, 2009, causing incredible damage and loss, affecting some 50,000 families, leaving 43 people dead and 67 severely injured. Originating in the middle of the Pacific, Typhoon Ketsana swept through the Philippines, Vietnam and the Lao PDR before it ended its destructive path in our country. All our Northern provinces have been affected by severe storms and flush floods and most nearby provinces by less severe, but still devastating flooding. Most of the affected provinces are among the poorest of our country. The damages and losses caused by this natural disaster are of magnitude that will gravely compromise the development efforts undertaken so far and seriously set back the dynamism that characterized our economy in the last decade. Our Government acted quickly to the news of the catastrophe by dispatching immediate emergency help and evacuating people, in close collaboration with local authorities, and the spontaneous and generous support by many donors. On behalf of the Royal Government of Cambodia, I would like to express our deepest gratitude to our partners in development for their active participation in the relief activities, which brought vital help to the disaster-stricken population. The emergency support was overseen by the Office of the Prime Minister and the National Committee for Disaster Management, with the active participation of the armed forces, volunteers groups and the Cambodian Red Cross, which liaised efficiently with provincial and district disaster management offices, non-governmental organizations and donor agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Update Report – 6 Month Update Vietnam: Floods
    Page | 1 Operation Update Report – 6 Month Update Vietnam: Floods Emergency appeal n° MDRVN020 GLIDE n° FL-2020-000211-VNM Operation update n°3; 18 June 2021 Timeframe covered by this update: 19 October 2020 to 30 April 2021 Operation start date: 19 October 2020 Operation timeframe: 12 months, 31 October 2021 Funding requirements (CHF): CHF 2.6 million IFRC- DREF amount initially allocated: CHF 500,000 wide of which CHF 2.3 is through the IFRC Appeal N° of people being assisted: 160,000 (Actual Reached: 105,106. Male: 53,284; Female: 51,822) Red Cross Red Crescent Movement partners currently actively involved in the operation: At present, VNRC received funding support bilaterally from German RC, Thai RC, Singapore RC, RRC Society of China. National Societies contributed to the EA including Australian RC, Austrian RC, Hong Kong RC, Korean RC, Swiss RC, Swedish RC, Norwegian RC, Canadian RC, Japanese RC, and British RC. Other partner organizations actively involved in the operation: The National Committee for Disaster Prevention and Control (NCDPC), UN agencies, NGOs and private sectors finished their emergency response and working on the recovery phase at the moment. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Swedish Government, USAID have cooperated with VNRC to implement their pledge in the affected provinces listed as Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Ngai, Thua Thien Hue and Quang Nam. Coca Cola, and Prudential has their project undertaken since January 2021. Summary of major revisions made to emergency plan of action: At the time of this Operational Update, the EA is under revision to reflect the findings from the detailed damage and needs assessment conducted by VNRC’s provincial disaster response teams (PDRT) in the four targeted provinces of Quang Tri, Quang Binh, Thua Thien Hue and Quang Nam, during December 2020, as well as intensive coordination and consultation meetings with other stakeholders both at the national and provincial levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Tropical Storm Ketsana Flood Event In
    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1283–1289, 2011 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/15/1283/2011/ Hydrology and doi:10.5194/hess-15-1283-2011 Earth System © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Reconstructing the Tropical Storm Ketsana flood event in Marikina River, Philippines C. C. Abon, C. P. C. David, and N. E. B. Pellejera National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Received: 1 July 2010 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 25 August 2010 Revised: 25 February 2011 – Accepted: 10 March 2011 – Published: 26 April 2011 Abstract. In September 2009, Tropical Storm Ketsana (local 371.6 mm of rainfall in 24 h, respectively. The volume of name: TS Ondoy) hit the Manila metropolitan area (Metro rainfall resulted in a flood that was exceptionally high and ex- Manila) and brought an anomalous volume of rain that ex- tensive, making it extremely devastating. An estimated worth ceeded the Philippines’ forty-year meteorological record. of damages to property and infrastructure reached 2 billion The storm caused exceptionally high and extensive flooding. pesos (US$43.5 billion) and left more than a million Filipinos Part of this study was a survey conducted along the stretch of homeless. the Marikina River, one of the major rivers that flooded. Post- News reports and preliminary assessment of the event event resident interviews were used to reconstruct the flood- pointed out the anthropogenic factors such as clogged canals, ing in the absence of stream gauge data. Hydraulic and hy- illegal settlements, and poor urban planning aggravated the drologic modeling were carried out to understand the mech- damages.
    [Show full text]
  • Localising the Humanitarian Toolkit: Lessons from Recent Philippines Disasters August 2013
    Localising the Humanitarian Toolkit: Lessons from Recent Philippines Disasters August 2013 This report was written by Rebecca Barber on behalf of Save the Children and the ASEAN Agreement for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) Partnership Group (APG). The author would like to thank the following people for their time and contributions to this paper: Atiq Kainan Ahmed, Michel Anglade, Gonzalo Atxaerandio, Krizzy Avila, Rio Augusta, Joven Balbosa, Tom Bamforth, Carmencita Banatin, Dave Bercasio, Annie Bodmer-Roy, Arnel Capili, David Carden, Anthony de la Cruz, Lucky Amor de la Cruz, Benji Delfin, Brenda Maricar Edmilao, Nick Finney, Eric Fort, Cecilia Francisco, Robert Francis Garcia, Joelle Goire, Ben Hemingway, Carmen van Heese, Edwin Horca, Tomoo Hozumi, Sarah Ireland, Jeff Johnson, Tessa Kelly, Oliver Lacey-Hall, Mayfourth Luneta, Restituto Macuto, Priya Marwah, Aimee Menguilla, Lilian Mercado Carreon, Paul Mitchell, Asaka Nyangara, Anne Orquiza, Carlos Padolina, Maria Agnes Palacio, Austere Panadero, Marla Petal, Sanny Ramos, Eduardo del Rosario, Snehal Soneji, Sujata Tuladhar, Ellie Salkeld, Carmina Sarmiento, Jocelyn Saw, Arghya Sinha Roy, Bebeth Tiu, David Verboom, Nikki de Vera, Nestor de Veyra, Matilde Nida Vilches, Nancy Villanueva-Ebuenga, Dong Wana, and Asri Wijayanti. About Save the Children Save the Children is the world’s leading independent children’s rights organisation, with members in 29 countries and operational programs in more than 120. We fight for children’s rights and deliver immediate and lasting improvements to children’s lives worldwide. About the AADMER Partnership Group The APG is a consortium of international NGOs that have agreed to cooperate with ASEAN in the implementation of the AADMER.
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Coastal Water in the Taiwan Strait to Typhoon Nesat of 2017
    water Article Response of Coastal Water in the Taiwan Strait to Typhoon Nesat of 2017 Renhao Wu 1,2 , Qinghua Yang 1,3 , Di Tian 4, Bo Han 1,2, Shimei Wu 1,2 and Han Zhang 4,* 1 School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; [email protected] (R.W.); [email protected] (Q.Y.); [email protected] (B.H.); [email protected] (S.W.) 2 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China 4 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2019; Accepted: 4 November 2019; Published: 7 November 2019 Abstract: The oceanic response of the Taiwan Strait (TWS) to Typhoon Nesat (2017) was investigated using a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model (COAWST) verified by observations. Ocean currents in the TWS changed drastically in response to significant wind variation during the typhoon. The response of ocean currents was characterised by a flow pattern generally consistent with the Ekman boundary layer theory, with north-eastward volume transport being significantly modified by the storm. Model results also reveal that the western TWS experienced the maximum generated storm surge, whereas the east side experienced only moderate storm surge.
    [Show full text]