TR-083 MYXOMYCETES SPECIES CONCEPTS-HAROLD KELLER.Cdr
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Myxomycete species concepts, monotypic genera, the fossil record, and additional examples of good taxonomic practice Harold W. Keller1 Sydney E. Everhart Department of Biology, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg MO 64093, USA 8 0 Conceptos de especies en mixomicetos, géneros monotípicos, el registro 0 2 fósil y ejemplos adicionales de una buena práctica taxonómica , 9 1 - 9 Resumen. Se destacan y amplían algunos de los principales elementos para una buena : 7 2 práctica taxonómica. Se revisan los conceptos de especie en los mixomicetos, a la vez que se A Í discuten los géneros monotípicos, con ejemplos en Badhamiopsis ainoae, Protophysarum G O phloiogenum y Trabrooksia applanata. Se sugiere que las secuencias de ADN resolverán el L O C rango taxonómico al que los géneros monotípicos deben de asignarse en la clasificación de I M los mixomicetos. Se evalúa y discute por primera vez la evidencia fósil de mixomicetos E D encontrada en ámbar. Perichaena brevifila, P. microspora, P. pedata y P. syncarpon habitan A exclusivamente en la hojarasca y son un ejemplo como las diferencias ecológicas y los N A C patrones de estacionalidad basados en las observaciones de campo registradas en los datos I X de las colecciones, pueden complementar las diferencias morfológicas para la separación de E M las distintas especies. El futuro de la Sistemática de los mixomicetos requiere un cambio de la A T S taxonomía descriptiva a estudios de mayor profundidad basados en hipótesis para probar I V E relaciones filogéneticas, patrones biogeográficos y restricciones de las especies a hábitats con R características ecológicas especiales. / Palabras clave: Badhamiopsis, ecología, Perichaena, Protophysarum, estacionalidad, o c Trabrooksia. i x é M n e Abstract. This paper highlights and expands on some of the major points of good taxonomic a s e practice. Myxomycete species concepts are reviewed, monotypic genera are discussed and r p m critiqued, and case study examples are given for Badhamiopsis ainoae, Protophysarum I . a phloiogenum, and Trabrooksia applanata. Monotypic genera are suggested for DNA í g o l sequencing to resolve the correct taxonomic rank in myxomycete classification. Fossil o c i M evidence of myxomycetes found in amber is evaluated and discussed for the first time. e d Perichaena species represented by P. brevifila, P. microspora, P. pedata, and P. syncarpon, are a n a restricted to leaf litter habitats and serve as examples of fruiting seasonality patterns and c i x ecological differences based on detailed field observations recorded in collection data. This e M a additional ecological information can supplement morphological differences in distinct t s i v species. The future of myxomycete systematics requires a shift from descriptive taxonomy to e R 8 in-depth studies using hypotheses that test phylogenetic relationships, biogeographical 0 0 2 patterns of distribution, and the restriction of species to habitats with special ecological characteristics. © Key words: Badhamiopsis, ecology, Perichaena, Protophysarum, seasonality, Trabrooksia. Recibido 23 de junio 2006; aceptado 20 de junio 2007. Received 23 June 2006; accepted 20 June 2007. L Autor para correspondencia: Harold W. Keller [email protected] or [email protected] A N I G I R O structure details of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Many new myxomycete species have been Schnittler and Mitchell [31] suggested five criteria L A N Introduction I Spore-to-spore cultivation and multiple collections were discovered by both amateurs and professionals since the last that authors of new species follow as a prelude to describing G I R lacking, complicating accurate species descriptions, world monograph published in 1969 [23]. Monographic new species: 1. search literature published throughout the O The number of myxomycete species recognized by Martin especially when considering the variability and limited publications are necessary to assess the validity of new world for possible matching descriptions; 2. reference the and Alexopoulos [23] was roughly 422 compared to the most number of fruiting body and morphological characters. This species but have a long preparation time, requiring specimens new taxon with several specimens from more than one recent estimates of 600 by Nannenga-Bremekamp [27], and approach to taxonomy was followed in many countries, on loan from herbaria (although electronic databases speed locality; 3. create exact descriptions based on SEM 925 of Yamamoto [37]. Schnittler and Mitchell [31] cited resulting in a proliferation of species. this process, when available) and examination of specimens observations, color standardized with color charts, and spore- 1,012 subgeneric taxa of myxomycetes described as valid, The involvement of non-academic taxonomists from closely related species. In addition, accurate species to-spore cultures to ascertain constancy of morphological including 866 at the species level, and Lado [21] noted 900 working privately as individuals is possible because many descriptions are based on light microscopy and SEM quality characters; 4. compare morphologically similar species to legitimate names for accepted species. Lado's taxonomic myxomycete species produce fruiting bodies visible to the photographs that require more time. make sure characters deviate in more than one character, such database with 1,012 taxa could be subdivided into 446 taxa naked eye and materials needed for the collection and For example, to adequately monograph the genus as clustered versus free spores; 5. give details of the habitat estimated to be common (more than 20 collections and preservation of myxomycete fruiting bodies are readily Cribraria (which has more than 40 species that are often such as vegetation type, elevation, and localities. These d r o reported from several localities) 258 to be rare (known from available. Furthermore, identification of myxomycetes can difficult to distinguish at the species level), it would probably criteria were previously discussed by Keller [16] in his c e r l i 2-20 collections and more than one locality), and 305 reported be learned quickly because fruiting body terminology is take five to ten years. To avoid others from publishing first, Plenary Address at ICSEM2 held at Madrid, Spain under the s s o f only from the type locality (one or a few collections) [31]. A relatively simple. Specimens can be examined using tools authors are prone to publish hastily, compromising good following topical headings: importance of ecological field e h t figure by Schnittler and Mitchell [31] of the rate of species such as dissecting needles, handheld blowers, and hand lenses taxonomic practice. The pressure to publish quickly is related collections; importance of collecting; importance of type , a r e descriptions beginning about 1965 shows a dramatically that are inexpensive to purchase or are handcrafted [34]. to the prestige factor associated with describing a new species collections; importance of spore-to-spore cultivation; living n e g c increasing number of described new taxa per year, throughout Slide preparations do not require complex chemicals, tap and not for work to clarify species concepts and solve cultures – a biological standard; importance of monographic i p y the world. water is sufficient. Moist chamber bark cultures are simple to taxonomic problems. works; importance of computerization of mycological t o n What are the reasons for this “explosion” of many prepare using materials available at commercial stores. Bark The myxomycete species problem and concepts as collections; importance of DNA sequencing techniques. It is o m , s new species in the last 35 years? Certainly more cultures yield plasmodia, plasmodial tracks, and developing discussed by Clark [5] suggested that taxonomists become unfortunate that Schnittler and Mitchell [31] did not review, t p e c myxomycologists were searching in more habitats, such as fruiting bodies easily observed at 10 to 100 times more familiar with the potential morphological variation due cite, or include these observations about good taxonomic n o c 8 the canopy of living trees [17] and different areas of the world magnification [19]. Myxomycetes, much like the macrofungi to geographical restriction of apomictic clonal lines and also practice [16]. s 0 e i 0 c 2 [32]. However, the increase seems to be present during the (mushrooms), pique the curiosity of amateur collectors that acquire a better understanding of population, developmental, The purpose of this paper will highlight and expand e p , s 7 e 2 time when Nanennega-Bremekamp and many other non- eventually result in publication of new species without and reproductive biology. Genetic mating systems in on some of the major points of “good taxonomic practice” t e A c Í y G academic taxonomists were working privately as individuals, academic, professional taxonomists as collaborators. Indeed, Didymium iridis (Ditmar) Fr. and Didymium squamulosum previously noted with an additional caveat associated with m O o L myxomycete fruiting bodies often win photographic prizes at (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. produce species complexes consisting habitats and seasonality patterns. Myxomycete species x O coupled with a trend for the “splitting” of genera and species, y C I M . M resulted in too many dubious species based on single or less the annual North American Mycological Society meeting of related sibling species that are potential morphospecies concepts will be reviewed, monotypic genera will be E . E S D , t than