Psychoactive Prescription Drug Use Disorders, Misuse and Abuse Pharmacoepidemiological Aspects
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A1.5 Morphine A6 ATC Code: N02AA01 Oral Liquid: 2 Mg (As Hydrochloride Or Sulfate)/Ml
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1.5 Morphine A6 ATC code: N02AA01 Oral liquid: 2 mg (as hydrochloride or sulfate)/ml. Tablet: 10 mg (as sulfate). Tablet (prolonged release): 10 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg (as sulfate). Granules: (prolonged release, to mix with water): 20 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg (morphine sulfate). Injection: 10 mg (as hydrochloride or sulfate) in 1 ml ampoule. A7 Indications: moderate to severe persisting pain. 73 < Contraindications: hypersensitivity to opioid agonists or to any component of the formulation; acute respiratory depression; acute asthma; paralytic ileus; concomitant use of, or use within 14 days after ending monoamine oxidase inhibitors; raised intracranial pressure and/or head injury, if ventilation not controlled; coma; use within 24 hours before or after surgery. Precautions: impaired respiratory function; avoid rapid injection which may precipitate chest wall rigidity and difficulty with ventilation; bradycardia; asthma; hypotension; shock; obstructive or inflammatory bowel disorders; biliary tract disease; convulsive disorders; hypothyroidism; adrenocortical insufficiency; avoid abrupt withdrawal after prolonged treatment; diabetes mellitus; impaired consciousness; acute pancreatitis; myasthenia gravis; hepatic impairment; renal impairment; toxic psychosis. Skilled tasks: warn the patient or carer about the risk of undertaking tasks requiring attention or coordination, for example, riding a bike. Dosage: Starting dose for opioid-naive patients: Oral (immediate-release formulation): • infant 1–12 months – 80–200 mcg/kg every 4 hours; • child 1–2 years – 200–400 mcg/kg every 4 hours; • child 2–12 years – 200–500 mcg/kg every 4 hours; maximum oral starting dose is 5 mg. Oral (prolonged-release formulation): • child 1–12 years – initially 200–800 mcg/kg every 12 hours. -
Trends in Stimulant Dispensing by Age, Sex, State of Residence, and Prescriber Specialty — United States, 2014–2019☆
HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Drug Alcohol Manuscript Author Depend. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2021 December 01. Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 December 01; 217: 108297. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108297. Trends in stimulant dispensing by age, sex, state of residence, and prescriber specialty — United States, 2014–2019☆ Amy R. Boarda,b,*, Gery Guyb, Christopher M. Jonesc, Brooke Hootsb aEpidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop S106-8, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3717, United States bDivision of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop S106-8, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3717, United States cOffice of the Director, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop S106-8, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3717, United States Abstract Background: Stimulant medications are commonly prescribed for the treatment of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder; however, they also have high potential for diversion and misuse. We estimated national stimulant dispensing trends from 2014 to 2019 and differences in dispensing by age, sex, state, prescriber specialty, payor type, patient copay, and stimulant type. Methods: We calculated rates of stimulant dispensing using IQVIA National Prescription Audit (NPA) New to Brand, NPA Regional, and NPA Extended Insights data, which provide dispensing estimates from approximately 49,900 pharmacies representing 92 % of prescriptions dispensed in the United States. Average annual percent change (AAPC) from 2014 to 2019 was analyzed using Joinpoint regression. Results: From 2014 to 2019, the national annual rate of stimulant dispensing increased significantly from 5.6 to 6.1 prescriptions per 100 persons. -
SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention TOOLKIT
SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention TOOLKIT Opioid Use Disorder Facts Five Essential Steps for First Responders Information for Prescribers Safety Advice for Patients & Family Members Recovering From Opioid Overdose TABLE OF CONTENTS SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit Opioid Use Disorder Facts.................................................................................................................. 1 Scope of the Problem....................................................................................................................... 1 Strategies to Prevent Overdose Deaths.......................................................................................... 2 Resources for Communities............................................................................................................. 4 Five Essential Steps for First Responders ........................................................................................ 5 Step 1: Evaluate for Signs of Opioid Overdose ................................................................................ 5 Step 2: Call 911 for Help .................................................................................................................. 5 Step 3: Administer Naloxone ............................................................................................................ 6 Step 4: Support the Person’s Breathing ........................................................................................... 7 Step 5: Monitor the Person’s Response .......................................................................................... -
Method of Rough Estimation of Median Lethal Dose (Ld50)
b Meta olis g m & ru D T o f x o i Journal of Drug Metabolism and l c a o n l o r Saganuwan, J Drug Metab Toxicol 2015, 6:3 g u y o J Toxicology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000180 ISSN: 2157-7609 Research Article Open Access Arithmetic-Geometric-Harmonic (AGH) Method of Rough Estimation of Median Lethal Dose (Ld50) Using Up – and – Down Procedure *Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, College Of Veterinary Medicine, University Of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria *Corresponding author: Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, College Of Veterinary Medicine, University Of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, Tel: +2348027444269; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: April 6,2015; Accepted date: April 29,2015; Published date: May 6,2015 Copyright: © 2015 Saganuwan SA . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Earlier methods adopted for the estimation of median lethal dose (LD50) used many animals (40 – 100). But for the up – and – down procedure, 5 – 15 animals can be used, the number I still consider high. So this paper seeks to adopt arithmetic, geometric and harmonic (AGH) mean for rough estimation of median lethal dose (LD50) using up – and – down procedure by using 2 – 6 animals that may likely give 1 – 3 reversals. The administrated doses should be summed up and the mean, standard deviation (STD) and standard error of mean (SEM) should be determined. -
Exemption and Exclusion from Certain Requirements of the Drug Supply Chain Security Act During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency
Contains Nonbinding Recommendations Exemption and Exclusion from Certain Requirements of the Drug Supply Chain Security Act During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Guidance for Industry April 2020 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Contains Nonbinding Recommendations Preface Public Comment This guidance is being issued to address the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health emergency. This guidance is being implemented without prior public comment because the Food and Drug Administration (FDA or the Agency) has determined that prior public participation for this guidance is not feasible or appropriate (see section 701(h)(1)(C) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 371(h)(1)(C)) and 21 CFR 10.115(g)(2)). This guidance document is being implemented immediately, but it remains subject to comment in accordance with the Agency’s good guidance practices. Comments may be submitted at any time for Agency consideration. Submit written comments to the Dockets Management Staff (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments to https://www.regulations.gov. All comments should be identified with the docket number FDA- 2020-D-1136 and complete title of the guidance in the request. Additional Copies Additional copies are available from the FDA webpage titled “COVID-19-Related Guidance Documents for Industry, FDA Staff, and Other Stakeholders,” available at https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/covid-19-related- guidance-documents-industry-fda-staff-and-other-stakeholders and from the FDA webpage titled “Search for FDA Guidance Documents” available at https://www.fda.gov/regulatory- information/search-fda-guidance-documents. -
FDA Regulation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Products
June 12, 2019 FDA Regulation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Products Cannabidiol (CBD) is promoted as treatment for a range of and hemp-derived compounds, including CBD. However, conditions, including epileptic seizures, post-traumatic the farm bill explicitly preserved FDA’s authority under the stress disorder, anxiety, and inflammation—despite limited Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. scientific evidence to substantiate many of these claims. In §§301 et seq.) and Section 351 of the Public Health Service the United States, CBD is marketed in food and beverages, Act (PHSA, 42 U.S.C. §262), including for hemp-derived dietary supplements, and cosmetics—products that are products. According to FDA, “because the 2018 Farm Bill regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). did not change FDA’s authorities, cannabis and cannabis- CBD is also the active ingredient in an FDA-approved pharmaceutical drug, Epidiolex®. CBD is a plant-derived derived products are subject to the same authorities and substance from Cannabis sativa, the species of plant that requirements as FDA-regulated products containing any includes both hemp and marijuana, but from different plant other substance, regardless of whether the products fall varieties or cultivars. CBD is the primary nonpsychoactive within the definition of ‘hemp’ under the 2018 Farm Bill.” compound in cannabis, whereas tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is cannabis’s primary psychoactive compound. FDA Regulation of CBD Products FDA, under the FFDCA, regulates many of the products Regulation of CBD Products marketed as containing cannabis and cannabis-derived Hemp and marijuana have separate definitions in U.S. law compounds, including CBD. -
Prescription Drug Abuse See Page 10
Preventing and recognizing prescription drug abuse See page 10. from the director: The nonmedical use and abuse of prescription drugs is a serious public health problem in this country. Although most people take prescription medications responsibly, an estimated 52 million people (20 percent of those aged 12 and Prescription older) have used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons at least once in their lifetimes. Young people are strongly represented in this group. In fact, the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s (NIDA) Drug Abuse Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey found that about 1 in 12 high school seniors reported past-year nonmedical use of the prescription pain reliever Vicodin in 2010, and 1 in 20 reported abusing OxyContin—making these medications among the most commonly abused drugs by adolescents. The abuse of certain prescription drugs— opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and stimulants—can lead to a variety of adverse health effects, including addiction. Among those who reported past-year nonmedical use of a prescription drug, nearly 14 percent met criteria for abuse of or dependence on it. The reasons for the high prevalence of prescription drug abuse vary by age, gender, and other factors, but likely include greater availability. What is The number of prescriptions for some of these medications has increased prescription dramatically since the early 1990s (see figures, page 2). Moreover, a consumer culture amenable to “taking a pill for drug abuse? what ails you” and the perception of 1 prescription drugs as less harmful than rescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without illicit drugs are other likely contributors a prescription, in a way other than as prescribed, or for to the problem. -
Medication Administration
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Before administering any medication, the EMT should know: 1. What is the medication being used? 2. Does the patient have an allergy to this medication? 3. What is the safe and effective dose? 4. What is the correct administration route? 5. What are the indications? (Why are you using is?) 6. What are the contraindications? (Why or when would you NOT use this medication?) 7. What are the expected effects? 8. What are the adverse effects / side effects? 9. Is the medication expired? B. The “Six Rights” of medication administration: 1. Right patient – is the medication indicated for this patient; no contraindications; no allergies 2. Right drug – the correct name (trade name vs. generic name); correct concentration 3. Right dose 4. Right route 5. Right time – slow IVP vs. rapid IVP 6. Right documentation C. Correct documentation of medications administered and/or IV/IO placement will include: 1. Time of medication administration; IV/IO placement 2. Route of administration 3. Size of catheter (IV/IO) 4. Site location for IV/IO and SQ, IM medication (include unsuccessful IV/IO attempt locations) 5. Dose or volume infused 6. Time of infusion as indicated (e.g., rapid IVP, infused over 10 minutes, etc.) 7. Name of EMT responsible 8. Any complications and steps made to correct 9. Patient’s response to treatment D. Use of a medication simply because it is in the protocol is not an acceptable standard of medical care. When there are questions about medication administration, consult medical control. ORAL ADMINSTRATION To administer an oral (PO) medication ensure that the patient has an intact gag reflex and place the patient in a seated or semi-seated position. -
The Controlled Substances Act: Regulatory Requirements
The Controlled Substances Act: Regulatory Requirements Brian T. Yeh Legislative Attorney December 13, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34635 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Controlled Substances Act: Regulatory Requirements Summary This report highlights certain non-criminal regulatory requirements of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). The CSA and its implementing regulations establish a framework through which the federal government regulates the use of controlled substances for legitimate medical, scientific, research, and industrial purposes, and prevents these substances from being diverted for illegal purposes. The CSA assigns various plants, drugs, and chemicals (such as narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids) to one of five schedules based on the substance’s medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or dependence liability. Schedule I contains substances that have no currently accepted medical use and cannot safely be made available to the public under a prescription, while Schedules II, III, IV, and V include substances that have recognized medical uses and may be manufactured, distributed, and used in accordance with the CSA. The order of the schedules reflects substances that are progressively less dangerous and addictive. To restrict access to chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of certain controlled substances, the CSA also regulates 40 “listed chemicals.” Furthermore, the CSA regulates controlled substance “analogues,” which are substances that are not controlled but are structurally or pharmacologically similar to substances found in Schedule I or II and have no accepted medical use. Unless specifically exempted by the CSA, any person who handles controlled substances or listed chemicals (such as drug manufacturers, wholesale distributors, doctors, hospitals, pharmacies, and scientific researchers) must register with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the U.S. -
Lyrica CR® (Pregabalin ER)
Drug Therapy Guidelines Lyrica CR® (pregabalin ER) Applicable Medical Benefit Effective: 1/1/21 Pharmacy- Formulary 1 x Next Review: 9/21 Pharmacy- Formulary 2 x Date of Origin: 6/18 Pharmacy- Formulary 3/Exclusive x Review Dates: 3/18, 6/18, 9/18, 9/19, 9/20 Pharmacy- Formulary 4/AON x I. Medication Description Pregabalin is a structural analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and has anxiolytic, analgesic, and antiepileptic properties. Pregabalin does not show direct GABA-mimetic effects, but increases neuronal GABA levels as well as produces a dose-dependent increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. Pregabalin reduces neuronal calcium currents by binding to the alpha-2-delta subunit of calcium channels, and this particular mechanism may be responsible for effects in seizure control, neuropathic pain, anxiety, and other pain syndromes. Pregabalin may also interact with descending noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways in the brainstem that modulate pain transmission in the spinal cord. II. Position Statement Coverage is determined through a prior authorization process with supporting clinical documentation for every request. III. Policy Formulary 1: See Sections A, B, C, and E Formulary 2: See Sections A, B, C, and E Formulary 3: See Sections A, B, D, and E Formulary 4/AON: See Sections A, B, C, and E Coverage of Lyrica CR is available for the following conditions when the listed criteria are met: Neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in adults: A. The member has a documented diagnosis of DPN B. When requesting coverage of a brand medication for which an A/B rated generic is available, coverage will be provided when there is sufficient evidence that the use of the A/B rated generic equivalent has resulted in inadequate results C. -
Commonly Abused Prescription Drugs National Institutes of Health Visit NIDA at U.S
Commonly Abused Prescription Drugs National Institutes of Health Visit NIDA at www.drugabuse.gov U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substances: Category and Name Examples of Commercial and Street Names DEA Schedule*/How Administered Intoxication Effects/Health Risks Depressants Barbiturates Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, Phenobarbital: barbs, reds, red birds, phennies, II, III, IV/injected, swallowed Sedation/drowsiness, reduced anxiety, feelings of well-being, lowered inhibitions, tooies, yellows, yellow jackets slurred speech, poor concentration, confusion, dizziness, impaired coordination and memory/slowed pulse, lowered blood pressure, slowed breathing, tolerance, Benzodiazepines Ativan, Halcion, Librium, Valium, Xanax, Klonopin: candy, downers, sleeping IV/swallowed withdrawal, addiction; increased risk of respiratory distress and death when pills, tranks combined with alcohol Sleep Medications Ambien (zolpidem), Sonata (zaleplon), Lunesta (eszopiclone) IV/swallowed for barbiturates—euphoria, unusual excitement, fever, irritability/life-threatening withdrawal in chronic users Opioids and Morphine Derivatives** Codeine Empirin with Codeine, Fiorinal with Codeine, Robitussin A-C, Tylenol with II, III, IV/injected, swallowed Pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness, sedation, weakness, dizziness, nausea, impaired Codeine: Captain Cody, Cody, schoolboy; (with glutethimide: doors & fours, loads, coordination, confusion, dry mouth, itching, sweating, clammy skin, constipation/ pancakes and syrup) slowed or arrested breathing, lowered pulse -
Prescription Stimulants (Canadian Drug Summary)
www.ccsa.ca • www.cclt.ca June 2016 Canadian Drug Summary Prescription Stimulants Key points The use of prescription stimulants among the Canadian general population is about 1% and has remained relatively stable since 2008. In Canada, the rate of prescription stimulant use is highest among youth. There is little Canadian data available on the harms associated with prescription stimulant use and misuse. Introduction Stimulants are a broad category of substances that act to increase the level of activity of the central nervous system. The category includes commonly used substances such as caffeine and nicotine, over-the-counter decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine), illegal drugs (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine), and prescription medications. Although the category of stimulants includes many substances, this drug summary focuses on prescription stimulants. The most common use of prescription stimulants is to treat individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Other medical uses for prescription stimulants include the treatment of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. Table 1 lists examples of the generic, trade and street names for some common prescription stimulants. Table 1. Common generic, trade and street names for stimulants Generic name Trade name Street names Methylphenidate Ritalin®, Concerta®, Biphentin® Vitamin R, skippy, rids, uppers Dextroamphetamine Dexedrine® bennies, black beauties, hearts Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine Adderall® Beans, dexies, amps Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Vyvanse® Vanies Prescription stimulants are normally taken in pill form for medical uses, but some people tamper with the pills to obtain euphoric effects from them. Such tampering can cause complications, such as blockage of small blood vessels due to insoluble fillers in the tablets, infections at the injection site, and rapid onset of effects that can cause blood pressure and heart rate to spike.