Method of Rough Estimation of Median Lethal Dose (Ld50)
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Virulence and Transcriptome Profile of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli from Chicken Received: 3 April 2017 Hafiz I.Hussain 1, Zahid Iqbal1,4, Mohamed N
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Virulence and transcriptome profile of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from chicken Received: 3 April 2017 Hafiz I.Hussain 1, Zahid Iqbal1,4, Mohamed N. Seleem3, Deyu Huang2, Adeel Sattar2, Haihong Accepted: 3 July 2017 Hao1 & Zonghui Yuan1,2 Published: xx xx xxxx Numerous studies have examined the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry and poultry products; however, limited data are available regarding their resistance- and virulence-associated gene expression profiles. This study was designed to examine the resistance and virulence of poultryE. coli strains in vitro and in vivo via antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation and adhesion, and invasion and intracellular survivability assays in Caco-2 and Raw 264.7 cell lines as well as the determination of the median lethal dose in two-day old chickens. A clinical pathogenic multidrug-resistant isolate, E. coli 381, isolated from broilers, was found to be highly virulent in cell culture and 1000-fold more virulent in a chicken model than other strains; accordingly, the isolate was subsequently selected for transcriptome analysis. The comparative gene expression profile of MDRE. coli 381 and the reference human strain E. coli ATCC 25922 was completed with Illumina HiSeq. 2500 transcriptome analysis. Differential gene expression analysis indicates that there are multiple pathways involved in the resistance and virulence of this highly virulent strain. The results garnered from this study provide critical information about the highly virulent MDR E. coli strain of poultry origin and warrant further investigation due to its significant threat to public health. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium that displays a wide range of genomic diversity. -
OECD Guidance Document Number 24: Acute Oral Toxicity Testing
Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 23-Jul-2001 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 JOINT MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OECD SERIES ON TESTING AND ASSESSMENT Number 24 GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTING English - Or. English JT00111082 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d’origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 2 ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No 24 GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTING Environment Directorate ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Paris June 2001 3 ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 Also published in the Series on Testing and Assessment No. 1, Guidance Document for the Development of OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals (1993; reformatted 1995) No. 2, Detailed Review Paper on Biodegradability Testing (1995) No. 3, Guidance Document for Aquatic Effects Assessment (1995) No. 4, Report of the OECD Workshop on Environmental Hazard/Risk Assessment (1995) No. 5, Report of the SETAC/OECD Workshop on Avian Toxicity Testing (1996) No. 6, Report of the Final Ring-test of the Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (1997) No. 7, Guidance Document on Direct Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water (1997) No. 8, Report of the OECD Workshop on Sharing Information about New Industrial Chemicals Assessment (1997) No. 9, Guidance Document for the Conduct of Studies of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides During Agricultural Application (1997) No. -
HISTORY of LEAD POISONING in the WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction the Center for Disease Control Classified the Cause
HISTORY OF LEAD POISONING IN THE WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction The Center for Disease Control classified the causes of disease and death as follows: 50 % due to unhealthy life styles 25 % due to environment 25% due to innate biology and 25% due to inadequate health care. Lead poisoning is an environmental disease, but it is also a disease of life style. Lead is one of the best-studied toxic substances, and as a result we know more about the adverse health effects of lead than virtually any other chemical. The health problems caused by lead have been well documented over a wide range of exposures on every continent. The advancements in technology have made it possible to research lead exposure down to very low levels approaching the limits of detection. We clearly know how it gets into the body and the harm it causes once it is ingested, and most importantly, how to prevent it! Using advanced technology, we can trace the evolution of lead into our environment and discover the health damage resulting from its exposure. Early History Lead is a normal constituent of the earth’s crust, with trace amounts found naturally in soil, plants, and water. If left undisturbed, lead is practically immobile. However, once mined and transformed into man-made products, which are dispersed throughout the environment, lead becomes highly toxic. Solely as a result of man’s actions, lead has become the most widely scattered toxic metal in the world. Unfortunately for people, lead has a long environmental persistence and never looses its toxic potential, if ingested. -
Clinical Pharmacology 1: Phase 1 Studies and Early Drug Development
Clinical Pharmacology 1: Phase 1 Studies and Early Drug Development Gerlie Gieser, Ph.D. Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Div. IV Objectives • Outline the Phase 1 studies conducted to characterize the Clinical Pharmacology of a drug; describe important design elements of and the information gained from these studies. • List the Clinical Pharmacology characteristics of an Ideal Drug • Describe how the Clinical Pharmacology information from Phase 1 can help design Phase 2/3 trials • Discuss the timing of Clinical Pharmacology studies during drug development, and provide examples of how the information generated could impact the overall clinical development plan and product labeling. Phase 1 of Drug Development CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PRE POST AND CLINICAL APPROVAL 1 DISCOVERY DEVELOPMENT 2 3 PHASE e e e s s s a a a h h h P P P Clinical Pharmacology Studies Initial IND (first in human) NDA/BLA SUBMISSION Phase 1 – studies designed mainly to investigate the safety/tolerability (if possible, identify MTD), pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an investigational drug in humans Clinical Pharmacology • Study of the Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD) of the drug in humans – PK: what the body does to the drug (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) – PD: what the drug does to the body • PK and PD profiles of the drug are influenced by physicochemical properties of the drug, product/formulation, administration route, patient’s intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., organ dysfunction, diseases, concomitant medications, -
Biological Toxins As the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism Edyta Janik 1, Michal Ceremuga 2, Joanna Saluk-Bijak 1 and Michal Bijak 1,* 1 Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (E.J.); [email protected] (J.S.-B.) 2 CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela “Montera” 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +48-(0)426354336 Received: 3 February 2019; Accepted: 3 March 2019; Published: 8 March 2019 Abstract: Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group produced by living organisms. One dictionary defines them as “Chemicals produced by living organisms that have toxic properties for another organism”. Toxins are very attractive to terrorists for use in acts of bioterrorism. The first reason is that many biological toxins can be obtained very easily. Simple bacterial culturing systems and extraction equipment dedicated to plant toxins are cheap and easily available, and can even be constructed at home. Many toxins affect the nervous systems of mammals by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses, which gives them their high potential in bioterrorist attacks. Others are responsible for blockage of main cellular metabolism, causing cellular death. Moreover, most toxins act very quickly and are lethal in low doses (LD50 < 25 mg/kg), which are very often lower than chemical warfare agents. For these reasons we decided to prepare this review paper which main aim is to present the high potential of biological toxins as factors of bioterrorism describing the general characteristics, mechanisms of action and treatment of most potent biological toxins. -
Toxicology in the 21St Century (Tox21) Testing Thousands of Environmental Chemicals Using Non-Animal Methods
UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COLLABORATION TOXICOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (TOX21) TESTING THOUSANDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS USING NON-ANIMAL METHODS Overview Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) is a US federal research collaboration that is developing alternative, non-animal methods to quickly and efficiently test thousands of chemicals for potential health effects. These approaches use advances in robotics technology to test chemicals for their potential to disrupt processes in the human body, which may lead to negative health effects. Since its formation in 2008, Tox21 has screened approximately 10,000 chemicals in more than 70 The computational model and • Companies are using Tox21data rapid tests called “qualitative high- assays have been reviewed by a when they submit European throughput screening assays”. This Scientific Advisory Panel and were chemical registration dossiers. accepted as alternative tests within includes chemicals used in Greater acceptance of Tox21 industrial processes and consumer the current EDSP Tier 1 testing requirements. methods by the scientific products as well as food additives, community approved and investigational • The European Chemicals drugs, and chemical mixtures. Agency’s document “Scenarios to • Tox21 has published over 200 scientific peer-reviewed articles in Accomplishments be implemented for searching for potential substances of concern” approximately 55 journals. Articles Tox21 methods inform highlights Tox21 assays that can were most frequently published in policy and regulatory be used for identifying potential Toxicological Sciences, decisions made about the endocrine disrupting chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives, Chemical Research in Toxicology, safety of chemicals • The California Environmental and Environmental Science and • US EPA’s Endocrine Disruption Protection Agency has Technology. -
Rosary Pea Abrus Precatorius (L.) Fabaceae
InvasiveInvasive SpeciesSpecies ManagementManagement PlansPlans forfor FloridaFlorida Rosary Pea Abrus precatorius (L.) Fabaceae INTRODUCTION Rosary pea has been widely used in Florida as an ornamental plant for many years. The native range of rosary pea is India and parts of Asia, where this plant is used for various purposes. The roots of this plant are used to induce abortion and relieve abdominal discomfort. The seeds of this plant are so uniform in size and weight that they are used as standards in weight measurement. The seeds can also be used to make jewelry. Interestingly, one of the most deadly plant toxins, abrin, is produced by rosary pea (Abrus precatorius). Studies have shown that as little as 0.00015% of toxin per body weight will cause fatality in humans (a single seed). Interestingly, birds appear to be unaffected by the deadly toxin as they have been shown to readily disperse rosary pea seed. DESCRIPTION Rosary pea is a small, high climbing vine with alternately compound leaves, 2-5 inches long, with 5 to 15 pairs of oblong leaflets. A key characteristic in identifying rosary pea is the lack of a terminal leaflet on the compound leaves. The flowers are small, pale, and violet to pink, clustered in leaf axils. The fruit is characteristic of a legume. The pod is oblong, flat and truncate shaped, roughly 1½ - 2 inches long. This seedpod curls back when it opens, revealing the seeds. The seeds are small, brilliant red with a black spot. These characteristics give the plant another common name of crab’s eyes. IMPACTS Rosary pea is found throughout central and southern Florida, including Marion, Lake, Palm Beach, and Manatee counties. -
AN INTRODUCTION to AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank ÂÂ an INTRODUCTION to AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
AN INTRODUCTION TO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY This page intentionally left blank AN INTRODUCTION TO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY MIKKO NIKINMAA Professor of Zoology, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. -
A1.5 Morphine A6 ATC Code: N02AA01 Oral Liquid: 2 Mg (As Hydrochloride Or Sulfate)/Ml
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1.5 Morphine A6 ATC code: N02AA01 Oral liquid: 2 mg (as hydrochloride or sulfate)/ml. Tablet: 10 mg (as sulfate). Tablet (prolonged release): 10 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg (as sulfate). Granules: (prolonged release, to mix with water): 20 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg (morphine sulfate). Injection: 10 mg (as hydrochloride or sulfate) in 1 ml ampoule. A7 Indications: moderate to severe persisting pain. 73 < Contraindications: hypersensitivity to opioid agonists or to any component of the formulation; acute respiratory depression; acute asthma; paralytic ileus; concomitant use of, or use within 14 days after ending monoamine oxidase inhibitors; raised intracranial pressure and/or head injury, if ventilation not controlled; coma; use within 24 hours before or after surgery. Precautions: impaired respiratory function; avoid rapid injection which may precipitate chest wall rigidity and difficulty with ventilation; bradycardia; asthma; hypotension; shock; obstructive or inflammatory bowel disorders; biliary tract disease; convulsive disorders; hypothyroidism; adrenocortical insufficiency; avoid abrupt withdrawal after prolonged treatment; diabetes mellitus; impaired consciousness; acute pancreatitis; myasthenia gravis; hepatic impairment; renal impairment; toxic psychosis. Skilled tasks: warn the patient or carer about the risk of undertaking tasks requiring attention or coordination, for example, riding a bike. Dosage: Starting dose for opioid-naive patients: Oral (immediate-release formulation): • infant 1–12 months – 80–200 mcg/kg every 4 hours; • child 1–2 years – 200–400 mcg/kg every 4 hours; • child 2–12 years – 200–500 mcg/kg every 4 hours; maximum oral starting dose is 5 mg. Oral (prolonged-release formulation): • child 1–12 years – initially 200–800 mcg/kg every 12 hours. -
Ear-Based-Amendments-Signed-Con
Paragraph Reference Number CONSERVATION, AQUIFER RECHARGE AND DRAINAGE ELEMENT INTRODUCTION 1. The environmental sensitivity of Miami-Dade County is underscored by the fact that the urban developed area of the County portion lies between two national parks, Everglades and Biscayne National Parks, and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The close relationship of tourism to the preservation of Miami-Dade County's unique native plants, fish, wildlife, beaches and near shore water quality is closely related to the continued success of the County’s tourism industry. and as such preservation So, natural resource preservation in Miami-Dade County has been recognized as an economic as well as environmental issue. The close proximity of an expanding urbanized area to national and State resource-based parks, and over 6,000 acres of natural areas within County parks, presents a unique challenge to Miami-Dade County to provide sound management. In addition, many experts suggest that South Florida will be significantly affected by rising sea levels, intensifying droughts, floods, and hurricanes as a result of climate change. As a partner in the four county Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact, Miami-Dade has committed to study the potential negative impacts to the County given climate change projections, and is working to analyze strategies to adapt to these impacts and protect the built environment and natural resources. 2. The County has addressed this is also working to address these challenges by in several ways including working closely with other public and private sector agencies and groups to obtain a goal of sustainability. The close relationship of tourism to the preservation of Miami-Dade County's unique native plants and wildlife has been recognized as an economic as well as environmental issue. -
Cocoa Beach Maritime Hammock Preserve Management Plan
MANAGEMENT PLAN Cocoa Beach’s Maritime Hammock Preserve City of Cocoa Beach, Florida Florida Communities Trust Project No. 03 – 035 –FF3 Adopted March 18, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………. 1 II. Purpose …………………………………………………………….……. 2 a. Future Uses ………….………………………………….…….…… 2 b. Management Objectives ………………………………………….... 2 c. Major Comprehensive Plan Directives ………………………..….... 2 III. Site Development and Improvement ………………………………… 3 a. Existing Physical Improvements ……….…………………………. 3 b. Proposed Physical Improvements…………………………………… 3 c. Wetland Buffer ………...………….………………………………… 4 d. Acknowledgment Sign …………………………………..………… 4 e. Parking ………………………….………………………………… 5 f. Stormwater Facilities …………….………………………………… 5 g. Hazard Mitigation ………………………………………………… 5 h. Permits ………………………….………………………………… 5 i. Easements, Concessions, and Leases …………………………..… 5 IV. Natural Resources ……………………………………………..……… 6 a. Natural Communities ………………………..……………………. 6 b. Listed Animal Species ………………………….…………….……. 7 c. Listed Plant Species …………………………..…………………... 8 d. Inventory of the Natural Communities ………………..………….... 10 e. Water Quality …………..………………………….…..…………... 10 f. Unique Geological Features ………………………………………. 10 g. Trail Network ………………………………….…..………..……... 10 h. Greenways ………………………………….…..……………..……. 11 i Adopted March 18, 2004 V. Resources Enhancement …………………………..…………………… 11 a. Upland Restoration ………………………..………………………. 11 b. Wetland Restoration ………………………….…………….………. 13 c. Invasive Exotic Plants …………………………..…………………... 13 d. Feral -
Oecd Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals
Draft November 2009 OECD GUIDELINE FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TEST GUIDELINE 223 Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test INTRODUCTION 1. This test guideline describes procedures designed to estimate the acute oral toxicity of substances to birds, and it provides three testing options: (1) limit dose test, (2) LD50-slope test, and (3) LD50-only test. The LD50-slope and LD50-only options are sequential testing procedures. The test method selected will depend on whether or not a definitive median dose (LD50) and slope of the dose-response curve are both needed. Sequential testing procedures target the placement of doses and match the precision of the endpoint with the precision required. These sequential procedures were designed to minimise the numbers of birds used. A computer programme is available to aid the placement of doses and estimate the LD50, slope and confidence limits. 2. Development of this test guideline began at the SETAC/OECD Workgroup on avian toxicity testing following a workshop held in Pensacola, Florida, United States, in 1994 (1) with subsequent open SETAC and closed OECD Expert Group meetings in Europe and the United States to develop and optimise the sequential testing design. The sequential testing design has been developed with extensive statistical validation (2). INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS 3. The information required by different hazard assessment schemes may vary considerably. To satisfy these various needs, the following three tests are described: Limit dose test – This is the preferred test when toxicity is expected to be low and lethality is unlikely at the limit dose. The limit dose must be adequate for assessment purposes, and it is usually 2000 mg/kg-bwt.