Kalinago Alliance Networks

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Kalinago Alliance Networks KALINAGO ALLIANCE NETWORKS Annie Cody ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the alliances held by the Kalinago (Island Caribs) at the time of Europe­ an contact and colonization. It suggests that European influence provided a catalytic stress, stim­ ulating the Kalinago to strengthen their inter-island alliances with each other and to knit together their ties with other ethnic groups, such as the Taino and Kalina (Galibi). The alliances formed by the Kalinago illustrate segmentary sociability and complementary opposition, as formerly autono­ mous groups consolidated to meet the threats posed by European colonization. This study applies network analyses to historic Kalinago inter-island alliances, and finds a complex, hierarchical network, in which St. Vincent and Dominica were promoted to dominant positions. RESUMEN Este artículo se enfoca en las alianzas sostenidas por los Kalinago (Island Carib), en el tiempo de contacto con los Europeos y la colonización. Se sugiere que la influencia Europea proveyó un esfuerzo catalítico, estimulando a los Kalinago a reforzar sus alianzas inter-islas, entre ellos mis­ mos y para estrechar sus lazos con otros grupos étnicos, como los Taino y Kalina (Galibi). Las alianzas formadas por los Kalinago ilustran una socialización segmentaría y oposición comple­ mentaria, antiguamente como grupos autónomos, se consolidaron para enfrentar las amenazas de la colonización Europea. Este estudio aplica un análisis de red a las alianzas históricas inter-islas, y encuentra una compleja red jerárquica, en la que St Vincent y Dominica fueron promovidas a posiciones dominantes. 311 INTRODUCTION Sociopolitical characterizations of West Indian societies at the time of European contact embody essentially synchronic snapshots. Arrested in the processes of formation and fragmen­ tation, the complex chiefdoms of the Classic Taino and the simple chiefdoms of the Sub-Taino may in fact represent alternate stages in chiefly cycling (Cody 1991; v. Anderson 1990). But whereas European contact and colonization destroyed any further Taino and Sub-Taino socio­ political development, the Kalinago1 were able to remain in the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles for two centuries. The Kalinago strengthened their inter-island alliances with each oth­ er and knit together ties with other ethnic groups2, such as the Taino and Kalina3, in comple­ mentary opposition to fight their common enemies. This paper suggests that for the Kalinago, European presence acted as a catalyst stimulating confederation and greater sociopolitical com­ plexity. Historical documents that note Kalinago alliances provide the most detail concerning their offensive or defensive reactions. The directions and subjects of aggression reveal Kalinago in­ terests in the islands. Most reports concern Kalinago attacks on European colonists, and it appears that they took place not just in those islands where Kalinago resided. Other islands, such as Puerto Rico and Trinidad, which bracket the Lesser Antilles, were attacked; as were some of the northern Leeward Islands, where suggestions of Kalinago residence are inconclu­ sive. It is possible that Kalinago interest in other islands stemmed from boundary or "buffer zone" maintenance (v. Anderson 1990), and/or from their use of those islands as resources. For instance, Puerto Rico has been cited as a source for acquiring the large trees necessary for building canoes (Figueredo 1978:394; Southey 1827:110). The smaller —and more arid— is­ lands are more often noted as sites for growing cotton or for fishing, not as places of permanent residence (e.g., by Breton 1958 [1665]; Rochefort 1666 [1658]). No descriptions were found of Kalinago residences on Barbuda, Antigua, or Montserrat; yet Kalinago from Guadeloupe, Do­ minica, St. Vincent, and other islands attacked European colonists there. Kalinago from Do­ minica were the most involved in these attacks. They participated in at least four raids on Antigua, three on Montserrat, and one on Barbuda. Kalinago aggression followed the pattern of European colonization. As colonists encroached upon the southern Leeward and the Windward Islands, the number of recorded alliances in attacks increases. While it is possible that the growth of alliance records is an artifact of the 1. Kalinago are also known as Island Caribs or Caribes. 2. A caveat: categorical differences between so-called "ethnic groups" such as the Taino, Kalinago, and Kalina are extremely difficult to define, for reasons that lie beyond the scope of the present paper (cf. Allaire 1977:17-21 ; Basso 1977:18- 19; Heinen 1983-1984:4-6; Rouse 1986:109-117). 3. Kalina are also known as Galibi. 313 314 ANNIE CODY increased number of chroniclers present and writing, it is at the same time likely that the Kali­ nago increased the strength and number of their alliances. Table 1 provides a chronological and geographical summary of the historical reports. The hostilities and alliances held between Kalinago groups indicate transitions in their po­ litical relationships, the circumstances of which depended on massing against a common ene­ my. For example, when Columbus's fleet landed at Guadeloupe, Dr. Chanca noted that the in­ habitants of three islands are "all agreed, as if they were of one family, doing no ill to each other. One and all they make war on all the other neighboring islands" (Jane 1967:32). This reported three-island alliance4 implies that they waged war on other Kalinago islands in the Lesser Anti­ lles, although it may mean just those islands of which the Spanish were aware (i.e., Taino is­ lands). As Europeans began colonizing the Lesser Antilles, formerly autonomous Kalinago po­ litical units integrated into broader alliances with each other (see Table 1), confederating in order to fight the external enemy. The Kalinago expanded their alliance system in multiple ways. They broadened and strength­ ened not just their inter-island ties, but also developed alliances with other ethnic groups. Chron­ iclers indicate that their interactions with allies became institutionalized. In every Kalinago carbet, one man, called a Nioukaiti, was commissioned to receive and show hospitality to "strang­ ers of their own nation, or their confederates" (Rochefort 1666 [1658]: 312). In the sixteenth century the Kalinago became allies with the Taino in the Greater Antilles to fight Spanish colo­ nization. In the seventeenth century their inter-island confederation became integrated fully, and they drew in allies from the South American mainland. By the end of the seventeenth century, the Kalinago on occasion allied themselves with one European nation in order to fight another. KALINAGO ALLIANCES WITH THE TAINO On Columbus's first voyage to the West Indies, he learned that the Taino feared raids from the Caribes (Columbus's Diario, in Colon 1984); and on his second voyage his crew found cap­ tive women in Guadeloupe, who related incendiary accounts of their treatment by the Kalinago (Dr. Chancas letter, in Jane 1967:32). Yet by 1509, the year that the Spanish began colonization of Puerto Rico, the Taino and Kalinago were allies (v. Figueredo 1978:394). A Spanish raid for Kalinago slaves from St. Croix, together with a loss of access to resources in Puerto Rico, ap­ pears to have spurred Kalinago interest in the alliance. In 1511 King Ferdinand issued his Royal Cédula, which permitted enslavement of the Car­ ibes, because, among other complaints, "many others of other Islands... have joined them" in attacking Spanish colonies (In Jesse 1963:27). The cédula refers in particular to a Taino rebel­ lion in Puerto Rico, "and to put it into effect a great number of the aforesaid Caribs came to the aforesaid Island of Sant Xoan [Puerto Rico]" (op cit:29). As a result of Spanish war against them, the Kalinago abandoned St. Croix for several years (Figueredo 1978:395). They contin­ ued their aggression against Puerto Rico, however, with at least three major attacks on the island in each of the following four decades. Meanwhile, the Taino left Puerto Rico to live with their allies in the Virgin Islands, Dominica, Guadeloupe, and other Kalinago islands (ibid). 4. Dr. Chanca calls the three islands "Turuquiera," "Ceyre,"' and "Ayay." While Jane (1967:32, note 1) believes the names indicate Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, and Santa Cruz, an examination of Kalinago alliance networks and hierarchical rela­ tionships, described below, suggests that the triad consisted of either (1) the islands Dr. Chanca had observed immediately: Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, and Dominica; or (2) the northern Kalinago power players of Guadeloupe, Dominica, and St. Croix (Santa Cruz). ACTAS DEL XV CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE ARQUEOLOGÍA DEL CARIBE 315 KALINAGO INTER-ISLAND ALLIANCES Written descriptions of Kalinago alliances become more numerous through the seventeenth century (see Table 1), as the English, French, and Dutch increased their presences in the Carib­ bean and began colonizing the Lesser Antilles. Consistencies in the Kalinago inter-island alli­ ances make network analyses appropriate, and enable recognition of the confederation's basic properties. Because St. Croix's political role was drastically reduced within two decades of ini­ tial Spanish contact, the single specific report (n=l) of its alliance with other Kalinago islands (Guadeloupe and Dominica, in 1511) is assumed to inaccurately reflect the actual extent of the island's alliances. For this reason, St. Croix is not included in the network analyses below. The analyses draw more upon data available for the seventeenth century. Figure 2 illustrates the historically reported alliances between Kalinago islands. Each style of line represents an alliance that includes all of the islands it connects; both dyad and multiple- islands alliances are illustrated. Each different line stands for a particular alliance configura­ tion, whether it was reported from a single occasion or from several. According to the data obtained for this study, St. Vincent figured in 11 alliances, Dominica in 10, Martinique in eight, Guadeloupe and Grenada in four, St. Lucia in three, and Marie-Galante in two.5 To explore the sociopolitical underpinnings of this alliance network.
Recommended publications
  • Departmental Reports 2015–2016 the University of the West Indies MISSION STATEMENT
    The University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Barbados Departmental Reports 2015–2016 The University of the West Indies MISSION STATEMENT To advance education and create knowledge through excellence in teaching, research, innovation, public service, intellectual leadership and outreach in order to support the inclusive (social, economic, political, cultural, environmental) development of the Caribbean region and beyond. These Reports, which represent the research and teaching activities of the departments and the activities of non-teaching departments at Cave Hill, are presented annually to Campus Council and to the University Council. Reports are similarly presented at Mona and St. Augustine. Contents 4 Faculty of Humanities 134 Faculty of Science and 224 Institute for Gender and & Education Technology Development Studies: 5 Dean’s Overview 135 Dean’s Overview Nita Barrow Unit 9 Cultural Studies Department 140 Department of Biological 14 Department of History and Chemical Sciences & Philosophy 151 Department of Computer 234 Non-Teaching Departments 21 Department of Language, Science, Mathematics and 234 The Academy of Sport Linguistics & Literature Physics Cave Hill 30 Codrington College 157 Centre for Resource 238 The Centre For Excellence in Management and Teaching & Learning (CETL) 32 Errol Barrow Centre for Environmental Studies Creative Imagination (EBCCI) (CERMES) 253 Cave Hill Libraries 36 School of Education 256 Office of Student Services 268 UWI HIV/AIDS Response Programme (UWIHARP) 172 Faculty of Social Sciences 42 Faculty
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Caribbean Humanitarian Situation Report No
    Eastern Caribbean Humanitarian Situation Report No. 9 © UNICEF/Simon (Left): UNSG visited a child friendly space in Dominica. (Right): UNSG interact with children from Barbuda 11 October 2017 Highlights Situation in numbers: Eastern Caribbean countries and overseas territories continue to respond to two devastating category 5 hurricanes - Irma and Maria - which left a 39,000 trail of destruction in Anguilla, Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominica # affected children in Irma and Maria and Turks & Caicos Islands. Dominica is one of the most affected, hence it remains a primary focus of humanitarian efforts. affected countries, of which Education – More than 11,700 school-age children in Anguilla, British 19,800 Virgin Islands and Turks & Caicos Islands returned to class, some of # affected children in Dominica them using temporary learning spaces. A total of 27 of the 67 state primary and secondary schools in Dominica are slated to reopen on 16 October. 2,750 Child Protection - Over 2,800 children received psychosocial support # people who remain sheltered in and/or access to safe child spaces. In Dominica, a safe recreational Dominica space was provided for up to 900 indigenous children of the Kalinago community. Partners were trained to deliver psycho-social support to a population of 12,000 children. In Antigua, 26 new facilitators drawn 1,070 from teachers, social workers and counsellors were trained in Return # children from Dominica and to Happiness programme activities. They will further cascade their Barbuda estimated to be training in Antigua and Barbuda. integrated in schools in Antigua WASH – With water distribution systems still severely compromised in the impacted countries, especially Dominica, UNICEF and partners provided safe drinking water to nearly 35,000 vulnerable people, UNICEF Funding Needs including 9,100 children.
    [Show full text]
  • August 2015 No
    C A R I B B E A N On-line C MPASS AUGUST 2015 NO. 239 The Caribbean’s Monthly Look at Sea & Shore (WE) See story on page 20 MIRA NENCHEVA AUGUST 2015 CARIBBEAN COMPASS PAGE 2 NENCHEVA The Caribbean’s Monthly Look at Sea & Shore www.caribbeancompass.com “Pirate ships” AUGUST 2015 • NUMBER 239 in Aruba MCGEARY Youth Sailing Skills for life ......................... 15 SANDERSON NENCHEVA DEPARTMENTS Info & Updates ......................4 The Caribbean Sky ...............26 Business Briefs .......................8 Look Out For… ......................28 Eco-News .............................. 10 Meridian Passage .................28 Regatta News........................ 12 Cooking with Cruisers ..........29 Y2A ......................................... 15 Readers’ Forum .....................30 Seawise ................................. 22 Caribbean Market Place .....33 Cartoons ................................ 24 Calendar of Events ...............36 Panama to Island Poets ...........................24 Classified Ads ....................... 37 Antigua Passage Book Review ......................... 25 Advertisers’ Index .................38 It can be done! ...................... 16 Caribbean Compass is published monthly by Compass Publishing Ltd., P.O. Box 175 BQ, AUGUST 2015 CARIBBEAN COMPASS PAGE 3 Bequia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines. Tel: (784) 457-3409, Fax: (784) 457-3410, [email protected], www.caribbeancompass.com Editor...........................................Sally Erdle Art, Design & Production......Wilfred Dederer [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Education — Memories of the Past in the Present Caribbean Social Studies Curriculum: a View from Teacher Practice Issue Date: 2019-05-28
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/73692 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Con Aguilar E.O. Title: Heritage education — Memories of the past in the present Caribbean social studies curriculum: a view from teacher practice Issue Date: 2019-05-28 Chapter 6: The presence of Wai’tu Kubuli in teaching history and heritage in Dominica 6.1 Introduction Figure 6.1: Workshop at the Salybia Primary School Kalinago Territory, Dominica, January 2016. During my stay in Dominica, I had the opportunity to organize a teachers’ workshop with the assistance of the indigenous people of the Kalinago Territory. Although the teachers interact with Kalinago culture on a daily basis, we decided to explore the teachers’ knowledge of indigenous heritage and to challenge them in activities where they could put their knowledge into practice. We then drew animals, plants, tools and objects that are found in daily life in the Kalinago Territory. Later on in the workshop, we asked teachers about the Kalinago names that were printed on their tag names. Teachers were able to recognize some of these Kalinago names, and sometimes even the stories behind them. In this simple way, we started our workshop on indigenous history and heritage — because sometimes the most useful and meaningful learning resources are the ones we can find in our everyday life. This case study took place in Dominica; the island is also known by its Kalinago name, Wai’tu Kubuli, which means “tall is her body.” The Kalinago Territory is the home of the Kalinago people.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionary Grenada and the United States (Dialogue #48) Ken I
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons LACC Occasional papers series. Dialogues (1980 - LACC Publications Network 1994) 5-1-1985 Revolutionary Grenada and the United States (Dialogue #48) Ken I. Boodhoo Florida International University, Department of International Relations Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/laccopsd Recommended Citation Boodhoo, Ken I., "Revolutionary Grenada and the United States (Dialogue #48)" (1985). LACC Occasional papers series. Dialogues (1980 - 1994). Paper 48. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/laccopsd/48 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the LACC Publications Network at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LACC Occasional papers series. Dialogues (1980 - 1994) by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REVOLUTIONARY GRENADA AND THE UNITED STATES Dr. Ken I. Boodhoo Dialogue #48 May 1985 PREFACE Ken I. Boodhoo is Associate Professor of International Relations at Florida International University. A student of Caribbean affairs and a native of Trinidad, Dr. Boodhoo has recently conducted research throughout the Eastern Caribbean and is completing a book-length work on the Grenadan Revolution and its destruction by the events of October, 1983, from which the present study is taken. Comments or inquiries about the paper are welcomed and should be addressed to the author at the Department of International Relations. Publication of this work has been made possible in part by a grant from the Florida International Foundation, Inc. Mark B. Rosenberg Director Introduction Just after midnight on October 25, 1983, a thirty-five member team of elite United States troops, the Delta Force, parachuted on to the island of Grenada.
    [Show full text]
  • Yurumein - Homeland Study Guide
    Columbia College Chicago Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago Andrea E. Leland Documentary Collection Center for Black Music Research 2018 Yurumein - Homeland Study Guide Andrea E. Leland Lauren Poluha Paula Prescod Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/leland Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, Communication Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, History Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Music Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. A Documentary Film by NINE MORNING PRODUCTIONS and ANDREA E. LELAND PRODUCTIONS, INC. Producer, Director, Camera: ANDREA E. LELAND Additional Camera: FABIAN GUERRA / GORO TOSHIMA Editor: TOM SHEPARD Sound Edit: BURKE SOUND STUDIO Color Correction: GARY COATES Animation: JON EICHNER/ RAMIRO SEGURA, TIN ROOF PRODUCTIONS Online Editor: HEATHER WEAVER www.yurumeinproject.com/ [email protected] • www.andrealeland.com/ [email protected] Photography credit: Kingsley Roberts Teachers’ Study Guide YURUMEIN – HOMELAND RESISTANCE, RUPTURE & REPAIR: THE CARIBS OF ST VINCENT A documentary film by Andrea E. Leland Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….............. 3 Introduction ..………………………………………………………………………............. 4 About the filmmaker………………………………………………………............ 5 Featured in the film…………………………………………………….............. 5 Concepts and definitions…………………………………………………………............. 6 Discussion: Tradition and Identity ………........…………………….................. 7 St Vincent
    [Show full text]
  • CALL for PAPERS the Garifuna Heritage Foundation Inc. in Collaboration with UWI Open Campus of St
    CALL FOR PAPERS The Garifuna Heritage Foundation Inc. In collaboration with UWI Open Campus of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Presents The 4th ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL GARIFUNA CONFERENCE “Celebrating Our Indigenous History, Heritage and Cultures - From Mainland to Islands and Return: Strengthening links, Forging networks, Claiming Ancestral space” March 7th – 9th, 2017 Kingstown, St. Vincent and the Grenadines The Garifuna are a hybrid of the Kalinago and African people, their histories and their cultures which emerged in the 17th Century on the island of St. Vincent known by the Kalinago as “Yurumein”. A unique culture, it captures the African as well as the Kalinago experience forged together through the crucible of colonial expansionism. The Garifuna, who controlled the island of St. Vincent , resisted the incursion of British Colonialism into St. Vincent for over two hundred years until the majority subjected to forced Exile by the British from St. Vincent to Central America in 1797 after the Second Carib War. Despite this, they survived and thrived and today vibrant communities exist on Mainland Central & North America - Belize, Honduras, Guatemala , Nicaragua and the United States, practicing their Culture and in all cases contributing a significant cultural component to these countries’ national dynamics. The influence of the Indigenous Kalinago culture and people continues to impact the Islands of the Caribbean, particularly Dominica, Trinidad and Martinique. This strand of the Garifuna Heritage represents a unique link with Mainland South America through the Orinoco Basin , now part of Venezuela, where the Kalinago people originated and where many of their communities still thrive. In addition, the mainland African component of the Garifuna culture has placed an indelible print on the manifestations of the Garifuna people in the practicing of their spirituality, music and dance.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Overview: Impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria
    REGIONAL OVERVIEW: IMPACT OF MISSION TO HURRICANES IRMA AND MARIA CONFERENCE SUPPORTING DOCUMENT 1 The report was prepared with support of ACAPS, OCHA and UNDP 2 CONTENTS SITUATION OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 4 KEY FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Overall scope and scale of the impact ....................................................................................... 5 Worst affected sectors ...................................................................................................................... 5 Worst affected islands ....................................................................................................................... 6 Key priorities ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Challenges for Recovery ................................................................................................................. 7 Information Gaps ................................................................................................................................. 7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECOVERY ................................................................................ 10 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kalinago Ethnicity and Ancestral Knowledge 1
    Kalinago Ethnicity and Ancestral Knowledge 1 Kalinago Ethnicity and Ancestral Knowledge Kathryn A. Hudepohl Western Kentucky University The Kalinago of Dominica have engaged in various efforts at cultural renewal in the past three decades. In this paper I examine one particular activity, recreated traditional dancing, and analyze how performers combine current and past cultural practices from their own community together with knowledge garnered from other indigenous groups to reinvent dance performances. Such performances represent a recent manifestation of successful cultural renewal in which community members use known resources to re-imagine and recreate meaningful tradition(s). Analysis of recreated traditional dance performances provides insight regarding how some members of the Kalinago community think about and utilize the ancestral knowledge base that forms the wellspring of their identity and reveals the regional and global exchanges that contribute to and enrich processes of cultural renewal. Performers interpret this type of cultural borrowing as a positive strategic maneuver because situating the community in a regional indigenous context bolsters claims to a strong, vibrant Kalinago identity. In this context, both the act of borrowing and the fi nal product are expressions of indigeneity. Protected from the heat of a Caribbean afternoon by the steeply-pitched roof of an open-sided longhouse, three traditionally dressed dancers from the Carib community in Dominica move across the raised stage as they perform a series of dances. Four additional individuals, dressed similarly, ring the back of the stage providing musical accompaniment on drums, a mounted piece of bamboo, and a shak-shak (similar in function to maracas). The director of the ensemble, dressed in western-style clothes, introduces the group and each song to provide cultural context.
    [Show full text]
  • The Professionalization of Indigeneity in the Carib Territory of Dominica
    The Professionalization of Indigeneity in the Carib Territory of Dominica Jennifer Shannon he Kalinago people are the origin—along with the “peaceful Arawaks”— T of those enduring stereotypes of Native peoples as “noble savages” or “fierce cannibals” that Christopher Columbus conjured up in the late-fifteenth century. 1 More widely known as Island Caribs, most people know the Kalinago, as they prefer to be called, to be one of the first indigenous groups that Columbus met in the Caribbean on his second voyage in 1493. As a result of colonial conquest and resistance they were pushed into an inaccessible, moun- tainous corner of the small island of Waitukubuli, or Dominica (fig. 1). After two hundred years of concerted resistance to colonial powers, the Kalinago were subsequently decimated by disease, slave raiding, and genocidal warfare, to the point that today, most people think there are no indigenous peoples left in the Caribbean (fig. 2).2 In the literature, scholars have mainly presented a proud and rebel- lious Carib history until the eighteenth century,3 and a comparatively weak contemporary Carib “ethnicity” or “identity” characterized by culture loss and assimilation.4 Local textbooks only present Caribs to Kalinago children as part of “Amerindian” prehistory or cannibals whom Columbus met in 1493. Jennifer Shannon earned a PhD in sociocultural anthropology at Cornell University in 2008. Her research on the anthropology of museums employs a critical museology that focuses on collaborative practice and connecting indigenous peoples to museum collections. Currently curator and assistant professor of cultural anthropology at the University of Colorado-Boulder, she has recently published a museum ethnography titled Our Lives: Collaboration, Native Voice, and the Making of the National Museum of the American Indian.
    [Show full text]
  • C. Transport and Communications
    United Nations A/AC.109/2003/10 General Assembly Distr.: General 8 April 2003 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Tokelau Working paper prepared by the Secretariat Contents Paragraphs Page I. General.............................................................. 1–4 2 II. Constitutional and political developments.................................. 5–16 2 III. Economic conditions................................................... 17–26 6 A. Economic developments............................................ 17–22 6 B. Public services ................................................... 23 8 C. Transport and communications....................................... 24–25 8 D. Power supply ..................................................... 26 9 IV. Social conditions ...................................................... 27–29 9 A. Education........................................................ 27 9 B. Health........................................................... 28 10 C. Status of women .................................................. 29 10 V. Consideration of the question by the United Nations ......................... 30–34 11 A. Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.......................................................... 30–31 11 B. Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Warner” Mollie Sheptenko
    The Dynamic Character Impressions Regarding the Life and Person of Thomas “Indian Warner” Mollie Sheptenko Introduction “The Dynamic Character of Impressions Regarding the Life and Person of Thomas ‘Indian’ Warner,” is an analysis of the “The Case of ‘Indian’ Warner,” a part of the wider anthology Wild Majesty: Encounters With Caribs from Columbus to the Present Day by Peter Hulme and Neil Whitehead. This analysis looks to understand how the mixed Kalinago Dominican*/British heritage of Antiguan-born Thomas ‘Indian’ Warner was manipulated by European powers to serve their colonial pursuits whilst maintaining positive imperial/indigenous relations in the Lesser Antilles. The analysis also explores abuses of indigenous populations in the Greater Antilles by Spanish colonizers known as conquistadores. Hulme and Whitehead place ‘Indian’ Warner, born of an English father and a Kalinago- Dominican mother, in a state of “inbetweeness,” perceived as “[both] a valued intermediary [and] a potential traitor.” ‘Indian’ Warner’s ethnic hybridity was never celebrated for its uniqueness, rather it was used by the British to serve their own needs, from their initial interactions with ‘Indian’ Warner to its serving as mitigating evidence during the trial of his half- brother, Colonel Philip Warner, who had murdered ‘Indian’ Warner in 1675. ‘Indian’ Warner was used as a diplomatic pawn by the British. To maintain positive relations with and control over the Kalinago people on the island of Dominica, in addition to reducing the animosity between themselves and the French who had once controlled the island, the British moved to appoint ‘Indian’ Warner as Governor of the island. At this point in time, ‘Indian’ Warner’s ethnic hybridity was of great utility to the British; however, the same cannot be said when it came to seeking justice for his murder years later.
    [Show full text]