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Deforestation Along the Maya Mountain Massif Belize-Guatemala Border

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Deforestation Along the Maya Mountain Massif Belize-Guatemala Border The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, 2016 XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic DEFORESTATION ALONG THE MAYA MOUNTAIN MASSIF BELIZE-GUATEMALA BORDER S. D. Chicasa,b,*, K. Ominea, B. Arevaloc, J.B. Fordd, K. Sugimurae aGraduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan- [email protected] bFaculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Belize, Belmopan, Cayo District, Belize- [email protected] cFriends for Conservation and Development, Chi-Hah Street, Cayo District, Belize- [email protected] dWildlife Institute, Mike 67 Western Hwy, San Ignacio, Cayo District, Belize- [email protected] eFaculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan- [email protected] KEY WORDS: Deforestation, Transboundry, Maya Mountain Massif, Protected Areas, Biodiversity, Belize ABSTRACT: In recent years trans-boundary incursions from Petén, Guatemala into Belize’s Maya Mountain Massif (MMM) have increased. The incursions are rapidly degrading cultural and natural resources in Belize’s protected areas. Given the local, regional and global importance of the MMM and the scarcity of deforestation data, our research team conducted a time series analysis 81 km by 12 km along the Belize-Guatemalan border adjacent to the protected areas of the MMM. Analysis drew on Landsat imagery from 1991 to 2014 to determine historic deforestation rates. The results indicate that the highest deforestation rates in the study area were -1.04% and -6.78% loss of forested area per year in 2012-2014 and 1995-1999 respectively. From 1991 to 2014, forested area decreased from 96.9% to 85.72% in Belize and 83.15% to 31.52% in Guatemala. During the study period, it was clear that deforestation rates fluctuated in Belize`s MMM from one time-period to the next. This seems linked to either a decline in deforestation rates in Guatemala, the vertical expansion of deforestation in Guatemalan forested areas and monitoring. The results of this study urge action to reduce incursions and secure protected areas and remaining forest along the Belize-Guatemalan border. 1. INTRODUCTION several accounts on both sides of the border; notwithstanding the long-standing territorial claim over Belize by Guatemala. From 1991 to 2014, forested area decreased from 96.9% to This study seeks to quantify deforestation rates over a 23 year 85.72% in Belize and 83.15% to 31.52% in Guatemala. The time lapse series, and will hopefully provide further precedence majority of forest clearing is linked to Guatemalan agricultural for securing the border and adjacent protected areas. This settlements along the border and illegal settlements within research builds on previous studies of deforested areas within Belize. This transnational border security problem has caused the Chiquibul Forest System (CFS), which is one of the 4 severe forest and resource degradation in the Maya Mountain protected areas inside the MMM. Massif (MMM), which includes several protected areas adjacent to Belize’s western border with Guatemala. Population growth The study area included an area 81 km along the border, and 6 and poverty in Guatemala, and lack of law enforcement and km inside both Belizean and Guatemalan borders. To determine border security in both Belize and Guatemala are largely deforestation rates within the study site, we used CLASlite responsible for the unabated and illegal forest clearing that has algorithms to conduct a time-series analysis of Landsat satellite taken place along the border region over the past 3 decades. imagery from 1991-2014. We also compared and analysed deforestation rates in Belize and Guatemala to better understand Illegal incursions from Guatemala create critical financial, the forest change dynamics within the study site. This study environmental, public health, and security problems for Belize. provides important analysis that will aid in identifying, planning Deforestation continues despite the herculean efforts by NGO and implementing effective and feasible conservation measures protected areas management organizations, to control incursions along the Belize-Guatemala border. and illegal extraction. The primary effort to curb deforestation and illegal incursions in the trans-boundary area of Western Belize comes from Friends for Conservation and Development 2. STUDY SITE (FCD), a non-governmental protected areas management organization comprised of local conservation professionals. The tri-national area including Belize, Northern Guatemala and Likewise in Guatemala, it is primarily the non-governmental Southern Mexico is referred to Northern Mesoamerican community that works to curb environmental degradation in the Biogeographic Region (NMBR). The NMBR harbors one of the border area. highest biodiversity concentrations in the world; and ranks second in the world among 25 “biodiversity hotspots” for Given the local, regional and global importance of the MMM species’ endemism (CEPF, 2004). The MMM is part of the and the eco-system services it provides, enforcement efforts NMBR which contains the largest block of intact, contiguous should be directed toward stopping incursions. Enforcement is tropical forest north of the Amazon, totaling approximately complicated by the transnational nature of the incursions from 5l0,227.66 ha and accounting for 22.2% of Belize’s national Guatemala into Belize; and further complicated by the lack of territory (Briggs, Mazzotti et al., 2013). Despite Central effective law enforcement on either side of the Belize- America’s relatively small landmass, its biodiversity accounts Guatemala border. The incursion issue has been politicized on for between 7% and 10% of global endemic species, and 14% This contribution has been peer-reviewed. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-597-2016 597 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, 2016 XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic of terrestrial endemic species (CEPF, 2004). The International Geological Survey global archives were stacked and a mosaic Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2015) red list was created for each time step (Fig. 2). Landsat 5 Thematic identifies 102 endemic species in Belize, 255 species in Mapper imagery from 1991 to 1999, and Landsat 7 Enhance Guatemala, and many more in Mexico as threatened (rare, Thematic Mapper imagery from 2003 to 2014 (Table 1) were endangered or critically endangered). used. Next, we digitized the 81 km Belize-Guatemalan MMM border and created a 6 km buffer on each side. Then we used Due to the high threat level and the MMM’s high biodiversity the buffer to clip the study site from the Landsat mosaics. value, it is ranked by Conservation International as the second most important of the 25 global hotspots (Baden, Särkinen et al., 2015). Historically, the MMM’s remote locale provided a buffer against illegal extraction. Since the mid-nineties, settlements along the border and incursions from Guatemalans have significantly degraded biological and cultural resources (UNEP, 2011). The MMM lies within UTM Zone 16 in southwestern Belize, and extends from the Vaca Forest Reserve (VFR) in the north to the Columbia River Forest Reserve (CRFR) in the south, sharing a border with Petén, Guatemala and contributing to the Chiquibul-Montanas Mayas Biosphere Reserve (CMMBR), Petén (Briggs, Mazzotti et al., 2013) (Fig. 1). Figure 2. Flow diagram depicts the preparation and analysis of geospatial data in the forest cover and change analysis. The study site datasets were then re-processed and classified by CLASlite algorithms. The algorithms classified forest as pixels where the photosynthetic vegetation cover was ≥ 80 and where Figure 1. Belize-Guatemala MMM border bare substrate cover fraction was < 20. The algorithms classified non-forest as pixels where the photosynthetic vegetation cover Petén is Guatemala’s northern most district and one of the was < 80 or where the bare substrate cover fraction was > 20 fastest growing. It is Guatemala’s last frontier and national (Asner, 2009). Finally, we used the Puyravaud (2003) policy has encouraged immigration and agricultural expansion. standardized approach to calculate deforestation rates for the 6 Conversely, Belize is the least populated country in the sub-time steps ( 1991-1995, 1995-1999, 1999-2003, 2003-2007, Mesoamerican region, and its emptiest area, the MMM, shares a 2007-2012, 2012-2014). border with Petén. 3.1 Filling the Gaps of Landsat 7 ETM+ image 3. METHODOLOGY The scan-line corrector (SLC) for the ETM+ sensor on board Landsat 7 failed permanently on May 31, 2003, resulting in data Satellite imagery from 1991 to 2014 was analyzed in 7 time gaps which comprise approximately 22% pixels of the image steps (1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2012, and 2014). The (Chen, Zhu et al., 2011). To compensate for this loss required satellite image bands obtained from the United States filling the mosaics with other images of similar dates. We This contribution has been peer-reviewed. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-597-2016 598 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, 2016 XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic generated the filled mosaics for 2007, 2012 and 2014 by Forest and 2: Non-Forest. Then we converted the datasets to utilizing two other Landsat images (Table 1). The data from the ENVI classification raster layers and conducted change working images I and II were used to fill the pixels in the filled statistics for the 7 time-steps. image. 3.4 Comparison with other work Table 1. Landsat scenes used in the forest cover and change analysis In order to verify the results of this study, we compared the Mosaic Satellite Spatial Path Row Date results of this study with the only deforestation dataset available Resolution to us for the study region, Deforestation in Belize 1980-2010 1991 Landsat-5 30 m 19 48 1991-03-20 (Cherrington, Ek et al., 2010).
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