Environmental Statistics for Belize
2012 Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Copyright © 2012 Lands and Surveys Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture
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Lands and Surveys Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture Queen Elizabeth II Blvd. Belmopan, Belize C. A. Phone: 501-802-2598 Fax: 501-802-2333 e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
Printed in Belize, October 2012
[ii] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 Preface
The country of Belize is blessed with natural beauty that ranges from a gamut of biodiversity, healthy forest areas, the largest living coral reef system in the world, ancient heritage and diverse cultures. The global trend of industrialization and development for economic development has not adequately considered the natural environment. As a result, globally our natural resources and environment face tremendous pressures and are at high risk of further disruption. In Belize, we are in an opportune time to ensure that our actions do not adversely impact our natural beauty and resources to unsustainable levels.
Heads of States, and high level representatives of Governments and, inclusive of the full participation of civil society, met at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2012 to renew their commitments to sustainable development and to ensure the promotion of an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable future of our planet taking into consideration present and future generations. It was a historic opportunity to define pathways to a safer, more equitable, cleaner, greener and more prosperous world for all - ‘The Future We Want.’ Countries reaffirmed their commitments to the Rio Principles and past actions such as the Agenda 21, Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, Barbados Programme of Action, Istanbul Programme of Action among many others for a greener economy and focus on poverty eradication.
In the context of this global environmental movement for a greener economy and reaffirming our commitment to sustainable development, the Government of Belize releases the new edition of Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012, as per Agenda 21 principles. The Government is cognizant that the way to monitor our progress towards achieving sustainable development goals is by making critical information available for the evaluation, analysis and monitoring of the natural environment. Therefore, this report presents a set of important information required to evaluate our progress and influence better and more informed decision-making process.
This report provides very useful information on national trends that are important for everyone to be aware of. Growing population, high poverty rates, declining forest cover, illegal logging, increasing water consumption, and several other negative trends require attention by the Belizean society. On the other hand, there are some positive trends such as increasing use of renewable energy, increasing crop production, and the growing number of protected areas that are noteworthy as they present great opportunities for the entire population.
This new edition of the Environmental Statistics for Belize, 2012 is the sixth edition to be produced in Belize and contains data set corresponding to the year 2010. The publication is intended to be a statistical resource for the general public with interest in evaluating or understanding the state of the environment. This publication has been structured in such a way to enable users to better and fully understand the data presented on Belize’s environment. Notwithstanding the effort of producing this report, we are aware that there are still some data gaps; and we earnestly ask data producers to help us close these gaps which are indispensable in better evaluating the state of our natural environment. Data sources include administrative data, secondary data and data from surveys and from the population and housing census. Due to the data gaps this publication does not intend to cover all aspects of the natural environment instead key sectors have been highlighted such as: Agriculture, Forest, Fishing, Water, Sanitation, Tourism, Energy, Transport, Health and Natural Disaster Management.
I therefore, would like to give special thank to Mr. Rafael Lima, Statistical Officer of the Land Information Centre, Lands and Surveys Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture who work arduously in the collection, compilation and analysis of this publication. I feel that this report will be an important asset to our stakeholders and will be used to evaluate our progress and guide our decisions towards achieving the goals for sustainable development as set forth at the global level. I take the opportunity as well to thank all those institutions and individuals that helped this report become a reality.
Lets work together and shape ‘The future We Want’ as defined on the Rio +20 commitments!
Honorable Gaspar Vega Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Natural Resources and Agriculture
[iii] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 Acknowledgements
The Lands and Survey Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture wishes to express it sincere appreciation to each and every one that contributed in the development of this important and much needed resource document. The work contained herein this document may never have been developed in the way it has without the arduous work and dedication of many individuals, Government Ministries/Departments and the Private Sector. In addition, special thanks to the United Nations Statistical Division staff that willingly provided their time to peruse the draft manuscript and for providing invaluable comments and recommendations.
The Department acknowledges and appreciates the efforts of all of the experts and sincere appreciation to the Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries and Sustainable Development for the financial assistance provided, without their support this work would have not been possible.
Suggestion and comments on how to improve the publication would be greatly appreciated and should be sent to the Principal Land Information Officer at the address below:
Lands and Surveys Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture Queen Elizabeth II Blvd. Belmopan, Belize C. A. Phone: 501-802-2598 Fax: 501-802-2333 e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
[iv] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 Table of Contents
Preface...... iii
Acknowledgements...... iv
Chapter 1: Country Profile...... 1
General Information...... 2
Chapter 2: Population...... 5
Chapter 3: Agriculture...... 15
Chapter 4: Mining...... 27
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas...... 33
Chapter 6: Fisheries...... 53
Chapter 7: Water...... 71
Chapter 8: Sanitation...... 83
Chapter 9: Tourism...... 95
Chapter 10: Energy...... 107
Chapter 11: Transport...... 121
Chapter 12: Health...... 135
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster...... 147
Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators...... 159
Bibliography...... 165
Abbreviations...... 166
[v] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 List of Tables
Chapter 1: country Profile...... 1 Table: 1.1 Main Economic Indicators, 1995 - 2010...... 3 Table: 1.2 Main Social Indicators, 1995 - 2010...... 3
Chapter 2: Population...... 5 Table: 2.1 Population Density by District and Census Dates, 1970 - 2010...... 9 Table: 2.2 Population at Census Dates by District and Subdivisions, 1946 - 1980...... 10 Table: 2.3 Population at Census Dates by District and Subdivisions, 1991 - 2010...... 11 Table: 2.4 Poverty in Belize, 2002 and 2009...... 14 Table: 2.5 Household Poverty Rates at District Level, 2002 and 2009...... 14
Chapter 3: agriculture...... 15 Table: 3.1 Areas Under Main Crops (‘000 acres), 2000 - 2010...... 19 Table: 3.2 Production of Main Agricultural Crops, 2000 - 2010...... 19 Table: 3.3 Agriculture Production by Main Groups, 2001 - 2005...... 20 Table: 3.4 Agriculture Production by Main Groups, 2006 - 2010...... 20 Table: 3.5 Number of Livestock Slaughtered, 2000 - 2010...... 22 Table: 3.6 Employment in the Agriculture Sector, 2000 and 2010...... 22 Table: 3.7 Fertilizer Imports, 2000 - 2010...... 22 Table 3.8 Estimated Pesticides Use Intensity1, 2000 - 2010, lbs/acre...... 23 Table: 3.9 Licenses Issued to Pesticide Distributors by Sector, 2000 - 2010, number...... 24 Table: 3.10 Number of Certified Pesticide UseApplicators Under the National Pesticides Certification Program, 2000 - 2010...... 24 Table: 3.11 Restricted Pesticides Use in Belize, 2010...... 25
Chapter 4: mining...... 27 Table: 4.1 Mining by Major Categories, 2000 - 2010...... 30 Table: 4.2 Mining Rights, 2000 - 2010...... 30 Table: 4.3 Offshore Dredging, 2000 - 2010...... 31
Chapter 5: forest & Protected Areas...... 33 Table: 5.1 Forest Cover Extent by District, 1980 - 2010 (‘000 acres)...... 37 Table: 5.2 Forest Cover Extent by District, 1980 - 2010 (Percent)...... 37 Table: 5.3 Forest Cover by Area, 1980 - 2010...... 38 Table: 5.4 Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010...... 39 Table: 5.5 Timber Production (cu. Ft.) by Major Species, 2002 - 2005...... 41 Table: 5.6 Timber Production (cu. ft.) by Major Species, 2006 - 2010...... 42 Table: 5.7 Xate Production and Revenue Collected, 2006 - 2009...... 43 Table: 5.8 Log Volume Produced by License Type, 1998 - 2010, Cubic Foot...... 44 Table: 5.9 New Forest Licenses by Type, 1998 - 2010...... 44 Table: 5.10 Royalties Collected on Log Production by License Type 1998 - 2010, Bz$...... 45 Table: 5.11 Summary of Royalties, 2007 - 2010, Bz$...... 45 Table: 5.12 Number of Sawmills Operating by District, 1999 - 2010...... 45 Table: 5.13 Number of Protected Areas, 2009 - 2011...... 46 Table: 5.14 Declared Protected Areas in Belize by Tenure Type, 1995 - 2011 acres...... 47 Table: 5.15 Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011...... 48 Table: 5.15 (cont’d) Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011...... 49 Table: 5.15 (cont’d) Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011...... 50 Table: 5.15 (cont’d) Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011...... 51
Chapter 6: fisheries...... 53 Table: 6.1 Total Marine Production, 1995 - 2010 ‘000 pounds...... 57 Table: 6.2 Exports of Marine Products, 1995 - 2010 ‘000 pounds...... 57
[vi] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.3 Exports of Marine Products, 1995 - 2010 (‘000 Bz $)...... 59 Table: 6.4 Exports of Aquarium Fish, 2000 - 2010...... 59 Table: 6.5 Aquaculture Sector Performance, 2009...... 60 Table: 6.6 Aquaculture Sector Performance, 2010...... 60 Table: 6.7 Number of Licenses Issued by Type of Activity, 2000 - 2010...... 61 Table: 6.8 Fishery Offences by Type, 2010...... 61 Table: 6.9 Declared Marine Reserves, 2010...... 62 Table: 6.10 Spawning Sites, 2010...... 62 Table: 6.11 Nassau Grouper & Species Protection, 2010...... 62 Table: 6.12 Fish Regulations Pertaining to the Protection of Specific Marine Species...... 64 Table: 6.13 Mangrove Alteration Permits, 2000 - 2010...... 65 Table: 6.14 Acreage of Mangrove Altered, 2000 - 2010...... 65 Table: 6.15 Mangrove Royalty Value (Bz$), 2000 - 2010...... 65 Table: 6.16 Number of Manatee Strandings by Cause of Death, 2005 - 2010...... 66 Table: 6.17 Number of Manatee Strandings by Cause and Region, 2005 - 2010...... 67 Table: 6.18 Number of Licenses Issued to Discharge Effluent by IndustryType - 2008 - 2010...... 69
Chapter 7: Water...... 71 Table: 7.1 Water Abstraction by Area (‘000 gals), 2004 - 2010...... 75 Table: 7.2 Water Consumption by Area(‘000gals), 2004 - 2010...... 75 Table: 7.3 Estimated Per capita Water Consumption, 2000 - 2010, gallons/person/day...... 76 Table: 7.4 Water Sources and Water Connections (number) by Area, 2005 - 2010...... 76 Table: 7.5 Number of Water Connections by Type and Area, 2006/07...... 77 Table: 7.6 Belize Water Capacity by Major Sources (mn gals), 2005...... 77 Table: 7.7 Number of Hand Pumps by District, 1995 - 2010...... 80 Table: 7.8 Number of Hand Pumps Tested by District, 1995 - 2010...... 80 Table: 7.9 Number of Water Systems by Type, 1990 - 2010...... 81 Table: 7.10 Number of Bottled/Purified aterW Operations by District, 2009 - 2010...... 81 Table: 7.11 Cayo District Rural Water System, 2011...... 82
Chapter 8: Sanitation...... 83 Table: 8.1 Household by Type of Toilet Facility and District, 2010, percent...... 87 Table: 8.2 Household by Type of Toilet Facility and District, 2000, percent...... 87 Table: 8.3 Households by Type of Toilet Facility, 1980 - 2010, percent...... 88 Table: 8.4 Households by Type of Toilet Facility, Urban/Rural, 1991 - 2000, percent...... 89 Table: 8.5 Number of Units Connected to the Sewer System, 2005 - 2010...... 90 Table: 8.6 Number of Sewer Ponds and Method of Treatment, 2010...... 90 Table: 8.7 Number of Sewer Ponds and Method of Treatment, 2003...... 90 Table: 8.8 Municipal Solid Waste Generated (tons) For the Year 1997...... 91 Table: 8.9 Export of Scrap Metals (tons) 2006 - 2010...... 93 Table: 8.10 Exports of Waste Oil (gals) 2005 - 2010...... 94 Table: 8.11 Imports of Potential Waste Products, 2006 - 2010...... 94
Chapter 9: Tourism...... 95 Table: 9.1 Number of Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit, 2000 - 2010...... 99 Table: 9.2 Number of Tourist Arrivals by Port of Entry, 2000 -2010...... 99 Table: 9.3 Number of Cruise Ship Passenger Arrivals, 2000 - 2010...... 100 Table: 9.4 Overnight Tourist Average Stay, 2000 - 2010...... 101 Table: 9.5 Number of Hotels Classified by Size, Beds and Rooms, 2000 - 2010...... 102 Table: 9.6 Number of Hotels by Area, 2000 - 2010...... 103 Table: 9.7 Hotel Statistics, 2000 - 2010, number...... 103 Table: 9.8 Estimated Tourist Expenditure, 2000 - 2010...... 105
Chapter 10: energy...... 107 Table: 10.1 Total Electric Energy Supplied (MWh) to the Country of Belize, 2005 - 2010...... 111 Table: 10.2 Country-Wide Diesel Generation Capacity, (MW) 2000 - 2010...... 113 Table: 10.3 Number of Electricity Consumer and Consumption by Sector , 2000 - 2010 ...... 113
[vii] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 10.4 Household Electricity Consumption by Location, 2005 - 2010 KWh/Household/Day...... 114 Table: 10.5 Estimated H/H Monthly Expenditure on Electricity Consumption by Location, 2005 - 2010, Bz $...... 114 Table: 10.6 Quantity of Petroleum Products Used (gals) for Generating Electricity , 1995 - 2010...... 116 Table: 10.7 Households by Type of Fuel Used for Cooking, 1980 - 2010, Percent...... 116 Table: 10.8 Households by Type of Lighting Used, 1980 - 2010, Percent...... 117 Table: 10.9 Quantity and Volume of Fuel Spills, 2004 - 2010...... 119 Table: 10.10 Annual Expenditure on Environmental Care, 2004 - 2010...... 119
Chapter 11: transport...... 121 Table: 11.1 Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed by Type, 1990 - 2007...... 125 Table: 11.2 Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed by Type and Area, 2010...... 126 Table: 11.3 Average Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed per 100 Inhabitants, 2000 - 2007...... 127 Table: 11.4 Average Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed per 100 Inhabitants, 2010...... 127 Table: 11.5 Number of Newly Registered Motor Vehicles by Type, 1999 - 2007...... 128 Table: 11.6 Number of Newly Registered Motor Vehicles by Type and Area, 2010...... 128 Table: 11.7 Number of Casualties in Traffic Accidents, 2005 - 2010...... 129 Table: 11.8 Number of Casualties in Traffic Accident By District, 2010...... 129 Table: 11.9 Number of Passenger Boats Licensed by Area, 2000 - 2010...... 130 Table: 11.10 Total Domestic and International Flights by Airstrip, 2005 -2010...... 131 Table: 11.11 Number of Civil Aircraft Registered in Belize, 2000 - 2010...... 131 Table: 11.12 Belize Public Aerodromes: 2011...... 132 Table: 11.13 Belize Privately Owned Aerodromes, 2011...... 133 Table: 11.14 International Regular Public Transport Air Services, 2000 - 2010...... 134 Table: 11.15 Number of Domestic and Regional Regular Public Transport At Phillip Goldson International Airport, 2000 - 2010...... 134 Table: 11.16 General Aviation Accidents and Fatalities, 2000 - 2010...... 134
Chapter 12: health...... 135 Table: 12.1 Number of Reported Diarrheal Cases of Children Under Five by District, 2000 - 2010... 139 Table: 12.2 Number of Reported Gastroenteritis Cases by District, 2000 - 2010...... 139 Table: 12.3 Number of Reported Hepatitis Cases by District, 2000 - 2010...... 140 Table: 12.4 Incidence of Malaria by District and Sex, 2005 - 2007...... 141 Table: 12.5 Incidence of Malaria by District and Sex, 2008 - 2010...... 141 Table: 12.6 Number of Reported Cases of Dengue Fever by District, 2005 - 2010...... 142 Table: 12.7 Number of Communities Sprayed by District - 2005...... 143 Table: 12.8 Number of Communities Sprayed by District - 2010...... 143 Table: 12.9 Insecticide Used for Controlling of Aedes aegypti Mosquito by District, 2000 - 2010...... 144 Table: 12.10 ULV-Melathaion (gals) Used by District, 2005 - 2010...... 144
Chapter 13: natural Disaster...... 147 Table: 13.1 Main Hurricanes That Have Affected the Country, 1931 - 2010...... 151 Table: 13.2 Assessment of Damages by Hurricane Keith by Sector, 2000, ‘000 Bz$...... 152 Table: 13.3 Damage Assessment of Hurricane Keith, 2000...... 152 Table: 13.4 Assessment of Damages by Hurricane Iris by Sector,2001, ‘000 Bz$...... 153 Table: 13.5 Damage Assessment of Hurricane Iris, 2001...... 153 Table: 13.6 Assessment of Damages by Hurricane Dean by Sector, 2007, ‘000 Bz$...... 154 Table: 13.7 Assessment of Damages by Tropical Strom Arthur by Sector, 2008, ‘000 Bz$...... 155 Table: 13.8 Assessment of Damages by Tropical Storm 16 by Sector, 2008, ‘000 Bz$...... 156 Table: 13.9 Damages Caused by Hurricane Richards, 2010...... 157
Chapter 14: environmental Indicators...... 159 Table: 14.1 Forest Cover Extent, 1980 - 2010, percent...... 161 Table: 14.2 Protected Forest Area as a Percent of Total Forest Area...... 162 Table: 14.3 Protected Forest Area as a Percent of Total Land Area...... 163 Table: 14.4 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases...... 164
[viii] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 List of Charts
Chapter 2: Population...... 5 Chart 2.1 Population at Census Dates, 1946 - 2010 ...... 9 Chart 2.2 Percent of Urban/Rural Population at Census Dates, 1946 - 2010...... 12 Chart: 2.3 Dwelling Units by Type of Outer Walls, 2000 & 2010 percent...... 12 Chart: 2.4 Dwelling Units by Type of Flooring Material, 2010 percent...... 13 Chart: 2.5 Dwelling Units by Type of Roofing Material, 2010 percent...... 13
Chapter 3: agriculture...... 15 Chart 3.1 Cacao Production, 2001 - 2010, pounds ...... 21 Chart 3.2 Honey Production, 2001 - 2010, pounds...... 21 Chart 3.3 Imports of Selected Pesticides, 2001 - 2010, (‘000 lbs)...... 23
Chapter 5: forest & Protected Areas...... 33 Chart 5.1 Land Cover of Belize, 1980 - 2010, acres ...... 38 Chart 5.2 Protected Areas of Belize, 2011, percent ...... 46
Chapter 6: fisheries...... 53 Chart 6.1 Production and Exports of Marine Products, 2000 - 2010, ‘000 pounds...... 58 Chart 6.2 Marine Exports by Major Type, 2005 - 2010, ‘000 pounds ...... 58 Chart 6.3 Manatee Strandings Categorized by Age and Class, (Unverified not Included)...... 66 Chart 6.4 Number of Sea Turtles Observed by Species, 2011, percent ...... 67
Chapter 7: water...... 71 Chart 7.1 Households by Main Source of Drinking Water, 2010, percent ...... 79 Chart 7.2 Households by Main Source of Drinking Water, 2000, percent ...... 79
Chapter 8: sanitation...... 83 Chart 8.1 Households by Type of Toilet Facility, 1991 - 2010, percent...... 88 Chart 8.2 Household by Type of Toilet Facility, Urban/Rural, 1991 - 2010, percent ...... 89 Chart 8.3 Composition of Municipal Waste, 1997, percent ...... 91 Chart 8.4 Composition of Municipal Waste in the Western Corridor Project, 2010 - 2011, percent .. 92 Chart 8.5 Method of Household Waste Disposal, 2010, percent ...... 92 Chart 8.6 Method of Household Waste Disposal, 2000, percent ...... 93
Chapter 9: tourism...... 95 Chart 9.1 Belize Tourism Industry, 2000 - 2010, Arrivals ...... 100 Chart 9.2 Tourism Density Ratio, 2001 - 2010, ...... 101 Chart 9.3 Tourism Penetration Ratio, 2001 - 2010 ...... 102 Chart 9.4 Number of Hotels by Area, 2010 ...... 104 Chart 9.5 Number of Visitors to Maya Ruins, 1995 - 2010 ...... 104 Chart 9.6 Number of Visitors to Hol Chan Marine Reserve, 1995 - 2010 ...... 105
Chapter 10: energy...... 107 Chart 10.1 Energy Sources of Belize, 2010 ...... 111 Chart 10.2 Energy Sources of Belize, 2005 ...... 112 Chart 10.3 Energy Sources of Belize, 2000 ...... 112 Chart 10.4 Fuel Imports 2000 - 2010, ‘000 gals ...... 115 Chart 10.5 Petroleum Production and Exports, 2006 - 2010, Barrels ...... 115 Chart 10.6 Households by Fuel Used for Cooking, 1980 - 2010, percent ...... 116 Chart 10.7 Households by District with Access to Gas (Butane) Used for Cooking, 1991 - 2010 ...... 117 Chart 10.8 Households by Type of Lighting Used, 1980 - 2010, percent ...... 118 Chart 10.9 Households by District with Access to Electricity, 1991 - 2010 ...... 118 Chart 10.10 Cost of Power by Source, 2010, Bz$ per kWh...... 119
[ix] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 11: transport...... 121 Chart 11.1 Number of Passenger Boats Licensed by Area, 2010 , percent ...... 130
Chapter 12: health...... 135 Chart 12.1 Incidence of Malaria, 2000 - 2010, number ...... 140 Chart 12.2 Incidence of Malaria by District, 2000 - 2010, number ...... 142
[x] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 1: Country Profile
Chapter 1: Country Profile [1] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 General Information
Official Name: BELIZE (formerly known as British Honduras)
Shares Boundaries with: Mexico (north and part of northwest) and Guatemala (south and rest of northwest)
Geographic Location: 15o45’ - 18o30’N and 87o30’ - 89o15’W: UTM Zone 16
Land Area: 22,966 Km2 (8,867 miles2)
Capital: City of Belmopan
Form of Government: Constitutional Monarchy with two legislative houses: Senate (12 members) & House of Representatives (31 members)
Chief of State: Governor General
Head of Government: Prime Minister
Official Language: English
Other languages: Spanish, Garifuna, Maya
Population: 323,359 (Population and Housing Census, 2010) 146,329 (Urban) 177,030 (Rural)
Households 79,438 (Population and Housing Census, 2010) 39,170 (Urban) 40,268 (Rural)
Ethnic Composition (2010): Mestizo (48.9%), Creole (21.1%), Maya (9.5), Garifuna (4.7%), East Indian (2.1%), Asian (0.9%), Caucasian/White (1.0%), Mennonite (3.5%), Others (7.9%)
Religion (2010): Catholic (40.4%), Pentecostal (8.5%), Anglican (4.6%) Adventist (5.5%), Mennonite (3.8%), Baptist (3.6%) Methodist (2.9%), Nazarene (2.8%), Jehovah’s Witness (1.7%) Others (26.2%)
[2] Chapter 1: Country Profile Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 1.1 Main Economic Indicators, 1995 - 2010
Economic Indicators 1995 2000 2005 2010 GDP Growth Rate (%) 0.6 13.0 3.0 2.7 Contribution to GDP by Major Industry (%) Agriculture and Forestry 11.3 10.9 10.9 9.0 Manufacturing (incl. Mining) 10.2 10.0 8.8 11.1 Wholesale and Retail Trade, repairs 14.8 16.3 14.9 14.1 GDP per capita (Bz$) 5,739 6,928 7,798 7,553 Inflation Rate (%) 2.9 0.6 3.7 0.9 Unemployment Rate (%) 12.5 20.3 11.0 23.1 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Labour Force Survey, Population and Housing Census
Table: 1.2 Main Social Indicators, 1995 - 2010
Social Indicators 1995 2000 2005 2010 Population 210,492 240,204 277,572 323,359 Urban 100,184 114,541 128,701 146,329 Rural 110,308 125,663 148,871 177,030 Population Growth Rate (%) 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000 population) 30.6 29.3 25.6 25.0 Crude Death Rate (per 1,000 population) 4.3 6.1 4.7 4.0 Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) 14.9 21.2 18.4 14.0 Under-five Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) … 26.0 23.5 17.0 Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000 live births) … 68.4 134.1 4.0 Total Fertility Rate (per woman) 4.0 … 3.2 2.8 Life Expectancy at Birth (years) … 69.8 72.2 76.0 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Labour Force Survey, Population and Housing Census
Chapter 1: Country Profile [3] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[4] Chapter 1: Country Profile Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 2: Population
Chapter 2: Population [5] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[6] Chapter 2: Population Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 2 Population
Population: Human population growth is the number one there might exist potential reasons to believe that there may threat to the world’s environment. Each person requires indeed be a problem. resources to survive, which results in environmental losses. Our population is rapidly rising exceeding the carrying The Statistical Institute of Belize (SIB) reported that in the capacity of our planet and therefore not allowing the 2010 Population and Housing Census the population was appropriate time for the earth to regenerate and sustain us 323.359, representing an increase of 34.6 percent between with a reasonable quality of life. Our children’s future 2000 and 2010 and an average annual population growth depends on us rate of 3.0 percent. An important population indicator that may have an impact on the environment is population According to the United Nations population estimates and density. Population density refers to the ratio of a population projections, the world’s population expected to surpass 9 to a given unit of area, which means that it measures the billion people by 2050. All but a few hundred million of concentration of a population in reference to space. Based on this growth is projected to occur in the developing world. information from Table 2.1 the population density increased Natural increases in population growth due to births and from 27.1 persons/square mile in 2000 to 36.5 persons/ deaths, that does not take into account migration, often places square mile in 2010. Corozal and Belize District are the two unsustainable pressure on biodiversity. As the population district that continue to have the highest population densities grow more resources are required, more land is cleared for with a density of approximately 57.4 inhabitants per square cultivation, and harvesting of natural resources increases. mile. Toledo on the other hand continues to be the district Population growth may also result in worsening health with the lowest population density and the district with the conditions for people. largest average household size of 4.9.
Population growth is coupled with excessive consumption Figures presented in Table 2.3 shows that the urban and and resource use, therefore problems multiply. Population rural population between the year 2000 and 2010, recorded growth can lead to an increase in the number of poverty an annual average increase of 2.5 percent and 3.5 percent stricken people and to degradation of the environment. respectively. Urban centers tend to have more impact on the Unequal distribution of wealth and resources leads to environment because of their need for water, electricity, food obvious waste and excess in wealthy nations, and suffering and other resources. Moreover, they produce more waste and in resource-starved regions. Records reveal that countries emissions into the soil, water and air. Corozal and Orange with slower population growths have increased their ability Walk district recorded the lowest population growth, while to alleviate poverty as well as protect and restore the Cayo District recorded an annual average increase of 3.7 environment, building the base for sustainable development. percent during the ten year period. San Pedro Town showed a significant increase in population with over 160 percent The population of Belize is considered very small as growth during the period 2000 and 2010, while Belmopan compared to other countries in the region. Therefore, the capital city of Belize, showed an increase in population population growth may not be seen as a major problem. Yet, growth of 72.1 percent for the same period. A possible with a high rural populace combined with high fertility rates explanation for San Pedro Town and the City of Belmopan
Chapter 2: Population [7] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 high growth rates can be attributed in part to Belize being a poverty and fostering human development are fundamental tourist attraction which creates employment opportunities. prerequisites for achieving sustainable development. The relocation of the University of Belize to Belmopan brought education and employment opportunities. Another In Belize, there are two levels of poverty, that have been factor influencing the growth of Belmopan, is that it is the adopted by the Government of Belize. One is General Poverty, hub of the Central Government offices. Unplanned urban defined by the World Bank as “ a condition in which a person development can exert great pressures on the environment, lacks many of the basic necessities of life and income needed often worsening generalized environmental problems such to buy them.” The other is Extreme Poverty of Indigence, as land and coastal degradation, inadequate water supply, defined as “ the amount of income a person or family needs to sanitation, poor housing areas etc.(GEO Latin America) purchase an absolute amount of the basic necessities of like”.
Information from the 2010 Population and Housing Census, The 2010 Country Poverty Assessment Report, revealed that, reveals that the total number of households increased by 53 in 2009, 41.3 percent of the population was poor, an increase percent from the previous enumerated in the 2000 census. In from the previous study conducted in 2002, where 33.5 2010, concrete/bricks were the main material for outer walls percent of the population was poor (Table 2.4). In addition of dwelling units (50.8 percent), while wood accounted for the indigent or very poor in 2002 and 2009 was estimated only 33.7 percent of dwelling units. However, in the 2000 at 10.8 percent and 15.8 percent respectively. This means census data showed that wood was the main material for that one in every four people in the country was unable to outer walls of dwelling units (44.1 percent) while only 40.3 earn the income necessary for basic food and necessities. In percent of all dwelling units used concrete for outer walls. 2009, Toledo and Corozal Districts recorded the highest level It can be noted that over the last decade a huge number of of poverty with 46.4 percent and 46.1 percent respectively dwelling units have adopted concrete materials for their outer (Table 2.5). Surprisingly, Belize District continues to have the walls. In the year 2010 however, concrete flooring was the lowest poverty level for the country (20.9 percent), though most common (67.9 percent) representing an increase of 77.3 this has increased slightly from 2002 when 18.4 percent of the percent from the 2000 census. Toledo District continues have population was impoverished. the highest percentage of earth/sand flooring, representing nearly 24 percent of dwelling units to be the district that has almost 24 percent of the dwelling units though there was a decline since the 2000 census (38.9 percent).
Sheet metal (zinc) continues to be the most popular type of roofing material for 2010 with 81 percent using this material while concrete roofing only accounted for 13 percent. The 2010 Census shows that, in Toledo District 29.1 percent of the dwelling units’ main roofing materials is thatch, representing a decline from 46.5 percent that was enumerated in the 2000 census. Dwelling units’ that have floors and outer walls made of wood and thatch roofing have an impact on our natural resources.
According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die each day due to poverty. They “die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the conscience of the world. Being meek and weak in life makes these dying multitudes even more invisible in death.”Reducing
[8] Chapter 2: Population Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chart 2.1 Population at Census Dates, 1946 - 2010
350000 323,359 300000
250000 240,204 189,392 200000
150000 119,934 145,353
100000 59,220 90,505
50000
0 1946 1960 1970 1980 1991 2000 2010
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Table: 2.1 Population Density by District and Census Dates, 1970 - 2010
Area Density per square Miles District in sq. Miles 1970 1980 1991 2000 2010 Corozal 718 21.7 31.9 39.6 45.6 57.4 Orange Walk 1,790 9.5 12.8 17.1 21.7 25.8 Belize 1,663 29.7 30.5 34.3 41.0 57.4 Cayo 2,006 8.0 11.4 18.8 26.2 37.5 Stann Creek 986 13.2 14.4 18.3 24.9 34.9 Toledo 1,704 5.3 6.9 10.2 13.7 18.1 Country 8,867 13.5 16.4 21.4 27.1 36.5 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Chapter 2: Population [9] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 2.2 Population at Census Dates by District and Subdivisions, 1946 - 1980
District and Subdivisions 1946 1960 1970 1980 Country Total 59,220 90,505 119,934 145,353 Urban 33,073 48,768 65,025 76,277 Rural 26,147 41,737 54,909 69,076 Corozal District 6,773 9,730 15,551 22,902 Corozal Town 2,190 3,171 4,724 6,899 Corozal Rural 4,583 6,559 10,827 16,003 Orange Walk District 5,520 10,306 17,041 22,870 Orange Walk Town 1,395 2,157 5,698 8,439 Orange Walk Rural 4,125 8,149 11,343 14,431 Belize District 26,781 40,084 49,355 50,801 Belize City 21,886 32,867 39,050 39,771 San Pedro Town ...... 1,125 Belize Rural 4,895 7,217 10,305 9,905 Cayo District 7,370 11,764 15,975 22,837 Belmopan City ...... 274 2,935 Benque Viejo Town 1,264 1,607 1,921 2,435 San Ignacio/Santa Elena Town 1,548 1,890 4,336 5,616 Cayo Rural 4,558 8,267 9,444 11,851 Stann Creek District 6,373 10,906 13,023 14,181 Dangriga Town 3,414 5,287 6,939 6,661 Stann Creek Rural 2,959 5,619 6,084 7,520 Toledo District 6,403 7,715 8,989 11,762 Punta Gorda Town 1,376 1,789 2,083 2,396 Toledo Rural 5,027 5,926 6,906 9,366 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
[10] Chapter 2: Population Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 2.3 Population at Census Dates by District and Subdivisions, 1991 - 2010
District and Subdivisions 1991 2000 2010 Country Total 189,392 240,204 323,359 Urban 90,005 114,541 146,329 Rural 99,387 125,663 177,030 Corozal District 28,464 32,708 41,181 Corozal Town 7,062 7,888 10,301 Corozal Rural 21,402 24,820 30,880 Orange Walk District 30,681 38,890 46,133 Orange Walk Town 11,014 13,483 13,882 Orange Walk Rural 19,667 25,407 32,251 Belize District 57,030 68,197 95,500 Belize City 44,087 49,050 57,310 San Pedro Town 1,849 4,499 11,778 Belize Rural 11,094 14,648 26,412 Cayo District 37,693 52,564 75,275 Belmopan City 3,558 8,130 13,993 Benque Viejo Town 3,580 5,088 6,163 San Ignacio/Santa Elena Town 8,962 13,260 17,918 Cayo Rural 21,593 26,086 37,201 Stann Creek District 18,085 24,548 34,436 Dangriga Town 6,435 8,814 9,624 Stann Creek Rural 11,650 15,734 24,812 Toledo District 17,439 23,297 30,834 Punta Gorda Town 3,458 4,329 5,360 Toledo Rural 13,981 18,968 25,474 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Chapter 2: Population [11] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartPercent 2.2 Percent of Urban/Rural of Urban/Rural Population DistributionPopulation at at Census Census Dates, Dates, 19461946 -- 20102010 58
55.8 56 54.7 54.2 54 52.5 52.6 53.9 52.5 52 52.3 51.4 50
48.6 47.5 48 47.4 47.5 45.3 46.1 47.7 46 45.8 44 44.2 42 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Urban Rural
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Chart: 2.3Chart: Dwelling 2.3 Units Dwelling by Type Units of byOuter Type Walls, of Outer 2000 Walls, & 2010 percent 2000 & 2010 percent 60 50.8 2000 2010 50 44.1 40.3 40 33.7
30
20
10 4.8 4.3 5.9 4.3 3.2 2.8 3.4 2.0 0.2 0.2 0 Wood Plywood Concrete Wood Stick/Stucco Other Not Reported Concrete Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
[12] Chapter 2: Population Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chart:Chart: 2.4 2.4Dwelling Dwelling Units Units by Type by Type of Flooring of Flooring Material, Material, 2010 2010percent 100 percent 88.5 90 79.9 80 74.4
70 62.2 58.5 60 53.7
50 42.2 40 34.0 30 20.3 23.8 20 14.5 13.5 7.9 10 3.1 4.6 4.1 0.2 2.9 0 Corozal Orange Walk Belize Cayo Stann Creek Toledo
CONCRETE WOOD EARTH/SAND OTHER NOT REPORTED
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Chart: 2.5 Dwelling Units by Type of Roofing Material, 2010 Chart: 2.5 Dwelling Units by Typepercent of Roofing Material, 2010 percent
2% 0%
4% 13%
81%
Sheet Metal Concrete Thatch Other Not Reported
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Chapter 2: Population [13] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 2.4 Poverty in Belize, 2002 and 2009
Category Year Indigent Poor All Poor Not Poor Total
2002 7.5 17.0 24.5 75.5 100 Households 2009 10.4 20.6 31.0 69.0 100
2002 10.8 22.7 33.5 66.5 100 Population 2009 15.8 25.5 41.3 58.7 100 Source: Poverty Assessment Report, 2002 and Belize Country Poverty Assessment, 2010
Table: 2.5 Household Poverty Rates at District Level, 2002 and 2009
Category Year Indigent Poor All Poor Not Poor Total
2002 5.0 14.9 19.9 80.1 100 Corozal 2009 15.7 30.4 46.1 53.9 100
2002 4.3 18.9 23.2 76.8 100 Orange Walk 2009 11.4 25.3 36.7 63.3 100
2002 3.7 14.7 18.4 81.6 100 Belize 2009 3.9 17.0 20.9 79.1 100
2002 3.1 17.4 20.5 79.5 100 Cayo 2009 7.1 22.7 29.8 70.2 100
2002 4.9 21.0 25.9 74.1 100 Stann Creek 2009 11.9 19.8 31.7 68.3 100
2002 45.0 22.3 67.3 32.7 100 Toledo 2009 37.5 8.9 46.4 53.6 100
2002 7.5 17.0 24.5 75.5 100 Total 2009 10.4 20.6 31.0 69.0 100 Source: Poverty Assessment Report, 2002 and Belize Country Poverty Assessment, 2010
[14] Chapter 2: Population Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 3: Agriculture
Cahpter 3: Agriculture [15] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[16] Cahpter 3: Agriculture Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 3 Agriculture
Agriculture is considered one of the most detrimental forms problems. Existing laws and policies need to be amended as of land use change. Agriculture has been identified to be the needed, and, importantly, must be enforced! major cause of deforestation and current agricultural practices are amongst the biggest threats to the global environment. With an increase of 3.5 percent in the rural population With the current world population of almost seven billion it indicates that agricultural land is under some form of and estimated to reach nine billion by 2050, human activities pressure, as prime agriculture land is being converted including land clearing for food production, road construction, into housing project and rural infrastructure. In addition, and development of human settlements, are all contributing deforestation in rural areas and the associated effects (e.g. to environmental degradation. There is an urgent need for the loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and water contamination global population to adopt more sustainable practices. of water bodies) have to be taken into consideration. A well organized sustainable agricultural policy could eliminate Agriculture is the world’s largest user of water, a big consumer environmental degradation from these and other activities. of energy and chemicals and a major emitter of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) during production, distribution and landfill Agriculture is very important for the economy of Belize. decay. Experts say reducing waste is a simple way to reduce In earlier years agriculture was the primary sector, and stress on the environment while easing pressure on farmers. contributed substantially to the growth of Gross Domestic Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers Product (GDP). In recent years this has changed, but the use, and technological improvements have sharply increased sector is still important because of its export earnings and the yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused employment it creates for a large percentage of the population widespread ecological damage and negative human health in rural Belize. effects. Based on the mission findings from King et al, 1993 it is Belize has several laws governing Land Use Planning and estimated that approximately 17 percent of the land areas Management including: is suitable for sustained agricultural production. Table 3.1 shows that the total acreage under main production increased • The National Lands Act (1992 revised 2003), by 1.8 percent in 2010. The major increase in area for • The Land Utilization Act (1981revised 2009) production for 2010 was Red Kidney Beans with an increase • The Environmental Protection Amendment Act (2009) from 9,564 to 17, 446 acres. In addition, the yield per acres and regulations under this act. of mechanized beans increased drastically from 592 lbs to • Belize Building Act (2003) 834 between 2009 and 2010 respectively. The other crop • The National Food and Agriculture Policy, (2002 - 2020, that showed an increase in production by 22.3 percent was April 2003) sugarcane and then banana with 14.3 percent for the same period. While production of oranges declined by 30 percent Despite having these Laws in place it is still clear that we a record high when compared to the decline which was need to develop a set of guidelines for an agricultural policy reported in 2006. Table 3.3 reveals that grains and beans in Belize. With a well planned expansion of agriculture we increased by 15.8 percent and root crops also increased by 74 may be able to mitigate current and future environmental percent between 2009 and 2010. The increase in production
Cahpter 3: Agriculture [17] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 is related to land use, water use, waste production, fertilizer change. and pesticides which can have an impact on the environment. In particular, slash and burn techniques used by farmers In Belize, large quantities of fertilizers and pesticides are to prepare the soil for farming can lead to environmental imported for agricultural use. Fertilizer use in Belize is degradation and forest fires. extensive. It is added to the soil in order to increase the supply of nutrients that boost the growth of plants and vegetables. The cacao industry has grown significantly in the southern When a lot of fertilizer is used in the soil eutrophication part of the country and the demand for this dark chocolate occurs and certain substances like nitrates and phosphates continues to increase. The year 2008 (Chart 3.1) marked the are flooded into the water bodies either by rain or sewage. highest record in the quantity of cacao production by far, while These substances prove to become toxic for the aquatic life, 2010 recorded the second consecutive year that production thereby, increasing the excessive growth of algae in the water decreased by 47.8 percent. Between the period 2009 and 2010 bodies and decreasing the levels of oxygen. This leads to a cacao production dropped by 33.1 percent. Cacao production toxic environment and leads to death of fish and other aquatic is expected to increase in the coming years. Farmers are fauna and flora. In addition, ground water and water sources therefore encouraged to continue increasing organic cacao used for drinking can be affected by other chemicals found production and improving bean quality in order to meet the in fertilizer. Imports of fertilizer declined to 42 thousand increasing demand while minimizing negative environmental pounds in 2010 from 62.7 thousand pounds imported in 2009, impacts. representing a decline of 33 percent (Table 3.7). In 2010, imports of pesticides showed an increase of approximately Beef, pork and poultry comprise the majority of the livestock 160 percent from the previous year. Estimated pesticide use sub-sector. Data on total head count of livestock are not intensity increased from 7.3 lbs per acre in 2009 to 18.7 available, however the amount of animals slaughtered are pounds per acre in 2010 (Table 3.8). provided by the Ministry of Agriculture. Cattle is mostly concentrated in the Cayo and Orange Walk District and The Pesticides Control Board regulates all aspects of production is said to be undertaken by different type of farmers. importation, distribution, sale, use and disposal of pesticides. Poultry on the other hand is predominantly dominated by the Certification programs are conducted for farmers yearly. Mennonite Communities. The amount of cattle slaughtered in 2010 was about 7,400 heads a decline from 8,000 heads slaughtered in 2009. A slight increase was registered (1.8 percent) in the number of pigs slaughtered for the period 2009 and 2010, while an increase of approximately 50.3 percent was registered from 2000 to 2010. Over the period 2000 to 2010 the quantity of poultry slaughtered increased from 5.6 million to 8.6 million representing an annual average increase of 4.4 percent (Table 3.5).
The impacts from climate change on agriculture have repercussions far beyond the food supply. The agricultural sector contributes significantly to GDP and provides jobs for many people. Effect from global warming on agriculture could reduce contribution to GDP from agriculture, increase unemployment and bring other unforeseen threats. Yet agriculture is also partly to blame, for climate change since agricultural activities are directly responsible for human generated GHG emissions the primary driver of climate
[18] Cahpter 3: Agriculture Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 3.1 Areas Under Main Crops (‘000 acres), 2000 - 2010
Crop Type 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bananas 5 6 6 6 6 7 6 Corn 35 29 26 43 38 38 34 Grapefruit 8 8 5 7 7 7 7 Oranges … 30 33 39 39 38 38 Red Kidney Beans 13 10 9 9 10 10 17 Rice 9 9 7 9 8 11 11 Sugar Cane 57 60 60 59 65 60 60 Total 127 152 146 172 173 170 173 Other Crops 18 45 32 24 32 49 49 Grand Total 145 197 178 196 205 219 222 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives
Table: 3.2 Production of Main Agricultural Crops, 2000 - 2010
Agricultural Crop 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bananas (‘000 40 lbs box) 3,626 4,037 3,839 3,417 3,751 3,752 4,288 Corn (‘000 lbs) 69,933 104,144 81,471 100,360 81,684 126,401 127,975 Grapefruit (‘000 80 lb box) 1,391 2,197 1,686 1,505 1,440 1,124 1,390 Oranges (‘000 90 lb box) 5,590 6,574 4,931 5,221 5,661 5,520 3,851 Red kidney Beans (‘000 lbs) 10,908 7,622 5,681 6,255 5,533 5,874 14,573 Rice (‘000 lbs) 21,710 39,153 26,136 39,187 25,971 45,449 45,246 Sugar Cane (‘000 L tons) 1,089 929 1,174 1,200 980 918 1,123 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives
Cahpter 3: Agriculture [19] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 3.3 Agriculture Production by Main Groups, 2001 - 2005
Products 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Grains & Beans (‘000 lbs) 148,646 143,740 155,707 134,515 175,719 Acres 70,744 83,043 75,494 77,221 82,093
Sugar (L tons) 1,011 1,151 1,073 1,149 929 Acres 57,332 59,500 57,322 61,000 62,134
Vegetables (‘000 lbs) 14,026 14,614 12,425 10,895 11,116 Acres 1,336 1,148 1,184 851 863
Root Crops (‘000 lbs) 7,262 15,224 4,530 3,817 1,891 Acres 741 1,017 556 417 273
Tree Crops and other Fruits (acres) 47,293 48,916 49,534 50,299 51,299
Total Acres 177,446 193,624 184,090 189,788 196,662 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives
Table: 3.4 Agriculture Production by Main Groups, 2006 - 2010
Products 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 (P)
Grains & Beans (‘000 lbs) 133,263 171,035 147,118 212,212 245,675 Acres 69,105 78,568 81,165 102,873 105,355
Sugar (L tons) 1,173 1,200 980 918 1,123 Acres 58,087 60,000 65,000 60,000 60,000
Vegetables (‘000 lbs) 13,170 10,090 12,835 13,898 13,433 Acres 1,024 745 937 1,076 1,141
Root Crops (‘000 lbs) 1,901 1,678 1,908 1,977 3,444 Acres 236 148 221 268 372
Tree Crops and other Fruits (acres) 49,802 56,436 57,257 55,280 55,589
Total Acres 178,254 195,897 204,580 219,496 222,457 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives
[20] Cahpter 3: Agriculture Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chart 3.1 Cacao Production, 2001 - 2010, pounds
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives
ChartChart: 3.2 3.2 Honey Honey Production, Production, 2001 2001 - 2010, - 2010 pounds pounds 140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives
Cahpter 3: Agriculture [21] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 3.5 Number of Livestock Slaughtered, 2000 - 2010
Livestock 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Cattle (1) 7,200 8,700 9,100 10,900 13,000 7,900 7,400 7,900 8,401 8,000 7,400 Pigs (1) 14,900 14,700 17,900 19,000 14,000 19,600 18,500 20,500 19,600 22,000 22,400 Poultry (mn) 5.6 5.4 9.2 8.1 8.6 8.5 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.6 (1) figures for cattle and pigs slaughtered are rounded off to the nearest 100
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives
Table: 3.6 Employment in the Agriculture Sector, 2000 and 2010
2000 2000 2010 2010 Sector Number % Number % Sugar 5,456 7.6 4,040 3.8 Citrus 1,964 2.7 1,641 1.5 Bananas 2,126 3 2,688 2.5 Others 7,417 10.4 8,491 7.9 Total 16,963 23.8 16,860 15.7 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Table: 3.7 Fertilizer Imports, 2000 - 2010
Year Quantity (lbs) Value (‘000 Bz$) 2000 30,060 7,130 2001 27,333 7,022 2002 47,746 11,311 2003 50,643 9,422 2004 31,212 8,351 2005 36,559 11,345 2006 37,269 11,487 2007 35,846 10,993 2008 32,209 15,456 2009 62,767 30,120 2010 42,011 25,891 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize
[22] Cahpter 3: Agriculture Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chart:Chart 3.3 3.3 Imports Imports of Selected of Selected Pesticides, Pesticides, 2001 -2001 2010, - 2010, (‘000('000 lbs) lbs)
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides 3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize
Table 3.8 Estimated Pesticides Use Intensity1, 2000 - 2010, lbs/acre
Type 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Insecticides 7.4 13.6 7.9 5.9 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.7 6.7 3.1 6.5 Fungicides 1.6 2.6 3.6 4.2 2.6 2.6 6.1 5.1 5.7 1.2 5.7 Herbicides 4.7 4.9 4.7 5.1 7.7 5.7 7.6 8.9 9.2 3.0 6.5 Total 13.7 21.1 16.2 15.2 18.2 16.0 21.4 21.7 21.5 7.3 18.7 1 Derived using imports of agrochemicals and area under main crops Source: Statistical Institute of Belize & Ministry of Agriculture
Cahpter 3: Agriculture [23] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 3.9 Licenses Issued to Pesticide Distributors by Sector, 2000 - 2010, number
Year Agricultural Domestic Formulators Re-bottlers 2000 40 310 ...... 2001 29 221 ...... 2002 20 288 ...... 2003 29 310 ...... 2004 36 377 ...... 2005 30 309 ...... 2006 34 246 1 3 2007 40 234 1 3 2008 37 247 1 3 2009 … … 1 3 2010 42 261 1 3 Source: Pesticides Control Board
Table: 3.10 Number of Certified Pesticide Use Applicators Under the National Pesticides Certification Program, 2000 - 2010
District 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Corozal 144 192 315 308 182 371 422 Orange Walk 77 244 172 127 238 135 491 Belize 66 50 37 101 24 35 63 Cayo 258 381 416 328 340 181 266 Stann Creek 185 403 55 27 81 205 209 Toledo 177 152 240 241 416 374 159 Banana Zone … … 335 178 425 474 477 Total 907 1,422 1,570 1,310 1,706 1,775 2,087 Source: Pesticides Control Board
[24] Cahpter 3: Agriculture Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 3.11 Restricted Pesticides Use in Belize, 2010
Active PCB Trade Name Ingredients Uses Registration # Angloxone 20 SL paraquat Herbicide 0120-10 Counter 10 G terbufos Nematicide/Insecticide 0243-4 Counter 15 GR terbufos Nematicide/Insecticide 0243-1 Diazinon 60 EC diazinon Insecticide 0099-2 Ethion 48 EC ethion Acaricide/Insecticide 0104-1 Folidol 48 EC methyl parathion Insecticide 0121-1 Furadan 10 GR carbofuran Nematicide/Insecticide 0090-1 Gramoxone Inteon 20 SL paraquat Herbicide 0120-9 Gramoxone Super 20 SL paraquat Herbicide 0120-1 Gramuron X 30 SC paraquat Herbicide 0120-2 M Lannate 21.6 SL methomyl Insecticide 0115-3 Lannate 90 SP methomyl Insecticide 0115-2 Lubaquat 20 SL paraquat Herbicide 0120-11 Mocap 15 GR ethoprop Nematicide/Insecticide 0105-1 Nemacur 15 GR fenamiphos Nematicide/Insecticide 0106-2 Penncap M 22 SC methyl parathion Insecticide 0121-3 Phostoxin aluminum phosphide Fumigant 0086-1 Preglone 20 SL diquat + paraquat Herbicide 0238-2 M Procron 60 SL monocrotophos Insecticide 0117-2 Quickphos aluminum phosphide Fumigant 0086-2 Reglone 20 SL diquat Herbicide 0238-1 Rimaxone 20 SL paraquat Herbicide 0120-8 Rimaxone 60 SL diazinon Insecticide 0099-5 Rimidofos 60 SL methamidophos Insecticide 0113-3 Rugby 10 GR cadusafos Nematicide/Insecticide 0108-1 Semevin 35 AF thiodicarb Insecticide 0225-1 Super Pro-Quat 20 SL paraquat Herbicide 0120-4 Tamaron 60 SL methamidophos Insecticide 0113-1 Vydate L oxamyl Nematicide/Insecticide 0119-1 Wolmanae Concentrate chromated copper arsenic Wood Preservatives 0231-1 Etocop 15 GR Ethoprophos Nematicide 0105-2 Lash 90 SL Methomyl Insecticide 0115-5 Saddler 35 FS Thiodicarb Insecticide 0225-3 Source: Pesticides Control Board
Cahpter 3: Agriculture [25] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[26] Cahpter 3: Agriculture Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 4: Mining
Chapter 4: Mining [27] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[28] Chapter 4: Mining Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 4 Mining
Mining refers to the process of extracting metals and minerals Gorda, in Toledo District. This fertilizer is basically used to from the earth. Gold, silver, coal and iron are just a few of the satisfy the needs of citrus and banana farms in Belize and materials that are obtained by this process. In fact, mining some is exported to the Caribbean region. is the source of all the substances that cannot be obtained by industrial processes. Even though mining provides There is an abundance of limestone, both calcium and employment and is a source of revenue for the government, magnesium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is used in the it has negative impacts on the environment which must be production of white lime, which is used principally by the managed. agricultural sector. Several individuals producing white lime are found along the Humming Bird Highway. They supply Mining affects land, water, and even the air. Large areas white lime to citrus farmers. of land are deforested, biodiversity loss occurs and soil is removed. Besides clearing of land for mining area, vegetation There is also mining of sand and gravel for roads and building in the adjoining areas is also cut in order to construct roads extracted from bars and beds of major rivers, such as the and residential facilities. Also, mining causes pollution to Belize River, the Sibun and Stann Creek Rivers and main both land and water from chemicals waste that run into the tributaries. Slate is used at the artisan level for the production water bodies and chemicals that leak out into the land. These of replica of ancient Maya figures. Mining is also conducted releases of toxic chemicals into water bodies is obviously by digging canals and ponds using spoils to reclaim or raise harmful for the flora and fauna of the water bodies and leads the level of adjacent land, or to wing materials for other to (loss of aquatic life). Lime production and other industries locations. (Country Environmental Profile) associated with the mining industry are also significant GHG sources. Analysis from Table 4.1, indicates that the production of sand and gravel increased by 47.3 percent in 2010 when compared Effects of mining on the environment may not be evident to 2009. Limestone aggregates, on the other hand showed a immediately, they are usually noticed after some years. Strict decline of 68.9 percent in 2010 when compared to 2009.. monitoring and proper regulation should be in place in order to avoid devastating impacts to the environment. The number of small scale quarry permits for mining declined by approximately 44 percent (Table 4.2) during the period Belize is known to have several economically important 2009 and 2010. Furthermore, large scale mining licenses minerals but none have yet been found in commercial decreased from 47 in 2009 to 39 in 2010, representing a quantities. The most important minerals deposits are decrease of 17 percent. limestone and dolomite. Gold is also known to have been found but prospecting has not been fruitful. Offshore dredging in 2010 (Table 4.3) showed an increase of 89.4 percent in the total volume of material extracted as Dolomite a form of limestone, has a high magnesium content, compared to 2009. which acts to neutralize acidic soils and works as a fertilizer. The first dolomite fertilizer plant in Belize which produces fine ground fertilizer can be found near the town of Punta
Chapter 4: Mining [29] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 4.1 Mining by Major Categories, 2000 - 2010
Year Total Volume (cu. Yds.) Dolomite Sand & Limestone Clay/Fill Limesand & Pine Ridge metric Gravel Aggregates Silt Sand tons 2000 190,160 350,114 339,015 104,273 15,612 5,272 2001 215,477 549,716 303,451 334,888 30,185 4,525 2002 142,451 170,716 265,181 124,092 50,000 5,500 2003 369,362 423,464 224,948 106,962 40,064 6,319 2004 211,932 274,790 311,449 327,031 36,312 3,288 2005 201,784 164,858 153,356 46,639 23,920 2,937 2006 208,843 342,025 233,156 1,119,079 15,000 5,488 2007 190,316 317,197 118,841 1,642,901 129,694 3,596 2008 239,473 316,749 300,925 521,747 94,697 4,086 2009 131,608 629,858 145,308 92,481 3,270 3,391 2010 193,916 196,023 45,609 175,136 21,820 3,376 Source: Geology and Petroleum Department
Table: 4.2 Mining Rights, 2000 - 2010
Non Exclusive Exclusive Year Small Scale Large Scale Prospecting Reconnaissance Prospecting Quarry Permits Mining Licenses Licenses Licenses Licenses 2000 77 46 0 0 2 2001 80 48 2 0 6 2002 64 49 0 0 6 2003 104 51 2 3 6 2004 90 46 2 3 3 2005 110 32 2 2 11 2006 134 47 1 0 11 2007 137 66 2 1 12 2008 155 41 3 1 4 2009 126 47 5 0 4 2010 70 39 5 0 4 Source: Geology and Petroleum Department
[30] Chapter 4: Mining Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 4.3 Offshore Dredging, 2000 - 2010
Year Mining Quarry Total volume Licenses Permits cu. yds 2000 4 31 175,113 2001 4 28 337,037 2002 5 25 124,092 2003 6 14 106,962 2004 5 21 327,031 2005 6 29 259,480 2006 6 42 1,119,079 2007 9 50 1,642,901 2008 10 65 521,747 2009 7 37 92,481 2010 7 23 175,136 Source: Geology and Petroleum Department
Chapter 4: Mining [31] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[32] Chapter 4: Mining Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [33] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[34] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 5 Forest & Protected Areas
Forests are one of the most important biomes on earth. They 3. Soil erosion occurs when trees and plants are removed; provide a wide range of ecosystem services, from watershed the rain water washes the nutrients in the top soil away. protection and carbon absorption to renewable energy and 4. Changes in watershed geomorphology. timber production. Forests face a number of threats though, 5. Desertification (dry, hot, arid conditions). ranging from fragmentation and loss of forest integrity due to 6. Edge effects can change microclimates (small climates) development to an alarming increase in the area and severity which affect endemic species (native species which of forest disturbances can only live in specific environmental and habitat conditions). Forests perform many critical ecological roles. They are the 7. Climate change (more carbon dioxide is released into lungs for the planet, cleaners of the air, catchers of rainfall and the atmosphere, thus increasing the effects of global protectors of soils, filters for streams, and homes to countless warming). species. Beyond their ecological roles, forests are the 8. Pollution (ground, water and air pollution from oil foundation of societies, providing places to build communities, extraction and mining chemicals). raise families, enjoy outdoor activities, and nourish the spirit. Forests are also the foundations of economies, creating job Social impacts: opportunities, supplying environmental services such as clean water, and providing awe-inspiring natural splendors 1. Loss of culture (indigenous peoples subsistence living in for tourists and residents alike. the rainforest). People who live in the rainforest depend on the natural environment for food, shelter, materials Agriculture has been identified as one of the major causes for cooking, clothing, etc. If the forest is cut down or if of deforestation. Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, their environment becomes polluted from oil extraction and removal of rainforest or related ecosystems into less bio- and mining, they are forced to move or risk starvation diverse ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, or plantations and sickness. (Kricher, 1997). 2. Displacement of people (loss of farmland, forest resources, etc). What are the consequences of deforestation? 3. Social conflicts and struggles over land and natural resources. Environmental: 4. Conflicts over racial and ethnic rights. 5. Poisoning from oil and mining waste. 1. Extinctions and loss of biodiversity of microbes (bacteria), plants, insects, animals, indigenous peoples, Today’s most pressing forest issues (e.g., loss of ecosystem etc. services, loss of working forests, fire dangers, increasing 2. Habitat fragmentation which disturbs the animals’ demands for woody biomass to produce bio-energy, adapting habitat and may force them to enter habitats which are forest management to potential climate changes, etc.) have already occupied. This can pose many problems such as strongly interconnected and interdependent economic, social, territorial conflicts, homelessness (loss of habitat), lack and environmental linkages. Therefore through sustainable of food availability, migration disturbances, etc. management, forests can contribute to the resilience of
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [35] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 ecosystems, societies, and economies while also safeguarding species and are used in the floral industry. The leaves are biological diversity and providing a broad range of goods harvested from palms in the forests of Mexico, Guatemala and services for present and future generations. and Belize where they grow naturally. Unfortunately, so many leaves are collected that it has made a large impact on The latest research on Forest Cover and Deforestation in the health and population of palms in the wild. The xateros Belize 1980 - 2010 by the Regional Visualization and from Guatemala have crossed the Belizean border to gather Monitoring System (SERVIR) reveals that Belize had an the leaves illegally and have been responsible for the looting estimated 4.2 million acres of forest in 1980, but this declined of Mayan sites, poaching young scarlet macaws and killing to 3.4 million acres by late February 2010. In 1980, forests animals for food. Based on information received from the covered 75.9 percent of Belize’s land, but this had declined Forest department no licenses were granted for the extraction to 62.7 percent by 2010. In other words, nearly a fifth of the of xate in 2010. Sustainably growing xate is one way to forest which had covered Belize’s land territory in the 1980s protect their population. had been lost by 2010. Belize is a country rich in biodiversity and therefore the In addition, the loss of 17.4 percent of forest area over the 30 creation of Protected Areas is crucial for protection. In 2011, years span represents an average annual deforestation rate of a total of 111 protected areas were registered in Belize, an 0.6 percent. In absolute numbers this translates to a total loss increase from 107 reported in 2009. Protected areas account of 725,173 acres of forest cover loss at an average loss of for approximately 2.6 million acres of territorial area (22.8 24,835 acres of forest per year, with a record high of 71,960 percent) were under some type of protected status, while acres of forest loss for the period 2000 and 2004 (Table 5.1). 35.1 percent of the total land area is protected and 10.7 percent of sea area. Chart 5.2 shows that Forest Reserves The forestry sector was one of the main contributors to the account for 34.9 percent of the area protected followed by Gross Domestic product but as the years evolved it has been Marine, Spawning sites, etc. and National parks with 16.2 replaced by the agricultural sector and most recent by the percent and 16.1 percent respectively. Protection of these tourism and energy sectors. Export earnings from the forestry areas are fundamental since they serve to preserve and sector amounts to Bz$6.2 million in 2010 with mahogany protect highly important scientific, educational, cultural and being the largest export item. recreational areas. Better monitoring and management of these sites are required to gather valuable information, that Based on Table 5.6, timber production has been showing an is currently unavailable on the sole purpose and mandate for increasing trend for the period 2006 - 2010. However, there each protected area that has been declared. In addition, the are three main species that contribute 37 percent to the total functionality in the design of Belize’s protected areas also production and these are Mahogany, Pine and Santa Maria. needs to be reviewed in order to take into consideration In addition, for the period 2009 and 2010 an increase of 57.8 important biological corridors and other factors percent was recorded. Most of this increase is reflected as other timber products, therefore it is vital to identify what species are representing this increase. It is important to mention that these production figures do not reflect illegal logging, which is done by Belizeans as well as Guatemalans. Studies conducted by Friends for Conservation and Development (FCD) in the Chiquibul National Park shows that Guatemalan loggers trespass on Belizean soil to carry out illegal logging. Millions of dollars are lost due to these extractions.
Xate (sha-tay) are leaves from three Chamaedorea palm
[36] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.1 Forest Cover Extent by District, 1980 - 2010 (‘000 acres)
Year Corozal Orange Belize Cayo Stann Toledo Cayes Total Walk Creek 1980 264.6 853.2 493.5 1,129.6 461.8 905.2 51.3 4,159.8 1989 249.6 842.0 483.2 1,102.0 450.5 884.1 51.1 4,063.1 1994 235.5 784.2 451.9 1,037.5 424.0 833.8 50.7 3,818.1 2000 206.6 706.2 435.1 1,000.9 412.6 809.3 49.4 3,620.6 2004 196.3 689.7 429.8 961.8 403.7 769.2 46.5 3,497.4 2010 192.7 674.4 425.9 940.4 398.4 756.8 45.6 3,434.6 Decline 71.9 178.8 67.6 189.2 63.4 148.4 5.7 725.2 Avg. Annual 2.5 6.1 2.3 6.5 2.2 5.1 0.2 24.8 decline Source: SERVIR, Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010
Table: 5.2 Forest Cover Extent by District, 1980 - 2010 (Percent)
Year Corozal Orange Belize Cayo Stann Toledo Cayes Total Walk Creek 1980 56.0 74.2 61.9 86.8 78.0 85.2 54.2 75.9 1989 52.8 73.2 60.6 84.7 76.0 83.2 54.0 74.2 1994 49.8 68.2 56.7 79.7 71.6 78.5 53.5 69.7 2000 43.7 61.4 54.6 76.9 69.7 76.2 52.1 66.1 2004 41.5 60.0 53.9 73.9 68.1 72.4 49.1 63.9 2010 40.8 58.6 53.4 72.3 67.2 71.2 48.2 62.7 Decline 27.2 21.0 13.7 16.8 13.7 16.4 11.1 17.4 Avg. Annual 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 decline Source: SERVIR, Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [37] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.3 Forest Cover by Area, 1980 - 2010
Forest Cover Year Inside Protected Areas Outide Protected Areas National 000 acres % 000 acres % 000 acres %
1980 1,718.5 88.3 2,441.3 69.1 4,159.8 75.9 1989 1,708.2 87.8 2,354.9 66.7 4,063.1 74.2 1994 1,676.1 86.1 2,142.1 60.5 3,818.1 69.7 2000 1,656.0 85.1 1,964.6 55.6 3,620.6 66.1 2004 1,615.7 83 1,881.7 53.3 3,497.4 63.9 2010 1,608.4 82.6 1,826.2 51.7 3,434.6 62.7 Avg. Decline 6.4 25.2 17.4 Source: SERVIR, Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010
ChartChart: 5.1 5.1Land Land Cover Cover of of Belize, Belize, 19801980 - -2010 2010, acres acres
4,500 4,000 3,500
3,000 2,500 Forest 2,000 Non Forest 1,500 (Thousand Acres) (Thousand 1,000 500 0 1980 1989 1994 2000 2004 2010
Source: SERVIR, Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010
[38] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.4 Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010
Period Area Deforested per year Change per year %
1980 1989 3,002 -0.3
1989 - 1994 51,260 -1.4
1994 - 2000 17,426 -0.9
2000 - 2004 71,960 -0.9
2004 - 2010 15,101 -0.3
Avg. per year 24,835 -0.6 Source: SERVIR, Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [39] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[40] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.5 Timber Production (cu. Ft.) by Major Species, 2002 - 2005
Species 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banak 4,280 3,025 5,196 5,125 Barba Jolote 10,706 2,985 11,725 5,580 Bastard Rosewood ...... 1,667 3,922 Billy Webb 5,778 1,724 7,741 6,352 Bitterwood 35,372 15,858 12,088 13,845 Black Cabbage Bark 37,368 27,217 51,292 64,693 Black Poisonwood ...... 5,534 3,694 Bullett Tree 22,743 28,185 25,514 28,386 Cedar 23,214 17,548 20,528 8,083 Cotton 4,246 2,612 1,058 1,550 Fig ...... 38,835 57,460 Ironwood 1,817 79 347 431 Mahogany 145,359 169,455 184,832 74,117 Male Bullhoof 25,823 70 17,652 … Monkey Apple ... 487 309 143 Mylady 39,031 51,392 65,699 47,179 Nargusta 25,358 31,823 55,822 53,989 Pine 1,440,754 602,899 407,842 103,150 Prickly Yellow 7,287 ... 5,420 7,544 Quam Wood 9,367 14,804 6,680 9,406 Santa Maria 117,181 146,257 174,303 208,455 Sapodilla 19,452 20,476 37,058 25,712 Sillion ...... 1,152 4,091 Tambran 1,475 3,802 5,606 12,721 White Breadnut 153 773 6,627 3,789 Yemeri 155,508 44,187 129,288 119,726 Subtotal 2,132,272 1,185,656 1,279,814 869,141 Other Timber 719,840 76,913 98,619 76,841 Grand Total 2,852,112 1,262,569 1,378,433 945,981 Source: Forest Department
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [41] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.6 Timber Production (cu. ft.) by Major Species, 2006 - 2010
Species 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Banak 5,815 5,694 5,719 6,297 797 Barba Jolote 11,925 8,141 1,717 7,274 11,890 Bastard Rosewood 3,064 5,810 2,733 4,060 4,891 Billy Webb 12,964 35,102 8,961 11,589 23,243 Bitterwood 16,033 33,596 15,449 25,872 13,628 Black Cabbage Bark 42,832 36,809 35,769 63,025 66,336 Black Poisonwood 3,638 9,385 9,423 18,881 11,878 Bullett Tree 18,817 32,149 26,205 42,726 39,952 Cedar 2,428 5,755 3,506 23,411 34,678 Cotton 855 11,346 3,542 2,565 2,232 Fig 25,696 10,048 3,466 1,093 265 Ironwood 1,135 1,383 ... 2,055 362 Mahogany 88,807 119,957 124,618 190,113 168,961 Mylady 29,503 46,753 17,573 57,102 46,796 Nargusta 77,441 93,975 45,537 59,390 98,598 Pine 158,572 291,753 638,514 686,965 671,244 Prickly Yellow 11,085 15,758 6,109 9,464 11,665 Quam Wood 15,628 23,143 6,701 10,074 5,553 Santa Maria 176,101 241,539 176,624 222,774 190,919 Sapodilla 24,519 44,166 45,177 73,336 77,241 Sillion 12,380 6,479 3,579 10,555 11,325 Tambran 38,242 28,126 28,353 17,413 16,749 Teak … … 2,674 4,719 … Yemeri 119,576 173,298 33,704 82,027 60,152 Subtotal 897,055 1,280,168 1,245,652 1,632,779 1,569,354 Other Timber 148,312 200,766 220,389 131,365 1,213,951 Grand Total 1,045,367 1,480,934 1,466,041 1,764,144 2,783,305 Source: Forest Department
[42] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.7 Xate Production and Revenue Collected, 2006 - 2009
Xate 2006 2007 2008 2009
Production (no) 2,820,080 5,755,664 2,091040 1,735,439
Revenue (Bz$) 56,401.60 94,536.62 43,693 36,262.59 N.B: No Xate production in 2010 Source: Forest Department
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [43] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.8 Log Volume Produced by License Type, 1998 - 2010, Cubic Foot
Year FL LT PP SA Total 1998 758,390 628,598 548,187 143,742 2,078,917 1999 640,660 496,702 511,810 33,134 1,682,306 2000 422,125 615,564 393,571 100,207 1,531,467 2001 586,954 44,756 704,175 1,118,233 2,454,119 2002 504,651 8,713 1,494,680 843,968 2,852,012 2003 393,186 74,307 619,868 175,208 1,262,569 2004 268,890 146,923 605,916 198,509 1,220,238 2005 223,847 11,492 520,705 189,937 945,981 2006 174,216 139,113 517,520 214,518 1,045,367 2007 16,128 1,313,345 83,801 67,660 1,480,934 2008 27,853 1,503,679 159,702 72,910 1,764,144 2009 … … … … … 2010 1,435,708 937,264 245,417 164,916 2,783,305 Source: Forest Department
Table: 5.9 New Forest Licenses by Type, 1998 - 2010
Year Forest License Long Term Private Forest Salvage Areas Total 1998 56 1 23 23 103 1999 49 0 32 15 96 2000 92 9 47 52 200 2001 43 5 33 47 128 2002 44 6 27 51 128 2003 31 5 20 28 84 2004 30 0 31 26 87 2004 30 0 31 26 87 2005 26 2 29 40 97 2006 26 2 47 30 105 2007 4 0 15 9 28 2008 10 0 15 18 43 2009 53 0 18 35 106 2010 32 0 28 13 73 Source: Forest Department
[44] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.10 Royalties Collected on Log Production by License Type 1998 - 2010, Bz$
Year FL LT PP SA Total 1998 398,950 218,943 145,724 48,351 811,968 1999 297,758 168,262 110,431 22,231 598,682 2000 187,395 189,798 201,763 38,652 617,608 2001 156,063 15,607 163,104 386,884 721,658 2002 190,220 2,962 256,961 288,153 738,296 2003 150,551 25,265 141,896 90,442 408,153 2004 92,631 59,689 122,472 93,208 368,001 2005 107,239 34,139 110,565 117,778 369,722 2006 39,179 72,463 91,555 60,732 263,929 2007 92,030 59,242 36,631 61,204 249,107 2008 25,453 110,342 66,007 24,784 226,587 2009 15,879 72,173 24,638 8,462 121,151 2010 66,720 397,062 39,623 37,976 541,382 Source: Forest Department
Table: 5.11 Summary of Royalties, 2007 - 2010, Bz$
Year Amount Due Amount Collected Arrears
2007 426,094 249,107 176,986
2008 265,323 226,587 38,736
2009 190,443 121,151 69,292
2010 800,433 541,282 259,151 Source: Forest Department
Table: 5.12 Number of Sawmills Operating by District, 1999 - 2010
District 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2010 Corozal 2 8 0 0 0 32 Orange Walk 15 10 27 31 10 23 Belize 2 0 0 2 1 0 Cayo 9 11 6 9 15 30 Stann Creek 7 12 12 16 6 7 Toledo 10 9 5 6 2 4 Total 45 50 50 64 34 96 Source: Forest Department
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [45] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.13 Number of Protected Areas, 2009 - 2011
Category 2009 2010 2011 Forest Reserves 19 19 18 National Parks 17 17 18 Nature Reserve 3 4 4 Wildlife Sanctuaries 7 7 8 Natural Monument 5 5 5 Archaeological Reserves 14 16 16 Private Reserves 8 8 8 Marine Reserves 8 8 8 Spawning Sites 11 11 11 Nassau Grouper & Species Protection 2 2 2 Public Reserves 5 5 5 Mangrove Reserve 1 1 1 Bird Sanctuaries 7 7 7 Total 107 110 111 Source: Land Information Centre, MNRE
ChartChart: 5.2 5.2 Protected Protected AreasAreas of of Belize, Belize, (Percent) 2011, percent 2011
16.2% 0.7% Forest Reserves National Parks 34.9% Nature Reserve 12.3% WildLife Sanctuaries Archaeological Reserves Private Reserves 1.1% Natural Monument 14.4% Marine,Spawnning sites etc 16.1% 4.3%
Source: Land Information Centre, MNRE
[46] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.14 Declared Protected Areas in Belize by Tenure Type, 1995 - 2011 acres
Category 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 Forest Reserves 1,067,323 1,015,776 947,710 920,909 918,204 National Parks 375,309 395,294 405,337 424,763 424,845 Nature Reserve 111,677 109,711 111,781 112,515 112,515 Wildlife Sanctuaries 128,226 357,866 368,823 368,815 378,192 Natural Monument 9,776 15,570 17,375 17,375 17,375 Archaeological Reserves 26,673 28,444 28,444 29,155 29,156 Private Reserves 92,614 279,447 292,428 324,106 324,106 Marine Reserves 84,739 393,288 393,288 402,907 402,907 Spawning Sites 0 0 20,745 20,745 20,745 Nassau Grouper & Species Protection 0 0 2,848 2,848 2,848 Public/Mangrove Reserves 0 0 38 97 97 Bird Sanctuaries 15 15 15 15 15 Grand Total 1,896,352 2,595,410 2,588,831 2,624,250 2,631,005 Land Protected Areas 1,801,843 2,000,702 1,961,512 1,987,311 1,994,066 % of Total Land Area 31.8 35.3 34.6 35.0 35.1 Sea Protected Areas 94,510 594,708 617,305 626,925 626,925 % of Total Sea Area 1.6 10.2 10.6 10.7 10.7 Total Protected Area as % of Total Territorial Area 16.5 22.5 22.5 22.8 22.8 Source: Land Information Centre, MNRE
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [47] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.15 Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011
Name GIS Area (acre) IUCN Category S. I.1 Number Year Established Forest Reserves Caye Caulker 93.680 VI 28 1998 Chiquibul 147,821.924 VI 54 1995 Columbia 148,301.959 VI 115 1997 Deep River 67,128.447 VI 49 1941 Freshwater Creek 33,037.205 VI 66 2001 Grants Work 7,906.092 VI 95 1989 Machaca 3,118.495 VI 86 1998 Manatee 89,929.090 VI 30 2011 Mango Creek 1 13,794.982 VI 57 2011 Mango Creek 2 193.621 VI 62 1989 Mango Creek 4 12,608.852 VI 59 2011 Maya Mountain 41,731.565 VI 114 1997 Monkey Caye 1,654.432 VI 130 1996 Mountain Pine Ridge 106,977.724 VI 60 2011 Sibun 96,448.082 VI 48 1977 Sittee River 92,236.139 VI 47 1977 Swasey Bladen 14,778.511 VI 90 1989 Vaca 40,442.811 VI 45 2010 National Parks Aguas Turbias 8,790.643 II 44 1994 Bacalar Chico 12,568.141 V 89 1996 Billy Barquedeer 1,628.932 II 176 2001 Chiquibul 263,987.830 II 55 1995 Five Blues Lake 4,061.167 II 52 1994 Gra Gra Lagoon 1,313.453 II 86 2002 Guanacaste 57.608 II 46 1994 Honey Camp 7,771.962 II 65 2001 Laughing Bird Caye 10,119.508 II 94 1996 Mayflower Bocawina 7,125.123 II 29 2006 Melinda 82.094 II 4 2011 Monkey Bay 1,798.652 II 45 1994 Noj Kaax Meen Eligio Panti 12,608.722 II 75 2006 Paynes Creek 39,530.299 II 149 2004 Peccary Hills 10,744.274 II 121 2007 Rio Blanco 94.298 II 41 1994 Sarstoon/Temash 41,897.994 II 42 1994 St. Herman’s Blue Hole 664.518 II 183 2004
[48] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.15 (cont’d) Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011
Name GIS Area (acre) IUCN Category S. I. 1 Number Year Established Marine Reserves Bacalar Chico 16,336.871 IV 136 2001 Caye Caulker 9,670.133 VI 115 2008 Gladden Spit/Silk Cayes 25,978.083 IV 68 2000 Glover’s Reef 80,691.871 IV 137 2001 Hol Chan 13,666.606 II 114/116 2008 Port Honduras 100,095.685 IV 9 2000 Sapodilla Cayes 38,593.744 IV 50 2009 Southwater Cayes 117,874.118 IV 51 2009 Spawning Aggregation Sites Caye Bokel, Turneffe Island Atoll 1,378.699 IV 161 2003 Dog Flea Caye, Turneffe Island Atoll 1,424.284 IV 161 2003 Emily or Caye Glory 1,350.937 IV 161 2003 Gladden Spit 3,677.344 IV 161 2003 Nicholas Caye, Sapodilla Cayes 1,663.329 IV 161 2003 Northern Glover’s Reef Atoll 1,576.595 IV 161 2003 Rise and Fall Bank, Sapodilla Cayes 4,252.273 IV 161 2003 Rocky Point, Ambergris Caye 1,408.773 IV 161 2003 Sandbore, Lighthouse Reef Atoll 1,104.950 IV 161 2003 Seal Caye, Sapodilla Cayes 1,600.785 IV 161 2003 South Point, Lighthouse Reef Atoll 1,306.895 IV 161 2003 Nassau Grouper & Species Protection Maugre Caye, Turneffe Atoll 1,919.461 IV 49 2009 Northern Two Cayes, Lighthouse Reef 928.275 IV 49 2009 Private Reserves Aguacate Lagoon 283.898 IV Community Baboon Sanctuary 12,980.011 IV … … Golden Stream Corridor Preserve 15,038.105 IV 1998 Monkey Bay Wildlife Sanctuary 1,473.588 IV … … Rio Bravo Conservation & Mgmt Area 259,134.152 IV … … Runaway Creek 7,123.818 IV Shipstern Nature Reserve 18,840.381 IV … … TIDE Block 127 9,231.835 IV
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [49] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.15 (cont’d) Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011
Name GIS Area (acre) IUCN Category S. I. 1 Number Year Established Nature Reserves Bladen 99,782.308 Ia 66 1990 Burdon Creek 4,871.618 Ia 46 2010 Hopkins Wetlands 1,565.679 47 2010 Tapir Mountain 6,295.717 II 15 2004 Wildife Sanctuaries Aguacaliente (Luha) 5,492.281 IV 87 1998 Cockscomb Basin 122,259.314 IV 113 1997 Corozal Bay 180,507.027 IV 48 1998 Crooked Tree 36,479.020 IV 95 1984 Gales Point 9,095.288 IV 92 1998 Labouring Creek Jaguar Corridor 9376.924 IV 31 2011 Spanish Creek 6,001.462 IV 87 2002 Swallow Caye 8,980.810 IV 102 2002 Natural Monuments Actun Tunichil Muknal 448.442 Ia 184 2004 Blue Hole 1,023.000 III 96 1996 Half Moon Caye 9,770.882 II 30 1982 Thousand Foot Fall 1,290.064 III 79 2004 Victoria Peak 4,842.620 III 47 1998 Archeological Reserves Altun Ha 93.186 II 83 2010 Barton Creek 5.020 II 68 2009 Cahal Pech 22.401 II 22 1995 Caracol 25,556.478 II 19 1995 Cerro Maya 43.780 II 33 1976 El Pilar 1,770.825 II 54 1998 Lamanai 864.753 II 33 1985 Lubantun 40.010 II 69 2009 Marco Gonzalez 9.601 II 81 2010 Nim Li Punit 121.489 II 20 1995 Nohoch Che’em 455.709 II 82 2010 Santa Rita 3.698 II 23 1995 Serpon Sugar Mill 123.260 II 72 2009 St. George’s Caye Cemetery 0.239 II 89 2010 Xunantunich 44.327 II 21 1995 Yarborough Cemetery 1.477 II 71 2009
[50] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 5.15 (cont’d) Declared Protected Areas of Belize, 2011
Name GIS Area (acre) IUCN Category S. I. 1 Number Year Established Public Reserves Cockroach Bay 19.990 Declaration 2005 Dolphin Park 0.688 II Declaration 2007 Grants Land, Corozal District 0.820 Declaration 2006 Krooman Reserve 57.954 Declaration 2007 Seine Bight Village 0.440 Declaration 2005 Mangrove Reserve St. George’s Caye 17.577 Declaration 2005 Bird Sanctuaries Bird Caye 1.288 IV 1977 Doubloon Bank 3.690 IV 1977 Little Guana Caye 2.567 IV 1977 Los Salones 2.928 IV 1977 Man of War Caye 1.913 IV 1977 Monkey Caye 1.285 IV 1977 Un-named 1.066 IV 1977 1 - Statutory Instrument Source: Land Information Centre, MNRE
Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas [51] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[52] Chapter 5: Forest & Protected Areas Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 6: Fisheries
Chapter 6: Fisheries [53] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[54] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 6 Fisheries
Fish is the primary source of protein for some 950 million in Belize, there are 94 Acts pertaining to marine resource people worldwide and represents an important part of the diet conservation, administered by 18 Permitting Agencies and of many more. 10 Ministries (McField et al., 1996). Belize is a party to 24 Fisheries are also a source of employment for about 200 international conventions and treaties concerning marine life million people who directly depend on ocean fishing for their and coastal protection including the CITES Convention, the livelihoods. About 40 percent of world fishery production World Heritage Convention, the Convention on Biological enters international trade with nearly half of fishery exports Diversity and MARPOL (McCalla, 1995; Jacobs, 1998). deriving from developing countries, In some developing Issues related to mangroves have been described by Zisman countries exports represent up to 80 percent of total exports (1992), and Cirelli (1993) and McCalla (1995) covered (Dommen and fisheries. McCalla (1995), for example, identified 27 legal Deere, 1999). tools which have some bearing on fisheries or marine related activity. Overfishing of the world’s marine resources is the main cause of the decline of fisheries productivity. According to the Food Seagrass beds are being impacted by dredging operations, and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), siltation due to land clearing, and nutrient enrichment due to 50 percent of all fishery resources are fully utilized at present, agricultural runoff. Sea grass beds are an important habitat 25 percent still hold potential to be further exploited, and the link between the mangrove and coral reef ecosystem. They remaining 25 percent are in severe danger of depletion and are also an important breeding and feeding ground for require major interventions to restore sustainable yields. many marine species including lobster, conch and many Widespread overfishing is widely recognized as a growing fish. While the ecological integrity of Belize’s mangroves is threat to the sustainable management of the world’s fisheries. thought to be good, the rate of clearance, especially on the cayes, is troubling. Only 2 percent of mangrove cayes are Pollution of our marine waters comes from different sources, protected compared to 25 percent along the mainland coast. including industry, agriculture, tourism and construction. Scientific opinion recognizes that losses in mangrove habitat Such pollutants include sewage, sediments, chemicals, litter, will reduce biodiversity and threaten the natural wealth of oil, metals and plastics. Some of these materials take years to the ocean, both near and far from shore (Ruetzler and Feller, breakdown and affect the lifecycles of other living creatures. 1996).
Fishery Management Belize has the largest barrier reef in the western hemisphere The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is the Government which is considered a world heritage site. The reef contains agency responsible for fisheries management, and it carries a wide diversity of ecosystems but is under threat from out this duty through the Fisheries Department. The Belize pollution, increase infrastructure development, intensive Fisheries Department and the other Government departments tourism and affected by natural disasters. All these threats are tasked with managing fisheries and other users of marine have an impact and increases coastal degradation. Coastal resources. Unfortunately, they lack the human and material degradation negatively impacts fishery stocks, decreases resources to do the job adequately, despite an extensive array fishery exports, increases beach erosion and exacerbates sea of legislative acts and formal institutions (Gillett, 1999). Thus, level rise. Coastal degradation primarily affect the population
Chapter 6: Fisheries [55] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 that live along the coast and enjoy the goods and services has eight Marine Reserves and 13 Spawning Aggregation provided. and sites, and two Nassau Grouper and Species protection as shown in Table 6.9 - 6.11. Some of these reserves are Trawling in Belize was banned in December 2010. Belize managed by the Fisheries Department, Forest Department and was the third country to completely ban trawling. Bottom some by non-governmental agencies or quasi– government trawling uses heavily weighted nets that are dragged across agreements. the ocean floor, and in the process disrupts and collects everything in their path, including seagrasses, coral reefs Mangroves are important because they provides areas and rock gardens where fish hide from predators. Therefore, for fish spawning and feeding, are the principal source of Belize continues to show the world its commitment to nutrients for coastal marine life and protect the coastline protecting and preserving its marine resources by ensuring against erosion and any natural disaster. Population growth that compliance with its strategic plan which encompasses and tourism development has had a major impact on the responsible and sustainable management of marine waters. cutting of this important type of forest. Table 6.13 shows that the number of mangrove alteration permits issued in 2010 Capture marine production is dominated by two main declined to 10 from the previous year which reported a total products, queen conchs and spiny lobster. These two products of 30 permits. However the decline in permits issued recorded generate foreign exchange for the country amounting to a 9.2 percent decrease in the number of acres of mangroves Bz$21.9 million in 2010, representing an increase of 7.1 destroyed either for tourism development, housing or other percent (Table 6.3) from the previous year. Fin fish and pink form of infrastructure. sea shrimp production continues to decline over the decades. Manatees which are attractive to the tourist in Belize are Farmed shrimp and fish, particularly the contribution from considered endangered, threatened or vulnerable species. Tilapia and Cobia production have caused the fishing industry The region where most of the strandings occurred is Belize to grow and contribute 63.8 percent of the total export value and Stann Creek Districts, recording 57 and 12 strandings in 2010 (Table 6.3). Since the decline in the shrimp farm respectively (Table 6.17). Implementation of measures to industry in 2007 which was caused by the closing of several protect these specie is required to attain sustainability. key farms, it can be observed that increases has been noted in 2009 and 2010. In 2010, exports of farmed fish increased by 60.3 percent from the previous year while shrimp production recorded an increase of 26.9 percent for the same period (Table 6.2). Even though this industry generates foreign exchange earnings it has a serious impact on our natural resources due to the associated clearing of mangroves and use of clean water. In addition, the discharge of effluents from the ponds can then leach into the coastal waterways polluting them.
The number of fishermen licenses issued in 2010 showed a sharp decline (10.4 percent) after an increase of 21.7 percent reported in 2009. However the number of fishing vessels registered in Belize increased by 12 percent between 2009 and 2010 (Table 6.7).
A key response to the protection of our coastal and marine resources is the declaration of Marine Protected Areas. Belize
[56] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.1 Total Marine Production, 1995 - 2010 ‘000 pounds
Type 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e Conchs 363 513 633 692 564 614 736 706 Fish 151 138 52 52 69 42 22 136 Lobster 779 606 537 458 503 511 512 554 Shrimps 56 99 70 46 26 36 28 5 Other 10 9 9 6 2 2 3 21 Sub-total 1,359 1,365 1,301 1,255 1,165 1,206 1,301 1,422 Farmed Shrimp 1,280 8,002 22,559 15,916 5,439 5,027 9,023 11,448 Farmed Fish 0 0 934 855 363 4,949 3,242 5,198 Total 2,639 9,367 24,794 18,026 6,967 11,181 13,566 18,068 e - estimates Source: Fisheries Department
Table: 6.2 Exports of Marine Products, 1995 - 2010 ‘000 pounds
Type 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Conchs 328 545 544 398 526 648 666 705 Fish 84 850 8 17 14 13 38 3 Lobster 574 603 493 732 459 449 520 600 Shrimps 42 43 8 6 1 2 0 0 Other 1 60 4 0 3 0 0 0 Sub-total 1,029 2,101 1,057 1,153 1,002 1,113 1,223 1,308 Farmed Shrimp 1,074 4,904 18,432 15,916 5,439 5,027 8,878 11,264 Farmed Fish 0 0 299 540 363 2,673 1,562 2,504 Total 2,103 7,005 19,788 17,609 6,804 8,812 11,662 15,076 Source: Fisheries Department
Chapter 6: Fisheries [57] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart 6.1 6.1 Production Production and and ExportsExports of of Marine Marine Products, Products, 2000 2000 - 2010, - 2010, ‘000'000 Poundspounds 30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Production Exports Source: Fisheries Department & SIB
Chart 6.2Marine Marine Exports Exports by Majorby Major Type, Type, 2005 2005 - 2010 - 2010, '000 ‘000 lbs pounds
20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Captured Fish Farmed Shrimp Farmed Fish
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize
[58] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.3 Exports of Marine Products, 1995 - 2010 (‘000 Bz $)
Type 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Conchs 2,271 3,572 7,751 8,109 5,171 6,640 7,282 7,645 Fish 429 1,612 9 21 17 19 224 18 Lobster 17,336 15,424 13,937 14,742 17,232 14,809 13,011 14,313 Shrimps 578 499 65 86 6 18 0 0 Other 127 198 55 0 0 0 0 0 Sub-total 20,741 21,305 21,818 22,958 22,426 21,485 20,517 21,976 Farmed 10,401 49,134 73,750 62,435 19,749 18,510 27,035 31,286 Shrimp Farmed 0 0 1,197 1,210 950 4,325 1,892 7,447 Tilapia Total 31,142 70,439 96,765 86,603 43,125 44,321 49,444 60,709 Source: Fisheries Department
Table: 6.4 Exports of Aquarium Fish, 2000 - 2010
Year Quantity Value (no) (‘000 Bz$) 2000 6,127 93 2001 2,796 38 2002 3,186 35 2003 8,270 42 2004 61,874 180 2005 115,222 217 2006 48,100 103 2007 62,034 230 2008 38,207 240 2009 40,019 282 2010 32,946 168 Source: Fisheries Department
Chapter 6: Fisheries [59] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.5 Aquaculture Sector Performance, 2009
Farm Total land Production Area Production Hatchery Capacity Processing Plant (acres) (acres) Units million PI’s/Month (lbs heads-on/ day) Paradise Shrimp Farm 3,100 750 38 20 25,000 Melinda Mariculture 5,000 100 20 ...... Haney’s Shrimp Farm 2,040 152 10 ...... Belize Aquaculture 14,000 340 67 50 60,000 Royal Mayan Shrimp Farm 1,000 318 23 ...... Tex Mar Limited 1,800 128 40 ...... Aqua Mar Belize Limited 3,000 1,000 76 80 45,000 Crustaceans 500 195 21 ...... Total 30,440 2,983 295 150 130,000 Source: Fisheries Department
Table: 6.6 Aquaculture Sector Performance, 2010
Farm Total land Production Production Hatchery Capacity Processing Area Plant (acres) (acres) Units million PI’s/Month (lbs heads-on/ day) Paradise Shrimp Farm 3,100 750 304 20 25,000 Cardelli 100 100 40 ...... Haney’s Shrimp Farm 2,040 152 62 ...... Belize Aquaculture 14,000 340 138 50 60,000 Royal Mayan Shrimp Farm 1,000 318 129 ...... Tex Mar Limited 1,800 128 52 ...... Aqua Mar Belize Limited 3,000 1,000 405 80 45,000 Total 25,040 2,788 1,130 150 130,000 Source: Fisheries Department
[60] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.7 Number of Licenses Issued by Type of Activity, 2000 - 2010
Licenses 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Research 23 16 14 14 55 17 19 Aquarium 4 5 7 5 2 6 3 Aquaculture Operations ... 5 3 3 0 10 8 Black Coral 15 39 42 35 30 30 23 Sea Food Export Permits ... 2,564 2,626 2,296 2,210 2,209 1,884 Fish Exporters ... 21 15 20 18 19 20 Fishermen License 1,872 2,026 2,131 2,110 2,267 2,759 2,472 Boat License 750 652 653 593 643 628 703 Shrimp Trawlers 10 2 2 2 2 2 0 Sea Cucumber 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 Source: Fisheries Department
Table: 6.8 Fishery Offences by Type, 2010
Offence Description Number Without Fisherman’s License 17 Without Boat License 7 Employing 2 Undersize Lobster 23 Undersize Conch 82 Soft Shell Lobster 6 Possession of Berried Lobster 3 Possession of Conch in Closed Season 10 Possession of Lobster in Closed Season 12 Possession of Turtles 1 Restricting River Passage 3 Without Sea Cucumber License 2 Undersized Fillet Conch 4 Carrying Means for Fishing 6 Illegal Fishing in Natural Monument Reserve 11 Illegal Entry in Natural Monument Reserve 2 Fillet Nassau Grouper 1 Fish Fillet no Patch 2 Fishing Within a Marine Reserve 8 Total 202
Fines Collected (Bz$) 17,050 Penalties Collected (Bz$) 45,447 Total Revenue (Bz$) 62,497 Source: Fisheries Department
Chapter 6: Fisheries [61] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.9 Declared Marine Reserves, 2010
Marine Reserves S.I. Acreage GIS Acreage S.I. Number Year of SI Mgmt. Plan Co-Mgmt Bacalar Chico 15,577 16,337 136 2001 Yes No Caye Caulker 9,670 9,670 35 1998 Yes Yes Glovers Reef 25,600 80,692 137 2001 Yes No Gladden Spit/Silk Cayes 86,652 25,978 68 2000 Yes Yes Hol Chan 13,336 13,666 118 2008 Yes No Port Honduras 101,100 100,096 9 2000 Yes Yes Sapodilla Cayes 33,401 38,594 117 1996 Yes Yes Southwater Cayes 78,374 117,874 118 1996 Yes No Total 363,710 402,907 Source: Fisheries Department
Table: 6.10 Spawning Sites, 2010
Spawning Sites S.I. Acreage GIS Acreage S.I. Number Year of SI Caye Bokel, Turneffe Island Atoll 1,376 1,379 161 2003 Dog Flea Caye, Turneffe Island Atoll 1,408 1,424 161 2003 Emily or Caye Glory 1,344 1,351 161 2003 Gladden Spit 3,590 3,677 161 2003 Nicholas Caye, Sapodilla Cayes 1,664 1,663 161 2003 Northern Glover’s Reef Atoll 1,799 1,577 161 2003 Rise and Fall Bank, Sapodilla Cayes 4,250 4,252 161 2003 Rocky Point, Ambergris Caye 1,405 1,409 161 2003 Sandbore, Lighthouse Reef Atoll 1,280 1,105 161 2003 Seal Caye, Sapodilla Cayes 1,600 1,601 161 2003 South Point, Lighthouse Reef Atoll 1,344 1,307 161 2003 Total 21,060 20,745 Source: Fisheries Department
Table: 6.11 Nassau Grouper & Species Protection, 2010
Nassau Grouper & Species Protection S.I. Acreage GIS Acreage S.I. Number Year of SI Maugre Caye, Turneffe Atoll 1,918 1,919 162 2003 Northern Two Cayes, Lighthouse Reef 927 928 162 2003 Total 2,846 2,848 Source: Fisheries Department
[62] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 6: Fisheries [63] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.12 Fish Regulations Pertaining to the Protection of Specific Marine Species
Species Closed Season Size/Weight Limit Legislation
Crawfish February 15 - June 14 carapace length 3 inches SI # 168/1991 tail weight should exceed 4 oz
Conch July 1 - September 30 7 inches shell length/m SI # 143/1993 Meat weight should exceed 3 oz
Green Turtle All year (hunting not permitted)
Loggerhead All year (hunting not permitted)
Hicatee May 1 - May 31 Females > 43 cm < 38 cm SI # 55/1994 cannot have 3 or more
Hawksbill All year (hunting not permitted)
Nassau Grouper December 1 - March 31 Not less than 20 ins in total length or SI # 49/2009 greater than 30 ins in total length
Shrimp April 15 - August 14 SI # 139/1990 Source: Fisheries Department
[64] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.13 Mangrove Alteration Permits, 2000 - 2010
District 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 Belize 1 9 5 18 7 Corozal 0 0 0 2 1 Stann Creek 2 10 2 10 2 Toledo 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3 19 7 30 10 Source: Forest Department
Table: 6.14 Acreage of Mangrove Altered, 2000 - 2010
District 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 Belize 4.8 18.4 17.5 142.0 29.0 Corozal 0 0.0 0.0 1,118.0 1,117.0 Stann Creek 0.5 249.3 2.0 27.0 23.0 Toledo 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 5.3 267.7 19.5 1,287.0 1,169.0 Source: Forest Department
Table: 6.15 Mangrove Royalty Value (Bz$), 2000 - 2010
District 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 Belize 300 2,400 1,250 4,650 1,100 Corozal 0 0 0 350 300 Stann Creek 100 2,300 350 2,250 600 Toledo 0 0 0 0 0 Total 400 4,700 1,600 7,250 2,000 Source: Forest Department
Chapter 6: Fisheries [65] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.16 Number of Manatee Strandings by Cause of Death, 2005 - 2010
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Undetermined 9 4 5 6 2 3 29 Unverified 4 2 2 0 5 9 22 Poached 0 2 0 0 0 2 4 Perinatal 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Watercraft 3 2 2 0 3 3 13 Alive 0 2 1 0 1 1 5 Other 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Total 16 14 11 6 11 18 76 Source: Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute
Chart Chart:6.3 Manatee 6.3 Manatee Strandings Strandings Categorized Categorized by by AgeAge Class,and Class, (Unverified(Unverfied not not Included) Included)
4%
28%
Fetus
60% Calfs Sub-Adult 8% Adult
Source: Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute
[66] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.17 Number of Manatee Strandings by Cause and Region, 2005 - 2010
Cause of Stranding Belize Corozal Stann Creek Toledo Watercraft 14 0 1 0 Poached 0 0 3 1 Perinatal 2 0 1 0 Unverified 16 3 4 0 Other 0 0 1 0 Undetermined 25 2 3 0 Total 57 5 12 1 Source: Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute
ChartChart: 6.4 6.4Number Number of of Sea Sea Turtles Turtles Observed by by Species, Species, 2011,2011, percentpercent
16% 25%
Loggerheads Hawksbill Green
59%
Source: ECOMAR, & Fisheries Department
Chapter 6: Fisheries [67] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
In Belize, the following coastal species are considered endangered, threatened or vulnerable by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The primary reason for their endangered status is loss of nesting sites and habitat. These include :
Crocodiles There are two crocodiles species in Belize : American salt water crocodile and the Morelet’s crocodile. Reasons for their endangered status include loss of habitat and nesting location; being killed as they are considered pests and being hunted for their meat and hides.
Turtles Three different species of sea turtles are endangered; the loggerhead, green and hawksbill. The hawksbill turtle is legally protected but the green and loggerhead are legally fished during open season. Marine or sea turtles have been hunted for food as their meat and eggs are considered a delicacy. Their beautiful shells are used in making ornaments and jewelry. In addition, the encroachment of hotels on their nesting sites has led to a dramatic decrease in their number. Important nesting sites are found at North Ambergris Caye, Sapodilla Range and Manatee Bar.
Manatees Belize’s population of the manatees, which are an attraction to tourists, is estimated between 300-700 individuals. The major threats to manatees are : poaching for their meat, collision with boats, entanglement in fishing nets and loss of feeding habitats.
[68] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 6.18 Number of Licenses Issued to Discharge Effluent by Industry Type - 2008 - 2010
Industry Type 2008 2009 2010 Aquaculture 2 4 4 Banana 17 19 1 Battery 0 0 0 Brewery 1 1 1 Citrus 2 2 2 Dairy 0 1 1 Food Processing 3 4 4 Garments 1 0 0 Poultry 2 1 1 Rum Refinery 0 3 3 Service Station 0 1 1 Soft Drink Bottling 0 1 1 Sugar 0 1 1 Oil 0 1 1 Fertilizer 0 1 1 Electricity 0 4 4 Total 28 38 20 Source: Department of the Environment
Chapter 6: Fisheries [69] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[70] Chapter 6: Fisheries Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 7: Water
Chapter 7: Water [71] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[72] Chapter 7: Water Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 7 Water
Water is not only a resource, it is a life source. We all share UNEP is involved in promoting integrated resource the responsibility to ensure a healthy, secure and sustainable management using management approaches such as water supply for our communities, environment, and Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). The broad economy – our quality of life depends on it. According to the variety of UNEP initiatives assist in resolving current and United Nations, the adequate management of water resources future problems at a local/ecosystem-based level. is key to assuring adequate nourishment to meet the growing demands of the world population. Belize is very rich in surface and groundwater resources. Water quality at higher elevation locations in the Maya Every year, on March 22, the World Water Day is decreed Mountains is quite good, but lower elevation regions of the by the United Nations and in the 2012 edition, deals with Belize River have relatively poor quality due to agricultural water and food safety. More than 1 billion people lack a basic discharges and an effluence of untreated sewage. At present, supply of water and 1.5 million children die every year due however, total water resources cannot be evaluated because to illnesses caused by non-drinkable and contaminated water. the existing data are limited, in particular with respect to Furthermore, water is probably the single most pressing groundwater availability. factor hindering sustainable development. It limits food production, causes death from water-borne diseases, and The Belize Water Services Limited (BWSL) is private results in distress and economic damage from water-related company that has the responsibility to provide a safe and disasters. reliable supply of water to all urban centers and to a few villages surrounding the urban centers. They are also Assessments conducted over two decades by the United responsible for the upkeep, improvement and expansion Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reveal that: of this important service. The Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is the entity responsible for monitoring and regulating 1. Freshwater resources are unevenly distributed, with the activities, as well as issuing the licenses. much of the water located far from human population. 2. Groundwater represents about 90 percent of the world’s Most villages have Rural Water Systems and are managed readily available freshwater resources, and some 1.5 by Village Water Boards that are under the responsibility billion people depend upon groundwater for their of the Ministry of Rural Development. Many villages still drinking water. experience difficulty in accessing potable water supply, 3. Agricultural water use accounts for about 75 percent of resulting in water borne diseases, safety and health hazards total global consumption - mainly through crop irrigation and loss of opportunities to pursue socio-economic activities. - while industrial use accounts for about 20 percent, and In addition, the water sector faces challenges which include the remaining 5 percent is used for domestic purposes. the growing demand for water due to urbanization and 4. It is estimated that two out of every three people will live population growth, more strict water quality standards, and in water-stressed areas by the year 2025. growth in the agriculture and tourism industries. 5. Clean water supplies and sanitation remain major problems in many parts of the world, with 20 percent Protection and conservation of this vital element of life is of the global population lacking access to safe drinking very important. Therefore management and monitoring of water
Chapter 7: Water [73] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Belize’s protected areas is required to maintain clean water the number of water bottling companies has rapidly grown in by intact ecosystems. In addition, there are several acts that Belize (Chart 7.1 & 7.2). deal with water resources and therefore those ministries responsible for monitoring such acts should work to ensure According to the Ministry of Health, the total number of the sustainable use of the country’s natural resources and functional hand pump wells in rural Belize declined from 606 protect the environment in general. registered in 2005 to only 279 in 2010 (Table 7.7). Corozal district accounts for 35.8 percent of the total functional hand Information from Table 7.1 shows that total water abstraction pumps. Testing of hand pumps for faecal coliform in 2010 for Belize’s urban centers continues to show a declining increased by almost 100 percent when compared to 2005. 46 trend except for 2007/08 which recorded an increase of 5.3 of the hand pumps tested positive, indicating potentially that percent from the previous year. This decline can be attributed 35 percent of all hand pumps are contaminated (Table 7.8). to better management in controlling water loses due to leakages, illegal connections and improper functioning of the In 2010, 31 water bottling companies were registered in water meters. In 2009/2010 Belize City accounted for 45 Belize, while in 2004, there only 12 registered water bottling percent of the total water consumption while Punta Gorda companies. This represents an increase of 158 percent Town recorded the lowest water consumption rate of almost between 2004 and 2010. 7 percent.(Table 7.2) After a record high of 56.3 percent of water loss in 2002 a declining trend continues to be seen and Information in regards to rural water systems is very important for 2009/10 only 29.3 percent water loss was registered. for better planning and decision making in the water resource sector. Increases in water consumption, can be directly attributed to increases in the number of water consumers. Several rural areas are connected to the BWSL system with new water expansion projects that are presently ongoing or completed. In 2009/10, there were 45,942 water consumers representing an increase of 3.0 percent, while water consumption had an increase of 3.1 percent for the same period. The daily per capita water consumption increased from 25 gallons in 2000 to 28 gallons in 2010. As per Table 7.3 Belize City, Belmopan and San Pedro town reported the highest per capita consumption representing 33.2, 29.1 and 29.5 gallons per person per day in 2010 respectively.
Information gathered from the 2010 Population and Housing Census, produced by the Statistical Institute of Belize (SIB), reports that household’s two main source of drinking water was purified water and public piped into dwelling representing 51 percent and 29 percent respectively. Reports from the 2000 Census revealed that household’s main sources of drinking water were private vat/drum/well/not piped into dwelling (27 percent) and public piped into dwelling (26 percent). Meanwhile purified water represented 17 percent of the population for 2000 showing significant growth in the number of households heavily relying on purified water. However since the demand for purified water has increased
[74] Chapter 7: Water Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 7.1 Water Abstraction by Area (‘000 gals), 2004 - 2010
City/Town 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Belize City 1,651,703 1,544,954 1,444,243 1,468,331 1,364,117 1,272,179 Belmopan 261,930 267,509 277,843 307,025 304,585 289,289 Benque Viejo 74,853 54,053 65,248 69,658 74,619 77,255 Corozal 186,185 191,990 206,753 221,304 228,631 215,763 Dangriga 148,657 149,089 142,650 149,010 146,030 136,530 Orange Walk 164,354 179,303 167,618 181,774 188,754 197,990 Punta Gorda 75,987 65,492 70,785 79,906 75,898 75,717 San Ignacio 234,826 227,034 208,081 230,760 233,324 229,763 San Pedro 115,355 107,923 127,936 149,482 154,613 152,246 Total 2,913,851 2,787,348 2,711,157 2,857,250 2,770,571 2,646,732 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
Table: 7.2 Water Consumption by Area(‘000gals), 2004 - 2010
City/Town 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Belize City 830,030 825,381 815,217 816,557 822,537 847,504 Belmopan City 163,249 165,783 174,739 194,975 205,569 215,253 Benque Viejo Town 50,607 36,605 46,783 50,191 54,225 58,281 Corozal Town 115,071 113,685 114,118 123,593 128,921 133,094 Dangriga Town 81,569 85,305 89,310 93,777 95,907 95,770 Orange Walk Town 126,112 129,042 129,968 141,501 147,258 152,965 Punta Gorda Town 43,825 47,135 50,581 56,370 55,617 55,166 San Ignacio Town 169,367 179,414 163,564 174,627 178,259 186,809 San Pedro Town 99,940 99,510 110,008 122,371 126,482 126,654 Consumption 1,679,770 1,681,859 1,694,288 1,773,963 1,814,776 1,871,496 % Loss 42.4 39.7 37.5 37.9 34.5 29.3 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
Chapter 7: Water [75] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 7.3 Estimated Per capita Water Consumption, 2000 - 2010, gallons/person/day
City/Town 2000 2005 2010 Belize City 29.3 32.1 33.2 Belmopan 30.4 30.6 29.1 Benque Viejo 14.9 10.9 18.7 Corozal 14.7 19.9 18.3 Dangriga 23.6 21.6 27.3 Orange Walk 17.0 18.1 23.0 Punta Gorda 21.0 24.7 27.1 San Ignacio 21.4 27.4 26.7 San Pedro 38.4 32.5 29.5 Total 24.9 26.8 28.0 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
Table: 7.4 Water Sources and Water Connections (number) by Area, 2005 - 2010
Source and Method of City/Town 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Purification Belize City Surface Water from Belize River 16,323 17,614 18,072 18,062 18,368 Belmopan Surface Water from Belize River 4,114 4,336 4,548 4,668 4,763 Benque Viejo Surface Water Infiltration Gallery 1,686 1,602 1,579 1,587 1,651 Caye Caulker Desalination (Reverse Osmosis) 0 0 0 0 405 Corozal Well Ground Water Aquifer 3,579 3,726 3,828 4,029 4,133 Dangriga North Stann Creek River 2,391 2,439 2,536 2,563 2,587 Orange Walk Well Ground Water Aquifer 3,646 3,827 3,965 4,076 4,145 Punta Gorda Well Ground Water Aquifer 1,454 1,505 1,758 1,785 1,849 San Ignacio Belize River Infiltration Gallery 4,964 4,584 4,802 4,985 5,117 San Pedro Desalination (Reverse Osmosis) 2,197 2,497 2,747 2,855 2,924 Total 40,353 42,130 43,835 44,610 45,942 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
[76] Chapter 7: Water Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 7.5 Number of Water Connections by Type and Area, 2006/07
City/Town Residential Commercial Industrial Total Belize City 16,733 793 88 17,614 Belmopan 4,119 195 22 4,336 Benque Viejo 1,522 72 8 1,602 Corozal 3,539 168 19 3,726 Dangriga 2,317 110 12 2,439 Orange Walk 3,636 172 19 3,827 Punta Gorda 1,429 68 8 1,505 San Ignacio 4,355 206 23 4,584 San Pedro 2,373 112 12 2,497 Total 40,023 1,896 211 42,130 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
Table: 7.6 Belize Water Capacity by Major Sources (mn gals), 2005
City/Town Capacity Production % Utilized Consumption % Loss Belize City 2,062.8 1,545.0 74.9 825.4 46.6 Belmopan 300.0 267.5 89.2 165.8 38.0 Benque Viejo 90.0 54.1 60.1 36.6 32.3 Corozal 200.8 192.0 95.6 113.7 40.8 Dangriga 153.3 149.1 97.3 85.3 42.8 Orange Walk 197.1 179.3 91.0 129.0 28.0 Punta Gorda 78.5 65.5 83.4 47.1 28.0 San Ignacio 262.8 227.0 86.4 179.4 21.0 San Pedro 127.8 107.9 84.4 99.5 7.8 Total 3,473.1 2,787.3 80.3 1,681.9 39.7 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
Chapter 7: Water [77] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[78] Chapter 7: Water Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart: 7.1 Households 7.1 Households by byMain Main Source Source ofof Drinking Water, Water, 2010 2010, percent percent
Private Vat/Drum/Well Not Other Piped 13% 6 %
Purified Water
Public Piped into Dwelling 29 %
51
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize. Popu- lation and Housing Census
Chart 7.2 Households by Main Source of Drinking Water, 2000, percent
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize. Popu- lation and Housing Census
Chapter 7: Water [79] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 7.7 Number of Hand Pumps by District, 1995 - 2010
District 1995 2000 2005 2010 Corozal 187 200 200 100 Orange Walk 150 150 93 58 Belize 89 87 55 45 Cayo 76 76 58 28 Stann Creek 36 9 9 9 Toledo 154 191 191 39 Total 692 713 606 279 Source: Public Health Bureau, Ministry of Health
Table: 7.8 Number of Hand Pumps Tested by District, 1995 - 2010
District 1995 2000 2005 2010 Corozal 87 29 11 3 Orange Walk 78 1 12 21 Belize 66 2 34 45 Cayo 29 13 10 46 Stann Creek 10 6 0 0 Toledo 11 46 1 17 Total 281 97 68 132 Number Tested Positive 66 37 34 46 Source: Public Health Bureau, Ministry of Health
[80] Chapter 7: Water Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 7.9 Number of Water Systems by Type, 1990 - 2010
Type of System 1990 2000 2005 2010
Urban Systems (BWSL) 9 9 9 9
Villages Supplied by … 19 20 26 Urban Systems (BWSL)
Rudimentary Water 30 63 116 115 Systems (RWS)
Functional Hand Pumps 700 713 606 279
Total Improved Systems 739 804 751 429 Source: BWSL, Rural Dev. And MOH
Table: 7.10 Number of Bottled/Purified Water Operations by District, 2009 - 2010
District 2009 2010 Corozal 3 4 Orange Walk 5 8 Belize 6 7 Cayo 8 8 Stann Creek 2 3 Toledo 1 1 Total 25 31 Source: Public Health Bureau, Ministry of Health
Chapter 7: Water [81] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 ... 60.8 80.4 42.8 80.2 46.5 53.8 95.7 224.7 128.2 192.3 127.0 108.6 200.0 125.0 210.5 121.0 Consumption hold Daily Water 81 43 52 13 50 60 13 95 117 178 120 168 409 315 418 124 2,256
... fl a t r a t e 0.01gallon 10 flat rate 10 flat rate 10 flat rate 10 flat rate 10 flat rate 0.01 gallon Water RateWater Consumers Estimated House- 0.015 gallon 0.015 gallon 0.015 gallon 0.015 gallon 0.015 gallon 1 0 . 0 0 fl a t r a t e 10 & 12 flat rate ... 730,000 255,500 2,664,500 4,927,500 6,387,500 2,372,500 5,475,000 3,650,000 3,650,000 2,737,500 7,300,000 5,475,000 sumption 14,600,000 5.00, 10.00 & 17.50 14,600,000 89,425,000 14,600,000 0.01 gallon 7.50 & Annual Water Con- Annual Water ... 700 7,300 6,500 2,000 7,500 13,500 17,500 40,000 15,000 40,000 10,000 40,000 10,000 20,000 15,000 gallons 245,000 Consumption
nil nil nil elevated elevated elevated elevated Ground level Ground level Ground level Ground level Ground level Reservoir Level Daily Water
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 18,000 20,000 Gallons no reservoir Spanish Lookout no reservoir Spanish Lookout no reservoir no reservoir no reservoir no reservoir Spanish Lookout no reservoir Reverse osmosis Tank Capacity Tank Duck Run I Duck Run II Georgeville Los Tambos San Antonio San Marcos Santa Teresita Cristo Rey Duck Run III El Progresso Santa Familia Yalbac Total Bullet Tree Calla Creek Billy White Table: 7.11 Cayo District Rural Water System, 2011 Cayo District Rural Water 7.11 Table: Village Arenal Source: Rural Community Development , San Ignacio
[82] Chapter 7: Water Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 8: Sanitation
Chapter 8: Sanitation [83] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[84] Chapter 8: Sanitation Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 8 Sanitation
Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and deaths every year, mostly among under-five children services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. living in developing countries. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world- 7. Hygiene education and promotion of hand washing are wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant simple, cost-effective measures that can reduce diarrhea beneficial impact on health both in households and across cases by up to 45 percent. Even when ideal sanitation communities. The word ‘sanitation’ also refers to the is not available, instituting good hygiene practices in maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such communities will lead to better health. Proper hygiene as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. (WHO-World goes hand-in-hand with the use of improved facilities to Health Organization) prevent disease.
WHO facts on sanitation: Belize has made great improvements in regards to sanitation 1. An estimated 2.6 billion people lack access to adequate in urban areas but limited progress has been made in rural sanitation globally. If the current trend continues, by areas.. Recently, a loan was secured through the Inter- 2015 there will be 2.7 billion people without access to American Bank and this loan will support a program which basic sanitation. focuses mainly on solid waste management needs for the 2. Lack of sanitation facilities forces people to defecate in western corridor of Belize. The western corridor includes the open, in rivers or near areas where children play or four municipalities, Belize City, San Pedro Town, Caye food is prepared. This increases the risk of transmitting Caulker and San Ignacio/Santa Elena town. The Solid diseases. Waste Management Authority is the agency responsible for 3. Examples of diseases transmitted through water implementing the project. contaminated by human waste include diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis A. According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, 4. Health-care facilities need proper sanitation and must 65.8 percent of the total households had access to improved practice good hygiene to control infection. Worldwide, sanitation (sewer or septic tanks) while 30.5 percent used between 5 percent and 30 percent of patients develop pit latrines, and 2.9 percent reported that they did not have one or more avoidable infections during stays in health- any toilet facility. Between 2000 and 2010 the number of care facilities. improved sanitation services increased by two fold from 5. Each year more than 200 million people are affected 25,900 to 52,285 while pit latrines had an increase of 6.1 by droughts, floods, tropical storms, earthquakes, percent. Adequate sanitation coverage for 2010 was 86.8 forest fires, and other hazards. Sanitation is an essential percent in urban areas and 45.4 percent in rural communities component in emergency response and rehabilitation and approximately 50 percent of rural household’s used pit efforts to stem the spread of diseases, rebuild basic latrines, compared to 10.6 percent in urban household’s. services in communities and help people return to normal Toledo is the district with the highest number of households daily activities. that used pit latrines (56.8 percent) while in Belize district 6. Studies show that improved sanitation reduces diarrhea only 4.9 percent of the households used pit latrines. In death rates by a third. Diarrhea is a major killer and addition, the southern most district of the country reported largely preventable: it is responsible for 1.5 million that 14.8 percent of the households do not have any toilet
Chapter 8: Sanitation [85] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 facility (Table 8.1). in regards to the study can be obtained at the Belize Solid Waste Authority in Belmopan. As indicated in Table 8.5 only three municipalities have sewer systems. Information provided by the Belize Water The challenge for Belize is to ensure improved sanitation Services Limited (BWSL) reveals that no growth has taken coverage, particularly in rural areas, as proper facilities to place during the last five years. Furthermore, there has been dispose of solid waste do not exist countrywide. The 2010 an increase in the number of sewer ponds for 2010. The Population and Housing Census reveals that 48 percent of treatment method for Belize City and San Pedro is provided the households uses municipal collection to dispose of there using facultative lagoon systems and are designed to provide waste and 27 percent of the households burn it. It is obvious a hydraulic detention time of ten days. The treated effluents that most of the burning is taking place in rural areas where are then discharged into the Caribbean Sea through the no proper collection method is in place with only a couple mangrove wetlands. Belmopan uses a treatment method of of private garbage trucks (10 percent) that are providing sedimentation tanks and drying beds and then the treated services to a few villages. All urban centers have garbage waste water is discharge into the Belize River and the sludge collection systems in place and are managed by the Town is made available for agricultural use. Councils except for Belize City where the garbage collection is privatized. Increased waste generation and inadequate waste Information on liquid waste, industrial and hospital waste management represent major national challenges. The newly is not being collected. Presently, the sugar industry has established Solid Waste Management Authority is the embarked on a new initiative to generate electricity and entity responsible for improving solid waste management supply to the national grid by reusing the solid waste produced in Belize. In addition, this project will support the goals of (bagasse). In addition the citrus industry took a positive step environmental protection, natural resource conservation, and by identifying a possible move to dispose of citrus peel by protection of public health, safety and welfare. composting waste into organic fertilizer. More studies are required to understand and learn how better we can make use Presently, information on the quantity of waste generated of solid and liquid waste from all sources.. in the country is not available. The Belize Solid Waste Management Project conducted in 1997, revealed that urban areas produced an estimated 40,000 tons of municipal waste per annum. From this study it was also determined that the average waste generation rate was 2.1 pounds per person per day. The composition of municipal waste in Belize was estimated as follows: organics 60 percent; metals 5 percent; glass 5 percent; plastic 5 percent; paper 5 percent; and other waste 5 percent (Chart 8.3).
The final report on Waste Generation and Composition Study for the Western Corridor conducted in 2011 shows that the average waste generation rate was approximately 1.5 pounds per person per day representing a decrease of 40 percent from a previous waste study. Composition of waste for these four municipalities was as follows (Chart 8.4); paper 16 percent; plastic 19 percent; metal 5 percent; glass 8 percent; biodegradable organic material 33 percent; other organic material 14 percent; household hazardous waste 2 percent; and other waste 3 percent. Additional information
[86] Chapter 8: Sanitation Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 8.1 Household by Type of Toilet Facility and District, 2010, percent
Type Corozal Orange Belize Cayo Stann Toledo Total Walk Creek W.C. Linked to Sewer System 0.0 0.0 32.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 12.7 W. C. Linked to Septic Tank 51.7 47.7 59.4 50.4 65.0 27.8 53.1 Pit Latrine 46.5 49.8 4.9 40.4 31.9 56.8 30.5 Other 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.5 None 1.2 1.6 2.5 1.0 2.3 14.8 2.9 Don’t Know/Not Stated 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Population and Housing Census
Table: 8.2 Household by Type of Toilet Facility and District, 2000, percent
Type Corozal Orange Belize Cayo Stann Toledo Total Walk Creek W.C. Linked to Sewer System 0.0 0.0 43.2 8.1 0.0 0.0 15.1 W. C. Linked to Septic Tank 32.0 29.9 39.6 34.7 44.2 17.6 34.7 Pit Latrine 65.7 67.7 9.9 55.2 48.8 59.4 44.0 Other 0.1 0.1 3.9 0.2 2.2 1.2 1.6 None 2.2 2.3 2.9 1.6 4.7 21.8 4.3 Don’t Know/Not Stated 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Population and Housing Census
Chapter 8: Sanitation [87] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 8.3 Households by Type of Toilet Facility, 1980 - 2010, percent
Type 1980 % 1991 % 2000 % 2010 % W.C. Linked to Sewer System 956 3.5 6,010 15.8 7,851 15.1 10,086 12.7 W. C. Linked to Septic Tank 4,813 17.6 7,213 19.0 18,049 34.7 42,199 53.1 Pit Latrine 13,174 48.3 19,453 51.3 22,864 44.0 24,271 30.5 Other 3,233 11.8 2,178 5.7 847 1.6 385 0.5 None 3,822 14.0 3,089 8.1 2,222 4.3 2,306 2.9 Don’t Know/Not Stated 1,300 4.8 … … 112 0.2 234 0.3 Total 27,298 100.0 37,943 100.0 51,945 100.0 79,481 99.7 Source: Population and Housing Census
ChartChart: 8.1 Households 8.1 Households by by Type Type of of Toilet Toilet Facility, 1991 1991 - 2010, - 2010, percent percent
60
50
40
30 Percent 20
10
0 W.C. Linked None W. C. Linked Don't Pit Latrine Other to Sewer to Septic Know/Not System Tank Stated 1991 15.8 8.1 19.0 5.7 51.3 0.0 2000 15.1 4.3 34.7 0.2 44.0 1.6 2010 12.7 2.9 53.1 0.3 30.5 0.5
Source: Population and Housing Census
[88] Chapter 8: Sanitation Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 8.4 Households by Type of Toilet Facility, Urban/Rural, 1991 - 2000, percent
1991 2000 2010 Type Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural W.C. Linked to Sewer System 15.8 31.2 0.0 15.3 30.6 0.0 12.7 25.8 0.0 W. C. Linked to Septic Tank 19.0 27.3 10.5 34.7 46.6 22.8 53.1 61.1 45.4 Pit Latrine 51.3 25.9 77.4 43.9 17.8 70.0 30.5 10.6 49.9 Other 5.7 10.4 0.9 1.6 2.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 None 8.2 5.2 11.2 4.3 2.1 6.4 2.9 1.8 4.0 Don’t Know/Not Stated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Population and Housing Census
ChartChart: 8.2 8.2 Household Households by by Type Type of of Toilet Toilet Facility, Urban/Rural, Urban/Rural, 19911991 - -2010, 2010, percentpercent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural 1991 2000 2010
W.C. Linked to Sewer System W. C. Linked to Septic Tank Pit Latrine Other
Source: Population and Housing Census
Chapter 8: Sanitation [89] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 8.5 Number of Units Connected to the Sewer System, 2005 - 2010
Location 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Belize City 4,965 4,970 4,963 4,963 4,963 4,963 Belmopan City 1,655 1,657 1,657 1,657 1,657 1,657 San Pedro Town 304 306 306 306 306 306 Total 6,924 6,933 6,926 6,926 6,926 6,926 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
Table: 8.6 Number of Sewer Ponds and Method of Treatment, 2010
Number of Treatment Location Ponds Method Belize City 2 Facultative Belmopan City 1 Sedimentation Tank 4 Drying Beds San Pedro Town 2 Facultative Total 9 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
Table: 8.7 Number of Sewer Ponds and Method of Treatment, 2003
Number of Treatment Location Ponds Method Belize City 2 Facultative Belmopan City 2 Sedimentation Tank San Pedro Town 3 Facultative Total 7 Source: Belize Water Services Limited
[90] Chapter 8: Sanitation Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 8.8 Municipal Solid Waste Generated (tons) For the Year 1997
Municipality Tons per Tons per lb/capita/day Vehicles used for annum Day Waste Collection Corozal 2,640 7.2 2.1 2 Orange Walk 6,125 16.8 2.5 3 Belize City 19,328 53.0 2.2 10 San Ignacio 4,078 11.2 2.2 4 Benque 1,465 4.0 1.5 2 Belmopan 1,548 4.2 1.4 3 Dangriga 1,159 3.2 1.0 2 Punta Gorda 1,166 3.2 1.5 2 San Pedro 640 1.8 1.2 3 Total 38,148 104.5 2.1 31 Source: Stantec International Group Inc., 1998
Chart 8.3 Composition of Municipal Waste, 1997, percent
5% 5% 5% 5% Organics Paper Plastic 20% 60% Glass Metals Other Waste
Source: Stantec International Group Inc., 1998
Chapter 8: Sanitation [91] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart:8.4 8.4 Composition Composition of ofMunicipal Municipal WasteWaste inin the the Western Western Corridor Corridor Project, Project, 20102010 - - 2011,2011, percentpercent
Paper 2% 3% Plastic 16% 14% Metal
19% Glass Biodigradable Organic Material 33% 5% Other Organic Material 8% Household Hazardous Waste
Others Waste
Source: Solid Waste Management Project for the Western Corridor, Belize C. A.
ChartChart: 8.5 Method 8.5 Method of Household of Household Waste Waste Disposal,Disposal, 2010 2010, Percent percent
5%
27% 48% Municipal Collection Take To Dump Private Garbage Truck 10% Burn It 10% Other
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
[92] Chapter 8: Sanitation Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart: 8.6 Method8.6 Method of Householdof Household Waste Waste Disposal,Disposal, 2000 2000, Percent percent
3%
33% Municipal Collection 51% Take To Dump Dump In Own Yard 4% Burn It 9% Other
Source: Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census
Table: 8.9 Export of Scrap Metals (tons) 2006 - 2010
Destination 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Guatemala 810 7,830 8,756 3,857 10,225 Mexico 340 1,060 2,919 1,170 796 Total 1,150 8,890 11,675 5,027 11,021 Source: Department of the Environment
Chapter 8: Sanitation [93] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 8.10 Exports of Waste Oil (gals) 2005 - 2010
Destination 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Guatemala 13,124 11,650 10,376 18,050 42,375 188,625
Source: Department of the Environment
Table: 8.11 Imports of Potential Waste Products, 2006 - 2010
Type Unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead Acid Batteries no. 9,781 76,671 57,029 52,832 56,242
Used Tyres no. 18,400 46,347 44,838 48,324 68,273
Plastic Bottles lbs 28,181 123,018 … 101,156 124,515
Glass Bottles no. 3,075,759 4,173,809 … 9,464,941 3,045,820 Source: Statistical Institute of Belize
[94] Chapter 8: Sanitation Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 9: Tourism
Chapter 9: Tourism [95] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[96] Chapter 9: Tourism Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 9 Tourism
Tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex. It because of the various assets it has, such as the second largest involves many activities that can have adverse environmental barrier reef in the western hemisphere a world heritage site, effects. Many of these impacts are linked with construction ancient archeological sites, and extensive rain forest rich in of general infrastructure such as roads, airports, and tourism biodiversity, to name a few. Therefore, Belize shall continue facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurant, shops, golf to preserve the environment in order to attract large numbers courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism of tourists. development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends (UNEP, 2001). In addition, Belize has been actively involved in the protection and conservation of land and marine areas, apart from On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create signing and supporting several international conventions. beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to These are initiatives and actions taken to conserve the natural environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to environment. It is recognized that without proper planning raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a and management of our resources, they can be heavily tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their impacted and in turn affect the resources that sustain the economic importance (UNEP, 2011). tourism industry.
Tourism is indeed one of the world’s largest economic sector A tourist is defined as persons traveling to and staying in and contributes significant to the growth of societies in both places outside their usual environment for not more than one developed and developing countries. There is hardly any consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. other economic sector which generates as much added value, The total number of passenger arrivals in 2010 (Table 9.1) in employment and foreign exchange at such a low cost as increased to a total of 239,840 representing an increase of tourism. 3.3 percent over the previous year. Since 2000, an average annual increase of 2 percent has been noted in the number The Belize Tourism Board (BTB) is part of the Ministry of of tourist arrivals. International tourists arrivals by port of Tourism in Belize. The prime objective of BTB is to develop entry is dominated by air transport. Table 9.2 shows that and maintain a strategic partnership between government approximately 72 percent of the total international arrivals and the private sector. The BTB vision is “A progressive comes through the Phillip Goldson International Airport, 14.6 institution fostering responsible development of the tourism percent at the Western Border Station (Guatemala) and 9.4 industry for the socio-economic growth of Belize through percent at the Santa Elena Border Station (Mexico). Over the prudent, transparent and effective governance”. last 20 years Belize has become a tourist destination known for offering its visitors unique experiences in a relatively Belize has benefited tremendously from the tourism industry. untouched natural environment. In fact, Belize was one of the In 2010, tourism contributed 20.4 percent of Gross Domestic first countries to establish itself as an eco-tourism destination. Product (GDP) and is considered one of the main sources of foreign exchange earning for Belize. The industry employing Cruise tourism has become one of the fastest growing approximately 13,253 persons which represents 12.3 percent industries in the country and Belize has been identified as of the employed labour force. Tourists are attracted to Belize one of the hottest destinations in the western Caribbean.
Chapter 9: Tourism [97] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
As the industry evolves, the need for better planning and Visitation to the Maya Ruins Archeological sites was by far management of cruise ship visitors is required in addition to the most visited destination. A decline of 15 percent in the new environmental considerations that require addressing. number of visitors to the Maya Ruins was registered between The year 2004 marked by far the highest record in cruise the period 2005 and 2010. However, 2009 marked the fifth tourism with a total of 854,436 cruise passengers, while consecutive year that a reduction in the number of visitors 2008 recorded the fourth consecutive year the cruise to the Maya sites was registered, while an increase of 20.2 arrivals decreased by approximately 30 percent. Cruise percent was recorded in 2010 from the previous year. arrivals increased from 705,219 in 2009 to 764,628 in 2010 representing an increase of 8.4 percent. The number of cruise Hol Chan Marine Reserve is the oldest marine reserves and ship calls increase by almost four-fold between the period is off the southern tip of Ambergris Caye. Over 60 thousand 2000 and 2010 from 70 to 279. Of the total amount of cruise tourists visited Hol Chan Marine Reserve in 2010, an increase tourist arrivals around 38 percent visit Belize during the first from 58,206 visitors in 2009. But between the period 2005 quarter of the year. Based on the industry’s rapid growth the and 2010 the number of visitors declined by 17.2 percent. market has expanded to different parts of the world attracting new clientele (Table 9.3) . The Belize Audubon Society (BAS) manages about 9 protected areas. BAS reported in 2010 that the number of visitors to According to the Hotels and Tourist Accommodation Act Half Moon Natural Monument and Blue Hole National Park (chapter 285) Revised Edition 2003 which regulates the increased by 82 percent and 72.6 percent respectively. Cruise accommodation sector, a hotel is defined as “any building tourism continues to play an important role in the number of containing not less than 10 bedrooms for the accommodation daily visitors to these sites and contributes significantly to the for reward of guests” or “any building containing a group total tourism expenditure. of units containing not less than 10 units, and such units may consist of buildings, cottages, cabanas, apartments, or otherwise for the accommodation of guests for reward, situated within the same complex or precincts”. The hotel industry has shown significant increase over the last two decades. For the period 2000 to 2010, the hotel industry recorded an increase of approximately 70 percent representing an annual average increase of 5.3 percent in the number of hotels. Coastal areas such as Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, Placencia and Other Islands accounted for 54 percent of the registered hotels in the Belize, while the two northern districts of Corozal and Orange Walk accounted for less than 10 percent. Cayo District is also one of the main destinations for tourists with 101 hotels (Table 9.6). In addition, there are only about 7 hotels in Belize with more than 50 rooms and approximately 62 percent of hotels had les than ten rooms (Table 9.5).
Hotel rooms increased from 3,963 in 2000 to 6,849 in 2010 representing an increase of 72.8 percent. In 2010, a increase of 2.7 percent was reflected when compared to 2009. There were a total of 11,694 registered hotel beds in 2010 up by 1.7 percent or 195 more beds from the year before (Table 9.7).
Belize is known for its wonderful sites and lovely attractions.
[98] Chapter 9: Tourism Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 9.1 Number of Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit, 2000 - 2010
Tourism Type 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Business 7,604 10,426 11,281 10,892 8,822 8,810 9,354 Official 1,249 1,375 1,403 2,639 1,275 1,649 1,918 Tourist 186,883 224,772 234,625 238,124 234,910 221,790 228,568 Total 195,736 236,573 247,309 251,655 245,007 232,249 239,840 Source: Belize Tourism Board
Table: 9.2 Number of Tourist Arrivals by Port of Entry, 2000 -2010
Port of Entry 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Dangriga Town Seaport 901 734 816 740 1,017 1,297 2,217 Phillip Goldson International Airport 131,684 174,636 178,552 183,133 178,360 168,047 172,402 Punta Gorda Town Seaport 8,420 7,107 7,734 8,960 8,524 8,738 7,715 Santa Elena Border Station 27,258 20,843 21,540 22,555 23,783 21,107 22,553 Western Border Station 27,503 33,253 38,667 36,267 33,323 33,060 34,953 Total 195,766 236,573 247,309 251,655 245,007 232,249 239,840 Source: Belize Tourism Board
Chapter 9: Tourism [99] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 9.3 Number of Cruise Ship Passenger Arrivals, 2000 - 2010
Period 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Jan - Mar 35,421 314,243 251,277 276,825 229,945 225,563 286,946 Apr - Jun 12,344 176,772 125,080 121,005 107,323 139,994 152,344 Jul - Sep 0 114,212 84,749 63098 95379 113269 114775 Oct - Dec 10,366 195,106 194,825 163200 164723 226393 210563 Total 58,131 800,333 655,931 624,128 597,370 705,219 764,628 No. of Ship Calls 70 370 295 278 274 284 279 Source: Belize Tourism Board
ChartChart: 9.1 9.1Belize Belize Tourism Tourism Industry, Industry, 2000 - - 2010 2010, Arrivals Arrivals 900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Cruise Ship Arrivals Overnight Tourist
Source: Belize Tourism Board
[100] Chapter 9: Tourism Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 9.4 Overnight Tourist Average Stay, 2000 - 2010
Category 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Summer 7.4 6.7 7.7 7.2 8.2 7.0 7.3
Winter 7.7 7.0 9.0 7.7 8.5 7.0 7.3
Average 7.6 6.8 8.2 7.8 8.4 7.0 7.3 Source: Belize Tourism Board
ChartChart: 9.2 Tourism 9.2 Tourism Density Density Ratio, Ratio, 2001 2001 -- 2010,2010, 2 TouristTourist per per100km 100 Km2 of Belizeof Belize Land Land Area Area
26 25 23.4 24.6 24 23 22 24.1 20.8 21 20 19.2 17.8 17.9 19 18 19.4 18.7 17 16 18.1 15 Tourism Density Ratio 14 13 12 11 10 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Belize Tourism Board
Chapter 9: Tourism [101] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 Tourism Penetration Ratio, 2001 - 2010 Tourist per 1,000 Inhabitants Chart 9.3 Tourism Penetration Ratio, 2001 - 2010
20 19.9 19 19.2
18 16.7 18.8 17 16.0 16.3 16 16.6 15.4 16.3 15 14 14.7 13
Tourism Tourism Ratio Penetration 12 11 10 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Belize Tourism Board
Table: 9.5 Number of Hotels Classified by Size, Beds and Rooms, 2000 - 2010
Item 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1. Number of hotels by size 391 557 561 591 620 651 654
a. Rooms 5 and more and less than 10 ...... 404 418 442 404
b. Rooms 10 and more and less than 25 ...... 127 127 135 197
c. Rooms 25 and more and less than 50 ...... 52 65 66 41
d. Rooms 50 and more ...... 8 10 8 7
2. Total number of rooms occupied 4,106 5,593 5,789 6,200 6,539 6,671 6,822
3. Total number of beds 7,045 9,327 9,651 10,502 11,013 11,499 11,620
4. Room occupancy rate 41.7 42.1 42.9 44.3 39.9 34.1 34.9 Source: Belize Tourism Board
[102] Chapter 9: Tourism Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 9.6 Number of Hotels by Area, 2000 - 2010
Area 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Ambergris Caye 62 92 98 99 108 125 141 Cayo 61 87 89 97 95 101 101 Placencia 47 81 81 88 99 109 104 Belize District 58 60 54 59 61 56 54 Caye Caulker 38 67 70 73 71 75 79 Stann Creek 42 55 55 56 60 58 56 Other Islands 28 36 36 35 37 37 36 Toledo 29 33 29 35 36 37 38 Corozal 16 29 31 29 34 34 36 Orange Walk 10 17 18 20 19 19 19 Total 391 557 561 591 620 651 664 Source: Belize Tourism Board
Table : 9.7 Hotel Statistics, 2000 - 2010, number
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Hotels 391 557 561 591 620 651 664
Rooms 3,963 5,593 5,789 6,200 6,539 6,671 6,849
Beds 6,810 9,327 9,651 10,502 11,013 11,499 11,694 Source: Belize Tourism Board
Chapter 9: Tourism [103] Environmental Statistics for Belize Number by Hotels by Area, 2010 2012
Chart 9.4 Number of Hotels by Area, 2010
Orange Walk 3%
Corozal Cayo Toledo 5% Ambergris Caye 15% 6% 21%
Other Islands 5% Placencia 16%
Stann Creek 11% Belize District Caye Caulker 8% Source: Belize Tourism Board 12%
ChartNumber 9.5 Number of Visitors of Visitors to Maya to Maya Ruins, Ruins, 1995 1995 - 2010 - 2010 250
235.5 200 200.4
150
100 95.8 No. of Visitors (thousand) Visitors of No. 50
48.8 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: Belize Tourism Board
[104] Chapter 9: Tourism Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart: 9.6 Number 9.6 Number of Visitorsof Visitors to to Hol Hol ChanChan MarineMarine Reserve, Reserve, 1995 1995 - 2010 - 2010
80
70
60 73.6 50 60.9 40
30 35.6 36.4 20 No. of Visitors (thousand) Visitors of No. 10
0 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: Belize Tourism Board
Table: 9.8 Estimated Tourist Expenditure, 2000 - 2010
Year Value (million Bz$) % of GDP 2000 240.4 14.4 2001 241.0 13.9 2002 265.6 14.3 2003 311.4 15.9 2004 345.3 16.7 2005 349.4 15.8 2006 505.7 22.3 2007 590.4 25.5 2008 563.0 23.7 2009 422.0 17.7 2010 499.7 20.4 Source: Belize Tourism Board
Chapter 9: Tourism [105] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[106] Chapter 9: Tourism Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 10: Energy
Chapter 10: Energy [107] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[108] Chapter 10: Energy Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 10 Energy
Energy is central to sustainable development and poverty undertaken is the use of bagasse (waste) from the Belize reduction efforts. It affects all aspects of development, social, Sugar Industry to produce energy. Solar and wind energy economic, and environmental, including livelihoods, access are other sources which are being considered but very few to water, agricultural productivity, health, population levels, studies have been conducted to see if these renewable energy education, and gender-related issues. None of the Millennium sources are feasible for development. All of these initiatives Development Goals (MDGs) can be met without major will definitely help reduce fossil fuel usage and the emission improvement in the quality and quantity of energy services of GHGs. These renewable energy initiatives have also in developing countries. United Nations Development helped reduce, to some extent, pollution from diesel spills, Programme (UNDP) helps developing countries to expand improper oil disposal, as well as noise and smoke pollution access to reliable and modern sources of energy in order to from energy plants. In addition, with continuously increasing reduce poverty and to improve the health of their citizens, fuel prices these measures have to be taken into consideration while at the same time promoting economic growth and for the benefit of the country. Belize’s ultimate goal is to be mitigating climate change. Investing in clean, efficient, energy self-sufficient. affordable and reliable energy systems is indispensable for a prosperous, environmentally sustainable future. Ensuring After the installation of the hydroelectric plants in Belize, energy security will require diversification of types and the use of plants using diesel to generate energy declined. sources of energy, with increasing focus on consumer needs, Presently, Belize Electricity Limited (BEL) generates only indigenous energy supplies, energy efficiency and regional 1.6 percent of its electricity from fossil fuel (diesel), compared interconnections. with 20 percent in 2005. Information from Table 10.1 shows that net electricity generation increased from 420,848 MWh Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are emitted from production and in 2005 to 545,071 MWh in 2010, representing an increase burning fossil fuels such as oil and gas. Emissions like carbon of approximately 29.5 percent. In 2010, energy sources of dioxide (CO2) entering the earth’s atmosphere are causing Belize include, BECOL (42 percent), energy imports from Climate Change. Studies reveals that about 20 percent of Mexico (27 percent), Hydro Maya (2 percent), Belcogen (27 oil related GHG emissions come directly from exploration percent), and 1 percent from diesel (chart 10.1). Regarding and production, while approximately 80 percent comes from imports of energy from Mexico in 2005 these accounted for vehicle use. Thus, the challenges we all face in this era is 60 percent of the total energy supply, therefore a decrease how to reduce GHG emissions while the demand for energy of 55 percent was seen by 2010 when imports from Mexico continues to rapidly grow. represented 27 percent of the total. The main factor that caused huge increases in 2005 energy imports from Mexico With Belize’s increasing demand for electrical energy, was the decline in rainfall for that particular year. Belize has to find other renewable alternatives that are more environmentally friendly and have less impact on The increasing the number of households, businesses and the environment. Examples of such initiatives include the industries in Belize has increased the demand for electricity. Mollejon Hydro plant in 1995, the Chalillo Dam in 2005, The total number of consumers registered a growth rate Hydro Maya plant in 2007, and the Vaca Hydro plant in of 3.8 percent per annum during the period 2000 - 2010. 2010. Another renewable energy initiative, that Belize has In 2010, there were 77,046 consumers registered, of which
Chapter 10: Energy [109] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
76,316 (99 percent) were residential (Table 10.3). The for cooking, while in 2010 this dropped to 15.3 percent. Industrial and Commercial sector only accounts for 1 percent Toledo District, which is considered one of the poorest of the total consumers but surprisingly it is estimated that districts in Belize, has less than 50 percent of households about 37.5 percent of the total energy produced is consumed using butane gas for cooking. by the sector. The residential sector uses 56.7 percent of the total electricity generated while street lights which are Results from the 2010 Population and Housing Census 2010 government owned, consumed 5.8 percent. shows that almost 90 percent (Table 10.8) of the population uses electricity for lighting. Approximately 96 percent of In 2010, it was estimated that on average household daily households in Belize District alone have electricity while consumption of energy is 8.7 kWh. San Pedro and Caye Toledo only reported 67.7 percent (Chart 10.9). Furthermore, Caulker, which are two of the main tourist destinations in as population increases the demand for electricity is greater the country of Belize, have the highest consumption rates and the country has to consider alternatives sources of representing about 16.7 percent and 14 percent respectively. cheaper electricity to meet this growing demand. Punta Gorda continues to use less energy per day (Table 10.4). In addition, it is estimated that between 2005 and 2010 The Belize Electricity Limited places high priority on safety, household monthly expenditure for electricity consumption health and environmental awareness. In the area of the increased from Bz$94.1 to Bz$116.6, representing an increase environment, the company has a budget for environmental of 23.9 percent. Tourist destination tend to have the highest care and recycling practices. The annual expenditure on monthly expenditure on electricity, which is attributed to the environmental care increase from Bz $85,000 in 2009 to need to accommodate the huge numbers of visitors attracted Bz$283,687 in 2010 representing an increase of over 200 every year, as well as the increase in population in these areas percent. In addition, proper management is in place to due to employment opportunities. monitor any oil spills that occurs as a result of the company’s activities. According to Chart 10.4, fuel imports have fluctuated over the years. Gasoline imports decreased from 25.1 million gallons in 2000 to 10.9 million gallons in 2005. However, for the period 2005 and 2010 gasoline imports have been increasing and recorded an almost 10 percent increase between 2009 and 2010. In 2008, diesel imports declined by 23 percent from the previous year and reflected an increase of almost 42 percent between 2008 and 2010. Gasoline and diesel represent about 90 percent of all fuel imported into Belize. Moreover the amount of diesel fuel used to generate electricity has drastically declined from 8,034.7 thousand gallons in 1995 to only 665.7 thousand gallons in 2010 (Table 10.6). The reason for this is that, as mentioned earlier, Belize is using other alternatives for generating electricity.
Information from the different Population and Housing Censuses reveals that households are using more gas for their cooking activities. For example, 82.7 percent of the households in 2010 used butane gas for cooking as compared to 60.5 percent reported in 1980 (Chart 10.6). Secondly, it is obvious that the use of wood for cooking has declined since 1980, which reported 31.3 percent of households using wood
[110] Chapter 10: Energy Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table : 10.1 Total Electric Energy Supplied (MWh) to the Country of Belize, 2005 - 2010
Energy Source 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Net Diesel Generation 81,553 30,136 36,078 10,704 18,760 7,608 Purchased Energy 322,270 387,546 402,630 452,883 454,053 475,662 BECOL 68,275 177,733 166,727 191,589 179,949 249,564 Hydro Maya - - 10,676 12,898 7,760 13,586 Belize Aquaculture Limited - - - - 48,781 4,461 Belcogen - - - - 1,330 48,175 Mexico 253,995 209,814 225,227 248,396 216,233 159,876 BEL Generation 403,823 417,682 438,708 463,587 472,813 483,270 BEL Percentage Loss 13 14 13 12 12 12 BSI Generation 17,025 19,149 21,521 17,070 15,827 109,976 Total Generation 420,848 436,831 460,229 480,657 487,310 545,071 Source: Belize Electricity Limited & Belize Sugar Industry
EnergyChart 10.1 Sources Energy Sources of Belize, of Belize, 20102010
1% 1%
27% Diesel
BECOL
42% Mexico
Hydro Maya
2% BSI/Belcogen Bze Aquaculture Ltd
27% Source: Belize Electricity Limited & Belize Sugar Industry
Chapter 10: Energy [111] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 Energy Sources of Belize, 2005
Chart 10.2 Energy Sources of Belize, 2005
4%
20%
Diesel BECOL 16% Mexico 60% BSI
Source: Belize Electricity Limited & Belize Sugar Industry
Energy Sources of Belize, 2000 Chart 10.3 Energy Sources of Belize, 2000
6% 15%
Diesel BECOL Mexico 45% 34% BSI
Source: Belize Electricity Limited & Belize Sugar Industry
[112] Chapter 10: Energy Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 10.2 Country-Wide Diesel Generation Capacity, (MW) 2000 - 2010
Year Peak Installed Demand Capacity 2000 44.5 26.3 2001 49.3 27.0 2002 53.7 27.0 2003 57.4 49.3 2004 61.1 43.6 2005 63.5 43.5 2006 66.6 36.9 2007 70.0 36.7 2008 74.3 37.0 2009 76.2 33.7 2010 80.6 32.3 Source: Belize Electricity Limited
Table: 10.3 Number of Electricity Consumer and Consumption by Sector , 2000 - 2010
Sector 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Consumers (no) Industrial & Commercial 518 593 677 698 724 723 729 Residential 52,632 68,041 70,279 71,992 73,492 74,819 76,316 Others 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 53,151 68,635 70,957 72,691 74,217 75,543 77,046 Consumption (MWh) Industrial & Commercial 109,075 123,701 132,549 143,118 158,992 158,452 159,921 Residential 175,817 202,419 203,361 214,925 224,030 234,596 241,777 Others 22,661 23,606 23,679 23,716 23,963 24,326 24,535 Total 307,553 349,726 359,589 381,759 406,985 417,374 426,233 Source: Belize Electricity Limited
Chapter 10: Energy [113] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 10.4 Household Electricity Consumption by Location, 2005 - 2010 KWh/Household/Day
Area 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Belize 9.4 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.5 Belmopan/San Ignacio/ 6.8 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.5 7.7 Benque Caye Caulker 13.6 13.7 14.6 14.3 14.5 14.0 Corozal/Sarteneja 7.3 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.2 Dangriga 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.8 Independence 8.9 8.6 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.3 Orange Walk 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.0 7.2 Punta Gorda 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.3 5.7 San Pedro 15.6 15.4 16.4 16.6 16.4 16.7 Total 8.2 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.7 Source: Belize Electricity Limited
Table: 10.5 Estimated H/H Monthly Expenditure on Electricity Consumption by Location, 2005 - 2010, Bz $
Area 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Belize 108.1 122.1 124.4 125.3 127.7 128.2 Belmopan/San Ignacio/ 77.0 90.1 92.5 94.1 99.7 102.3 Benque Caye Caulker 161.4 187.5 200.9 196.6 199.6 192.2 Corozal/Sarteneja 81.8 94.3 94.9 95.5 96.6 95.7 Dangriga 74.0 84.7 85.7 88.1 92.1 90.9 Independence 102.9 116.9 128.9 131.8 133.5 140.1 Orange Walk 75.8 87.6 89.0 87.7 92.9 94.8 Punta Gorda 52.5 62.7 64.9 64.3 70.0 74.6 San Pedro 186.0 211.3 226.7 229.5 226.9 231.0 Total 94.1 107.9 111.1 111.9 115.2 116.6 Source: Belize Electricity Limited
[114] Chapter 10: Energy Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart: 10.4 10.4 Fuel Fuel ImportsImports, 20002000 - 2010,- 2010, '000 ‘000 gallons gals 30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Motor Spirit (Gasoline) Kerosene Type Jet Fuel Diesel Oil Source: Ministry of Finance
Chart 10.5 Petroleum Production and Exports, 2006 - 2010, Barrels Chart: 10.5 Petroleum Production and Exports, 2006 - 2010 (Barrels) 1,800,000
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000 Production 800,000 Exports
600,000
400,000
200,000
0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Geology and Petroleum Dept
Chapter 10: Energy [115] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 10.6 Quantity of Petroleum Products Used (gals) for Generating Electricity , 1995 - 2010
Consumption Type 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 Fuel 8,034,702 3,323,582 6,595,445 2,521,089 3,046,340 1,692,012 665,740 Lube Oil 75,639 27,965 19,420 5,659 6,105 2,279 2,579 Source: Belize Electricity Limited
Table: 10.7 Households by Type of Fuel Used for Cooking, 1980 - 2010, Percent
Year Wood Gas Other Total 1980 31.3 60.5 8.2 100
1991 29.2 62.0 8.8 100
2000 15.8 79.5 4.7 100
2010 15.3 82.7 1.9 100 Source: SIB, Population & Housing Census, 2010
Chart 10.6 Households by Fuel Used for Cooking, 1980 - 2010, percent
90.0 82.7 79.5 80.0 70.0 60.5 62 60.0 50.0 40.0 31.3 29.2 30.0 20.0 15.8 15.3 8.2 8.8 10.0 4.7 1.9 0.0 1980 1991 2000 2010
Wood Gas Other Source: SIB, Population & Housing Census, 2010
[116] Chapter 10: Energy Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chart 10.7Households Households byby DistrictDistrict withwith accessAccess toto GasGas (Butane)(Butane) usedUsed forfor Cooking, Cooking,1991 1991- 2010 - 2010
94.6 100 90.7 83.3 85.8 90 80.6 80.6 81.4 81.7 77 80 74.6 74.2 70 59.1 55.6 57.2 60 53.8 47.1 50 42.3 40 30 24.6 20 10 0 Corozal Orange Walk Belize Cayo Stann Creek Toledo
1991 2000 2010 Source: SIB, Population & Housing Censuses
Table: 10.8 Households by Type of Lighting Used, 1980 - 2010, Percent
Year Kerosene & Gas Electricity Others Total Lamps 1980 39.4 59.4 1.2 100
1991 30.7 67.2 2.1 100
2000 15.3 79.0 5.7 100
2010 4.6 89.9 5.4 100 Source: SIB, Population & Housing Census, 2010
Chapter 10: Energy [117] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart: 10.8 Households10.8 Houseolds by by Type Type of of LightingLighting Used, Used, 1980 1980 - 2010, - 2010, percent percent 100 89.9 90 79.0 80 67.2 70 59.4 60 50 39.4 40 30.7 30 20 15.3 5.7 4.6 5.4 10 1.2 2.1 0 1980 1991 2000 2010
Kerosene & Gas Lamps Electricity Others
Source: SIB, Population & Housing Censuses
ChartChart: 10.9 10.9 Households Households by by District District with Access Access to toElectricity Electricity, 19911991 - 20102010
96.4 100 94.0 91.4 89.3 89.5 86.2 87.3 90 83.0 76.1 78.1 80 88.6 65.6 67.7 70 62.3 64.5 60 48.2 46.2 50 40 25.8 30 20 10 0 Corozal Orange Walk Belize Cayo Stann Creek Toledo
1991 2000 2010
Source: SIB, Population & Housing Censuses
[118] Chapter 10: Energy Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart: 10.10 10.10 Cost Cost of of Power Power by Source,Source, 2010 2010, Bz$(Bz$ perper kWh)kWh
0.484 0.509
0.360 0.228 0.195 0.138
BECOL Mexico Diesel Fuel Hydro Maya Bze Belcogen Aquaculture Ltd.
Source: Belize Electricity Limited
Table: 10.9 Quantity and Volume of Fuel Spills, Table: 10.10 Annual Expenditure on Environmental 2004 - 2010 Care, 2004 - 2010
Year Number Volume Year Value (Bz$)
2004 13 275 2004 205,000
2005 5 49 2005 209,296
2006 13 127 2006 91,720
2007 5 14 2007 119,016
2008 5 41 2008 110,000
2009 19 61 2009 85,000
2010 14 29 2010 283,687 Source: Belize Electricity Limited Source: Belize Electricity Limited
Chapter 10: Energy [119] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[120] Chapter 10: Energy Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 11: Transport
Chapter 11: Transport [121] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[122] Chapter 11: Transport Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 11 Transport
Transport is responsible for approximately one quarter of several miles of gravel road exist which connects the rural all energy related GHG emissions. Even though the transport communities to the main urban centers. The country’s only sector is of great importance, it has a significant impact on international airport is in Ladyville, Belize District and is the natural environment. More and more cities, especially the main port of entry for approximately 72 percent of all in developing and transitional countries, are experiencing international tourist arrivals. serious air quality problems. Especially worrisome is the rapidly increasing fleet of private vehicles, which is Belize has several ports in which boats can enter. There are occurring in developing countries (UNDP). A leaner, greener the commercial ports such as Big Creek Port in the Stann transportation system is a key pillar of a low-carbon economy. Creek District which are primarily used for banana exports, Through its transport programme, UNEP is promoting a although some containers are received at these locations to paradigm shift to a less auto intensive, but no less mobile, better service the southern region of Belize. It is also the world. It is also focusing on cleaning up vehicles and fuels, port of departure for the oil fields in Spanish Lookout. Then especially in developing countries and those with economies there is the Commerce Bight Port, which is primarily used in transition, which are grappling with air pollution and for citrus exports. The third one is the Port of Belize located associated health problems. in Belize City. It is the largest port in the country where the majority of Belize’s commercial imports and exports are Today’s transport sector is predominantly based on processed. The Commerce Bight Port and Belize City Port combustion of fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel), making are owned and operated by the Port of Belize Ltd. Seaports it one of the largest sources of both urban and regional air for tourist entry include: Belize City, Big Creek, San Pedro, pollution and GHG’s. Furthermore, it is the cause of other Dangriga and Punta Gorda. environmental and social ill effects, including consumption of natural resources (land), forest fragmentation, and open The transport sector is known to consume large amounts space to noise-related nuisance. Other detrimental effects on of gasoline and diesel fuels accounting for approximately the quality of life from transportation include congestion, 46 percent of total secondary energy production, of which injuries, and deaths arising from accidents. Yet, the movement gasoline accounts for 48.6 percent and diesel 34.65 percent. of goods and people is crucial for social and economic Overall, this sector accounts for about 49 percent of the total development by enabling trade, tourism, and business net GHG emissions, mainly because this sector is highly operations. It provides opportunities for employment, dependent on fossil fuel (National Energy Policy Framework, education and leisure. We therefore need to move towards 2011). sustainable transport. Motor vehicle transportation dominates the movement of In previous times, the Belize River was navigable up to people and is very important in the movement of goods the Guatemalan border and was navigated using shallow and services of business and industries. There were 65,048 draught crafts to cover approximately 500 miles of river. motor vehicles license in Belize in 2010 (Table 11.2). This Belize currently has paved highways extending from the represents a net increase of 13,628 vehicles or 26.5 percent Mexican and Guatemalan border to Belize City, including from the year 2007. The number of public vehicles increased the Hummingbird and Southern highway. In addition, by 55 percent while private vehicles increased by a similar
Chapter 11: Transport [123] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 percentage of the total vehicles fleet (26.5 percent). Private domestic flights in 2010 and representing 25.5 percent, 19.6 vehicles accounted for approximately 85 percent of the total percent and 22.7 percent respectively. Placencia and Caye number of vehicles licensed. In addition, Belize City has Caulker also recorded increases of 8.6 percent and 30.3 by far the largest vehicular fleet representing 35 percent of percent over 2009 (Table 11.10). Tourism is the main cause the total vehicles in the country, while Toledo District has for the increase in the number of domestic flights. the lowest number of motor vehicle licenses (2.4 percent). Information such as vehicles by fuel type and year of International flights into the PGIA declined by 3.2 percent manufacture are important to consider when determining the in 2010 after a sharp increase of 12 percent that occurred in effects on the environment, especially emissions. Therefore, 2009 when compared to the previous year. Even though the more efforts are required by the Department of Transport to number of flights decreased passenger movements via the have accurate and up-to-date statistics, which are crucial for international airport increased by 2.6 percent for 2010. better planning and decision-making. Table 11.14 shows that the year 2005 mark by far the highest In 2010, there were 5,935 newly registered vehicles in the record in the number of aircraft movement with a total of country (Table 11.6). Belize City, which is the largest urban 25,730. Aircraft movements increased from 12,728 in 2009 center registered 30 percent of the total number of newly to 14,064 in 2010 representing an increase of 10.5 percent. registered vehicles and Toledo accounted for only 2.4 The freight carriage during 2010 increased by approximately percent. Private vehicles account for 82 percent of all newly 62 percent from the previous year and marked the highest registered vehicles. tonnage of freight moved over the last ten years.
The water transport (taxi) services have increased Accidents and fatalities occur mostly when travelling on significantly due to high demand from the tourism industry the roads. Records reveals that few accidents and fatalities for recreational purposes and other services. This service is happen when travelling by air while information on water mainly offered between Belize City and San Pedro and/or accidents and fatalities are not available but are estimated to Caye Caulker, which are two of the main tourist destinations. be fairly low. Since 2000, the number of passenger boats has increased sharply from 727 to 2,023 in 2010, representing an annual growth rate of 10.8 percent. In 2010, the number of passenger boats increased by 3.3 percent from the previous year, with Belize City and San Pedro accounting for 35.7 percent and 26 percent respectively. Stann Creek District accounts for 22 percent of the total passenger boats of which Placencia village a tourist destination represents 55 percent of that district total boats. Corozal District has the lowest number of passenger boats registered and showed a huge decline from 38 boats in 2009 to 19 boats in 2010 (Table 11.9) . Aviation services perform a significant role in the movement of people. Domestic airlines provide schedule flights with- in Belize. They operate mainly between Phillip Goldson International Airport (PGIA) and the Municipal Airstrips. Total domestic flights increased by 11 percent in 2010 from the previous year after showing a decline for two consecutive years. PGIA, Belize City Municipal Airstrip and San Pedro Airstrip accounted for approximately 68 percent of all
[124] Chapter 11: Transport Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.1 Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed by Type, 1990 - 2007
Year Public Service Private Vehicles Goods Vehicles Total 1990 2,004 9,898 5,161 17,063 1991 1,989 11,016 5,820 18,825 1992 2,089 15,189 3,406 20,684 1993 2,246 16,434 3,005 21,685 1994 2,302 13,942 2,306 18,550 1995 2,131 18,802 2,560 23,493 1996 2,200 19,752 2,633 24,585 1997 2,365 22,533 4,179 29,077 1998 2,412 22,560 3,314 28,286 1999 2,567 24,909 3,805 31,281 2000 2,830 26,624 3,634 33,088 2001 2,833 29,847 4,272 36,952 2002 3,116 33,489 4,438 41,043 2003 3,232 36,932 4,148 44,312 2004 3,382 40,363 4,555 48,300 2005 3,407 42,788 4,345 50,540 2006 3,486 46,307 4,791 54,584 2007 3,043 43,683 4,694 51,420 Source: Department of Transport
Chapter 11: Transport [125] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.2 Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed by Type and Area, 2010
Area Public Service Private Vehicles Goods Vehicles Total Corozal 527 7,331 714 8,572 Corozal Town 205 3,953 156 4,314 Rural 322 3,378 558 4,258 Orange Walk 306 6,470 1,015 7,791 Orange Walk Town 178 4,048 483 4,709 Rural 128 2,422 532 3,082 Belize 2,669 24,965 1,570 29,204 Belize City 2,207 19,624 1,130 22,961 San Pedro Town 92 1,687 60 1,839 Rural 370 3,654 380 4,404 Cayo 942 12,031 1,186 14,159 Belmopan City ...... Benque Viejo Town 392 1,238 134 1,764 San Ignacio/Sta Elena Town 285 4,332 303 4,920 Rural 265 6,461 749 7,475 Stann Creek 178 3,093 436 3,707 Dangriga Town 54 514 37 605 Rural 124 2,579 399 3,102 Toledo 90 1,387 138 1,615 Punta Gorda Town 54 565 86 705 Rural 36 822 52 910 Grand Total 4,712 55,277 5,059 65,048 Source: Department of Transport & Town Councils
[126] Chapter 11: Transport Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.3 Average Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed per 100 Inhabitants, 2000 - 2007
District 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Corozal 13.0 13.6 13.5 14.3 14.9 15.5 16.7 17.6 Orange Walk 8.8 10.4 9.7 10.9 12.7 12.3 13.0 12.9 Belize 17.8 19.9 22.3 23.0 24.4 24.8 25.5 18.2 Belize City 20.5 22.3 25.4 25.5 26.5 26.6 27.1 16.0 Belize Rural 11.1 11.7 13.5 16.8 19.7 21.3 23.5 25.1 San Pedro 16.8 19.3 16.9 16.8 18.9 19.6 18.5 18.6 Cayo 14.9 15.6 17.5 18.1 18.4 18.4 19.6 21.0 Stann Creek 9.4 9.4 9.8 10.6 10.7 11.0 11.5 12.5 Toledo 5.3 7.0 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.4 8.4 13.7 Total 13.2 14.4 15.5 16.2 17.1 17.3 18.1 16.5 Source: Department of Transport
Table: 11.4 Average Number of Motor Vehicles Licensed per 100 Inhabitants, 2010
Area Public Service Private Vehicles Goods Vehicles Total Corozal 1.3 17.8 1.7 20.8 Corozal Town 2.0 38.4 1.5 41.9 Rural 1.0 10.9 1.8 13.8 Orange Walk 0.7 14.0 2.2 16.9 Orange Walk Town 1.3 29.2 3.5 33.9 Rural 0.4 7.5 1.6 9.6 Belize 2.8 26.1 1.7 30.6 Belize City 3.9 34.2 2.0 40.1 San Pedro Town 0.7 14.3 0.7 15.7 Rural 1.4 13.8 1.4 16.7 Cayo 1.3 16.0 1.6 18.8 Belmopan City 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benque Viejo Town 6.4 20.1 2.2 28.6 San Ignacio/Sta Elena Town 1.6 24.2 1.7 27.5 Rural 0.7 17.4 2.0 20.1 Stann Creek 0.5 9.0 1.3 10.8 Dangriga Town 0.6 5.3 0.4 6.3 Rural 0.5 10.4 1.6 12.5 Toledo 0.3 4.5 0.4 5.2 Punta Gorda Town 1.0 10.5 1.6 13.2 Rural 0.1 3.2 0.2 3.6 Total Urban 2.4 24.6 1.6 28.6 Total Rural 0.7 10.9 1.5 13.1 Grand Total 1.5 17.1 1.6 20.1 Source: Department of Transport & Town Councils
Chapter 11: Transport [127] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.5 Number of Newly Registered Motor Vehicles by Type, 1999 - 2007
Year Public Service Private Vehicles Goods Vehicles Total 1999 449 5,454 694 6,597 2000 426 4,840 627 5,893 2001 358 5,504 758 6,620 2002 488 5,507 646 6,641 2003 400 5,398 532 6,330 2004 366 5,319 704 6,389 2005 423 5,201 647 6,271 2006 419 5,829 686 6,934 2007 383 6,598 865 7,846 Source: Department of Transport
Table: 11.6 Number of Newly Registered Motor Vehicles by Type and Area, 2010
Area Public Service Private Vehicles Goods Vehicles Total Corozal 98 834 76 1,008 Corozal Town 69 583 32 684 Rural 29 251 44 324 Orange Walk 21 609 126 756 Orange Walk Town 7 382 66 455 Rural 14 227 60 301 Belize 249 1,901 155 2,305 Belize City 88 1,589 117 1,794 San Pedro Town 137 18 11 166 Rural 24 294 27 345 Cayo 27 1,007 247 1,281 Belmopan City ...... Benque Viejo Town 15 91 8 114 San Ignacio/Sta Elena Town 7 372 72 451 Rural 5 544 167 716 Stann Creek 28 367 48 443 Dangriga Town 14 100 2 116 Rural 14 267 46 327 Toledo 3 132 7 142 Punta Gorda Town 2 62 4 68 Rural 1 70 3 74 Grand Total 426 4,850 659 5,935 Source: Department of Transport & Town Councils
[128] Chapter 11: Transport Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.7 Number of Casualties in Traffic Accidents, 2005 - 2010
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total 802 699 653 1,022 860 801 Killed 54 47 60 68 78 75 Injured 748 652 593 954 782 726 Pedestrians 134 103 101 135 139 121 Killed 14 11 11 21 17 13 Injured 120 92 90 114 122 108 Passengers 321 270 262 446 338 307 Killed 15 24 21 18 24 23 Injured 306 246 241 428 314 284 Cyclists 189 148 151 183 161 132 Killed 16 6 10 11 14 16 Injured 173 142 141 172 147 116 Drivers 158 178 139 258 222 241 Killed 9 6 18 18 23 23 Injured 149 172 121 240 199 218 Source: National Police Headquarters
Table: 11.8 Number of Casualties in Traffic Accident By District, 2010
Corozal Orange Belize Cayo Stann Toledo Total Walk Creek Total Casualties 66 86 271 260 76 42 801 Killed 7 5 27 13 19 4 75 Injured 59 81 244 247 57 38 726 Pedestrians 12 16 38 35 8 12 121 Killed 1 2 2 5 2 1 13 Injured 11 14 36 30 6 11 108 Passengers 13 31 102 106 40 15 307 Killed 0 1 8 4 8 2 23 Injured 13 30 94 102 32 13 284 Cyclists 25 13 51 32 8 3 132 Killed 5 1 6 3 1 0 16 Injured 20 12 45 29 7 3 116 Drivers 16 26 80 87 20 12 241 Killed 1 1 11 1 8 1 23 Injured 15 25 69 86 12 11 218 Source: National Police Headquarters
Chapter 11: Transport [129] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.9 Number of Passenger Boats Licensed by Area, 2000 - 2010
City/Town/Village 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Belize City 67 699 893 1,090 707 714 722 Caye Caulker 110 141 164 173 130 134 136 Corozal 11 152 176 180 35 38 19 Dangriga 109 134 153 148 151 166 149 Monkey River … 25 30 54 33 26 29 Orange Walk 36 42 43 44 47 49 46 Placencia 142 213 257 213 240 212 246 Punta Gorda 29 59 101 108 128 147 96 San Pedro 223 463 572 749 454 418 526 Sittee River … 29 33 39 37 24 23 Seine Bight … 7 7 6 9 8 8 Hopkins … 20 23 36 29 22 23 Total 727 1,984 2,452 2,840 2,000 1,958 2,023
Note: During the period 2002 - 2007 the statistics was aggregated into a ‘commercial vessels’ category for all fishing and passenger vessels; however in 2008 the commercial vessels were officially categorized as commercial fishing and commercial passenger. Hence, the table above shows a figure of only Commercial Passenger esselsV from the period 2008 - 2010
Source: Belize Port Authority
Chart 11.1 Number of Passenger Boats Licensed by Area, 2010 , Number of Passengers percentBoats Licensed by Area, 2010
Other 12.1
San Pedro 26.0
Placencia 12.2
Dangriga 7.4
Caye Caulker 6.7
Belize City 35.7
Source: Belize Port Authority
[130] Chapter 11: Transport Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.10 Total Domestic and International Flights by Airstrip, 2005 -2010
Airstrip 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Belize Municipal 16,989 17,453 17,295 16,817 13,852 13,854 Belmopan 110 64 95 53 39 198 Big Creek 78 110 33 19 15 3 Caye caulker 3,684 4,856 5,271 4,950 3,331 4,339 Caye Chapel 949 1,046 1,118 1,005 429 154 Central Farm 97 163 128 182 102 184 Corozal 3,038 2,963 2,989 2,737 2,586 2,760 Dangriga 7,390 7,299 7,715 7,764 5,293 6,476 Melinda 10 293 165 2 343 1 PGIA 37,944 36,846 37,948 19,094 15,999 18,022 Placencia 6,787 6,526 6,728 6,710 4,758 5,169 Privacion 227 145 151 126 318 90 Punta Gorda 2,372 2,442 2,668 2,423 1,942 1,952 San Pedro 17,610 18,421 18,454 17,985 13,189 16,029 Savannah 995 1,071 1,469 1,411 1,126 1,081 Tower Hill 113 64 106 267 142 223 Total Domestic 98,393 99,762 102,333 81,545 63,464 70,535 Flights International Flights 8,026 7,502 7,736 7,116 7,974 7,718 Source: Civil Aviation Department
Table: 11.11 Number of Civil Aircraft Registered in Belize, 2000 - 2010
Category 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Transport 26 26 28 30 32 32 32 Private 11 14 14 14 12 0 0 Aerial Work 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 Total 43 47 49 51 50 38 39 Source: Civil Aviation Department
Chapter 11: Transport [131] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.12 Belize Public Aerodromes: 2011
Airstrip Location Dimensions (ft) Surface Owner Belize Municipal Airstrip Belize City 1,820 x 40 Asphalt BAA Big Creek Airstrip Independence 1,925 x 30 Clay/Sand BAA Caye Caulker Airstrip Caye Caulker 2,650 x 30 Asphalt BAA Hector Silva Airstrip Belmopan 3,250 x 60 Asphalt BAA Mattew Spain Airstrip Central Farm 2,200 x 60 Asphalt BAA Melinda Airstrip Melinda 2,083 x 21 Asphalt BAA Pelican Beach Airstrip Dangriga 2,097 x 26 Asphalt BAA P.S.W.G. International Airport Ladyville 7,100 x 150 Concrete BAA Placencia Placencia 2,135 x 25 Asphalt BACC Privacion Airstrip Mountain Pine Ridge 2,800 x 50 White Marl BAA Punta Gorda Airstrip Punta Gorda 2,355 x 25 Asphalt BAA Ranchito Corozal District 1,800 x 20 Asphalt BAA San Pedro Airstrip San Pedro Ambergris 3,500 x 60 Asphalt BAA Sarteneja Orange Walk District 2,500 x 360 Asphalt BAA Tower Hill Airstrip Orange Walk District 2,230 x 33 White Marl BAA BACC - Belize Airport Concession Company Limited BAA - Belize Airport Authority Source: Civil Aviation Department
[132] Chapter 11: Transport Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.13 Belize Privately Owned Aerodromes, 2011
Airstrip Location Dimensions (ft) Surface Belize Aquaculture Ltd. Stann Creek District 3,555 x 25 Asphalt Black Bird Caye Airstrip Belize District 2,450 x 40 Asphalt Blue Creek Community Airstrip Blue Creek Village 3,000 x 35 Asphalt Blue Creek Agriculture Airstrip Orange Walk District 2,595 x 14 White Marl Caye Chapel Airstrip Caye Chapel 3,365 x 60 Asphalt CISCO Airstrip Stann Creek Valley 1,200 x 50 Asphalt Fresh Catch Belize Airstrip La Democracia Village 2,000 x 30 White Marl Gallon Jug Airstrip Gallon Jug Village 3,100 x 40 Asphalt Hill Bank Airstrip Orange Walk District 1,500 x 40 Clay Kanatik Airstrip Stann Creek District 2,870 x 40 Asphalt Lamanai Airstrip Lamanai 2,165 x 30 White Marl Maya Ranch Airstrip closed Mountain Pine Ridge 2,000 x 40 Asphalt Northern Two Cayes Airstrip Lighthouse Reef 1,875 x 30 Asphalt Rio Dorado Airstrip Indian Creek Village 1,830 x30 Clay/Sand Royal Maya Shrimp Airstrip Stann Creek District 2,690 x 30 Asphalt Savannah Airstrip Independence 3,100 x 25 Asphalt Spanish Lookout Airstrip Spanish Lookout 2,150 x 28 White Marl Johnny Chan Chen Airstrip Corozal District 3,300 x 36 White Marl White Ridge Farm temp closed Gales Point & M. River 2,580 x 45 Asphalt Old Belize Helicopter Belize District ...... CISCO Helicopter Belize District ...... Public domestic Aerodromes are managed by the Belize Airport's Authority Source: Civil Aviation Department
Chapter 11: Transport [133] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 11.14 International Regular Public Transport Air Services, 2000 - 2010
Year Movements Movements Movements Movements Aircrafts Passengers Freight Mail (number) ('000) (tons) (tons) 2000 20,204 363.8 1,699 170 2001 18,872 364.7 1,462 190 2002 15,108 348.3 1,420 206 2003 16,304 397.0 1,626 214 2004 11,874 419.5 1,466 218 2005 25,730 470.4 1,367 213 2006 15,004 464.9 1,357 222 2007 15,256 477.7 1,465 212 2008 14,232 460.4 1,574 323 2009 12,728 414.2 1,193 228 2010 14,064 401.4 1,944 241 Source: Civil Aviation Department
Table: 11.15 Number of Domestic and Regional Regu- Table: 11.16 General Aviation Accidents and Fatalities, lar Public Transport At Phillip Goldson International 2000 - 2010 Airport, 2000 - 2010 Year Accidents Fatalities Year Aircraft Departures Passenger Departures 2000 1 … (number) (number) 2001 1 … 2000 15,192 65,914 2002 4 … 2001 15,183 68,810 2003 2 … 2002 15,408 89,051 2004 4 1 2003 17,644 143,845 2005 3 3 2004 18,260 90,145 2006 2 0 2005 19,314 86,820 2007 3 0 2006 17,723 87,764 2008 1 0 2007 17,362 100,426 2009 0 0 2008 9,551 100,195 2010 1 5 2009 7,909 80,123 Source: Civil Aviation Department 2010 9,012 13,897 Source: Civil Aviation Department
[134] Chapter 11: Transport Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 12: Health
Chapter 12: Health [135] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[136] Chapter 12: Health Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 12 Health
Environmental health is defined by the World Health known as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Organization (WHO) as: Those aspects of human health and Pollutants. The Convention’s objective is to protect both disease that are determined by factors in the environment. human health and the environment from persistent organic It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and pollutants. DDT is one of 12 chemicals identified as a controlling factors in the environment that can potentially persistent organic pollutant which the Convention restricts. affect health. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, The estimated incidence of malaria has fallen by 17 percent and all the related factors affecting health. It is targeted globally between 2000 and 2010. Larger percentage towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive reductions have been seen in the European (99.5 percent), environments. American (60 percent), Western Pacific regions (38 percent). Malaria specific mortality rates have fallen by 25% between WHO reports that environmental risk factors play a role in 2000 and 2010, with the largest percentage reductions seen in more than 80 percent of the diseases regularly reported by the European (99 percent), American (55 percent), Western WHO. Globally, nearly one quarter of all deaths and of the Pacific (42 percent) and African Regions (33 percent) (WHO). total disease burden can be attributed to the environment. In Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection found in tropical children, however, environmental risk factors can account for and sub-tropical regions around the world. In recent years, slightly more than one-third of the disease burden. Therefore, transmission has increased predominantly in urban and more cost effective interventions are required in order to semi-urban areas and has become a major international promote equity by benefiting everyone in the society, while public health concern. In the last 50 years, incidence has addressing the needs of those most at risk. Many of these increased 30-fold with increasing geographic expansion to problems are associated with development, poverty, lack of new countries and, in the present decade, from urban to rural proper sanitation and drinking water. In addition, natural settings. An estimated 50 million dengue infections occur disasters such as hurricanes also have a drastic impact on annually and approximately 2.5 billion people live in dengue the environment and human health by increasing the risk of endemic countries (WHO). vector borne diseases. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue. Vector control remains the most generally effective measure The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of to prevent malaria transmission and therefore is one of the infected female mosquitoes. This mosquito lives in urban four basic technical elements of the Global Malaria Control habitats and breeds mostly in man-made containers. Unlike Strategy. The principal objective of vector control is the other mosquitoes Aedes aegypti is a daytime feeder; its peak reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality by reducing biting periods are early in the morning and in the evening the levels of transmission. Vector control methods vary before dusk. considerably in their applicability, cost and sustainability of results. The Ministry of Health’s role is to maintain an environment that is conducive to good health and wellness within a The production and use of dichloro/diphenyl/trichoroethane framework that ensures equity, quality and accessibility. (DDT) is strictly restricted by an international agreement
Chapter 12: Health [137] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Information from health indicates that Diarrhea, the lowest cases of dengue for the country but showed an Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis continues to be the three main increase from two cases in 2009 to 23 in 2010. water borne diseases affecting Belize, especially young children. Between 2005 and 2010, the number of reported Mapping of dengue cases using GIS can serve to identify cases of Diarrhea showed an increase of almost three fold areas where transmission repeatedly occurs and which with increases reported in all districts, with two deaths may warrant intensified or targeted control activities, or to occurring. In addition, Gastroenteritis also doubled in the stratify areas based on characteristics of larval habitats. The amount of cases reported between 2009 and 2010, while availability of such information in a timely manner could Hepatitis had a small increase from 107 to 113 reported cases determine the outcome of vector control operations and even (Table 12.3). Cayo District reported the highest number of help to reduce the intensity of outbreaks. cases, while Corozal district had a sharp decline for the same period. In 2010, there was a gradual decrease in the number of communities and houses sprayed. The residual spraying of Malaria is one of the most prevalent endemic tropical houses is crucial to reduce the incidence of dengue. Looking diseases in Belize. The incidence of malaria has declined at the information reported in Table 12.7 and 12.8 many over the last decade while 2010 (Chart 12.1) recorded the houses were sprayed only once during the year instead of lowest registered cases (150) in the history of Belize. While two as required. The two types of insecticide used most a sharp increase was reported in 2005, the incidence of frequently for combating malaria are K-othrine and ULV- malaria has been decreasing. In 2010, around 65 percent of Melathaion. The spraying of ULV increased by almost 13 the reported cases occurred in Stann Creek District, while percent in 2010 while figures indicate that about 87 percent a drastic decrease in the incidence was reported in Toledo of the spraying was in Belize District. In general, the program District where it fell from 147 cases to 23 cases for the period has been effective since the incidence of malaria has declined 2009 to 2010 (Table 12.5). Belize has made significant over the years. achievements over the last decade to combat malaria, which means that in Belize the malaria program has succeeded.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are widely used in public health management in order to map diseases with different pathologies, to analyze the distribution of disease data in space and space-time, to identify risk factors, and to map areas of risk. GIS allows epidemiologists to map environmental risk factors associated with disease vectors and it is especially relevant for the surveillance of vector-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria (see map). Presently, the Ministry of Health has embarked on this initiative and has been using GIS to map all malaria incidence in southern Belize. They plans to cover the entire country in the future.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection and has shown increases for two consecutive years, as can be seen in Table 12.6. In 2010, an increase of 27.8 percent was recorded while Belize District reporting a drastic increase in the number of incidence from 423 in 2009 to 1,308 in 2010. Of the total cases of dengue reported in 2010 approximately 70 percent occurred in Belize District. Orange Walk District recorded
[138] Chapter 12: Health Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 12.1 Number of Reported Diarrheal Cases of Children Under Five by District, 2000 - 2010
2000 2005 2010 District Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Corozal 1 0 7 1 655 0 Orange Walk 12 1 74 0 269 0 Belize 251 1 660 4 1,148 1 Cayo 109 1 558 3 1,216 0 Stann Creek 3 3 405 7 687 1 Toledo 1 1 155 0 566 0 Total 377 7 1,859 15 4,541 2 Source: Ministry of Health
Table: 12.2 Number of Reported Gastroenteritis Cases by District, 2000 - 2010
District 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Corozal 11 9 15 180 538 424 1,500 Orange Walk 48 145 222 91 273 163 565 Belize 656 1,527 1,724 1,817 2,328 2,024 3,099 Cayo 184 945 811 455 725 1268 2,563 Stann Creek 0 785 826 668 1062 1158 1,391 Toledo 0 326 394 93 468 412 1,212 Total 899 3,737 3,992 3,304 5,394 5,449 10,330 Source: Ministry of Health
Chapter 12: Health [139] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 12.3 Number of Reported Hepatitis Cases by District, 2000 - 2010
District 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Corozal 2 17 10 3 34 34 15 Orange Walk 18 18 24 5 0 0 2 Belize 40 18 30 13 10 23 22 Cayo 0 40 28 26 15 32 35 Stann Creek 2 62 11 18 6 15 27 Toledo 2 8 32 12 3 3 12 Total 64 163 135 77 68 107 113 Source: Ministry of Health
ChartChart: 12.1 12.1 Incidence Incidence of of Malaria, Malaria, 20002000 - -2010, 2010, number number 1800
1600 1549 1486 1400 1319 1163 1200 1113 1065 1000
845 800 844
600 540 400 150 200 256
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Ministry of Health
[140] Chapter 12: Health Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 12.4 Incidence of Malaria by District and Sex, 2005 - 2007
District 2005 2006 2007 Male Female Male Female Male Female Corozal 7 4 0 3 8 9 Orange Walk 14 2 2 3 9 3 Belize 24 7 7 1 10 3 Cayo 282 197 88 62 73 31 Stann Creek 370 283 210 195 131 132 Toledo 201 157 145 128 244 192 DK/NS 1 0 0 0 0 0 Total 899 650 452 392 475 370 Source: Ministry of Health
Table: 12.5 Incidence of Malaria by District and Sex, 2008 - 2010
District 2008 2009 2010 Male Female Male Female Male Female Corozal 8 2 1 0 0 0 Orange Walk 8 9 3 1 2 3 Belize 2 1 0 0 2 1 Cayo 58 52 12 15 14 8 Stann Creek 88 55 33 44 50 47 Toledo 144 112 81 66 10 13 DK/NS 0 1 0 0 0 0 Total 308 232 130 126 78 72 Source: Ministry of Health
Chapter 12: Health [141] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ChartChart: 12.2 Incidence12.2 Incidence of Malaria of Malaria by by District, District, 2000 2000 - 2010, number number
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Corozal Orange Walk Belize Cayo Stann Creek Toledo
Source: Ministry of Health
Table: 12.6 Number of Reported Cases of Dengue Fever by District, 2005 - 2010
District 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Corozal 8 0 72 2 175 127 Orange Walk 3 1 14 0 2 23 Belize 18 8 38 34 423 1,308 Cayo 614 2 4 3 795 323 Stann Creek 5 0 7 0 23 46 Toledo 1 0 0 0 39 35 Dk/Ns 3 0 2 0 0 0 Total 652 11 137 39 1,457 1,862 Source: Ministry of Health
[142] Chapter 12: Health Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 12.7 Number of Communities Sprayed by District - 2005
District Communities Houses Population K-Otrin Sprayed Sprayed Covered Used (lbs)
Corozal Cycle 1 16 2,869 11,247 160 Cycle 2 15 2,805 11,717 113 Orange Walk Cycle 1 12 2,359 9,981 118 Cycle 2 11 2,279 9,528 117 Belize Cycle 1 32 2,427 8,623 202 Cycle 2 32 2,389 8,153 183 Cayo Cycle 1 14 2,373 9,297 193 Cycle 2 14 2,669 10,312 210 Stann Creek Cycle 1 12 1,566 5,977 89 Cycle 2 12 1,147 4,949 103 Toledo Cycle 1 23 1,341 5,649 230 Cycle 2 11 795 2,557 107 TOTAL Cycle 1 109 12,935 50,774 992 Cycle 2 95 12,084 47,216 833 Source: Ministry of Health
Table: 12.8 Number of Communities Sprayed by District - 2010
District Communities Houses Population K-Otrin Sprayed Sprayed Covered Used (lbs)
Corozal Cycle 1 6 1,473 6,521 33 Cycle 2 * * * * Orange Walk Cycle 1 8 1,050 6,037 0 Cycle 2 * * * * Belize Cycle 1 11 551 2,862 71 Cycle 2 * * * * Cayo Cycle 1 12 1,923 8,142 156 Cycle 2 * * * * Stann Creek Cycle 1 12 1,923 8,142 156 Cycle 2 11 1,763 7,257 297 Toledo Cycle 1 20 926 4,239 121 Cycle 2 34 1,500 7,611 211 TOTAL Cycle 1 69 7,846 35,943 537 Cycle 2 45 3,263 14,868 508 * No cycle 2 carried out Source: Ministry of Health
Chapter 12: Health [143] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 12.9 Insecticide Used for Controlling of Aedes aegypti Mosquito by District, 2000 - 2010
District 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Corozal 275 990 770 1,102 827 264 0 Orange Walk 284 660 761 715 770 231 0 Belize 696 330 275 275 175 165 990 Cayo 598 275 414 165 119 563 0 Stann Creek 330 165 110 145 216 660 50 Toledo 330 1,716 66 330 430 660 1,693 Total 2,513 4,136 2,396 2,732 2,537 2,543 2,733 Source: Ministry of Health
Table: 12.10 ULV-Melathaion (gals) Used by District, 2005 - 2010
District 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Corozal 212 67 192 192 0 0 Orange Walk 60 70 77 192 660 0 Belize 3,840 1,141 1,242 1,404 0 1,375 Cayo 495 385 302 440 302 0 Stann Creek 390 140 100 110 330 36 Toledo 309 152 55 100 109 168 Total 5,306 1,955 1,968 2,438 1,401 1,579 Source: Ministry of Health
[144] Chapter 12: Health Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 12: Health [145] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[146] Chapter 12: Health Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster [147] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[148] Chapter 13: Natural Disaster Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 13 Natural Disaster
Natural Disaster: According to the United Nations the destruction of homes from both the direct onset of the Environment Programme (UNEP), more than 2,500 natural hurricane and the accompanying floods have caused the and anthropogenic disasters, and 35 major conflicts have displacement of thousands of persons, and it is anticipated occurred in the last decade alone. These disasters and conflicts that many of these persons who are dependent on subsistence have displaced billions of people, destroyed infrastructures, and commercial farming, could face at least two to four ecosystems and negatively impacted the well-being of local months of interruption in economic and productive activity. communities for years as the resources they depend on for their livelihoods were devastated. Over the last ten years Hurricane Dean with maximum sustained winds was of 165 mph (category 5), was the The environment is one of the key components of conflict and strongest hurricane to hit Belize. In 2010, Hurricane Richard disaster risk reduction, because changes in the environment made land fall in Belize as a category 1 with sustained winds can cause and/or increase vulnerability to natural disasters. It of 90 mph on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. may also be a motivating factor behind conflicts over access to natural resources, such as oil or fresh water. Damage assessment for Hurricane Richard report that the path of the hurricane took it directly across the country’s Hurricanes are the most significant natural disaster that two main cities, Belmopan and Belize City, as well as affects Belize. Hurricanes begin as tropical disturbances 53 communities, inclusive of some of the most heavily in warm ocean waters with surface temperatures of at least populated towns and villages, impacting the Belize, Cayo, 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.5 degrees Celsius). These low Orange Walk, and Stann Creek Districts (4 of the country’s pressure systems are fed by energy from the warm seas. If 6 districts). Ultimately 192,000 people were affected. Much a storm achieves wind speeds of 38 miles (61 kilometers) an of Hurricane Richard’s impact was caused by its strong hour, it becomes known as a tropical depression. A tropical associated winds and the storm surge in Belize City. At this depression becomes a tropical storm, and is given a name, time, some 831 homes/dwelling are reported damaged or when its sustained wind speeds top 39 miles (63 kilometers) destroyed in 55 communities. The Citrus industry recorded an hour. When a storm’s sustained wind speeds reach 74 the greatest loses in the agriculture sector as 1,500 acres of miles (119 kilometers) an hour it becomes a hurricane and un-harvested oranges and grapefruits were blown off trees. earns a category rating of 1 to 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Accurate forecasting is the best defense against this type Environmental Damage from Hurricanes: Strong winds of disaster since it gives time for people to move out of the associated with Hurricane Richard caused significant hurricane path. damage to forest vegetation. The vegetation type most affected was the Orbignya cohune (Cohune Palm). Large Nature of Hurricane Damages: There are few elements to stands of Cohune Palms, in the path of the storm, blew over. hurricane damage. Firstly, extensive infrastructure damage Significant breakage of large trees was also visible. This was may be caused by excessive wind and storm surge, mainly most acute in hilltop forests. Impacted forest stocks require along the coast. Secondly, environmental damages and losses active management to ensure effective rehabilitation of forest in crops, livestock and physical infrastructure sustained as a stands. result of accompanying torrential rains and flood. Thirdly,
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster [149] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Large sediment plumes were also observed along the rescue operations conducted in the affected areas confirmed Belizean coasts. This is a common product of storm events. five deaths. Approximately 1,023 families were directly or Surface runoff and sediment upturn caused by the advancing indirectly affected by the floods (Table 13.8). storm is known to disrupt coastal ecosystems and can also negatively affect fish catches. The increased sediment load Estimates revealed that significant losses were incurred in in our coastal zones can pose a threat to fragile coral and sea the agriculture, fisheries, petroleum and education sectors, grass communities. A rapid environmental assessment was along with severe infrastructural damage in the affected undertaken to quantify the level of environmental damages districts. Economic losses were tabulated at Bz$69.9 million and associated economic costs. (inclusive of the direct losses which amounted to Bz$49.6 million) (Table 13.7). Total direct losses have been estimated at Bz $49.2 million, based on very preliminary reports of damages. The agriculture In addition hurricanes, wildfires which have occurred over sector represented 70.5 percent of the total loss while the the last decade, have tremendously affected our Pine forest, citrus industry reported the largest amount of direct losses as well as exacerbating the infestation from the pine beetle. in the agricultural sector, as earlier noted representing 84 Disasters by wildfires are uncommon in Belize, but sometimes percent of the losses for the sector (Table 13.9). occur in the Mountain Pine Ridge area. Fuel, oxygen and a heat source are considered the three main conditions that In October 2008, Tropical Storm No. 16 caused widespread need to be present in order for a wildfire to burn. Even rainfall across Belize which initially resulted in life though these fires are harmful to humans and the society, they threatening floods in communities along the Mopan, Macal, play an integral role in nature. Information in regards to both and upper Belize Rivers. The assessment reported that 109 wildfires and infestation are important in order to measure the communities, distributed along Cayo, Belize and Orange level of damages and better plan for any future fires. Walk Districts, had indicated various levels of impacts. There were four confirmed fatalities reported resulting from flooded waterways.
It was estimated that losses amounted to approximately Bz$22.5 million while the total economic cost was estimated to be over Bz$ 54 million. The most affected industry in the economic sector was agriculture with an estimate of Bz$28.2 million, of which direct damage is estimated at Bz$12.5 million and indirect loss of Bz$15.6 million. The crop subsector was severely impacted representing 95.7 percent of the total loss for the sector. Most of the damage was recorded in the Orange Walk District.. Another sector which was affected was the infrastructure sector, with damages to the water utility subsector, roads, culverts and bridges amounting to Bz$12.2 million.
Tropical Storm Arthur, in early June 2008, significantly affected the Southern Belize and Stann Creek Districts with the rains causing life threatening floods and mudslides. Some 29 villages overall were impacted. Communities hardest hit included Mullins River, Gales Point Manatee, Hope Creek, Sittee River, Sarawee and Hopkins. Search and
[150] Chapter 13: Natural Disaster Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 13.1 Main Hurricanes That Have Affected the Country, 1931 - 2010
Year Date Name Maximum Sustained S_S Scale Winds (mph) 1931 10-September Storm Five 130 3 1934 5 - 8 June Storm Two ... TS 1941 28-September Storm Four 75 TS 1942 27-August Storm Four 85 1 1942 09-November Storm Ten 80 1 1943 22 - October Storm Ten...... 1945 04 - October Storm Ten 70 1 1955 27 - September Janet 175 5 1960 15-July Abby 70 TS 1961 24-July Anna 70 TS 1961 31-October Hattie 180 5 1969 03-September Francelia 95 1 1971 10-September Edith 90 1 1971 20-November Laura 60 TS 1974 01-September Carmen 130 3 1974 19-September Fifi 95 2 1978 18-September Greta 115 3 1998 October 22- November 9 Mitch 155 4 2000 September 28- October 6 Keith 120 3 2001 14-August Chantal 70 ... 2001 08-October Iris 145 4 2007 21-August Dean 165 5 2008 01-June Arthur 40 TS 2008 10 - 16 October Tropical Depression 16 ... TS 2009 09-May Earthquake ...... 2010 24-October Richard 90 1 Source: National Emergency Management Organization In 1953 the United States began using female names for Tropical Storms and Hurricanes In 1979 the United States began using both male and female names for Atlantic Basin storms
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster [151] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 13.2 Assessment of Damages by Hurricane Keith by Sector, 2000, ‘000 Bz$
Sector Direct Damage) Indirect Damage Total Economic Sector 232,222 98,358 330,580 Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries 77,469 46,889 124,358 Industry & Commerce 30,659 15,170 45,829 Tourism 124,094 36,299 160,393 Environment 49,051 0 49,051 Infrastructure 53,042 35,837 88,879 Energy & Electricity 3,115 1,117 4,233 Telecommunications 1,536 886 2,422 Transport 46,736 33,634 80,369 Water and Sewerage 1,655 200 1,855 Social Sector 73,308 2,239 75,547 Education 2,289 749 3,038 Health 2,558 1,330 3,888 Housing 68,461 160 68,621 Miscellaneous 10,483 378 10,860 Cost of Food 1,845 0 1,845 Cost of Services 8,581 0 8,581 Cost of Services Interrupted 58 0 58 Emergency Expenditure 0 378 378 Foreign Assistance 5,176 0 5,176 Total 423,281 136,812 560,094 Source: National Emergency Management Organization
Table: 13.3 Damage Assessment of Hurricane Keith, 2000
Total Damage (‘000 Bz$) 560.1 As a % of GDP 46 As a % of Exports 1999 79 As a % of Imports 1999 64 Direct Damage as a % of Gross Capital Formation 1999 92 Indirect Damage as a % of Domestic Savings 1999 46 Indirect Damage as a % of Consumption 1999 13 Source: National Emergency Management Organization
[152] Chapter 13: Natural Disaster Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 13.4 Assessment of Damages by Hurricane Iris by Sector,2001, ‘000 Bz$
Sector Direct Costs Indirect Costs Total Social Sector 68,460 0 68,460 Housing 67,500 0 67,500 Health 100 0 100 Education 860 0 860
Infrastructure 15,100 1,200 16,300 Transport 5,100 300 5,400 Telecommunication 3,000 250 3,250 Energy & Electricity 5,000 500 5,500 Water & Sewerage 2,000 150 2,150
Economic Sector 119,198 105,302 224,500 Tourism 25,175 48,602 73,777 Agriculture & Fisheries 92,023 56,700 148,723 Industry & Commerce 2,000 0 2,000
Environment 75,000 0 75,000
Emergency Response 12,850 0 12,850 Cost of Services 2,500 0 2,500 Cost of Services inter- 10,200 0 10,200 rupted Transportation 150 0 150
Foreign Assistance 3,600 0 3,600 Total 294,208 106,502 400,710 Source: National Emergency Management Organization
Table: 13.5 Damage Assessment of Hurricane Iris, 2001
Total Damage (‘000 Bz$) 400.7 Total damage as % of GDP 2000 25 Total damage as % of Exports 2000 93 Total damage as % of Imports 2000 44.4 Direct damage as % of Gross Capital Formation 2000 65.3 Indirect Damage as % of Domestic Savings 2000 117.1 Indirect Damage as % of Consumption 2000 31.7 Source: National Emergency Management Organization
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster [153] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 13.6 Assessment of Damages by Hurricane Dean by Sector, 2007, ‘000 Bz$
Sector Economic Cost Infrastructure 8.50
Social Sector 12.81 Housing 12.58 Education 0.23
Economic Sector 73.06 Agriculture 65.55 Fisheries 4.61 Tourism 2.90
Utilities 0.50
Total 94.87 Source: National Emergency Management Organization
Course of Hurricane Dean
[154] Chapter 13: Natural Disaster Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 13.7 Assessment of Damages by Tropical Strom Arthur by Sector, 2008, ‘000 Bz$
Sector Direct Costs Indirect Costs Total Infrastructure 14,133 4,711 18,844
Social Sector 11,003 6,408 17,411 Housing 7,141 5,345 12,486 Health 412 208 619 Education 3,450 855 4,305 0 Economic Sector 23,941 9,197 33,138 Agriculture 11,338 8,997 20,335 Fisheries 7,848 0 7,848 Tourism 600 200 800 Petroleum 4,154 0 4,154
Vehicles and Machinery 580 0 580
Total 49,657 20,316 69,972 Source: National Emergency Management Organization
Tropical Storm Arthur
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster [155] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 13.8 Assessment of Damages by Tropical Storm 16 by Sector, 2008, ‘000 Bz$
Sector Damage Losses Economic Cost Infrastructure 12,246 1,058 13,304
Social Sector 6,032 2,547 8,579 Housing 5,897 1,628 7,525 Education 42 20 62 Health 92 899 991
Economic Sector 13,365 18,856 32,221 Agriculture 12,528 15,656 28,184 Tourism 837 2,165 3,002 Petroleum 0 800 800 Commerce 0 235 235
Total 31,642 22,462 54,104 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
[156] Chapter 13: Natural Disaster Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Table: 13.9 Damages Caused by Hurricane Richards, 2010
Total Direct losses have been estimated as being $49.2 Million based on very preliminary reports of damages.
• Housing Infrastructure (Homes/dwellings) $14.5 Million Dollars
• Agriculture $34.7 Million Bz$
Citrus - 29.10
Papaya - 5.08
Vegetables - 0.18
Coffee - 0.384
Chapter 13: Natural Disaster [157] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Richard At Landfall Radar
[158] Chapter 13: Natural Disaster Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators
Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators [159] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
[160] Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PROTECTED AREA CHANGE
Brief description: Relevance to sustainable/ unsustainable development: The amount of natural and plantation forest area tracked over Forest serves multiple ecological , socioeconomic, and time. cultural roles in many countries. They are the most diverse and widespread ecosystems of the world. Forest provides Agenda 21 reference: many significant resources and functions including: wood Chapter 11: Combating Deforestation. products, recreational opportunities, habitat for wildlife, water and soil conservations and a filter for pollutants. They Purpose: support employment and traditional uses and biodiversity. This indicator shows the area covered by forest formations of There is a general concern over human impact on forest health, a region/country over time. and the natural processes of forest growth and regeneration. Combating deforestation to preserve soils, water, air and biological diversity is explicitly considered in Agenda 21
Table: 14.1 Forest Cover Extent, 1980 - 2010, percent
Year Total 1980 75.9 1989 74.2 1994 69.7 2000 66.1 2004 63.9 2010 62.7 Decline 17.4 Average Annual Decline 0.6 Source: SERVIR, Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010 & LIC MNRE
Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators [161] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PROTECTED FOREST AREA AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL FOREST AREA
Brief description: Relevance to sustainable/ unsustainable development: A protected area is an area of land and /or sea especially Forest serves multiple ecological, socioeconomic, and dedicated to the production and maintenance of biological cultural roles in many countries. They are among the most diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, diverse and widespread ecosystems of the world. Forests and managed through legal or other effective means. provide many significant resources and functions including: wood products, recreational activities, habitat for wildlife, Agenda 21 reference: water and soil conservation, and a filter for pollutants. Chapter 11: Combating deforestation. This indicator measures societal response to protect Purpose: biodiversity and landscapes throughout the nation of This indicator measures that part of the forest area, which representative reserves of various forest ecosystems. has been delineated for protection purposes. It includes areas established to protect wildlife, special ecosystems, soil and water resources, etc. It is understood that the higher the percent of the indicator, the better the performance of the country in protecting and conserving its forest resources.
Table: 14.2 Protected Forest Area as a Percent of Total Forest Area
Year Protected Forest Area Total Forest Area Rate (acres) (acres) % 2000 1,015.8 3,620.6 28.1
2004 960.1 3,497.4 27.5
2010 920.9 3,434.6 26.8 Source: SERVIR, Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010 & LIC MNRE
[162] Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PROTECTED AREA AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL LAND AREA
Brief description: Relevance to sustainable/ unsustainable development: A protected area is an area set aside for the preservation Protected areas are an essential tool for ecosystem and protection of highly important natural and cultural conservation, with functions going beyond the conservation features, for the regulation of the scientific, educational and of biological diversity. As such, it is one of the building recreational use. blocks of sustainable development.
Agenda 21 reference: Chapter 15: Conservation of Biological Diversity.
Purpose: This indicator represents the extent to which areas that are important for conserving biodiversity, cultural heritage, scientific research, recreation, natural resource maintenance, and other values, are protected from incompatible use.
Table: 14.3 Protected Forest Area as a Percent of Total Land Area
Year Protected Area Total Land Area Rate (acres) (acres) % 2000 2,000,702 5,674,880 35.3
2004 1,961,512 5,674,880 34.6
2010 1,987,311 5,674,880 35.0 Source: Land Information Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment
Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators [163] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGs)
Brief description: Relevance to sustainable/ unsustainable development: National anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). While there are natural emissions of GHGs , anthropogenic Agenda 21 reference: emissions have been identified as a source of climate change Chapter 9: Protection of the Atmosphere. (IPCC Second Assessment Report, 1995) and are the subject of an international instrument (the UN Framework Purpose: Convention on Climate Change). Such Emissions are This indicator measures the major anthropogenic emissions largely influenced by a country’s energy use and production contributing to global warming. systems, its industrial structure, its transportation system, its agricultural and forestry sectors, and the consumption patterns of population. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are particularly influenced by a country’s agricultural production, waste management, and livestock management.
Table: 14.4 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
GHGs Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Gg CO2 Equivalent) by Gas Type 1994 1997 2000 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 2,590 7,525 12,350 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 179 100 279 Methane (CH4) 2,770 587 1,056 Source: MNRE, NMS, Belize Second National Communication Project
[164] Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 Bibliography
Belize Electricity Annual Report, 2010
Coastal Treasures of Belize, Belize by Naturalight, Naturalight Productions Limited, 2012
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
Country Environmental Profile, 1984
Debopriya Bose, Buzzle.com 3/12/2012
Earth Summit + 5, United Nations, 1997
Environmental Statistics of Belize, 2000
Environmental Statistics of Belize, 2004
Friends for Conservation (and Development
Forest Cover and Deforestation in Belize, 1980 - 2010, September 2010
Global Issues– Poverty Facts and Statistics, 2010
Major Findings, Population and Housing Census, 1991
Major Findings, Population and Housing Census , 2000
Statistical Institute of Belize, Population and Housing Census, 2010
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011), World Population Prospects;
The 2010 Revised Highlights.
United Nations Development Programme, Sustainable Energy, www.undp.org/energy
United Nations Environment Programme, Fisheries and the Environment, February, 2002
United Nations Environment Programme, Tourism , www.unep.org/tourism
United Nations Environment Programme, Transport , www.unep.org/transport
United Nations Environment Programme, Transport , www.unep.org/water
World Health Organization, United Nations, www.who.int
Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators [165] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012 Abbreviations
BAA Belize Airport Authority
BACC Belize Airport Concession Company Limited
BAS Belize Audubon Society bd. ft. Board Foot
Bz$ Belize Dollar
BEL Belize Electricity Limited
BTB Belize Tourism Board
BWSL Belize Water Services Limited (formerly WASA) cu. ft. Cubic Foot cu. yds. Cubic Yards
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CH4 Methane
DDT Dichloro/Diphenyl/Trichloroethane
DK/NS Don’t Know/Not Stated
DOE Department of the Environment
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FCD Friends for Conservation and Development gals Gallons
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEO Global Environment Outlook
Gg Gigagram
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographic Information System
GWh Gigawatt hour
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management kWh Kilowatt Hour
Km2 Square Kilometer
[166] Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
Lbs Pounds
L tons Long tons
MDG Millennium Development Goal mm Millimeter
MOH Ministry of Health
MWh Mega-Watt Hour
NEMO National Emergency Management Organization
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
No Number
Oz. Ounce
PAHO Pan-American Health Organization
PCB Pesticides Control Board
PGIA Phillip Goldson International Airport
PUC Public Utilities Commission
RWS Rural Water System
SERVIR Regional Visualization and Monitoring System
S.I. Statutory Instrument
SIB Statistical Institute of Belize
S_S Scale Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
TS/TD Tropical Storm/Tropical Depression
ULV Ultra Low Volume
UN United Nations
UNO United Nations Organization
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
WC Water Closet
WHO World Health Organization
… Data Not Available or Too Uncertain to Report
Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators [167] Environmental Statistics for Belize 2012
LETS
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CONSERVE
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JEWEL
[168] Chapter 14: Environmental Indicators