Historical Dictionary of Sufism
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04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page i HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF RELIGIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, AND MOVEMENTS Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Buddhism, by Charles S. Prebish, 1993 2. Mormonism, by Davis Bitton, 1994. Out of print. See No. 32. 3. Ecumenical Christianity, by Ans Joachim van der Bent, 1994 4. Terrorism, by Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, 1995. Out of print. See No. 41. 5. Sikhism, by W. H. McLeod, 1995 6. Feminism, by Janet K. Boles and Diane Long Hoeveler, 1995. Out of print. See No. 52. 7. Olympic Movement, by Ian Buchanan and Bill Mallon, 1995. Out of print. See No. 39. 8. Methodism, by Charles Yrigoyen Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, 1996. Out of Print. See No. 57. 9. Orthodox Church, by Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, and Michael D. Peterson, 1996 10. Organized Labor, by James C. Docherty, 1996. Out of print. See No. 50. 11. Civil Rights Movement, by Ralph E. Luker, 1997 12. Catholicism, by William J. Collinge, 1997 13. Hinduism, by Bruce M. Sullivan, 1997 14. North American Environmentalism, by Edward R. Wells and Alan M. Schwartz, 1997 15. Welfare State, by Bent Greve, 1998 16. Socialism, by James C. Docherty, 1997 17. Bahá’í Faith, by Hugh C. Adamson and Philip Hainsworth, 1998 18. Taoism, by Julian F. Pas in cooperation with Man Kam Leung, 1998 19. Judaism, by Norman Solomon, 1998 20. Green Movement, by Elim Papadakis, 1998 21. Nietzscheanism, by Carol Diethe, 1999 22. Gay Liberation Movement, by Ronald J. Hunt, 1999 23. Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran, and Turkey, by Ahmad S. Moussalli, 1999 24. Reformed Churches, by Robert Benedetto, Darrell L. Guder, and Donald K. McKim, 1999 25. Baptists, by William H. Brackney, 1999 26. Cooperative Movement, by Jack Shaffer, 1999 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page ii 27. Reformation and Counter-Reformation, by Hans J. Hillerbrand, 2000 28. Shakers, by Holley Gene Duffield, 2000 29. United States Political Parties, by Harold F. Bass Jr., 2000 30. Heidegger’s Philosophy, by Alfred Denker, 2000 31. Zionism, by Rafael Medoff and Chaim I. Waxman, 2000 32. Mormonism, 2nd ed., by Davis Bitton, 2000 33. Kierkegaard’s Philosophy, by Julia Watkin, 2001 34. Hegelian Philosophy, by John W. Burbidge, 2001 35. Lutheranism, by Günther Gassmann in cooperation with Duane H. Larson and Mark W. Oldenburg, 2001 36. Holiness Movement, by William Kostlevy, 2001 37. Islam, by Ludwig W. Adamec, 2001 38. Shinto, by Stuart D. B. Picken, 2002 39. Olympic Movement, 2nd ed., by Ian Buchanan and Bill Mallon, 2001 40. Slavery and Abolition, by Martin A. Klein, 2002 41. Terrorism, 2nd ed., by Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, 2002 42. New Religious Movements, by George D. Chryssides, 2001 43. Prophets in Islam and Judaism, by Scott B. Noegel and Brannon M. Wheeler, 2002 44. The Friends (Quakers), by Margery Post Abbott, Mary Ellen Chijioke, Pink Dandelion, and John William Oliver Jr., 2003 45. Lesbian Liberation Movement: Still the Rage, JoAnne Myers, 2003 46. Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy, by Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek, 2003 47. Witchcraft, by Michael D. Bailey, 2003 48. Unitarian Universalism, by Mark W. Harris, 2004 49. New Age Movements, by Michael York, 2004 50. Organized Labor, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty, 2004 51. Utopianism, by James M. Morris and Andrea L. Kross, 2004 52. Feminism, 2nd ed., by Janet K. Boles and Diane Long Hoeveler, 2004 53. Jainism, by Kristi L. Wiley, 2004 54. Wittgenstein’s Philosophy, by Duncan Richter, 2004 55. Schopenhauer’s Philosophy, by David E. Cartwright, 2005 56. Seventh-Day Adventists, by Gary Land, 2005 57. Methodism, 2nd ed., by Charles Yrigoyen Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, 2005 58. Sufism, by John Renard, 2005 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page iii Historical Dictionary of Sufism John Renard Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No. 58 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2005 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2005 by John Renard All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Renard, John, 1944– Historical dictionary of Sufism / John Renard. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements ; no. 58) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8108-5342-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Sufism—Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. BP188.48.R46 2005 297'.09—dc22 2004026282 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page v Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Acknowledgments and Credits ix Reader’s Note xiii Maps xvi Chronology xix Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 17 Glossary 261 Bibliography 279 About the Author 351 v 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page vi 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page vii Editor’s Foreword Sufism, a term derived from the woolen garments of early ascetics, may not be the most exact expression to cover the mystical movements within Islam, but it is the best we have. And it would be hard to come up with another that is more precise, because the phenomenon itself has taken on such a variety of forms during the 1,200 or so years it has already ex- isted. Under this heading come many different orders, established at many different times and in many different places, by many different spiritual directors. They did not always agree on all points—indeed, they occasionally quarreled and certainly rivaled one another—and this is still valid today. But their ultimate goals were the same, and they drew in- spiration from the same holy Qur’a¯n and the awesome figure of the Prophet Muh.ammad. It is this diversity that often confuses outsiders, and it is this diversity that makes a work of this sort so useful, since rather than trying to impose uniformity and order where none exist it can show the impressive variety of origins, structures and organizations, rules and creeds, and practices and concepts. It can also delve into the cultural wealth of art, music, dance, and literature. This is facilitated by the format of a historical dictionary. First, the chronology traces the long and venerable list of spiritual directors, po- ets and philosophers, and also political leaders who created and en- riched the movement. Then, the introduction, vital given the diversity, can bring the salient aspects together in a broad and ordered whole. But it is the dictionary that again allows a multitude of aspects, persons, places, events, institutions, and concepts to be considered individually. Since terminology is so important, and virtually all of it is in Arabic, Persian, and other languages unfamiliar to most English speakers, the glossary is particularly precious. For those who want to take the study of Sufism further, and there will be more and more with time, the bib- liography points to other sources of information. vii 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page viii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD This Historical Dictionary of Sufism was written by John Renard, an eminent student and teacher of the subject. His doctoral dissertation dealt with the renowned Sufi Ru¯mı¯, and since then he has written a dozen books, mostly on Islam and Sufism. Since 1978, he has been teaching at the Department of Theological Studies at Saint Louis University. He is well aware of the diversity and variety, and, if anything, appreciates it, and over the past quarter century of writing and teaching he has become accustomed to explaining the many twists and turns, the highways and also the byways, the theological and legal aspects, and the rich culture that has grown up around it. Since Dr. Renard deals not only with schol- ars and initiates but also students and outsiders, he knows how to pres- ent Sufism to a more general public as well. So let us take advantage. Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 04-655 (1) FM.qxd 4/18/05 12:39 PM Page ix Acknowledgments and Credits I gratefully acknowledge the kind assistance of the following col- leagues in Islamic studies for their helpful comments on various drafts of several elements of this volume: Bruce Lawrence of Duke University; Ahmet Karamustafa of Washington University; Laury Silvers of Skidmore College; Hayrettin Yu·cesoy of Saint Louis Uni- versity; and Qamar-ul Huda of Boston College. I wish to thank also series editor Jon Woronoff for his invitation to do this volume, his flexibility in the timing of its delivery, and for his ongoing comments as I hammered out the various pieces of the book. Special thanks to Matt Gilbertson and Inta Ivanovska of Saint Louis University for their able editorial assistance on various aspects of the project and in compiling the bibliography and chronology. My thanks go also to Saint Louis University for support in the form of a Mellon Summer Stipend and a Graduate School Summer Research Award.