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STRIA – Alternative Fuels

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STRIA – Alternative Fuels STRIA – Alternative Fuels Authors: Ausilio Bauen, Inmaculada Gomez, Dave OudeNijeweme, Maria Paraschiv 2016-09-21 Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Context for the STRIAs .................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Transport energy and alternative fuels use ................................................................................. 3 1.3 The case for alternative fuels in transport ................................................................................... 6 1.4 GHG emissions savings from alternative fuels in the EU 28......................................................... 8 2 Objective, scope and approach of the STRIA on Alternative Fuels end-use ...................................... 10 2.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Approach .................................................................................................................................... 12 3 State of the art on alternative fuel end-use ....................................................................................... 12 3.1 Light Duty Vehicles ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Heavy Duty Vehicles ................................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Rail .............................................................................................................................................. 26 3.4 Waterborne transport ................................................................................................................ 27 3.5 Aviation....................................................................................................................................... 33 3.6 Summary of trends in alternative fuel R&I ................................................................................. 38 3.6.1 Methane-based fuels .......................................................................................................... 38 3.6.2 LPG ...................................................................................................................................... 39 3.6.3 Alcohols, esters and ethers ................................................................................................ 39 3.6.4 Synthetic Paraffinic Fuels ................................................................................................... 39 4 Potential benefits of alternative fuel use in different transport modes and engines ....................... 41 4.1 Alternative fuels effect on GHG and noxious emissions ............................................................ 41 4.2 EU competitive position ............................................................................................................. 45 4.3 Low carbon energy diversification ............................................................................................. 47 4.3.1 Renewable fuel availability ................................................................................................. 48 5 Research agenda ................................................................................................................................ 50 5.1 R&I needs ................................................................................................................................... 50 5.1.1 LDVs .................................................................................................................................... 50 5.1.2 HDVs ................................................................................................................................... 54 5.1.3 Rail ...................................................................................................................................... 59 5.1.4 Waterborne ........................................................................................................................ 61 5.1.5 Aviation ............................................................................................................................... 64 5.2 Implementation plan .................................................................................................................. 67 5.3 Synthesis of R&I agenda ............................................................................................................. 68 1 5.3.1 Roles and resources ............................................................................................................ 69 6 References .......................................................................................................................................... 71 7 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................. 74 7.1 Table of acronyms ...................................................................................................................... 74 7.2 Technical glossary ....................................................................................................................... 75 7.3 Impact of alternative fuel deployment and development ......................................................... 79 7.3.1 LDV ...................................................................................................................................... 81 7.3.2 HDV ..................................................................................................................................... 82 7.3.3 Rail ...................................................................................................................................... 83 7.3.4 Waterborne transport ........................................................................................................ 84 7.3.5 Aviation ............................................................................................................................... 85 7.4 Stakeholders consulted .............................................................................................................. 87 2 1 Introduction 1.1 Context for the STRIAs On 25 February 2015 the European Commission published the Communication “A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy” setting a framework for achieving the 2030 EU climate and energy goals1. The Energy Union vision provides the framework to respond to the energy challenges. It is built on a set of climate and energy targets to be realised by 2030: at least 40% domestic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, at least 27% share of renewable energy consumed in the EU and at least 27% improvement in energy efficiency. Reaching and exceeding these intermediary objectives will allow the EU to pursue the goal of an 80-95% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The “Research, innovation and competitiveness” dimension of the Communication foresees the launch of 3 initiatives: the integrated Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan), the Strategic Transport Research and Innovation Agenda (STRIA) and Global Technology and Innovation Leadership Initiative. The STRIA will contribute to the realisation of the Energy Union vision by identifying the contribution that the transport sector can make to the achievement of the climate and energy goals and providing input for research and innovation policy to maximise the impact of low-carbon technology solutions. The exercise is carried out jointly by RTD/H and MOVE/C, and will feed into the Communication on the R&I and competitiveness component of the Energy Union in November 2016. STRIAs will be developed for 7 key transport innovation areas: Electromobility, Alternative fuels, Vehicle design and manufacturing, Connectivity and automation of transport, Transport infrastructure, Network and traffic management systems, Smart transport and mobility services (incl. urban). The STRIAs identify R&I that will speed up technological changes in transport and better target public and private investments in the transport sector to tackle technical and non-technical challenges to meeting energy and climate objectives of the Energy Union and beyond to 2050. The recent European Communication of 20 July 2016 on “A European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility” also stresses the need to develop and deploy alternative low carbon energy options in transport, including gaseous and liquid fuels, and the need for research and innovation that brings together three interconnected strands: energy technologies, transport and industry, through an Integrated Research, Innovation and Competitiveness Strategy for the Energy Union. 1.2 Transport energy and alternative fuels use In 2014 the EU 28 transport sector consumed 353 Mtoe, which accounted for 33% of total energy consumption (Figure 1). This figure does not include the fuel stored in maritime bunkers in Europe, which would bring the total energy consumed to 398 Mtoe. Out of this amount, the largest consumer is road traffic (73.7%), followed by aviation (12.6%), maritime (10.6%), rail (1.6%) and inland navigation (1.1%) (shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3). Oil products supplied 94% of the energy demand from transport, 86%
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