A CONSOLIDATED REPORT ON THIRD INDIA WATER IMAPCT SUMMIT (IWIS)
5-7th DECEMBER 2018
VIGYAN BHAWAN, NEW DELHI
Ganga Session-S.indd 1 8/18/2019 6:19:30 PM 2 IWIS • 2018
Ganga Session-S.indd 2 8/18/2019 6:19:35 PM MESSAGE
iz/kku ea=h Hkkjr ljdkj Prime Minister Government of India NARENDRA MODI
It is a pleasure to learn that National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and the Centre for Ganga Basin Management and Studies (cGanga) are jointly organizing the “India Water Impact Summit” in New Delhi. The theme of the Summit – ‘Showcasing and enhancing impacts of national & international efforts on Ganga rejuvenation’ is a timely initiative.
Water conservation is a social responsibility. The life-giving waters of ‘Maa Ganga’ have nourished the spirit and lives of millions of Indians over the centuries. Our Government is committed to the cleaning and conservation of ‘Maa Ganga, but this also requires a ‘Bhagirath’ effort by every citizen – individually and collectively.
The gathering of national and international experts at this Summit will hold extensive deliberations to explore financial avenues to develop a credible and sustainable financial model for rejuvenation of ‘Maa Ganga’. I hope that all the stakeholders will also look at ways to utilize innovation and technology to develop cutting-edge initiatives that can help rejuvenate ‘Maa Ganga’ in its pristine form.
May ‘Maa Ganga’ shower Her blessings for successful deliberations at the India Water Impact Summit – 2018.
Date: 3rd December 2018 Place: New Delhi
(NARENDRA MODI)
Ganga Session-S.indd 3 8/18/2019 6:19:40 PM VINOD TARE RAJIV RANJAN Professor and Founding Head Centre for Ganga River Basin Management MISHRA Director General, NMCG & Studies (cGanga), Ministry of Jal Shakti Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
e thank all participants from India absence of adequate government finances to meet this and abroad for making the Third India requirement so that a framework is developed for pooling Water Impact Summit a resounding resources from global and local investors for financing success. The many insights, critical new technologies, innovations and models. questions and observations, Breaking new ground, the present Summit also knowledge inputs, suggestions and attempted to review the many independent and constructiveW debate by participants based on their multipronged efforts that have been undertaken in expertise and experiences from theworld over helped in creating a veritable treasure trove of ways and means recent years by various Central and State agencies – to assimilate the multifarious avenues of River Ganga’s some with international support – to help meet Namami rejuvenation and other critical aspects of managing Gange’s goals of rejuvenation and conservation of India’s water environment. Our sincere thanks go out to India’s National River Ganga (Ganges). Water being a all participants. State subject, meaningful action is often at the level of individual States. But each state may have its own The first Summit, held in 2012, was an aggregate special needs and uses for water and rivers. of numerous activities that had been taking place over the previous few years in regard to managing Thus, a highly urbanized megalopolis State like India’s water resources. The Second Summit, held in Delhi with limited consumptive water needs but high 2017, was the first full-fledged attempt to establish anthropogenic water use and wastewater generation a new multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder forum to and a relatively sparsely populated and forested State bring together policy makers at national and state like Uttarakhand with relatively little anthropogenic levels, technology & engineering firms, finance and water use and producing even less wastewater investment representatives, and interested civil society (except during tourist seasons) offer quite different members to brainstorm on pressing issues of India’s problems and challenges. Moreover, each state has water environment in the background of insights and its own sociocultural norms, developmental goals, recommendations of Ganga River Basin Management and institutional practices as regards rivers and Plan (GRBMP) 2015 as well as various local and global water resources management. Hence each state may developments on water issues. approach the goal of rejuvenation and conservation of National River Ganga in its own special way considering Continuing the efforts of the last Summit, the present its longstanding and dynamic relation with the river. Summit (IWIS 2018) hosted the inaugural Ganga Finance Forum for interested financial institutions and investors This Summit focused on what has been achieved so to brainstorm intensively through multiple interactive far in reviving India’s National River Ganga (Ganges) at sessions. This was felt especially needed in the the level of her most critical basin States – Bihar, Delhi,
Ganga Session-S.indd 4 8/18/2019 6:19:43 PM Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal – and for developing and maintaining the basin’s water what further needs to be done in these States in the infrastructure and ecosystems are dependent on light of GRBMP recommendations. It was imperative comprehensive data of different types. Presently to showcase, discuss and assess these activities the hydrological, water quality, biodiversity, land- independently and collectively to identify the progress use, socio-economic and other relevant data made and the gaps, if any, in terms of technological, available in the country are of different standards, institutional, legal, governance, economic and other accuracies and resolutions due to varying shortcomings and constraints. Such appraisal enables measurement techniques and procedures adopted course correction and provides the needed impetus for a by different agencies/individuals and/or by the firm and steady move towards the goals. same agency at different times. It is essential to review the field data measurement, collection and The Summit also considered some other issues of collation procedures, and assess how to enable relevance including methodological and practicable their easy and meaningful use. Hence the Summit ways of decentralizing water and wastewater discussed in depth the issue of data harmonization infrastructure to revive local water bodies, harmonizing as a separate theme. basin planning and management data generated by various sources, role and impact of catchment Another important issue discussed in this Summit afforestation on river biodiversity, and the making of concerns new technologies and innovations in comprehensive urban river/ water management plans water and wastewater management and allied for our rapidly developing towns and cities. Regarding areas such as solid waste management. Innovative the first issue, the clean-up of River Ganga (and other environmental technologies have been emerging highly polluted tributaries such as the Yamuna) has and coming into India rapidly in the last few decades been an emotive subject for Indians and even global as environmental problems multiply and diversify. citizens. It is also a pressing health and developmental Since the applications of such technologies are often issue. But apart from River Ganga herself, water primarily in the sphere of public infrastructure, many bodies in the basin also need to be revived to government agencies are burdened with choosing sustain the river ecosystem. The decentralization promising innovations from a profusion of appealing of water and wastewater infrastructure combined claims. A definitive evaluation process for the with replenishment of surface water bodies (which innovativeness, technical soundness, applicability, also implies enhanced groundwater recharge) with resource (such as energy, chemicals and land area) treated sewage and trade effluents is an apt solution, usage, and costs (Capex and Opex) is therefore especially useful in urban locales which often face essential. The ETV (Environmental Technology serious problems of water over-withdrawals and Verification) process initiated by cGanga and other pollutant inflows to their water bodies. reputed research institutes in India and abroad were While looking at the impacts on water bodies discussed in order to devise appropriate protocols for and rivers, the design and operation of urban water such evaluation. infrastructure need to be integrated into comprehensive urban river/water management plans of riparian towns to In concluding, we would like to thank the Indian ensure the river’s integrity and sustenance. Besides, such Government and State Governments of Uttarakhand, plans can significantly enhance the utilitarian, cultural and Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Delhi, spiritual values of the river for respective towns and the partners, panelists, speakers, staff and volunteers region as a whole, and thereby ensure the sustainability who put in a lot of faith and hard work into making of measures through societal support and institutional this Summit a success. We look forward to further commitments. Hence urban river/water management our efforts for evidence-based knowledge inputs for plans were discussed as a separate theme in this Summit. comprehensively managing India’s water environment and move forward from the very promising All well-prepared plans, designs and schemes achievements of IWIS-2018.
Ganga Session-S.indd 5 8/18/2019 6:19:45 PM WORDS OF WISDOM
ea=h ty lalk/ku] unh fodkl] xaxk laj{k.k] lM+d ifjogu] jktekxZ ,oa iksr ifjogu Hkkjr ljdkj Minister Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation; Road Transport, Highways & NITIN GADKARI Shipping, Government of India
n A lot of work has been done for the Clean Ganga Mission. For the first phase, activities that are important to maintain a healthy river were taken up – 100% sewerage infrastructure for all cities along the river, toilets in every home in villages along the river, large scale scientifically planned afforestation, biodiversity conservation, bioconservation of nalas, decentralized modular STPs, etc. The National Mission for Clean Ganga has sanctioned 254 projects for more than Rs. 2,400 crores and spent about 5,000 crore rupees in the last 4 years. This year we are expecting to increase our expenditure by 3,000 crores. n The Namami Gange Programme sanctioned 133 projects – 32 in Uttarakhand, 40 in Uttar Pradesh, 25 in Bihar, 2 in Jharkhand, 18 in West Bengal, 2 in Haryana, 1 in Himachal Pradesh, and 13 in Delhi. For sewerage infrastructure an expenditure of Rs 19, 789 crore will create 3,969 MLD sewerage treatment capacity and lay down 4,871 km of sewerage network. One of the biggest drains in India with 140 MLD untreated sewage has now been diverted and it no longer pollutes the Ganga in Kanpur after 128 years. n I give my special thanks to my secretary, our DG, our Ganga team and all state governments who are cooperating with us for this great achievement and the transparent, time-bound performance of innovative models of big projects. Just wait for 2-3 months – after March 2019 you will see a significant change, n Aviralta was a very very crucial issue for us. I am confident that in March, April, May or June this year you will probably see Aviral Ganga. We are taking some policy measures as far as hydro-power projects are concerned, and suggesting special recommendations by which we can maintain E-flows (environmental flows). n The Mathura project is a very interesting thing where Indian Oil refinery will pay 19 crore rupees royalty per year to the project for clean water. Thus the waste to wealth concept will be truly implemented there. n I request our Secretary, Prof. Tare and the DG that we now need a good conference on conversion of waste into wealth. Organic/ fruit/ vegetable wastes from agriculture markets can be all fed into biodigester
to increase the production of methane. Also bifurcating CO2 from bio-methane we can get bio-CNG as an alternative fuel and a coal substitute, which is cost effective and pollution free. Also we have to find out how
we can make value addition with the CO2 generated. n I feel that 3 things are very important in Government departments: Cooperation between departments, Coordination, and Commitment. n I am also Minister for Waterways. We have now started Waterways between Varanasi and Haldia. We have started dredging between Varanasi to Prayagraj (Allahabad) and on 26th January 2019 we will start water transport from Varanasi to Prayagraj. n Today your advice, suggestions, innovative approach, help and cooperation for Clean Ganga Mission is a great satisfaction for me.
Ganga Session-S.indd 6 8/18/2019 6:19:45 PM jkT; ea=h ‘Lora= izHkkj’ vkoklu vkSj 'kgjh dk;Z] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh
Minister of State (Independent Charge) Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India HARDEEP SINGH PURI
n The Nile followed by the Amazon and Yangtze are known to be the largest rivers in the world. The Ganga is roughly half their size, yet it serves roughly 450 million people, 43% of India’s population. n In India, one cannot speak about Ganga without mentioning its spiritual importance. The religious meanings of the river and the science of its flow and geomorphology are usually combined at some level in writing about the sacred river. n The ministry of housing and urban affairs is supporting Namami Gange for 97 Ganga towns within 5 km of Ganga to achieve ODF (Open Defecation Free) status and for solid waste and liquid waste management projects under our Swachh Bharat Mission and Amrut Schemes respectively. Many of the Ganga town projects will soon see the light of day and should be completed by October 2019. n We are constructing 6.7 million individual household toilets plus half a million community toilets. We expect to complete them about two months from now, which is 8-10 months before the due completion date. But ODF also involves behavioural change, which is something very basic and paradigmatic. n The AMRUT plans covers all Class-I Ganga towns in 5 states plus one Class-II town of Jangipur, West Bengal for providing water supply and sewage infrastructure. The Ministry has already approved special annual action plans for the period up to 2017-18 for all 5 states. n The decay of the Ganga river and its surrounding environment is a result of criminal neglect over decades. The government’s Namami Gange program is now slowly becoming a Jan Andolan, a project of the people, and that is indeed heartening!
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Ganga Session-S.indd 8 8/18/2019 6:19:47 PM SATYAPAL SINGH U P SINGH Minister of State Secretary WR, RD & GR MoWR, RD & GR
Can Ganga become a global cause? I believe For millions of Indians, Ganga is not just so. Culture and civilization spread to all corners a river, it’s not just a flow of water, it’s a of the world from this region. The literature and civilization in flow. knowledge produced here have immensely n Everyday 2 million people take bath or dip in benefitted the entire mankind. That’s why the Ganga, whereas over many long stretches Ganga is a global issue, and to collaborate for of the Rhine, Danube, and Thames rivers that I Clean Ganga is in everybody’s interest. saw, I never found a single person taking a dip. n I personally feel that there are three ways n Ganga has its own spiritual beliefs among of how to clean Ganga: first is through faith; people – that is one aspect. But it is also second is through law, get polluters through the bread winner of almost 40% of India’s strict laws; and third is to have the right kind of population who directly or indirectly depend on people and right kind of technology. Ganga. n For the last 20 years or so Ganga’s flow has n To me the major challenge today is how lost velocity. How to get back continuous flow to have enough “water in the river”. Over- in Clean Ganga? This is the challenge we have. extraction of water, for whatever reason, is n Foreign collaboration in the Ganga cleaning perhaps the main problem that we are facing. programme is very high. The World Bank Our entire flow during the lean season used to has been supporting the Ganga programme come from groundwater, but that is no longer through Rs. 7000 crores since 2009. Germany the case because now we extract groundwater is also very active through KMW willing extensively. Hence we have to improve water to provide financial assistance and GIZ use efficiency, be it for irrigation, industrial use, providing technical assistance in the state of or personal use. Uttarakhand. More than 15 countries (including n Apart from E-Flows notification for Netherlands, UK, Scotland, Luxumberg, the Ganga river there are a few long Canada, Belgium, and Slovenia) are working term measures whichwe are taking like and collaborating with us in the water sector. afforestation, biodiversity, and catchment n Our main task is to channel the introduction treatment. of new technologies and bring in other n Despite all the negativities, condition agencies in environmental management, of Ganga is certainly not very bad. A rich finance and investment, entrepreneurship and biodiversity still exists in Ganga including skills. around 175 species of fishes and the Gangetic dolphin. They survive because through the entire length of the river the dissolved oxygen concentration continues to be 5 mg/l or more.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 9 8/18/2019 6:19:49 PM WORDS OF WISDOM
CECILIA ABENA DAPAAH STEVEN N SCHONBERGER Minister of Sanitation & WR, Ghana Director, Water Global Practice, WB
n Large parts of Africa are water surplus but n On behalf of the World Bank, I thank you for providing yet countries are facing severe water crisis us the honour and opportunity to participate in this historic effort. All of us will be proud to say in future that we did our n Water is a precious resource and efforts little to contribute to the cleaning of Ganga and restoring must be put in to preserve it and rejuvenate the the flow of Ganga. depleting sources. n We are very encouraged with the progress of the n Ghana has embarked upon reviewing and last few years. The focus was on dealing with sewage reforming its water resources and sanitation treatment aspects, helping cities settled around the Ganga policies. to have the kind of sanitation services that are good for the n The Government believes that it is important population and also for the river. that the country spends significant amount on n We would certainly like to share our global experience this sector. of working with river clean-ups and improving the natural n Currently the Government spends USD 290 environments in river basins. First of all the private sector million equivalent to USD 12 per person per has to address industrial pollutants, and they should be year which contributes 1.6% to the national proud and should market themselves saying that we are GDP contributors to a Clean Ganga. n The country, much like India, wants to n In a federal system, the states are critical and have to achieve open defecation free status soon. be involved to ensure sustained progress. We certainly encourage the approach which India has used in many n Ghana was delighted that the India Africa other cases of providing incentives to states through Water Forum is being championed and that competitive transfers in response to showing results or Ghana is the first Chair of the Forum maintaining clean Ganga and addressing the issue of flow. n Ghana looks forward to learning a lot from n Thirdly, perhaps the most important element, is the Ganga River Rejuvenation programme and continuing to build a relationship of people or communities also bringing to West Africa technologies and with River Ganga. Our experiences from world over is that solutions successfully deployed in India. the investments being undertaken for amenities and river n The Minister invited Indian engineering front development can strengthen the sense of ownership and infrastructure community to participate in and responsibility that is critical to build accountability of Ghana’s water projects. the institutions concerned. Using mobile phones and other technologies, working with self-help group and others are all a part of the effort, whereby they feel responsible and hold others responsible to maintain the progress that has been made. n We are fully committed to continue supporting the focus on basin management approach, on flows, and on new challenges of water allocation and water efficiency.
Ganga Session-S.indd 10 8/18/2019 6:19:50 PM JASPER WIECK MAYA KADOSH Deputy Chief of Mission, Germany Deputy Chief of Mission, Israel
n One important aspect of our bilateral cooperation n India and Israel have deep scientific and development is our joining hands for the Namami Gange technical cooperation. project. This commitment by the German government to n The two countries have embarked upon a assist India in cleaning Ganga goes back to 2015. joint programme to enhance their cooperation n We need three things in order to clean a river: (1) you in agriculture and water sector. need time – in the case of River Rhine it took us 30 years. n Under this programme a number of centres (2) Money – in the case of River Rhine it amounts to a of excellence are being set up across India. sum of 45 billion Euros shared by all the riparian states – n The centres will bring advanced Israeli Germany, France, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria. (3) technologies and practices into India . The “Right Approach”, which is very well encapsulated in one sentence: “If you want a clean river, better don’t n Israel has achieved transformation in the pollute it”. water sector not without its fair shares of pains. n You have more than a 100 huge riparian cities on the banks of Ganga river, you have factories, and you n The country had to introduce major water have farmers using pesticides, whose effluents all go sector reforms and incentivise efficiency to to the Ganga river. Dealing with so many actors needs reach near its water security goals. a comprehensive approach addressing all polluters in n Israel is willing and able to share its an interconnected way. This is where our development knowhow, introduce technologies in the Ganga cooperation steps in, in particular in the institution of rejuvenation programme. GIZ which brings all stakeholders together – the state authorities, union authorities, city authorities, industry representatives, etc., where everyone knows what his specific task is, and to give technical support to industries, companies, etc. on how to reduce wastewater production. You too must have institutions like GIZ to create mechanisms for stakeholders to interact. n There is also a Ganga toolbox which has been developed with the assistance of GIZ, which can be used for school education. We demonstrate what to do and what not to do, how to behave for the sake of clean Ganga. n India has a range of sewage treatment plants, though their current capacity may need to be enhanced. And it also needs huge wastewater collection and transport systems. We are proud to have decided on a loan through our development bank launching 20 million Euros to help in these hardware issues of India.
Ganga Session-S.indd 11 8/18/2019 6:19:50 PM WORDS OF WISDOM
JOZEF DROFENIK Ambassador, Slovenia
I am happy to learn that the “India Water Impact Summit-2018” (IWIS-2018) is being jointly organized by the Centre for Ganga River Basin Management & Studies (cGanga), IIT Kanpur and the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), Government of India, for incisive discussions by national and international experts and major stakeholders about Ganga River Basin Management. River Ganga remains the central theme for millions of Indian for its religious, cultural, economical and social integration. While Ganga and its tributaries used to flow in its pristine glory, it carried many minerals, microbes and nutrients to the plains which naturally made itself purifying and fertile. Over time, Ganga has lost her pristine glory and presently is on the verge of losing its incessant flow and purity. As the upper riparian States of Ganga have constructed a number of dams, barrages and other structures, there is a decrease in flow of river Ganga since last several decades. On the one hand the flow of river Ganga has been affected due to de-forestation and mining activities in the hills, while on the other hand, enormous quantity of silt from hills is reaching the plains. Due to decrease in flow in river Ganga large quantity of silt gets deposited in river bed. As a consequence its bed has risen, its water carrying capacity has decreased, tendency of meandering and braiding has increased, resulting in increased shoal formation. The shoal formed in flow area of river Ganga is not even getting submerged during flood due to which intensity and extent of flood in Bihar has increased. Hence, to get a long term solution for the above problem, a Silt Management Policy is required to be framed at national level which should cover not only Ganga but all rivers in maintaining Aviralta and Nirmalta as well as for betterment of Environment & Eco-system. After the construction of Farraka Barrage the natural flow of river Ganga has been obstructed. The silt upstream of the Barrage which used to flow out during the flood is now getting deposited in river bed. Due to this the flow width of river Ganga has increased and the back water now reaches Patna and is moving further upstream. Time has come for re-evaluation of the utility of Farakka Barrage. Many environmentalist and specialist had from time to time expressed their views on the effect of Farakka Barrage and its ill-effects. The answer to it cannot be found until the matter is examined encompassing all issues in a coordinated manner. The diminishing lean season flow in Ganga in Bihar portion is one of the prime concern of Bihar. To maintain an environmentally acceptable lean season flow in this portion is essential not only for the ecology & environment of the river system but also for the very existence of the Ganga itself. In the light of the International agreement on Farakka, it becomes even more sensitive issue. So, a mechanism is urgently required which may assure the release of proportionate/sizable amount of water into Ganga from the upper basin states in lean seasons.
Ganga Session-S.indd 12 8/18/2019 6:19:50 PM DINESH SURESH KR. S K SHARMA MOHANIYA KHANNA Minister, UDHD, MLA Delhi Assembly Minister, UD, UP Bihar & VC DJB
n We have been working on n In earlier times the present n I agree that the political system piecemeal basis, such as making day flood problems of Bihar did of 5-year tenures causes see-saw sundry STPs or treating other not exist. When floods came they policies. Sustainable solutions for deficiencies when you notice them. spread silt all over the land and soon Delhi involve sustained efforts over If we had compact integrated plans receded. Floods were a blessing the long term, say 10- or 20-year encompassing micro-planning then for the people after short periods of period. we would not have reached this inconvenience. n People’s expectation about rivers situation. n I want to know about the best way and the water environment have to n We have been strengthening our to de-silt rivers so that the river’s be managed. Can this be done with STPs speedily. We have already depth can be increased. the help of knowledge bodies? completed 11 plants, while 10 plants n I also want to know about n We have asked schools in Delhi are being set up and 10 more have irrigation facilities. Since rivers to have their own STPs so that already been tendered. have scarce water in Bihar, it is the STPs’ treated waters can be n We have also banned the use of pointless to construct new canals. used for irrigation in the schools plastics and tried to check industrial It will be more prudent to save land themselves instead of using fresh pollution. Now we are preparing and water wastage by transporting water. for the Kumbh Mela. NMCG has water through overhead pipes. n We are also starting eco-clubs in been very co-operative for treating Power generating turbines can also all schools. I believe that only if we wastewater in about 108 drains be installed wherever the pipes drop instil environmental awareness from by bioremediation and 5 drains by the water. the primary level, only then shall modular technology. we be able to maintain our rivers, n We will discuss the suggestions waters and land in stable healthy that we received today in our high conditions. level meetings and incorporate them as best as we can.
Ganga Session-S.indd 13 8/18/2019 6:19:51 PM CONTENTS
SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS A1 Afforestation & Biodiversity 58 A2 Urban River/Water Management Plan 64 A3 Data Harmonization 68 SPECIAL SESSIONS : SPOTLIGHT ON THE STATES A4 Decentralized Infrastructure and Developing Water Bodies Messages...... 3 S1 Uttar Pradesh 26 Through Reuse of Treated Sewage/ ...... Preface 4 S2 West Bengal 32 Trade Effluents 74 Words of Wisdom...... 6 S3 Delhi 38 Plenary Sessions...... 16 S4 Bihar 44 Meet and Greet ...... 22 S5 Uttarakhand 50 Valedictory Session...... 156 SESSION SESSION A S INDEX
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Ganga Session-S.indd 14 8/18/2019 6:19:52 PM GANGA FINANCING FORUM
TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION: EXHIBITS D1-2 Creating Global Financing & PRESENTATION: DECENTRALIZED Ecosystem Including Project WASTEWATER TREATMENT Finance Liquidity Pools for C1 • Alchemy AI (UK) 90 Ganga Restoration and • Space SI (Slovenia) 92 Conservation Programme 122 C2 • Lyndon Water (UK) 94 D3-4 Bringing Efficiency in Financing • Wastewater Wizard (UK) 96 Ganga Restoration and Conservation • GV Solutions (Spain) 98 Projects through Effective Use • Trojan Technologies (Canada) 100 of Capital Markets, Insurance, • Andicos (Belgium) 102 Guarantee and Credit C3 • Boson Energy (Luxembourg) 104 Enhancement Instruments 138 • Cambi (Norway) 106 • Ground Recycling (UK) 108 D5 Financing Technology and WATER ECONOMICS: CREATING • Mebiol (Japan) 110 Innovation 150 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR C4 • Scotstream (UK) 111 SUSTAINED INFRASTRUCTURE • Blue Sky Bio (UK) 112 MANAGEMENT • GMEX - Greensphere (UK) 113 B1 Water Valuation, Pricing and C5 • SenseQube (India) 114 Market Development 82 • Qua-vac (Netherland) 116 SESSIOND SESSION SESSIONB C
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Ganga Session-S.indd 15 8/18/2019 6:19:53 PM PLENARY SESSIONS Harnessing national and global expertise and co-operation for Ganga’s revival
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Ganga Session-S.indd 16 8/18/2019 6:19:56 PM IWIS • 2018 17
Ganga Session-S.indd 17 8/18/2019 6:20:02 PM PLENARY SESSIONS Harnessing national and global expertise and co-operation for Ganga’s revival
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Ganga Session-S.indd 18 8/18/2019 6:20:03 PM IWIS • 2018 19
Ganga Session-S.indd 19 8/18/2019 6:20:03 PM PLENARY SESSIONS Harnessing national and global expertise and co-operation for Ganga’s revival
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Ganga Session-S.indd 20 8/18/2019 6:20:04 PM IWIS • 2018 21
Ganga Session-S.indd 21 8/18/2019 6:20:08 PM MEET AND GREET
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Ganga Session-S.indd 22 8/18/2019 6:20:10 PM IWIS • 2018 23
Ganga Session-S.indd 23 8/18/2019 6:20:13 PM SESSIONS SPECIAL SESSIONS: SPOTLIGHT ON THE STATES
Uttarakhand
Delhi
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Ganga Session-S.indd 24 8/18/2019 6:20:14 PM S.1 Uttar Pradesh S.2 West Bengal S.3 Delhi S.4 Bihar S.5 Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
West Bengal
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Ganga Session-S.indd 25 8/18/2019 6:20:16 PM SESSIONS1 UTTAR PRADESH Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S1.1. PROBING THOUGHTS populations. Coupled with this problem DAY 1: Uttar Pradesh is a large state that covers are the large quantities of untreated and Wednesday; December 5, 2018; a long stretch of River Ganga in the semi-treated municipal sewage from 15:00 – 17:00 h plains below Uttarakhand. It includes urban centres and trade effluents from VENUE: the sub-basins of many important industrial clusters (notably distilleries, Hall 5, Vigyan Bhawan, tributaries of Ganga like the Yamuna, tanneries, and pulp & paper industries) New Delhi Kali, Ramganga and Gomti rivers. It discharging into the river network. The PRESIDED BY: is well populated, and has extensive net results are very low flows in the dry Suresh Kumar Khanna agricultural lands and industries. The seasons and high levels of pollution in [Minister, MoUD, UP] river has been fragmented with dams River Ganga and her tributaries which CHAIR: and barrages at many places, and, constitute a major threat to both riverine Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG]; moreover, the main Ganga Canals biodiversity and human. In addition to S P Shahi [APD, NMCG, UP] (the Upper Ganga, Middle Ganga and these problems, the immersion of dead MODERATOR: Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; Lower Ganga Canal Systems) effect bodies and animal carcasses in the Pravin Kumar [Director Tech, NMCG] major abstractions from River Ganga in river, river bed farming, sand mining, PANELISTS: her upper reaches in the state, which excessive groundwater withdrawals, A D Mohile [Former Chairman, CWC]; have affected the river increasingly and increasing fertilizer and pesticide Ajay Pradhan [C2S2]; for more than a century and disrupted laden runoff from agricultural fields have Anil Sinha [WRG 2030]; Avi Harpaz [Israel]; the habitats of many river species like added to the problems. Figure 1 shows Birgit Vogel [GIZ]; the Gangetic dolphin and affected their the most polluted river stretches in the Brij Gopal [CIWSA]; State at a glance. Kees Bons [Deltares]; P S Rana [CIDC]; Sejal Worah [WWF]; V S Thind [International Arbitrator]
11 STPs COMPLETED The main attempts in the State of U.P. were to enhance sewage treatment capacity – 11 STPs have been completed, 10 STP Projects are under finalisation, and the tendering process of 10 Plants have been completed.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 26 8/18/2019 6:20:16 PM CANAL ABSTRACTIONS and wastewater discharges in the State are considered significant factors in deteriorated river health.
Figure 1: Most Polluted Stretches and their Pollution Sources
Overall, the developmental needs of Uttar Pradesh are pitted against various factors affecting the basin ecology that may be summarized in the following figure:
THE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE: The balance between ecology and current developmental approach
Conserve Natural Resources Surface/Groundwater Irrigation Save Iconic Species and Biodiversity Industrial & Agricultural Growth Afforestation and Wetlands Development Urbanization and Scaleup
PERCEPTION REALITY Populace may suffer due to lack of IMPACT Aquatic pollution, depletion of natural infrastructure, occupation/jobs, resources, soil and water toxicity, water economic growth scarcity and impact on human health
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Ganga Session-S.indd 27 8/18/2019 6:20:19 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S1 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S1.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
What steps have been taken to prepare comprehensive Urban River What steps have been taken to Management Plans (URMPs) for major polluting towns near rivers promote sustainable agriculture like Vrindavan, Mathura and Agra (on River Yamuna), Moradabad with resource conservation (on River Ramganga), Lucknow (on River Gomti), and Haridwar, measures to protect River Garhmukhteshwar, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi (on River Ganga) Ganga and the basin’s other as well as for other Class I, Class II and Class III towns of the state? ecosystems? 1 2 3 4 What measures are being taken to What measures are being taken to increase ensure longitudinal connectivity water use efficiency by e.g.: (i) realistic with provision for E-Flows at dams, pricing of fresh water; (ii) incentives, barrages and other in-stream technical assistance, and allocation of structures? water rights and entitlements to consumers; and (iii) reuse and recycling of water?
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Ganga Session-S.indd 28 8/18/2019 6:20:20 PM S1.3. DISCUSSIONS Implement, Regulate, Incentivise and The Ganga River Basin Management Govern, and finally Monitor and Give Plan (GRBMP–2015) identified Feedback. five major anthropogenic factors The main attempts in the State TAKE AWAY underlying the degradation of River of Uttar Pradesh were to enhance Ganga namely, industrialisation, sewage treatment capacity. 11 Sewage POINTS urbanisation, lifestyle changes, Treatment Plants were completed, 10 agriculture & other rural activities, and STP Projects are under finalisation, Micro-level planning needed for deforestation/ denudation. The plan and the tendering process of 10 Plants tributaries and sub-tributaries of also recommended several actions to have been completed. Out of 32 other Ganga. rejuvenate the river under eight goal- projects, 29 projects have been started focussed action areas or Missions, and 3 are in tendering process. Attempts Capacity building and institution namely Aviral Dhara, Nirmal Dhara, have also been made to ban plastic use training in the state of UP are needed to implement the programs Ecological Restoration, Sustainable and check industrial waste disposals. for clean rivers. Agriculture, Geological Safeguarding, Short term planning was done for Kumbh Basin Protection Against Disasters, 2019 so that 118 drains were treated by States should be involved in policy River Hazards Management, and bioremedial measures during Kumbh making, deciding priority actions Environmental Knowledge-Building and 2019, adopting modular technologies and allocating funds for various Sensitization. Many of the missions are for 5 drains. Attempts will be made to states as well as activities. interdependent, with common actions scale these on a larger level. The major between them. The implementation goals of these projects focus on long Working group (cGanga, NMCG, of these actions should be constantly term gains, and they can be achieved if CPCB) to develop further monitored and evaluated since River the planning is free from time and cost understanding on various aspects Rejuvenation and Conservation is overruns. and produce standard guidelines. a cyclic process, viz.: Generate As far as municipal wastewater Knowledge, Understand, Share and is concerned, the main aim is to Discuss with people, Strategise, ensure that no sewage gets into the Formulate Policy, Legislate, Formulate river network. This obviously involves Plan, Allocate Resources, Design and financial planning with reliable
What measures have been introduced or strengthened to disseminate knowledge about River Ganga’s restoration process, Are water withdrawals being ground-level monitoring of the basin, controlled in water-scarce and and sensitization and participation of water-depleting regions? stakeholders? 5 6 7 What measures are taken to control alien species invasions, overfishing and fishing during spawning seasons?
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Ganga Session-S.indd 29 8/18/2019 6:20:20 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S1 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
estimates of sewage treatment costs sewage gets into the river network. being known to the respective States The approach to river restoration in FOR that bear the responsibility of sewage the State must fundamentally connect to management. people. KUMBH-2019, Catchment improvement through Financial planning of centrally 118 drains were Afforestation should connect to common sponsored municipal sewage treated by bio-remedial people. Floodplain management by management projects must be sound measures, adopting vegetation strips should be designed and reliable so that respective States modular to withstand floods and also manage know their financial liability for sewage technologies pollutants and sediment flows. Also, management operations. for 5 drains. since agriculture is a major consumer of Since agriculture is a major water, suitable interventions are needed consumer of freshwater, suitable for the agriculture sector. interventions are needed for the agriculture sector. S1.4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND Urban wastewater management TAKE AWAY POINTS should be decentralized, and this aspect The main focus of sewage management can be suitably inducted in the byelaws projects should be to ensure that no of city management rules.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 31 8/18/2019 6:20:29 PM SESSIONS2 WEST BENGAL Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S2.1 PROBING THOUGHTS her tributaries and the outfalls have DAY 2: The state of West Bengal lies at the been significantly affected. Increased Thursday; December 6, 2018; downstream end of the Ganga basin. Its salinity in the lower reaches may have 11:00 – 12:00 h critical importance for the basin accrues also been caused by groundwater VENUE: Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, from the vast Ganga Delta which withdrawals in the state. New Delhi it shares with India’s neighbouring country, Bangladesh. In fact, a major S2.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED CHAIR: part of the state lies in the flat deltaic 1. What steps have been taken to Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG] plains characterised by high monsoon prepare comprehensive Urban River MODERATOR: rainfall and significant floods, with only Management Plans (URMPs) for major Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; Pravin Kumar [Director Tech, NMCG] the northern part covering some of polluting towns near rivers like Kolkata, the Himalayan foothills. Like much of Howrah, Durgapur, Asansol, etc., as PANELISTS: A D Mohile [Former Chairman, CWC]; Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it is a fertile well as for other Class I, Class II and Ajay Pradhan [C2S2]; region that hosts a dense population Class III towns of the state? Anil Sinha [WRG 2030]; and has extensive agriculture as well 2. What measures are being taken to Birgit Vogel [GIZ]; Brij Gopal [CIWSA]; as many industries. Its megalopolis ensure longitudinal connectivity with Kees Bons [Deltares]; capital, Kolkata, located on the western provision for E-Flows at dams, barrages P S Rana [CIDC]; edge of the delta, was earlier also a and other in-stream structures? Sejal Worah [WWF]; major seaport and still functions as 3. What measures have been taken for V S Thind [International Arbitrator] a port city to some extent. Besides flood management and river sediment Kolkata has many industries in and flow management in the State? around it (such as in the neighbouring 4. What steps have been taken to promote districts of Howrah, Hooghly and sustainable agriculture with resource North 24 Paraganas). Industries conservation measures to protect are also clustered in Burdwan River Ganga and the basin’s other district neighbouring Jharkhand ecosystems? and elsewhere. As a consequence 5. What measures are taken to check DAMS AND of these factors and several large groundwater extraction to control hydro-electric projects and dams arsenic spread and seawater ingress? BARRAGES, such as the Maithon and Panchet 6. What measures are taken to control high population density, dams, and the Farakka, Tilpara and alien species invasions, overfishing and irrigation abstractions, Durgapur barrages, River Ganga, fishing during spawning seasons? and industrial factors have affected the river ecology.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 32 8/18/2019 6:20:29 PM AN EXACT MASS balance of pollutants in the river may be difficult due to variable water balance. However, definitive guidelines for reuse and recycling of water should be formulated to minimize wastewater discharges.
Overall, West Bengal’s developmental needs are pitted against various factors affecting the basin ecology that may be summarized in the following figure:
THE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE: The balance between ecology and current developmental approach
Conserve Natural Resources Surface/Groundwater Irrigation Save Iconic Species and Biodiversity Industrial & Agricultural Growth Afforestation and Wetlands Development Navigation and Fisheries
PERCEPTION REALITY Populace may suffer due to lack of Aquatic pollution, depletion of natural infrastructure, occupation/jobs, IMPACT resources, soil and water toxicity, water economic growth scarcity and impact on human health
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Ganga Session-S.indd 33 8/18/2019 6:20:29 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S2 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
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Ganga Session-S.indd 34 8/18/2019 6:20:41 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
Apart from the more polluted downstream reaches of the river, pollution control should also focus in the upstream reaches since their benefits also cover downstream reaches.
Plan river conservation programs for tributaries in addition to the main river.
Pollution control in the river system should be promoted by incentivising pollution control on the principal of “pollute less, pay less.”
Working group (cGanga, NMCG, CPCB) to develop further understanding on various aspects and produce standard guidelines.
7. Have appropriate measures and significant amounts of wastes and guidelines been adopted to control river pollutants are generated in the state. dredging and plying of noisy vessels, Though much of the waste is treated, especially around Kolkata and near the there are still significant discharges river mouth? into the river network. An exact mass 8. What measures have been introduced balance of pollutants in the river may, or strengthened to disseminate however, be difficult due to variable knowledge about River Ganga’s water balance. However, definitive restoration process, ground- guidelines for reuse and recycling GUIDELINES level monitoring of the basin, and of water should be formulated to sensitization and participation of minimize wastewater discharges. Apart FOR REUSE stakeholders? from wastewater generation, storm and recycling of water water management also needs to be should be formulated to S2.3. DISCUSSIONS systematized, given the high levels of minimize wastewater Due to high population density as well monsoonal rainfall, low gradients and discharges as industrial and agricultural activities, significant water bodies in the state.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 35 8/18/2019 6:20:46 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S2 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
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Ganga Session-S.indd 36 8/18/2019 7:55:17 PM IWIS • 2018 37
Ganga Session-S.indd 37 8/18/2019 7:55:21 PM SESSIONS3 DELHI Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S3.1. PROBING THOUGHTS high freshwater consumption, and DAY 2: Delhi is a relatively small state with an wastewater and solid waste disposal Thursday; December 6, 2018; area of 1,484 km2 covering only about are two of the major problems that affect 12:00 – 13:00 h VENUE: 0.2% of the Yamuna sub-basin in Ganga both city’s civic life and River Yamuna’s Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, basin. However, being the national trickling flow. Two major barrages – the New Delhi capital, it has a huge population (mostly Okhla and Wajirabad barrages – that urban) of approximately 1.9 crores enable the supply of Yamuna waters CHAIR: with a very high population density of to the city are a consequent problem Dinesh Mohaniya [MLA, Delhi & VC, DJB]; 11,297 persons per km2. It is reportedly for the once free-flowing Yamuna Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG] the third largest conurbation in the river. Many of the natural storm water MODERATOR: world after Tokyo and Mumbai. This drains of the city are partly encroached Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; makes Delhi a concentrated source and carry huge amounts of sewage, Pravin Kumar [Director Tech, NMCG] of municipal sewage generation, solid thereby effectively converting them PANELISTS: waste production (from domestic and into hazardous sewage drains, while A D Mohile [Former Chairman, CWC]; Ajay Pradhan [C2S2]; construction sources, etc.), and a major others have been entirely encroached Anil Sinha [WRG 2030]; freshwater consuming area. But, in upon over time. Thus comprehensive Brij Gopal [CIWSA]; addition to direct human needs, Delhi management of municipal and industrial Kees Bons [Deltares]; P S Rana [CIDC]; also has about 28 industrial clusters wastes, freshwater consumption, V S Thind [International Arbitrator]; as well as thousands of unregulated encroachments of natural drains, Vijay Babbar [Ex Member, DJB] industries in residential/ commercial increasing built-up catchment areas, and areas whose effluent discharges vulnerable wetlands, forests and river reach River Yamuna, often after getting floodplains constitute some of the critical mixed with municipal sewage. Thus problems for river management in Delhi.
HIGH FRESHWATER CONSUMPTION, waste generation, and encroachment of natural drains, wetlands and green areas have affected the Yamuna river grievously.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 38 8/18/2019 6:20:50 PM S3.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED 1 2 3 4 5 What steps What measures Can community Can irrigation What measures have have been taken are being taken ownership of local water conservation been introduced to prepare to control water resources technologies or strengthened comprehensive aquatic pollution, help in reducing like Micro- to disseminate Urban River industrial and agricultural water Irrigation Systems knowledge about Management domestic waste, Yamuna as a major consumption? be promoted Plans (URMPs) soil and water polluted tributary for major toxicity, and significantly in of Ganga, River polluting areas seasonal water water-stressed areas Ganga’s restoration in and around scarcity? in India? Are low- process, ground- Delhi? cost innovations/ level monitoring simplifications of of the basin, and such technologies sensitization and available? participation of stakeholders?
Overall, Delhi’s developmental needs are pitted against various factors affecting the basin ecology that may besummarized in the following figure:
THE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE: The balance between ecology and current developmental approach
Restoration and Conservation of Natural Non-segregation of Waste Infrastructure Drains and Lakes Groundwater Withdrawals for Domestic, Wetland and Groundwater Preservation Industrial and Irrigation Uses
PERCEPTION REALITY Populace may suffer due to lack Aquatic pollution, industrial and domestic of resources to quench immediate IMPACT waste, soil and water toxicity , seasonal and ever growing needs water scarcity and impact on human health
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Ganga Session-S.indd 39 8/18/2019 6:20:50 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S3 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S3.3. DISCUSSIONS achieved is difficult. Some pertinent S3.4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND TAKE Like other States, Delhi has been issues that emerged from the AWAY POINTS implementing many projects on discussion are: 1. Scientific knowledge should be used sewage, effluents and solid waste 1. Should deadlines for results for expectation management. management, besides operating its assessment be longer for long term 2. Eco-clubs should be developed in existing Sewage Treatment Plants projects? schools to enhance the knowledge and other waste handling facilities. 2. Storm water is not used in recharging at childhood level. Storm water drainage improvement, ground water naturally. How best 3. Differential pricing of water establishment of electric crematoria, can storm water runoff be used for recommended for consumers e.g. ghats, and catchment improvement by recharging? depending on size of household. plantations and wetland development, 3. How to raise water pricing? 4. ZLD concept recommended for and freeing of encroached floodplains 4. The value of money always shrinks industries. are among the other major efforts as it moves from the Centre to State 5. Working group (cGanga, NMCG, in the State. Different projects are and from State to local bodies. CPCB) to develop further of different durations, and overall Hence, there is a need to change the understanding on various aspects assessment of the improvement approach. and produce standard guidelines.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 41 8/18/2019 6:20:59 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S3 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
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Ganga Session-S.indd 43 8/18/2019 6:21:05 PM SESSIONS4 BIHAR Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S4.1. PROBING THOUGHTS unscientific irrigation practices and DAY 2: Bihar is a fairly large state that poor drainage have been affecting the Thursday; December 6, 2018; includes a long stretch of about 400 land and aquatic bodies. Bihar also 14:00 – 16:00 h km of River Ganga in the Middle Ganga has many industries and nearly 200 VENUE: Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, plains downstream of Uttar Pradesh. urban centres (including 26 Class I New Delhi It occupies about 11% of the Ganga cities) with a high population density basin area and covers the sub-basins of about 1,100 persons per km2. PRESIDED BY: of many of her important tributaries Consequently significant quantities S K Sharma [Minister, UD, Bihar] like the Ghagra, Gandak, Baghmati, of untreated and partially-treated CHAIR: Kosi, Punpun and Sone rivers. Bihar municipal sewage from major towns Chaitanya Prasad [PS, UD, Bihar]; Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG]; is well populated, and has extensive and trade effluents from industrial Tripurari Sharan [ACS , WRD, Bihar] fertile agricultural lands, though clusters discharge into the river and MODERATOR: Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; Pravin Kumar [Director Tech, NMCG] PANELISTS: A D Mohile [Former Chairman, CWC]; Ajay Pradhan [C2S2]; Anil Sinha [WRG 2030]; Brij Gopal [CIWSA]; Kees Bons [Deltares]; P S Rana [CIDC]; Sejal Worah [WWF]; V S Thind [International Arbitrator]
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Ganga Session-S.indd 44 8/18/2019 6:21:11 PM DAMS/BARRAGES, untreated/ semi-treated municipal sewage and structural interventions in rivers for flood control are the main cause of concern for the Ganga river network in Bihar state.
Overall, Bihar’s developmental needs are pitted against various factors affecting the basin ecology that may be summarized in the following figure:
THE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE: The balance between ecology and current developmental approach
Conserve Natural Resources Irrigation Augmentation Save Iconic Species & Biodiversity Industrial & Agricultural Growth Afforestation & Development of Wetlands Flood Control
PERCEPTION REALITY Populace may suffer due to lack of IMPACT Aquatic pollution, floods & droughts, soil infrastructure, occupation/jobs, and water toxicity leading to lower economic growth agrigrowth and impact on human health
her tributaries. The net result is high pollution levels in the main river and some of her tributaries which affect the health of both humans and the river. In addition, a few large dams and barrages (e.g. Indrapuri barrage on the Son river) have been erected on some of the rivers that affect river species. Moreover, river floods being a long-standing problem in Bihar, repeated river channelization and other flood control works (like levees) have interfered with river functioning and affected river morphology and stability of many of her flood-prone rivers like Kosi. Increasing groundwater exploitation has also led to spread of arsenic-laden groundwater in Bihar.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 45 8/18/2019 6:21:15 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S4 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S4.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE 7. What steps have been taken ANSWERED towards sustainable water resource 1. What steps have been taken to management with protection of forests, prepare comprehensive Urban natural drains, wetlands and lakes? River Management Plans (URMPs) 8. What measures have been taken for major polluting towns near to increase water use efficiency rivers like Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, through: etc., as well as for other Class I, (i) realistic pricing of fresh water; Class II and Class III towns of the (ii) incentives, technical state? assistance, and allocation of 2. What measures are being taken to water rights and entitlements ensure longitudinal connectivity to consumers; and with provision for E-Flows at dams, (iii) reuse and recycling of water? barrages and other in-stream 9. What measures have been structures? introduced or strengthened to 3. What flood management practices disseminate knowledge about through floodplain zoning, drainage River Ganga’s restoration process, improvement, other non-structural ground-level monitoring of the basin, measures and scientific sediment and sensitization and participation of management are being adopted? stakeholders? 4. What measures are being taken to control aquatic pollution, industrial S4.3. DISCUSSIONS and domestic waste, soil and In the present scenario of improving water toxicity, and seasonal water urban sewerage management all scarcity? over the Ganga basin, Bihar is slated 5. What measures are taken to to reduce its municipal pollution of promote sustainable agriculture with River Ganga significantly over the next resource conservation measures? few years through vastly increased 6. What measures have been taken to sewage management infrastructure. restrict sand-mining from river beds? However, there are many other
REPEATED RIVER channelization and other flood control works (like levees) have interfered with river functioning and affected river morphology and stability of many of her flood-prone rivers.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 46 8/18/2019 6:21:16 PM Trend analysis to be Studies for solid Studies should be done adopting river waste removal and carried out for basin approach to screening devices behavior change of understand development should Bihar’s rivers. river behavior. be carried out in some drains of Patna.
Working group (cGanga, NMCG, Entire river basin CPCB and State RECOMMENDATIONS approach should be government officers) used to address the to develop further AND TAKE AWAY POINTS river issues in the understanding on State. various aspects.
To resolve floodplain States should be encroachments, sand mining involved in policy and other problems making, deciding A policy platform infringing on river space, should be created to priority actions and government should procure allocating funds for promote green the land for afforestation and industries. various states as other catchment well as activities. improvement processes as is done for infrastructure projects such as highways.
issues that need to be addressed and progressive increase in HFL of for meaningful conservation of rivers be checked to minimize the River Ganga in the State. The issues chances of floods? of importance emphasized in the 4. How can the structural loopholes discussions are: related to Farakka barrage be 1. What are the means to counter addressed? adverse consequences due to floods 5. How can the problems of sudden and droughts occurring in the same shifting of river courses be solved? year? 6. Resolution of data sharing issues 2. What remedies can be expected between different organizations. for issues emanating from the Indo- 7. Problems arising from instability of Bangladesh Ganga Water-Sharing river beds. Treaty? 8. Preventing floodplain encroachment 3. How can siltation, rising bed levels and illegal river sand mining.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 47 8/18/2019 6:21:16 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S4 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
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Ganga Session-S.indd 49 8/18/2019 6:21:19 PM SESSIONS5 UTTARAKHAND Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
S5.1. PROBING THOUGHTS state of about 52,989 km2 area lies in the DAY 3: As the source of National River Ganga, Gangabasin, comprising about 6% of the Friday; December 7, 2018; Uttarakhand is a most important State basin area. Though population density is 11:00 – 13:00 h for ensuring the wholesomeness and not very high, it has several large cities VENUE: integrity of the river. The river and (including the bustling State Capital – Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi her headstreams (including the six Dehradun), besides many tourist and major headstreams – the Alaknanda, pilgrimage centres that are flooded with CHAIR: Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, floating populations during peak tourist Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG]; Mandakini, and Bhagirathi) and their five seasons. While industrialization and S D Singh [Resident Commissioner, UK] confluences in the state are not only held lifestyle changes have been relatively MODERATOR: in divine esteem by Indians, but are also slow in the state so far, there have Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; Pravin Kumar [Director Tech, NMCG] a major feature of the state’s picturesque been some amount of deforestation, setting in the Himalayan range. Hence, road construction, and urbanisation PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; tourism (both religious and recreational) (especially near the lower regions) A D Mohile [Former Chairman, CWC]; is an important benefit for the state, and and increased tourist traffic in recent Ajay Pradhan [C2S2]; preserving a pristine river system in the times along with major hydro-electric Brij Gopal [CIWSA]; Kees Bons [Deltares]; region is of key importance. The entire projects (such as the Tehri, Srinagar Martina Burkard [GIZ]; P S Rana [CIDC]; Sejal Worah [WWF]; V S Thind [International Arbitrator] S5.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
What measures Have adequate steps are being taken to What steps have been being taken to ensure ensure longitudinal taken to prepare compre- proper transport, food connectivity with hensive Urban River Man- and fuel facilities to provision for E-Flows agement Plans (URMPs) for at dams, barrages handle peak tour- and other in-stream major polluting towns near ist loads without structures? rivers as well as for other stressing the region’s Class I, Class II and Class III ecosystems? towns of the state?
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Ganga Session-S.indd 50 8/18/2019 6:21:19 PM DAMS AND BARRAGES on River Ganga’s head-streams, high seasonal tourist loads, and some industrial hotspots are the major factors affecting the river system.
THE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE: The balance between ecology and current developmental approach
Conserve Natural Resources Tourism Development Save Iconic Species & Biodiversity Infrastructure Afforestation Power Generation and Distribution
PERCEPTION REALITY Populace may suffer due to lack of Calamities due to landslides and flooding infrastructure, occupation/jobs, IMPACT causing human suffering and destruction industrial growth of property
Are there adequate What measures have restrictions on sand and been introduced or gravel mining from river strengthened to dissemi- Appraisal of afforestation beds? nate knowledge about and slope stabilization River Ganga’s restoration measures along with process, ground-level restrictions on road and monitoring of the basin, building constructions in and sensitization and par- disturbed areas. ticipation of stakeholders?
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Ganga Session-S.indd 51 8/18/2019 6:21:20 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S5 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
and Koteshwar dams) fragmenting the are not critical, but waste management Bhagirathi, Alaknanda and other rivers. is an important factor in protecting There are also some industrial hotspots Uttarakhand’s ecology. Apart from towards the plains (such as pulp & paper municipal and industrial wastewaters, industries in Kashipur) discharging management of solid wastes – including industrial wastes. These changes have sludge generated form Sewage had significant negative impacts on the Treatment Plants – is a pressing Ganga river system, and they need to be issue. Tourism – including ecotourism addressed urgently. – also needs better management. The Bhagirathi Eco-sensitive Zone in S5.3. DISCUSSIONS Utttarakhand as designated by the The state of Uttarakhand has had limited government also needs clarity on the industrial or agricultural developments role of local communities, or else it except in the lower reaches. Thus should be de-notified. development pressures from the general populace are high. But it is recognized Some other issues of importance that that rampant development will severely emerged from the discussions are: affect the State’s fragile ecology and 1. Bamboo plantations on river banks river systems, hence a balance between should be adopted as a conservation ecology and development is needed. measure. Water consumption and water pricing 2. Horticulture and forestry should be
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Ganga Session-S.indd 52 8/18/2019 6:21:23 PM linked with livelihood of the people. 5. Mapping of high-altitude wetlands is 3. Mapping of high-altitude wetlands is needed. needed. 6. Effect of hydropower projects on river 4. Effect of hydropower projects on river water quality needs to be evaluated. water quality needs to be evaluated. 7. Tourism, including ecotourism, 5. All tributaries of the Ganga in needs better management BETTER Uttarakhand should be considered for from environmental and social MANAGEMENT conservation and rejuvenation, not only perspectives. the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers. 8. All tributaries of the Ganga in of solid wastes Uttarakhand should be considered including sludge S5.4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND TAKE for conservation and rejuvenation, generated from AWAY POINTS not only the Alaknanda and STPs – is 1. Rectify or improve solid waste and Bhagirathi rivers. essential. sludge management in the state. 9. States should be involved in policy 2. The Bhagirathi Eco-sensitive Zone making, deciding priority actions and needs to be reviewed. allocating funds for various states as 3. Bamboo plantations on river banks well as activities. should be adopted as a conservation 10. Working group (cGanga, NMCG, measure. CPCB and State government officers) 4. Horticulture and forestry should be to develop further understanding on linked with livelihood of the people. various aspects.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 53 8/18/2019 6:21:27 PM SESSION Ganga River: Restoration and Conservation S5 Efforts vis-à-vis Ganga River Basin Management Plan
ALL TRIBUTARIES of the Ganga in Uttarakhand should be considered for conservation and rejuvenation, not only the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers. Mapping of High-altitude wetlands is also essential.
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Ganga Session-S.indd 54 8/18/2019 6:21:28 PM IWIS • 2018 55
Ganga Session-S.indd 55 8/18/2019 6:21:29 PM SESSIONA SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS
Image Source: www.kritsnam.in
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Ganga Session-A.indd 56 8/18/2019 6:30:43 PM • A.1 Afforestation & Biodiversity • A.2 Urban River/Water Management Plan • A.3 Data Harmonization • A.4 Decentralized Infrastructure and Developing Water Bodies Through Reuse of Treated Sewage/ Trade Effluents
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Ganga Session-A.indd 57 8/18/2019 6:30:43 PM A1SESSION Afforestation & Biodiversity
A1.1. PROBING THOUGHTS A1.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED DAY 2: The Ganga River Basin is fertile and thickly 1. What are the major impacts on the Thursday; December 6, 2018; populated, with about 43% of India’s Ganga River System and the Basin 09:00 – 10:30 h population residing in the basin. Thus, expected from the Biodiversity and VENUE: much of the basin’s land area is cultivated Afforestation Program? Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi or covered by urban and industrial use, 2. What are the criteria for assessment of while forests, scrublands and grasslands the Program? CHAIR: exist only on mountainous or hilly 3. What is the role of biodiversity Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG] terrain, alpine climates and relatively dry in the basin’s ecology and water MODERATOR: regions. However, forests and natural environment? Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; vegetation play a key role in the overall 4. What is the present status of Rajiv Kishore [ED, Admin & Int’l Relations, NMCG] basin environment and the Ganga River biodiversity in the basin and river PANELISTS: System by arresting high flows and system? Brij Gopal [CIWSA]; soil erosion, purifying water and air, 5. What should be the biodiversity D Ranjan [FRI]; improving soil health, moderating climatic assessment and verification factors? G Manna [IARI, CIFRI]; and hydrological extremes, improving 6. What are the significant aspects of Kees Bons [Deltares]; Ruchi Badoha [WII]; dry season river flows, increasing WII’s rapid assessment monitoring S D Singh [Resident Commissioner, UK]; terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, etc. survey? Sandeep Behera [NMCG]; What is of major concern here is the 7. Is there provision for capacity Sejal Worah [WWF] present-day reduction of biodiversity in development to conserve at least the the Ganga River Basin and the Ganga existing biodiversity? River System, and the impact that a well 8. Is the program adequate and designed afforestation programme can sustainable or is any mid-course play in reviving biodiversity. In view of correction required? the multiple benefits that can accrue 9. What is the implementation mechanism from afforestation in the basin, the of the program? Central Government initiated a major 10. How are economic and environmental afforestation programme designed by aspects of the Program to be the Forest Research Institute (FRI) which evaluated? can improve the basin ecology and also 11. What are the social and benefit the Ganga River System in many developmental aspects of the ways. Program?
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Ganga Session-A.indd 58 8/18/2019 6:30:44 PM FORESTS AND NATURAL vegetation play a key role in the overall basin environment and the Ganga River System by arresting high flows and soil erosion, purifying water and air, improving soil health.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 59 8/18/2019 6:30:51 PM SESSION A1 Afforestation & Biodiversity
A1.3. DISCUSSIONS 3. Hydrological role of forests to be Indian forestry has a long history, and the studied, especially with regard to Forest Research Institute in Dehradun temporal variations and seasonal has been regularly studying and streamflow regimes. evaluating Indian forests and providing 4. Trade off analysis for the river to be research-based inputs for Indian forestry done. development. On the other hand, there 5. River space studies should also be is limited information on biodiversity – carried out. RIVER especially aquatic biodiversity – in India, but the Wildlife Institute of India is at the Some other concerns that emerged from QUALITY forefront of India’s biodiversity knowledge. the discussions are: benchmark to Thus the two premier organisations 1. Whether top-down effect or bottom-up be developed for complement each other’s knowledge approach is preferable for biodiversity institutions involved in expertise in designing an Afforestation assessment. assessing biological Program for the buffer area along the 2. The type of plantation along the river/ parameters. Ganga river which can help enhance buffer area needs to be considered. In biodiversity in the Ganga River Basin. From this regard the categorization of plant this perspective, the concerned agencies species on the basis of their flood can take up the following tasks: tolerance is desirable. 3. Data sharing between interested 1. Base line biodiversity mapping (historical organizations need to be facilitated. and current) in the entire basin. 4. Benchmark to be developed for 2. Identification of the potential sites/ academic colleges and institutes that stretches/ areas for monitoring may be involved in the assessment of specific species. biological parameters.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 60 8/18/2019 6:30:52 PM A1.4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND TAKE AWAY POINTS Rivers are frequently viewed merely as natural water courses rather than as important aquatic ecosystems that provide numerous ecosystem goods and services other than that of water. Even in terms of physical products (or ecosystem goods) river fish, sand, and nutrients (dissolved or bound up with sediments) are some key benefits meeting human needs. Besides, rivers provide many services such as navigation and transport, basin drainage (thereby minimizing basin flood and water-logging), pollution mitigation, waste removal, hydropower, groundwater recharge, recharging and fertilizing floodplains and floodplain wetlands, aquatic and riparian biodiversity, micro-climate modification, aesthetic and cultural services, etc. To provide such goods and services (including biodiversity) optimally, a river must function efficiently to fulfil its true potential. Taking cognizance of this overall perspective, the following measures were recommended:
A river must function efficiently to fulfil its true potential of providing 1 its myriad ecosystem goods and services.
Flood zonation and river bed zonation along river corridors 2 need to be carried out.
Species should be appropriately selected for the restoration 3 program for different zones and Community participation is reaches of the river. essential for simple river health assessment. Programs by WII such as Bal Ganga Prahari, Ganga Prahari, plans to initiate Pravasi 4 Ganga Prahari, Ganga Grandmas Concepts from terrestrial to be also continued to address systems do not necessarily hold cultural aspects of River Ganga. 5 for aquatic systems, and they should be not applied on rivers indiscriminately.
Ecosystem activity awareness programs should be facilitated. 6 Working group (cGanga, WII, WWF, CIFRI and FRI) will develop 7 further understanding on various aspects of biodiversity and afforestation.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 61 8/18/2019 6:30:52 PM SESSION A1 Afforestation & Biodiversity
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Ganga Session-A.indd 63 8/18/2019 6:30:59 PM A2SESSION Urban River/Water Management Plan
A2.1. PROBING THOUGHTS the river system grievously while also
DAY 2: Riparian towns all over the world have harming urban life quality. These issues Thursday; December 6, 2018; had major impacts on rivers in modifying need to be addressed urgently since 16:30 – 18:00 h river hydrology and water quality, and India’s urbanization has been growing VENUE: consequently on the overall fluvial increasingly rapidly over time, with Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, morphology and biodiversity, due to huge increasingly difficult consequences. New Delhi volumes of wastewater generation and In view of the above, the design CHAIR: extensive built-up surfaces that increase and operation of urban water Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG] storm water runoff. In India, and in the infrastructure need to be integrated MODERATOR: Ganga River Basin in particular, riparian into comprehensive urban river/water Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; cities produce extensive sewage as well management plans of riparian towns Pravin Kumar [Director Tech, NMCG] as solid wastes (including construction to ensure the Ganga river’s integrity PANELISTS: wastes) that have severely affected and sustenance as well as to sustain Abhishek Malhotra [AECOM]; river health. Besides, increasing built- the overall urban water environment. Ajay Pradhan [C2S2]; P S Rana [CIDC]; up surfaces, drying up of water bodies, Besides, such plans can significantly Prabhat Singh [IREC]; clogging of surface water drains, enhance the utilitarian, cultural and Srikanta K Panigrahi [IISD]; water table depression, vanishing spiritual values of the river for the towns Victor Shinde [NIUA] vegetal cover, inadequate water and and the region as a whole, and thereby sewerage infrastructure, and poor solid ensure the sustainability of measures waste disposal processes are some through societal support and institutional key features that have been affecting commitments.
A2.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
How can these plans What should be the be inducted into essential components 3 urban and regional 1 of such plans from technical, developmental plans, economic, sociocultural, while adhering and governance to river basin perspectives? Why are management norms? What types of river/water expertise and management inputs may be plans essential for needed to prepare rapidly urbanising these plans? India? 2 4
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Ganga Session-A.indd 64 8/18/2019 6:30:59 PM A2.3. DISCUSSIONS Moreover, domestic sewage should Well-planned urbanisation will not be treated in small localities rather be harmful for river functioning if the than being carried large distances for TAKE AWAY disruptive urban factors are taken care treatment so that the treated water can of. Since healthy urbanisation and clean be re-used locally and to meet the needs water are twin goals that are directly of local wetlands and natural drains. POINTS linked to rivers and water bodies, it is Riverfront development should also fit Treat sewage as close to necessary that they be jointly taken into into the socio-economic perspective of source as possible. the planning process. Thus it is not only respective towns to generate interest green cover but wetlands too should be and involve the local populace in river essential components of urban areas. conservation. Urban river management plan should be used as a tool to balance the twin goals of clean water and urbanisation.
A solution to be chalked out on how to utilise the limited number of rainy days in a year.
Out of 27% green area in the Ganga basin, 5% should be dedicated to water bodies.
Regulate the flow of water through city by means of a city ‘structure plan’.
Socio-economic perspective to be included in planning riverfronts.
Commercialisation of Kumbh Mela and other religious festivals should be diverted to creating water awareness as a lot of valuable water is diverted for the congregation.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 65 8/18/2019 6:31:10 PM SESSION A2 Urban River/Water Management Plan
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Ganga Session-A.indd 67 8/18/2019 6:31:17 PM A3SESSION Data Harmonization
A3.1. PROBING THOUGHTS purposes have been under preparation Development and management plans, by many agencies, but the relevant data DAY 3: Friday; December 7, 2018; designs and schemes for urban and that are available in the country are of 09:00 – 10:30 h rural infrastructure, regional and different standards, accuracies and VENUE: national growth (of agriculture, industry, resolutions due to varying measurement Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, housing, etc.), major ecosystems techniques and procedures adopted New Delhi like forests, rivers and water bodies, by different agencies/ individuals and/ CHAIR: combating natural calamities and or by the same agency at different Syed Masood Hussain [Chairman, CWC] disasters, and a host of other national times. For instance river data may be MODERATOR: activities are essential for maintaining separately collected by the Central Sanmit Ahuja [Expert Member, cGanga]; Sundeep [Director Tech, NMCG] and improving the state of our lives. And Water Commission, State Agencies, PANELISTS: all such plans, designs and schemes research institutes like CIFRI, individual Nitin Verma [WRG 2030]; are dependent on extensive ground data researchers with specific interests, Ravi Shankar [CWC]; of different types such as geographic, etc. While some of these data may S K Sinha [SoI]; Surya Dhruba [IITB]; climatic, topographic, hydrological, be overlapping, their accuracies and Vishnu Chandra [NIC] water quality, biodiversity, geological, spatial and temporal resolutions may be land-use, socio-economic, and cultural. different, making it difficult to combine Many such data are needed for different data sets for the desired planning, developing and managing river purposes, whereas selective use of basins and their water infrastructure. the data sets may be arbitrary and Comprehensive databases for these inadequate for the same purposes.
A3.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED In view of the issues focussed above it is essential to review field data measurement, collection and collation procedures, and assess how to enable their easy and meaningful use by the following steps:
Setting 2 4 standards of data Standardising data collation measurement/ Setting norms for collection and Defining procedures. interfacing of recording. suitable databases and approaches to easy accessibility data correction. of the same to all 1 3 stakeholders.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 68 8/18/2019 6:31:17 PM DATA ACCESS A lot of data is available in India, but they are scattered and of varying quality.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 69 8/18/2019 6:31:22 PM A3SESSION Data Harmonization
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Ganga Session-A.indd 70 8/18/2019 6:31:24 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
There is an urgent need to harmonise data collection and processing by different agencies for use in evidence-based policy- making in India.
Create a foundation data set for all data to harmonise with it.
Create a robust protocol with proper standards for data sharing between various agencies.
Explore the use of IOT and machine intelligence for data interpretations A3.3. DISCUSSIONS Datasets for new foundation datasets. for varying quality and The role of data for evidence-based Such efforts imply creating proper refinements of data. policy-making is undisputable. But standards for data sharing and creating since data quality varies widely, there is a common platform for data management Create a common platform need to harmonise data collection and and data access. Data management and and central web portal processing. This especially emanates access can be further refined by use of (such as the “data.gov.uk” portal of United Kingdom) from the need for data-sharing between IOT, and machine intelligence (or artificial for data management and various agencies like CWC, CGWB, intelligence) can be further used for data access for all users. CPCB, SPCBs, Control Boards, GSI, data interpretations along with modern Survey of India, etc. which collect modelling tools for predictive purposes. primary data independently. At present These efforts emphasize the need for a lot of data are available in India but data harmonisation and the creation they are scattered or of varying quality. of a central portal for data access, for For example, high-quality groundwater example by the National Informatics data are available but with gaps. Having Centre who have a large IT infrastructure a robust protocol for data sharing is thus and data centres. As a practical example essential. Further, creating a foundation from abroad, the web portal “data.gov. data set for all data to harmonise with uk” provides open access data to firms, it is strongly needed. For instance, the and it has played a significant role in the Survey of India has initiated the CODS, development of industries and practical Geoid Model and High Resolution applications in the United Kingdom.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 71 8/18/2019 6:31:24 PM A3SESSION Data Harmonization
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Ganga Session-A.indd 72 8/18/2019 6:31:28 PM IWIS • 2018 73
Ganga Session-A.indd 73 8/18/2019 6:31:32 PM A4SESSION Decentralized Infrastructure and Developing Water Bodies Through Reuse of Treated Sewage/ Trade Effluents
A4.1. PROBING THOUGHTS river ecosystem. This is because such DAY 3: The clean-up of River Ganga and some water bodies provide useful services Friday; December 7, 2018; of her highly polluted tributaries – such to the rivers and the overall water 09:00 – 10:30 h as the Yamuna – is an emotive subject environment of the basin such as by VENUE: for Indians as well as a pressing trapping eroded soil, flood attenuation, Hall 2-3, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi health and developmental issue. But groundwater recharging, water while considering ways and means of purification, enriching aquatic (as well as CHAIR: rejuvenating and conserving River Ganga amphibian and avian) biodiversity, climate Rajiv Ranjan Mishra [DG, NMCG] herself, the water bodies in the basin also moderation, and enhancing aesthetic MODERATOR: Vinod Tare [Head, cGanga]; need to be revived in order to sustain the and cultural satisfaction. In modern times D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG] PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; Calum MacKinnon [Scotstream]; Jan Grimbrandt [Boson Energy]; Ken Jones [Ground Recycling]; Lewis Jeffrey [Lyndon Water]; Manu Bhatnagar [INTACH]; P S Rana [CIDC]
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Ganga Session-A.indd 74 8/18/2019 6:31:34 PM WATER BODIES help in trapping eroded soil, flood attenuation, many water bodies in the basin have decentralization of water and wastewater groundwater been stressed by water scarcity and infrastructure, so that the wastewater recharging, water pollution as well as encroachment and generated in small localities can be purification, other anthropogenic activities, especially locally treated and reused to replenish biodiversity in urban locales. Augmenting fresh water local water bodies like ponds and lakes, enrichment, climate inflows to water bodies is therefore very and even to maintain natural drains in moderation, and important to revitalize them and maintain flowing conditions. This may prove to enhanced aesthetic them in functionally healthy conditions. be an economic, easily manageable and cultural A very useful means to achieve the and participatory approach to resolve a satisfaction. above goal in towns and cities can be the seemingly intractable problem.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 75 8/18/2019 6:31:36 PM SESSION Decentralized Infrastructure and Developing A4 Water Bodies Through Reuse of Treated Sewage/ Trade Effluents
A4.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED In view of the long unresolved problems of both river degradation and poor urban water environment in the Ganga basin, the proposed solution seems welcome. Some important issues to be considered in this context are:
A4.3. DISCUSSIONS The role of water bodies in maintaining the basin’s ecological balance and What are the problems improving urban environments is that ail natural 1 water bodies and universally accepted. Decentralization wetlands in the Ganga of urban water infrastructure can River Basin? play an important role in reviving and augmenting urban water bodies in the To what extent can Ganga basin. But they should be taken up these problems be addressed within comprehensive urban planning for by augmenting 2 water bodies. Institutional arrangements freshwater supply? for decentralization of the water What are the infrastructure can be effected through advantages and RWAs (Resident Welfare Associations) of disadvantages housing colonies or other organizations in decentralizing 3 the urban water of local communities in cities, but the infrastructure vis-a-vis government’s (Namami Gange’s) norm of large centralized What are the systems? “One City - One Operator” may have to logistical and be revised. Moreover, the water supply practical difficulties norms and wastewater generation by in decentralising their management 4 local communities should be monitored by involving local to ensure economic water use and governments and local communities/ minimal waste discharge. Hence water citizens? use should be metered, both at the community level and the individual How should their governance be shared household level. 5 between various Since damages to water supply agencies and citizens? pipelines over long distances have been a persistent problem, the decentralisation of water infrastructure
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Ganga Session-A.indd 76 8/18/2019 6:31:37 PM could also involve potable water supply 2. The decentralization of urban water from local water bodies along with infrastructure in the Ganga basin can metered water use – metered both at the be a very useful measure for reviving community and the individual household and maintaining urban water bodies levels. A problematic issue here is and drainage. whether all water bodies are suited for 3. Urban planning must involve a drinking water supply, especially as it comprehensive development and depends on the types of wastewater management plan for the water bodies. and solid wastes received by the water 4. RWAs (Resident Welfare Associations) bodies. Also, if the water in the water of housing colonies or other AUGMENTING bodies are repeatedly recycled, their organizations of local communities can FRESH can be buildup of TDS. Diversion of be entrusted with the management water inflows to storm water into water bodies can be of their local water infrastructure water bodies is a useful means both to replenish them and water bodies, subject to suitable very important to as well as to moderate TDS. Besides, relaxation of Namami Gange’s norm of revitalize them storm water needs far less treatment to “One City - One Operator”. and maintain keep make it suitable for human use. Hence 5. Local and household water use them functionally storm water itself can also be stored must be metered, and wastewater healthy. in underground storages and used in discharges should also be monitored residential colonies. A further measure to ensure efficient water management. to meet urban water problems is the use 6. Where water bodies are largely of water from upstream reservoirs, but used by local communities on use- this involves regional planning of water dischargereuse basis, the micro-water storages and use. equilibrium concept may be used. Regular replenishment/ augmentation A4.4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND TAKE of such water bodies with storm AWAY POINTS water or from upstream storages 1. Cognizance must be taken that urban can be particularly useful for keeping water bodies are vital for basin the waters fresh and controlling the ecology and urban environments. possible build-up of TDS.
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Ganga Session-A.indd 77 8/18/2019 6:31:40 PM SESSION Decentralized Infrastructure and Developing A4 Water Bodies Through Reuse of Treated Sewage/ Trade Effluents
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Ganga Session-A.indd 78 8/18/2019 6:31:45 PM IWIS • 2018 79
Ganga Session-A.indd 79 8/18/2019 6:31:49 PM SESSION
WATER ECONOMICS: B CREATING ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR SUSTAINED INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT
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Ganga Session-B.indd 80 8/18/2019 6:37:34 PM Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand
B.1 Water Valuation, Pricing and Market Development
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Ganga Session-B.indd 81 8/18/2019 6:37:44 PM SESSIONB1 Water Valuation, Pricing and Market Development
B1.1. PROBING THOUGHTS perception of water as an infinite
DAY 1: The notion of water pricing in India is natural resource to that of water as a Wednesday; December 5, 2018; rooted in India’s pre-industrial age when renewable resource having only a finite 15:00 - 17:00 h freshwater availability was plentiful renewal capacity in nature. For it is VENUE: for human needs. Hence water pricing only through this changed perception Hall 1, Vigyan Bhawan, by municipal/ government agencies that we can value water as a precious New Delhi responsible for water supplies is common resource of all our citizens – CHAIR: conventionally based only on the cost of present and future – and thereby save U P Singh [Secretary, MoWR, RD&GR] treating and supplying water and ignoring our aquatic environment. The change in MODERATOR: the value of water (as a resource) itself. our valuation of freshwater goes hand Sanmit Ahuja [Expert Member, cGanga]; Rozy Agarwal [ED Finance, NMCG] But with increasing industrialization and in hand with a changed notion of water PANELISTS: agricultural and urban growth, water pricing, wherein the inherent cost of Indrajit Dube [IIT Kharagpur]; consumption has increased by leaps and freshwater is included in the actual price Paritosh Tyagi [IDC]; bounds over the past decades, leading to that we pay for our water needs. Poul Jensen [EBTC]; Suresh Babu [WWF] increasing water stresses and even water But what is the inherent cost of scarcity in many parts of the country. freshwater? One way of deciding this is The increasing water consumption has to link it with freshwater availability in been possible by extracting more and India. Since our water consumption levels more water from water bodies – thereby may have reached or even exceeded shrinking or drying them up, and often by nature’s renewal capacity, freshwater also polluting them with anthropogenic availability is obviously limited by our wastewater. The consequences are usage. Hence it is obligatory that the severe, not only for aquatic ecosystems wastewater generated by us is treated up but also for humans who depend to freshwater levels before putting it back extensively on the ecosystem services of into nature. Hence the price of freshwater water bodies for their lives and well-being. itself should be considered as at least Given the above scenario there equivalent to this cost of treating the is a pressing need to change our wastewater.
WITH INCREASING industrialization and agricultural and urban growth, water consumption has increased by leaps and bounds over the past decades, leading to increasing water stresses and even water scarcity.
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Ganga Session-B.indd 82 8/18/2019 6:37:44 PM If water is priced with the above a decisive role. By practising water considerations, then evidently its cost trading between water producers and will be much more than that currently in prospective buyers, the intrinsic value vogue in India. And since water supply of freshwater and the consequent water is mainly municipal or governmental prices will be a readily acceptable responsibility, it would be an uphill principle. Since there exists special task to convince consumers to pay the needs and market niches for water increased prices without changing trading, developing a water market can their value perception of freshwater. facilitate the process of realistic water This is where water markets can play pricing in modern-day India.
B1.2. KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
What is the value of freshwater, and are Indians ready to pay for 1 freshwater use? Are there national/ global What parameters should be examples of successfully factored into decide the pricing operating water markets? 8 2 of freshwater?
KEY How can local communities If the cost of freshwater is and citizens be involved in QUESTIONS included in water supply costs establishing and operating 7 TO BE 3 for consumers, will it control water markets? surging water demands and ANSWERED wastewater generation?
What expert inputs are needed to develop and To what extent can freshwater operate the water markets? pricing reduce the huge burden 6 4 of water and wastewater management costs of governments and urban local bodies? What governmental initiatives, 5 regulatory mechanisms and incentives are needed for establishing water markets and water trading?
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Ganga Session-B.indd 83 8/18/2019 6:37:45 PM SESSION B1 Water Valuation, Pricing and Market Development
WASTEWATER GENERATED by us must be treated up to freshwater levels before putting it back into nature. Hence the price of freshwater should be considered as at least equivalent to the cost of treating wastewater.
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Ganga Session-B.indd 84 8/18/2019 6:37:46 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
Water markets have to be developed in India to ensure water-saving and overcoming demand- supply mismatches.
A framework on water pricing and regulation needs to be developed, taking into consideration overall water availability, sectoral needs and water use efficiencies.
Public incentives to save water and minimise wastewater generation should go together with penalties for overuse or wastage. For example, for municipal consumers – depending on water availability – a certain minimum amount of water supply (e.g. 50 lpcd) can be B1.3. DISCUSSIONS environmental and commercial factors supplied free, while beyond Though India as a whole may not be may need to be considered in water price this limit telescopically severely water-stressed, many parts of fixation. Water pricing should also depend increasing prices the country are significantly stressed, on water needs for different sectors should apply to prevent especially in the dry pre-monsoon namely, domestic, civic, agricultural and wastage and control over months. Hence, even if treated and industrial/ commercial sectors. In urban, consumption. reusable wastewater is considered as industrial and commercial sectors, the a source of water in water balancing, principle of “Polluters Pay” should be Some pressing questions the value of water will depend on its applied to save fresh water. Valuation need to be resolved at availability, which can vary significantly of water should also incorporate the the earliest, viz.: (a) Can between regions and also between ecosystem services of water bodies. there be a pan-Indian different time periods. Hence the price of At the regional level, there are water policy for water price water, or at least consumers’ willingness regulatory bodies in some states like fixation, or should such to pay, may depend on availability. But Jammu & Kashmir and Maharashtra, but policies be framed by State demand-supply concept is inapplicable their scope and effectiveness may be Governments? (b) What in the Indian water sector. Water markets limited. This is partly because many river should be the regulatory can help stabilize their mismatch. basins are inter-state that restrict State framework for water markets? Besides availability, social, control over the basin’s waters.
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Ganga Session-B.indd 85 8/18/2019 6:37:47 PM SESSION B1 Water Valuation, Pricing and Market Development
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Ganga Session-B.indd 86 8/18/2019 6:37:48 PM IWIS • 2018 87
Ganga Session-B.indd 87 8/18/2019 6:37:50 PM SESSION
TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION: C EXHIBITS & PRESENTATION – DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
(Image Source: www.cganga.org
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Ganga Session-C.indd 88 8/18/2019 6:38:06 PM • Alchemy AI (UK) • Space SI (Slovenia) • Lyndon Water (UK) • Wastewater Wizard (UK) • GV Solutions (Spain) • Trojan Technologies (Canada) • Andicos (Belgium) • Boson Energy (Luxembourg) • Cambi (Norway) • Ground Recycling (UK) • Mebiol (Japan) • Scotstream (UK) • Blue Sky Bio (UK) • GMEX - Greensphere (UK) • SenseQube (India) • Qua-vac (Netherland)
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Ganga Session-C.indd 89 8/18/2019 6:38:06 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C1 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 1. Alchemy AI
1.1. HIGHLIGHTS The technology presented uses of DAY 1: Wednesday; December 5, 2018; Artificial Intelligence (AI) in various 15:00 - 17:00 h fields like flood prediction, radiology, VENUE: agricultural management and others. For Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, accurate prediction of various events, a New Delhi large variety of data sets are required. SESSION COORDINATORS: Any type of data whether numerical, Sundeep Chauhan visual, sensor, primary or secondary data [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; can be analysed and stored in the cloud Jana Hamel remotely. A data scientist can access the [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] data and then can produce a data model, PANELISTS: which may not be aware of the entire A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; Hadas Mamane Steindel [IIT Madras]; AI system. A different group can then Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; produce pattern maps and describe it in Pawan Labhasetwar [NEERI, Nagpur]; their own interface (dashboard) using graphs, tables or other figures. Hence, data secrecy is also maintained. In addition, the algorithms of AI system can adapt and change to a software by itself; and keep on updating with the availability of new data sets. The technology claims to provide early, timely and accurate prediction of events so that value of water can be truly realised.
1.2. KEY CONCERNS
Financial aspects of Accuracy of How to take care AI system. predictions using of fake data and AI when most missing data sets? processes are not linearly related.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 90 8/18/2019 6:38:08 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
Interpolations can be done to generate data but the idea of a forecasting model based on generated data may not be the practical idea.
Real and actual ground based data should be more relied on for reliable predictions.
The proposal is well received but the uniqueness and its cost effectiveness in the context of cGanga’s mandate needs to be assessed. The proponents are encouraged to further develop the proposal in close cooperation with cGanga team.
1.3. DISCUSSION corelations and it is flexible enough by The local economic conditions can be virtue of its capabilities to ensure proper assessed based on AI technology, for and reliable output. e.g. if a solid waste treatment plant is set The AI system can take care of up, there will be difference in quality of complex data sets as they are well processed waste and by-products which equipped with supervised machine may lead to new opportunities. Hence, by learning. Interpolations, data generations analysing all the data, socio-economic and developing models to fit a forecasting and financial propagations for a particular model are embedded in it and therefore situation can be assessed. fake data and missing data problems are The AI system is so designed that it taken care of. can adjust to all processes by statistical
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Ganga Session-C.indd 91 8/18/2019 6:38:09 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C1 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 2. Space SI
2.1. HIGHLIGHTS vegetation footprints, moisture content, DAY 1: The proposal focused on use of aquatic life, contaminant compositions Wednesday; December 5, 2018; NEMO-HD microsatellite which is an and other plethora of parameters could 15:00 – 17:00 h engineered composite of large and be determined in detail. The technology VENUE: small scale systems to produce high can also be utilised to ensure proper Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi resolution images unaffected by the quality control, optimum chemical monsoon time weather variations. doses, proper agricultural surveillance SESSION COORDINATORS: The satellite could be controlled by and other complex parameters by Sundeep Chauhan joysticks; equipped with transmitters analysing the seasonal variation and [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; and telescopes such that it can produce high quality remotely sensed images. Jana Hamel real time video and multispectral images The timeline and cost of the proposal [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] over the Ganga River Basin. The usage is mentioned in detail in figure 2.1 and PANELISTS: of false colour composites to analyse Table 2.1. A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; Hadas Mamane Steindel [IIT Madras]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; Pawan Labhasetwar [NEERI, Nagpur]
CONTRACT EXCHANGE
60 days 30 days 15 days 45 days
Manufact.Intg FAT Shipment IC T STORM GANGASAT SERVICE DEPLOYMENT
Manufacturing Installation Delivery Commissioning Deployment Integration Commissioning Training Dissemination Factory Acceptance Testing Training Commercialisation
TIMING OF DELIVERABLES:
Ground Station Satellite Data Services for Water & System Processing Agriculture PAYMENT SCHEDULE: Sep Nov 2019 Mar May Jul Sep Nov 2020 Mar
7% 33% 20% 20% 10% 10%
Figure 2.1. Timeline and minute details of the proposal
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Ganga Session-C.indd 92 8/18/2019 6:38:09 PM Table 2.1. Cost break-up of the proposal
System Space-SI (EUR)
STREAM System for multi-statellite data acquisition 610,000.00
STORM chain for automatic processing of satellite data 400,000.00
GANGASAT services for delivery of map-ready thematic products 644,100.00
TOTAL 1,654,100.00
2.2. KEY CONCERNS resolution satellite imagery than what TAKE AWAY 1. Resolution of the satellite images by is currently available. NEMO-HD microsatellite. 2. No correlation between ground and POINTS 2. Correlation between satellite data satellite data have been made for and ground measurements. certain parameters. Some ideas and The correlation 3. Whether scientists and leading methodologies are being developed of ground level corporate organizations can work to predict and model things like measurements with the collectively over Ganga satellite chlorophyll content, cyanobacteria remotely sensed data is imagery and data? and other measures. still to be developed for 3. Scientists could contribute individually some parameters. 2.3. DISCUSSIONS to the project and companies which 1. It was discussed that for the Ganga show genuine interest should be The satellite is basin, we would require higher allowed to get involved. unaffected by the monsoon time weather variations which could help in better resolution data during monsoon seasons.
Corporate partners who work closely with satellite imagery depending on their interests could work in tandem with scientists.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 93 8/18/2019 6:38:10 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C2 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 3. Lyndon Water
3.1. HIGHLIGHTS 3.2. KEY CONCERNS DAY 2: The technology presented was the 1. Cross-section of the duckweed Thursday; December 6, 2018; cultivation of duckweed plant for channels, cost of installation 11:00 – 13:00 h nutrient removal from wastewater. and issues related to harvesting VENUE: The major requirements for its growth of duckweed, and operation Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi were large land area, timely harvesting and maintenance of the system, and proper wind control to ensure particularly with seasonal variability. SESSION COORDINATORS: yield. Apart from nutrient removal, the 2. Chemical composition of duckweed. Sundeep Chauhan harvested crop has multiple benefits 3. Effect of mixture of industrial and [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; including proteinaceous food for municipal wastewater on growth and Jana Hamel animals (Figure 3.1). The system having quality of duckweed. [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] a footprint of 90m x 20m for growing 4. BOD consumed/produced per kg of PANELISTS: duckweed produces an animal feed of duckweed. A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; roughly 5 kg nitrogen/hectar per day 5. Effect of evaporation on the entire Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; apart from water treatment (Figure 3.2). process? Pawan Labhasetwar [NEERI, Nagpur]
Figure 3.1. Multiple output options from duckweed
Bio-gas (CH4) to power Fish and prawns
Waste water (untreated PURIFIED Lemnaceae sewerage) Protein
Salad/ Vegetables
Very clean water for discharge or Recycle to industry/agriculture
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Ganga Session-C.indd 94 8/18/2019 6:38:10 PM Figure 3.2. Schematic diagram of duckweed cultivation process
Field Laboratory Trough Harvester Harvester TAKE AWAY POINTS 4 No 10m Channels The process has minimum Settlement Tank 1,2 & 3 installation cost with
Inlet very less operation and Pump Pit 1 MLD BOD 300 mg/L maintenance cost. Major NH4 20 mg/L cost is the land cost.
The process is mainly for the treatment of municipal wastewater in a greener way.
The required residence time is around 18 days.
The by-product can be utilized as an animal feed.
The technology may have potential in Ganga River Basin in those areas where there is agricultural land and animal rearing 3.3. DISCUSSION (fish, cattle) practices The water depth should be less than rest is mostly carbohydrate with some are prevailing. While 600 mm for perfect yield, however under ash content. In situations like mixture the proposed technology Indian wastewater circumstances flows of sewage and industrial wastewaters appears to be effective in its will have larger depth creating anoxic certain pre-treatments will be required. class of technologies, the and anaerobic zones; hence certain 5 kg nitrogen per hectare per day is cost effectiveness needs pre-treatments will be required. Minimal produced from 30 tons duckweed. In to be proven under Indian sunlight requirement is also a significant addition, since no hydraulic settlement is conditions. It is suggested input towards its growth. The process done, extra BOD load will not hinder the that the proponent follows has minimum installation cost and very process. The system will be designed ETV process advocated by less operation and maintenance cost. as per Indian climatic condition and cGanga. The required residence time is around evaporation effect will be efficiently 18 days. Duckweed is 30% protein and taken care of.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 95 8/18/2019 6:38:11 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C2 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 4. Wastewater Wizard
4.1. HIGHLIGHTS output essentially meets the discharge DAY 2: The technology consists of Vermi- standards. The energy requirement Thursday; December 6, 2018; Filter which uses earthworm to clarify is 75% less than the STPs with 11:00 – 13:00 h wastewater (Figure 4.1). It uses conventional biological processes. The VENUE: Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, coconut fibre as filter media (around process provides additional benefits New Delhi 1m depth) (Figure 4.2). When water like utilization of earth worms for is put from the top in the treatment agriculture and provide greener space SESSION COORDINATORS: Sundeep Chauhan unit it percolates down and aerobic for urban development; and also use [Expert Member, cGanga]; condition prevails. There is no need of waste of coconut industry apart from D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; excavations. The design is claimed to treating wastewater (Figure 4.3). Jana Hamel be simple and flexible with minimum [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] electrical and mechanical requirement 4.2. KEY CONCERNS PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; in a much lesser footprint area. It 1. Availability of filter media and its Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; is easy to install, no foul smell, and transportation cost as coconuts are not Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; solids also can be used as a rich and grown everywhere in India, particularly Pawan Labhasetwar [NEERI, Nagpur] valuable garden fertilizer. Dissolved in Ganga River Basin states. oxygen in the system increases from 2. Provision of keeping birds away from 0 to 3 mg/l in a single stage process the system. with 90% reduction in total BOD, 95% 3. TSS reduction and clogging in SS and 80% in COD. The treated possibilities.
Figure 4.1. Vermi-Filter existing set-ups
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Ganga Session-C.indd 96 8/18/2019 6:38:13 PM TAKE AWAY 4.3. DISCUSSION 1. The filter media is mostly coconut fibre and if its availability is local then POINTS overall cost of the system is greatly reduced. The system is low cost, 2. A mesh or net is provided on the top of provided the coconut fibre is system to take care of birds. locally available otherwise 3. There will be significant reduction in the cost of transportation TSS i.e. 180 mg/l to 44 mg/l. may increase the operation Clogging issues won’t be there with cost. worms. In addition, further Figure 4.2. Vermi-Filter Process Concept treatment would be required as The system provides the plant doesn’t provide valuable worms and rich disinfected water. fertilizer as an output in addition to treated water.
The treated water has to pass through disinfection chamber before putting to use.
Overall cost is mentioned to be low, however exact figures needs to be computed based on Indian local scenario.
While the proposed technology appears to be effective in its class of technologies, the cost effectiveness needs to be proven under Indian conditions. It is suggested that the proponent follows ETV process advocated by cGanga.
Figure 4.3. Circular economy pathways and benefits from Vermi-filter technology
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Ganga Session-C.indd 97 8/18/2019 6:38:14 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C2 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 5. GV Solutions
5.1. HIGHLIGHTS treatment that can promote reuse/ DAY 2: GV Solutions are a developer, recycle and restoration of drains in Thursday; December 6, 2018; designer and manufacturer of urban regions. Depending upon the 11:00 – 13:00 h comprehensive water treatment requirement extra units of treatment VENUE: solutions for sewage treatment, technologies can be rearranged. The Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi industrial effluent management and solutions are highly customized and drinking water treatment (Figure automated depending on the influent SESSION COORDINATORS: 5.1). The solutions are modular and wastewaters. Sundeep Chauhan [Expert Member, cGanga]; are supplied in 20 or 40 ft container D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; ready for deployment (Figure 5.2). 5.2. KEY CONCERNS Jana Hamel The plants have smaller footprints, 1. Whether it can be customized for all [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] low power consumption, customised types of effluent treatment? PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; treatment, bankable technology and 2. Cost of installation and operation Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; wide product range. They support in comparison to conventional Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; the concept of decentralised sewage practices. Pawan Labhasetwar [NEERI, Nagpur]
Figure 5.1. Customized solutions for wastewater
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Ganga Session-C.indd 98 8/18/2019 6:38:22 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
The system was found efficient in treating all types of wastewater in less space and with lesser complications.
The only issue to be worked out in the future is the cost, which need to be calculated and negotiated properly for Indian scenario.
Figure 5.2. Sample wastewater treatment unit While the proposed technology appears to be effective in its class of technologies, the cost effectiveness needs to be proven under Indian 5.3. DISCUSSION conditions. It is suggested 1. The modular system is capable that the proponent follows of handling various type of waste ETV process advocated by like tannery effluents, slaughter cGanga. house effluents, textile industries, restaurants, domestic households, hospitals, paper industry, paint industry, dairy or other industrial and domestic sectors. 2. The cost is dependent upon the type of wastewater, size of modular unit and cost of transportation. However, it can be reduced significantly if units are assembled locally.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 99 8/18/2019 6:38:26 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C2 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 6. Trojan Technologies
6.1. HIGHLIGHTS alternative. The UV technology can The proposal presents water and treat chemical contaminants such as DAY 2: Thursday; December 6, 2018; wastewater disinfection based on pesticides (e.g. Atrazine, Bromacil), 11:00 – 13:00 h UV technology. It has been tested taste and odour; & microorganisms VENUE: and installed at several locations such as Cryptosporidium and Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, throughout the world (Figure 6.1). Giardia. From the perspective New Delhi Instead of chlorine which is widely of safety, environmental impact, SESSION COORDINATORS: used for disinfection and may have public health protection, treatment Sundeep Chauhan direct or indirect consequences; performance and cost also, UV [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; UV technologies provide a safer, has been proven to be a better Jana Hamel efficient and non-persistent technology. [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; Pawan Labhasetwar [NEERI, Nagpur]
Binhe, China; 79 MGD Plant
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Ganga Session-C.indd 100 8/18/2019 6:38:28 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
The UV technology is well-proven and efficient for disinfecting water. The only concern is the cost of treatment.
The technology currently is not efficient in removing spores and cysts.
The UV technology is a well-known and proven technology for disinfection. However its cost effectiveness in implementing on ground needs to be asserted. Trojan Technologies Figure 6.1. Existing UV-technology set-ups (Canada) is supporting research and development activities in India towards this effect and IIT Kanpur has 6.2. KEY CONCERNS 6.3. DISCUSSION set up a test bench for this to 1. The cost of disinfection using UV 1. For disinfecting 1 MLD of water, it gather relevant information, technology in comparison to other could amount to ~ 6-7 lakh rupees. particularly for application methods of disinfection. 2. UV technology don’t kill all genetic in wastewater treatment 2. Efficacy in killing spores and cysts.. material like spores and cysts but with the intent of reuse research is going on. and recycling. Once such information is synthesized, it may be ready for pilot or full scale application.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 101 8/18/2019 6:38:31 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C2 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 7. Andicos
7.1. HIGHLIGHTS The plant can be built modularly ANDICOS stands for Anaerobic for centralised and decentralised DAY 2: Thursday; December 6, 2018; Digestion by Combining Organic uses and can also be customised 11:00 – 13:00 h Waste and Sewage. The technology for large municipal installations. The VENUE: integrates the state-of-the-art company is currently running a pilot Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, technologies like anaerobic project in Hyderabad for Akshay New Delhi treatment and advanced bio- Patra Foundation since April, 2018. SESSION COORDINATORS: methanation process for resource The ANDICOS Waste to Energy plant Sundeep Chauhan recovery from waste. Raw sewage is has a capacity to treat approximately [Expert Member, cGanga]; mixed with organic waste to obtain 1000 kg of organic kitchen waste D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; 3 Jana Hamel broad range of nutrient and energy and 2 – 6 m of sewage sludge on [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] recovery systems (Figure 7.1). The a daily basis and will generate PANELISTS: technology recovers purified water, approximately 20 KW/H of electrical A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; renewable energy and organic power along with 1.35 tonnes of rich Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; fertiliser from liquid and solid waste. organic fertiliser per day. Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; Pawan Labhasetwar [NEERI, Nagpur]
7.2. KEY CONCERNS
Handling of liquid Whether it is slurry, particularly 1capable of treating 2 odour problems. unsegregated waste?
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Ganga Session-C.indd 102 8/18/2019 6:38:38 PM Figure 7.1. Flowchart of various processes included in ANDICOS
7.3. DISCUSSION 2. Organic fertilizer and electrical energy 1. The slurry is used as a fertiliser is also generated as a by-product. directly. 3. Overall the system seems to be 2. The system doesn’t have high efficient and sustainable, only degree of tolerance but if certain factor is the SWOT analysis of amount of proper kitchen waste the technology before large scale is provided, then it can be utilised implementation on ground. and the system will perform 4. The technology offers an efficient normally. method of treating organic waste and sewage, and could be a 7.4. TAKE AWAY POINTS significant contributor towards 1. Organic sewage is mixed with handling solid and liquid wastes kitchen waste and can be treated in Ganga River Basin. Pilot testing in a modular way. of the technology is planned by IIT Kanpur under Indo-EU sponsored project at Jajmau, Kanpur.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 103 8/18/2019 6:38:45 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C3 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 8. Boson Energy
8.1. HIGHLIGHTS DAY 2: The technology treats complex solid Thursday; December 6, 2018; waste streams to a point of no residue, 14:00 – 16:00 h while effectively harvesting sustainable VENUE: power for heating or cooling according Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi to local needs. The system is based on plasma assisted gasification process SESSION COORDINATORS: combining pyrolysis, gasification and TAKE AWAY Sundeep Chauhan plasma treatment in a one step process [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; (Figure 8.1). The system converts Jana Hamel sludge organics to gases using plasma POINTS [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] torches. Air quality standards can The gasification PANELISTS: be met by using an APC unit. The technology is not suitable A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; end product is vitrified ash which is B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; for Indian conditions Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; non-toxic. In addition, there is 50-90% where moisture content in Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; reduction in transportation cost. the sludge is greater than Uday Kelkar 60%. [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd] 8.2. KEY CONCERNS 1. Usage/applications of vitrified slag. Mass balance of the 2. Effect of high moisture content as nutrients in all the three Indian sludges typically have high phases such as solid, moisture content (60% or more). liquid and gas was not shown. 8.3. DISCUSSION 1. The vitrified slag can be used for The issue of air quality road construction. However, the degradation during the panellists expressed the view entire system was not that a prior environmental risk properly handled. assessment procedure is required to be followed. While the proposed 2. 60% moisture content of Indian technology appears to solid waste may not be suitable for be effective in its class the operation of plasma assisted of technologies, the cost gasification process. If sludge with effectiveness needs to high moisture content has to be put be proven under Indian conditions. It is suggested into the system, then pre-processing that the proponent follows of waste is required. Also, the issue ETV process advocated by of air quality degradation was not cGanga. properly handled.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 104 8/18/2019 6:38:47 PM Figure 8.1. Various Treatment Units and Components of Boson Energy
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Ganga Session-C.indd 105 8/18/2019 6:38:48 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C3 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 9. CAMBI
9.1. HIGHLIGHTS (Figure 9.2). Recycling bio-solids The technology is claimed by to agriculture offers lowest cost DAY 2: Thursday; December 6, 2018; the proponents to excel in the and best practicable environmental 14:00 – 16:00 h wastewater sludge management option for sewage sludge. This VENUE: area. The process involves anaerobic digestion produces Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, conversion of wastewater, sludge renewable biogas energy followed New Delhi and food waste to biogas, using by dewatering and options for class SESSION COORDINATORS: a unique pre-treatment method, A treatment, removing pathogens. Sundeep Chauhan the Thermal Hydrolysis Process [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; (THP) (Figure 9.1). It ‘turbocharges’ 9.2. KEY CONCERNS Jana Hamel both existing and new biogas 1. Experience of working in India at [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] plants by using steam to pressure- any scale. PANELISTS: cook materials before anaerobic 2. High cost of installation, and A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; digestion. The treatment units comes operation and maintenance in B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; in compact modules depending India, particularly in comparison to Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; on size of the treatment unit other methods. Uday Kelkar [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd]
Figure 9.1. Sludge Line Process More biogas
Steam demand Higher Dry Solids
Dewatering Dewatering Primary Anaerobic Digestion WAS Higher Dry Solids Thermal Hydrolysis Class A Cambi THP Less Biosolids Less Digestion No regrowth Nutrient value Lowest carton footprint Return Liquers
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Ganga Session-C.indd 106 8/18/2019 6:38:54 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
The panellists seemed to be satisfied about feasibility of this technology in Indian scenario.
The project seems to positively contribute towards interventions for Ganga Clean-up, however cost negotiation based on Indian conditions needs to be done.
Figure 9.2. Characteristics of various modular designs Pilot testing of the technology is planned by IIT Roorkee under Indo-EU sponsored project. 3. Value for money in terms of additional investment vis-à- vis While the proposed additional resource recovery. technology appears to be effective in its class 9.3. DISCUSSION of technologies, the cost 1. The work is progressing on effectiveness needs to demonstration of the technology be proven under Indian consistently and communications Conditions. It is suggested that the proponent follows with the Indian Agencies are on. ETV process advocated by 2. The nature of contract can be cGanga. modified to reduce costs.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 107 8/18/2019 6:38:58 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C3 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 10. Ground Recycling
10.1. HIGHLIGHTS conventional processes. In first step The inventors presented a steel is recovered and in second DAY 2: Thursday; December 6, 2018; sustainable and green technology step rubber powder is generated, 14:00 – 16:00 h for 100% recycling of polymer based both of which can be reused. By VENUE: waste materials i.e. tyres (Figure making smart modifications to the Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, 10.1). The process employed to two base technologies it is possible New Delhi recycle tyres is highly efficient and to completely recycle much waste SESSION COORDINATORS: effective: 1-step mechanism- Ultra and scrap materials to the same Sundeep Chauhan High-Pressure Water (UHPW) and high standard. The output becomes [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; Microwave Pyrolysis (MP) with premium raw materials for direct Jana Hamel standalone unit or in tandem with uses in different industries (Figure [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] UHPW. These technologies are 10.2). It can help in effective PANELISTS: advanced and advantageous than management of solids and improving A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; Uday Kelkar WASTE [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd] TYRES RECYCLING
TYRES USAGE Steel Ultra-High Pressure water Textile
RUBBER POWER Figure 10.1. Process flow NEW TYRES FINEST FINE <02 >02
Gas Microwave Pyrolysis TYRES PRODUCTION Oil
Carbon Back
TYRES PRODUCTION
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Ganga Session-C.indd 108 8/18/2019 6:39:02 PM Figure 10.2. Various output products
01 02 03
HIGH PRIORITY MEDIUM PRIORITY LOW PRIORITY
n New tyre manufacturing n Highway expansion n Door mats, rubber n Friction materials (brake joints sheets, carpet underlay, manufacturers) n Bumper pads/boat cushion turf, soil dock pads amendment, animal n Pigments and ink mats n Retread compounds n Truck bumpers n Roofing products n Interlocking safety deck tiles n Rust inhibitors and sealers n Hoses n Paint n Rubber modified asphalt n Shock and vibration mountings
the condition of drains flowing in the 10.4. TAKE AWAY POINTS urban areas. 1. The technology seems to be beneficial and advanced with 10.2. KEY CONCERNS resource recovery and recycle. 1. Developing an ecosystem for 2. The output product is value added supply chain and use of recovered and could be traded for money. products. 3. The technology is low cost and would be beneficial for “Clean 10.3. DISCUSSION Ganga Project”. 1. The panel members were highly 4. While the proposed technology satisfied and looking forward to appears to be attractive in its class this technology in India. Jointly of technologies, the business case they mentioned this as an excellent needs to be established under approach and can contribute in Indian conditions. It is suggested “Clean Ganga Project”. that the proponent follows ETV process advocated by cGanga.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 109 8/18/2019 6:39:04 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C3 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 11. Mebiol
11.1. HIGHLIGHTS 11.2. KEY CONCERNS Mebiol invented the world’s first hydro- 1. Demonstrating and establishing DAY 2: Thursday; December 6, 2018; membrane based farming technology business case in India. 14:00 – 16:00 h to address the issues like water VENUE: scarcity, reduction of arable land due 11.3. DISCUSSIONS Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, to soil degradation and contamination 1. The panel members were highly New Delhi and climate change (Figure 11.1). In impressed and looking forward
SESSION COORDINATORS: this soilless farming technology one to this technology in India. The Sundeep Chauhan can grow crops like tomato, tulsi on technology is already well-known [Expert Member, cGanga]; top of a film. It has zero agricultural to most of the experts present. D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; Jana Hamel run-off. It reduces water and fertilizer [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] consumption by 80%. PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; Uday Kelkar [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd]
TAKE AWAY POINT
The proposal is well received and uniqueness and cost effectiveness in the context of cGanga’s mandate needs to be assessed. The inventors are encouraged to further develop the proposal in close cooperation with cGanga team.
Figure 11.1. Membrane based farming technology
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Ganga Session-C.indd 110 8/18/2019 6:39:09 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C4 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 12. Scotstream
Figure 12.1 Hydrobox-working principle
DAY 2: Thursday; December 6, 2018; 16:30 – 18:00 h VENUE: Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi
SESSION COORDINATORS: Sundeep Chauhan [cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; Jana Hamel [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP – UK] PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; Uday Kelkar [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd]
Figure 12.2. Hydrobox-size estimate TAKE AWAY
12.1. HIGHLIGHTS 12.2. KEY CONCERNS POINTS The inventors presented a new concept 1. Rivers in the Ganga Basin typically of river hydro system i.e. ‘Hydrobox’. have very high silt load. This needs to The panellists suggested to test this technology in It is specifically designed for low be appropriately accounted. Indian conditions before head applications, typically less than 2. The technology could be putting to field directly. It 10 meters (Figure 12.1). The design demonstrated for canals as well. will build more confidence consists of a waterwheel mounted 3. Business case under Indian over the system and help within a standard shipping container conditions needs to be established. us understand its merits (Figure 12.2). This unit is easy to and demerits. fabricate, transport and install. The 12.3. DISCUSSIONS provision of a stable electrical supply 1. It was suggested that the inventors While the proposed from the ‘Hydrobox’ will improve the may get better understanding of the technology appears to social conditions of the people living hydro power in India by engaging be effective in its class in the vicinity of the Ganges River in with agencies like “Alternate Hydro of technologies, the cost terms of lighting and it can also be used Energy Centre” at IIT Roorkee, effectiveness needs to to power wastewater systems. It will particularly on issues like silt be proven under Indian encourage entrepreneurship and the content, power purchase, etc. The conditions. It is suggested start-up of a number of businesses that device is a new invention and needs that the proponent follows need electricity, resulting in improved to be prototype tested in IIT Roorkee ETV process advocated by employment opportunities. to demonstrate its operation. cGanga.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 111 8/18/2019 6:39:10 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C4 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 13. Blue Sky Bio
13.1. HIGHLIGHTS biohydrogen. The biogas contain Blue Sky Bio presented a novel 65% methane and 35% CO . DAY 2: 2 Thursday; December 6, 2018; industrial fermentation technology 14:00 – 16:00 h “Hygen Bio Energy Reactor” (Figure 13.2. KEY CONCERNS
VENUE: 13.1). It can process any green 1. Control of H2S and associated Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi organic material like sludge, food issues.
& vegetable waste, into a wide 2. Recovery of nitrogen and SESSION COORDINATORS: Sundeep Chauhan [Expert Member, cGanga]; range of petrochemical refinery phosphorus. D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; outputs. These outputs include Jana Hamel [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP - UK] biomethane, biohydrogen, fertiliser 13.3. DISCUSSIONS PANELISTS: and compostable bioplastic raw 1. It may be done by aeration, A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; materials. The conversion efficiency biological processes, GAC or Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; is 85-95 % and residence time is tower adsorptions. Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; 5 days. It uses CO for absorbing 2. The nutrients would be captured Uday Kelkar [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd] 2 organic inputs to produce CO2 neutral via precipitation.
Figure 13.1. Hygen Bio Rector (HBR) operation
WASTE AGGREGATION TAKE AWAY Std values POINTS TS(%) VS(%) Sewage sludge 6.0 5.5 The panellists were not sure about the HBR OPERATION PARAMETERS nutrient recovery and Residence ,me in HBR (days) 7
CO2 exchange during the process. Further Flow rate to HBR (l/h) 100 interaction with cGanga Working volume HBR (m3) 16.8 Team is suggested. FEEDSTOCK DEMAND Mass balance of all the OLR: 6 kgs VS/m3/day components needs to be prepared. 6 Sewage Sludge 2400.0 While the proposed Recirculated water* 0 technology appears to be attractive in its class of Total flow (l/d) 2400.0 technologies, the business case needs to be established under Indian conditions. It is suggested that the proponent BIOGAS GENERATION: ~110 M3/DAY follows ETV process DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC MATTER > 80% advocated by cGanga. BIOGAS COMPOSITION: 65% CH4 + 35% CO2
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Ganga Session-C.indd 112 8/18/2019 6:39:14 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C4 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 14. GMEX - Greensphere
DAY 2: Thursday; December 6, 2018; 16:30 – 18:00 h Mobile App for VENUE: management Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi and trading of residues/ SESSION COORDINATORS: wastes Sundeep Chauhan [cGanga]; Waste Waste D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; trading aggregation Jana Hamel [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP - UK] PANELISTS: A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; Uday Kelkar [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd]
14.1. HIGHLIGHTS 14.2. KEY CONCERNS The inventors presented a mobile app 1. Inclusion of segregation of wastes. for aggregation and trading dedicated 2. Availability of data/ information. TAKE AWAY for residues/waste including dung, 3. Gathering of data/ information. biomass, solids, sludge, ash and any POINT other such materials that has an 14.3. DISCUSSIONS intrinsic resource recovery value. It 1. There is buyer of material not buyer The proposed solution solves the problem of identifying and of waste. Therefore, for some appears to be novel but the business case needs to be managing residues/waste. A very wastes, source segregation would established under Indian large number of entrepreneurs can be required. conditions. It is suggested generate income by selling them to 2. The technology has a huge that the proponent follows larger industrial organisations that can potential and can shape the future ETV process advocated by process such materials to generate waste-trading market by adding cGanga. energy and recover resources. value to waste materials.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 113 8/18/2019 6:39:18 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C5 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 15. SenseQube
15.1. HIGHLIGHTS 15.3. DISCUSSION The inventors present a new 1. Good sensors are already available DAY 3: Friday; December 7, 2018; approach: “an IoT platform for but high density of these sensors 09:00 – 10:30 h agrometeorological application” are required. The team is working VENUE: (IoT: The Internet of Things). to resolve the data reliability issue Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, “SenseQube” is the product which and trying to come up with better New Delhi is developed based on IoT (Figure designs. SESSION COORDINATORS: 15.1). SenseQube has two modules: 2. Currently the technology is only Sundeep Chauhan One is Cellular technology and other focusing on big and medium size [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; is LPWAN technology. The agro- farmers. Jana Hamel meteorological data were taken 3. A group of 2-3 farmers can buy a [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP - UK] thorough the Sense cube LP nodes model. PANELISTS: over the range of 2.5 km. It deploys 4. The sensors were given free to A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; sensors which give real time data the farmers presently and cost per B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; and it can be integrated with satellite month is charged as EMI for the Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; data. It measures soil moisture, services. Uday Kelkar temperature, evapo-transpiration, 5. One of the concerns about IoT [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd] crop water requirement, disease techniques being used by the Indian susceptibility and also provides Government Agencies like CWC is alerts for any disease. It tries to theft of the sensors and one sensor optimize agricultural requirements. cost a significant amount. It can provide both current and historical data at lower cost in ready to use formats.
15.2. KEY CONCERNS
Size if the Reliability of the KEY landholdings, Area of influence Affordability of 1 data gathered by 2 3 4 the technique is of one sensor. the device? CONCERNS “SenseQube.” targeting?
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Ganga Session-C.indd 114 8/18/2019 6:39:19 PM TAKE AWAY POINTS
Apart from accuracy of the sensors, density of the sensors also plays a key role towards better advocacy.
Currently it is only focusing on big and medium size farmers.
The only problem from the government bodies subsidizing “Senseqube” is that agencies like CWC are already having such sensors for monitoring in the river but they are under theft.
The technology has a huge potential towards agricultural sector, however a joint meeting with CWC can be beneficial before large scale installations could be Figure 15.1. SenseQube approach: An IoT platform for Agro-meteorological application done on ground.
While the proposed technology appears to be effective in its class of technologies, the cost effectiveness needs to be proven. It is suggested that the proponent follows ETV process advocated by cGanga.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 115 8/18/2019 6:39:22 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C5 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 16. Qua-vac
16.1. HIGHLIGHTS line. The system can be re-fabricated DAY 3: Friday; December 7, 2018; The “Qac-vac Vacuflow” is a and having minimum or low 09:00 – 10:30 h decentralized sewer collection maintenance but capital cost is high. VENUE: and transportation system (Figure This technique is already in India and Hall 4, Vigyan Bhawan, 16.1). This system is highly efficient having a pilot with Goa government. New Delhi and cheap compared to traditional SESSION COORDINATORS: sewer system for collection and 16.2. KEY CONCERNS Sundeep Chauhan transportation of sewage. It uses 1. Chocking of pipeline and process [Expert Member, cGanga]; D P Mathuria [ED Tech, NMCG]; vacuum pressure to carry sewage of cleaning. Jana Hamel from one point to another. This 2. Effect of intermittent power supply [Managing Partner, ArkaTAP - UK] approach can be beneficial for on the system performance. PANELISTS: environmentally sensitive areas and A A Kazmi [IIT Roorkee]; water protected areas. One of the B K Dubey [IIT Kharagpur]; 16.3. DISCUSSION Indumathi M Nambi [IIT Madras]; major advantages of the system is 1. The technology needs gen-sets for Mohammad Jawed [IIT Guwahati]; that the sewer lines can bypass any continuous power supply to create Uday Kelkar obstacle and need not go in straight vacuum for cleaning of manholes. [NJS Engineers India Pvt Ltd]
Figure 16.1. Vacuum pump station
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Ganga Session-C.indd 116 8/18/2019 6:39:24 PM For trampling issue, the cutting of cables is avoided using sensors.
16.4. TAKE AWAY POINTS Vacuum suction of sewage may be an effective technique in some areas. However, few aspects that have to be taken into conditions in Indian scenario are the cost and electricity supply. While the proposed technology appears to be effective in its class of technologies, the cost effectiveness needs to be proven. It is suggested that the proponent follows ETV process advocated by cGanga.
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Ganga Session-C.indd 117 8/18/2019 6:39:24 PM SESSION Technology & Innovation: Exhibits & Presentation: C5 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
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Ganga Session-C.indd 119 8/18/2019 6:39:35 PM SESSIOND GANGA FINANCING FORUM
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Ganga Session-D.indd 120 8/18/2019 6:53:59 PM Image Source: www.kumbh.gov.in
• D.1-2 Creating Global Financing Ecosystem Including Project Finance Liquidity Pools for Ganga Restoration and Conservation Programme • D.3-4 Bringing Efficiency in Financing Ganga Restoration and Conservation Projects through Effective Use of Capital Markets, Insurance, Guarantee and Credit Enhancement Instruments • D.5 Financing Technology and Innovation
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Ganga Session-D.indd 121 8/18/2019 6:54:00 PM D1SESSION D.1-2 Creating Global Financing Ecosystem Including Project Finance Liquidity Pools for Ganga Restoration and Conservation Programme
DAY 2: D.1 Global Financing Ecosystem Thursday; December 6, 2018; D1: 09:00 - 10:30 h D2: 11:00 - 13:00 h D1.1. PROBING THOUGHTS a financing eco-system. The session VENUE: The expenditure on the entire Ganga will highlight the following issues/ Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi Restoration and Conservation points: Programme is estimated to be in MODERATOR: the order of USD 100 bn per annum 1. The Major Components of the Ganga MODERATOR: Sanmit Ahuja which will be extremely difficult, if Restoration and Conservation [Expert Member, cGanga]; not impossible, for the government Programme That Need to be Rozy Agarwal [ED Finance, NMCG] to finance. No doubt much of this Financed PANELISTS: expenditure is also linked to the other Ganga restoration is comprised of Abhishek Tripathi [Sarthak Advocates and Solicitors]; programmes such as Swachh Bharat, two fundamental building blocks: Alon Yegnes [Vital Capital]; AMRUT, Digitial India, Smart Cities, a. Nirmal Dhara (Un-polluted water Anil Sinha [WRG 2030]; etc. The introduction of water markets stream) Arun Kumar [Axperia Ventures]; Manjay Verma [VA Tech Wabag Ltd]; and effective price regime will shift The biggest challenge to the water Navneet Mairal [GS Bioenergy]; a large portion of financial burden to body is decline in water quality Raja Venkataramani the consumers. However, given that due to anthropogenic activities [Powertec Engineering Pvt. Ltd.]; projects are envisaged to be financed manifesting in sewage, industrial Ram Fishman [Tel-Aviv University]; S P Singh [IIT Roorkee]; using a PPP structure, the contractors water and agricultural runoffs. Samrat Basak [WRI India]; will need deep and efficient financing Stopping the wastes from entering Sanjeev Srivastava [Aktion India]; pools to deliver the large-scale the river body is the main objective Shilpa Bhan [CDC India Advisors Pvt Ltd.]; infrastructure. The inaugural session under this building block. Shubhomoy Ray of the Ganga Financing Forum will b. Aviral Dhara (Continuous flow of [Finnacle Capital Advisors Private Ltd.]; provide insights into the strategies. water stream) Sujatha Srikumar [Powertec Engineering Pvt Ltd.] Government wishes to adopt to The river needs to flow continuously support the overall development of for it to be even called a river. The
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Ganga Session-D.indd 122 8/18/2019 6:54:00 PM unchecked hydropower capacity non-contact purposes or process fractures the river thereby reducing water in industrial applications the level of water in the river- e.g. in large thermal power plants, body and in turn also reducing golf courses, railway-yards, the dilution effect. This is further stadia, etc. are the proposed off- exacerbated by over-extraction takers who will buy treated water. of water by agricultural sector for Where such off-takers are not irrigation purposes. available, then by encouraging the municipality to create local area 2. Underlying Commercial Model for water markets. The municipality Each Component becomes the off-taker but sells The principal strategy of Government the treated water downstream of India is to encourage PPP models to households and commercial to finance the different facets of the establishments. Where none Ganga restoration: of these are possible, then the a. Household Generated Wastewater Government (central and state) to l In Urban and Peri-urban Areas provide the offtake. By encouraging use of recycle and l In Rural Areas reuse of wastewater. This entails By developing aquaculture (and treatment of the wastewater to similar) industries so that the water levels where it can be used for bodies can not only be revitalised
PRIVATE SUPPLIERS often sell freshwater to consumers at much higher rates when demands are high, for instance in metropolises and industrial centers during summer when municipal supplies are inadequate and local water bodies have dried up.
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but form an integral part of the should provide an incentive and village’s livelihood and economic subsidy scheme that tapers down development. These projects over 5-10 years giving industry become self reliant as they generate enough time to absorb the revenue through sales of the additional costs. produce and as such don’t require c. Agricultural Runoffs any Government investment. The l The farming community firstly Government, however, may provide needs to adopt more water limited subsidies or other financial efficient irrigation practices that incentives. will reduce the water extraction. b. Industrial Wastewater l Secondly, the Government should l The industrial wastewater segment run a water-rights programme that can be self-financing by enforcing gives a quota allocation to farmers. the zero liquid discharge concept l The underlying financial instrument which requires industries to supporting both these mechanisms recycle and reuse all of the effluent is a water-credit system. generated from their factories. d. Hydropower l Where industries are financially l Greater adoption of run of the not capable, the Government river hydro-power shall reduce
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Ganga Session-D.indd 124 8/18/2019 6:54:02 PM dependency on large scale categories where there is no real dams that have significant utilisation require Government environmental impact. The power support. Part of the revenue generated will be sold to the generation can come from grid or where such a grid is not fees generated from improved available then establishment of a landscape and commercial micro-grid. activities along the river belt. e. Solid Waste Management This provides another basis of l A significant volume of solid increasing revenue streams for waste gets dumped into the river the municipality. on a daily basis. This includes sludge, food waste, residual 3. The Entire Financing waste from religious ceremonies Value Chain and plastic waste. The waste The financing value chain consists categories that have recycling of five main segments: or calorific value shall form the a. Technology and Innovation basis of establishing waste to- Financing resource/energy projects. These This facility will support the will be self-financing whilst for acceleration of the rate of
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Ganga Session-D.indd 125 8/18/2019 6:54:03 PM SESSION D.1-2 Creating Global Financing Ecosystem D1 Including Project Finance Liquidity Pools for Ganga Restoration and Conservation Programme
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Ganga Session-D.indd 126 8/18/2019 6:54:07 PM technology transfer by financing by credit enhancement, shadow technology and innovation through tariff, first-loss, back-stop pilots/demonstration projects. guarantee instruments. b. Project Development Financing e. Secondary Markets This facility will support The developers and lenders development of a pool of will want to release their equity highquality project reports that investment and debt financing will attract global investors to as the projects stabilise and the restoration and conservation start generating revenues. The programme. release of equity or cheaper c. Construction Finance refinance of debt can be done Availability of low-cost, long- through the secondary market term, non- or limited recourse mechanisms such as Yield-Cos, AVAILA- concessionary finance is critical takeout-financing and asset to accelerate the infrastructure purchases by institutional BILITY OF development in the restoration investors. low-cost, and conservation programme. longterm, non- or Project developers must have 4. The Global Eco-system for Finance limited recourse access to both equity and debt The large magnitude of capital concessionary capital to ensure that projects needed for the restoration and finance is critical get built in a timely manner. conservation programme warrants to accelerate the The construction finance is establishing a global eco-system of infrastructure also underpinned by insurance, finance. The partnerships that shall development in equipment lease-finance, entail in due course will develop the restoration mezzanine-bridge finance, foreign strategic products and platforms and conservation exchange hedging and export including but not limited to the programme. Project guarantee credit funding. following: developers must have d. Operations Finance l Specialist venture finance and access to both equity It is essential that the urban private equity funds and debt capital to local bodies develop their own l Long term debt financing ensure that projects revenue streams in addition instruments – listed and unlisted get built in a timely to the allocation from central l Bonds manner. Government budget. This can l YieldCos and listed buy-out be done through increasing vehicles the percentage of recycled The financial centres that show revenue-water. As revenue water interest and take the lead in increases the municipalities and developing specialist financing other government agencies are products for the Ganga restoration able to issue long-term bonds and conservation projects stand that will finance the operations to benefit from gaining market and maintenance (O&M) of the share and access to pipeline of projects. The O&M is underpinned opportunities.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 127 8/18/2019 6:54:07 PM SESSION D.1-2 Creating Global Financing Ecosystem D2 Including Project Finance Liquidity Pools for Ganga Restoration and Conservation Programme
D.2 Liquidity Pools for Project Finance
D2.1. PROBING THOUGHTS factors and associated liquidity pool In its most-simplest form project finance structures are explained further as requires equity and debt contributions follows. The most crucial aspect the from project developers and lenders lender looks at is the quality of earnings respectively. The lenders securities which means the overall profile by their risk by taking principal charge which the project shall earn income. on the project assets and the cash In case of wastewater treatment flows of the project. However, in the plants, the projects shall earn their project finance lending scenario, the income through a per-litre tariff paid lenders have no or little recourse by the Government agency or another to the corporate balance sheet or off-taker. The developer would have other assets of the developer. The arrived at the figure which includes lender must be comfortable with the the operations and maintenance cost, project asset and liability profile. The the debt servicing costs and the profit lending institutions conduct their margins. Most developers would back- credit assessment based on number of end the principal repayment so that factors, all of which contribute towards they are able to create value in the adding to or mitigating the risk profile project in the initial years. The lenders of the project. If structured properly, would look at whether the Debt Service these small interventions add up to Coverage Ratio (DSCR) is above one, delivering an overall risk profile with which means that the projects cash which lenders become comfortable flows are adequate to cover the debt and are able to lend to the project. The payments. There are two critical factors
IN THE PROJECT finance lending scenario, the lenders have no or little recourse to the corporate balance sheet or other assets of the developer. The lender must be comfortable with the project asset and liability profile.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 128 8/18/2019 6:54:07 PM that affect the quality of earnings: the l Creating an enabling environment credit rating of the off-taker and the for development finance payment mechanism that is set-up. The institutions (DFIs) to provide instruments that can improve quality of wholesale lending to commercial earnings and thereby liquidity for the banks that can onward lend to projects are as follows: project developers l Tax incentives to commercial 1. An Intermediary with a High Credit banks to lend to priority Rating infrastructure sectors such as A POOR A poor credit-rating of the off-taker is water and power CREDIT a huge deterrent to the lenders who l Classification of water as a priority then worry about whether the agreed infrastructure sector -rating of the off- payment terms with the developer taker is a huge deterrent to the will be conformed to or not. A strong 3. Mezzanine / Bridge Finance Government backed institution with The mezzanine or bridge finance lenders who then high credit rating can act as an providers can accelerate the worry about whether intermediary to mitigate the payment construction of the infrastructure the agreed payment risks for developers. portfolio if they have clarity that terms with the there is a well functioning and developer will be conformed to or not. 2. Government Sponsored Liquidity liquid secondary markets or there A strong Government Pools is availability of take-out finance As Governments initiate major which can swap out the more backed institution infrastructure programmes such as expensive debt. with high credit Ganga Restoration and Conservation, Even though the bridge financing rating can act as it is imperative that they look into may be more expensive in the short an intermediary to developing liquidity pools to enable run, the overall cost of finance mitigate the payment availability of long term, low-cost, non- over the lifecycle of the project risks for developers. recourse or limited recourse project will be lower. finance. These can be developed There are many other factors that through a range of mechanisms: impact the availability of project l Interest rate swaps finance but creation of the complete l Fx swaps financing value chain and enabling l Long term Government borrowing a robust eco-system can greatly that can be channelled via enhance the capital pools. commercial banks at low interest rates
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D.1 Global Financing Ecosystem D.2 Liquidity Pools for Project Finance
D1|2 MAIN DISCUSSION POINTS AND Although the situation is not that bleak RECOMMENDATIONS and many of the above mentioned 1. Multiple strategies must be created points are being addressed, however to deepen liquidity pools for project since most initiatives are starting from finance for the Ganga Rejuvenation a very low base, to see significant and programme. visible impact will still take a few years. A number of issues were highlighted In order to accelerate development such as lack of clear revenue across all fronts, it is important to models, disparate risk profiles of mobilise investments across all fronts. stakeholders, massive size of the Developing a diverse investor mix with programme as such, not enough different risk appetites and focus areas Indian public sector lenders coming shall yield significant dividends in this forward to finance the projects, very major environmental programme. few global water utilities present In the early days of market initiation, in the Indian market and slow rate the development finance institutions of technology commercialisation and impact investors will have a amongst others. crucial role to play. It was noted that
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Ganga Session-D.indd 130 8/18/2019 6:54:09 PM there are more than 300 Impact funds 7. Developing market linkages globally having over USD 120bn to invest immediately. In South Asia b. Diaspora Funds: alone significant sums have already Another category of investors been invested. However, there is still who might be able to accelerate a lot of hesitation for deployment of development in the Ganga capital in the Ganga Basin. basin is the diaspora investors. Naturally they will have a lot more TAKE AWAY a. Impact Funds: personal and emotional affinity There are many flavours of impact to the project and would provide funds that can help overcome support to see it succeed. It was POINTS specific financing problems. For critically noted that the current Despite availability of instance investors always have a fund structures do not encourage significant investment concern that there is no incentive diaspora to invest particularly as capital globally, not for underlying project-developers they do not get any tax credits enough is coming forward or sponsors to perform. As a result in their country of residence. It for the Ganga rejuvenation there is leakage of development was suggested that the dedicated project. capital as well as creation of sub- diaspora funds should be set up optimal assets. The Social Impact in each country to conform to National Mission for Clean Funds/Bonds address this issue local tax credit structures. This Ganga’s (NMCG) budgetary by creating an outcome based will encourage more and more allocation is for a limited incentive mechanism. Should the diaspora to contribute towards the period only and what will asset developer/manager deliver programme. it take to increase NMCG’s on the target key performance The areas within the Ganga capacity to raise own indicators, they can be rewarded River Rejuvenation programme resources. by lowering the overall cost where diaspora funds can have of finance thereby making the significant impact are: Projects becoming self- projects economically viable. a. Preparation of quality project sufficient in their revenue The areas within the Ganga River reports generation – moving Rejuvenation programme where b. Projects that don’t necessarily towards circular economy. impact funds can have significant have a commercial value or impact are: revenue model Establishing financing 1. Shadow and top-up tariffs c. Building a knowledge and value-chain and how to 2. First-loss funding innovation bridge between create a global financing ecosystem. 3. Credit enhancement and their country of residence and backstop funds India 4. Developing a water market 5. Funding pilots/demonstration 2. The second major issue brought up in projects for proven technologies this session by almost all participants 6. Long term, non-recourse, and stakeholders was to do with concessionary finance NMCG’s own resources.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 132 8/18/2019 6:54:13 PM Whilst the Government remains quite will be useful for the capital optimistic that the programme shall construction cycle, many doubts transcend any political overtures, are raised on how will the O&M and that there will always be component of the project be funded adequate capital available for the in the long run. Suggestions were programme, the financial institutions made that the Government money on the other hand would want to is better utilised for deepening have clear visibility of where the the markets rather than capital or capital allocation will come in the operational spend. The most specific long run. suggestion was to get NMCG its References were made to other own balance sheet and a high credit Government programmes such as the rating that would pave the way for National Highway Authority of India the organisation to start generating (NHAI) which gets its revenue from its own resources. a cess charged on all transactions. This gives NHAI the confidence to be 3. In continuation of the previous able to go out and raise cheaper and issue, numerous suggestions were long term resources from the capital made regarding the move towards markets. NMCG on the other hand is a circular economy which will see reliant on capital availability through the water become an adequately planned expenditure. Additional priced commodity which is a spotlight was thrown on the fact that significant departure from the NMCG’s current budgetary allocation current situation where it is only takes matters until the year 2020. considered as a free essential item Although this budgetary allocation by most people.
NMCG IS RELIANT on capital availability through planned expenditure. NMCG’s current budgetary allocation only takes matters until the year 2020. Many doubts are raised on how will the O&M component of the project be funded in the long run.
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In order to bring about this shift were around the new innovative the right set of conditions are to be forms of financing that will work in created and enabled for the local tandem with the more traditional bodies who are at the coal face of models. These are: water and waste-water management. l Developing a water certificate They need both the incentives mechanism that will give its and the regulatory support to start holders a monetizable currency. valuing and pricing water. l Introducing the new financing Examples from other countries such mechanisms such as the use of as Israel were sighted particularly tokens to securitise the underlying their establishment of a systematic asset and placing the tokens on experimentation platform tantamount new global financing exchanges. to bringing institutional and It was noted by all that the most regulatory reforms. significant impact will be made by a 4. The last significant point made take-out fund or a yield-co that will was around establishing a global buy out operating assets thereby financing value chain for financing of freeing up capital for both the equity the Ganga Rejuvenation programme. and debt providers to invest into The most specific suggestions made newer projects.
IT WAS NOTED by all that the most significant impact will be made by a take-out fund or a yield-co that will buy out operating assets thereby freeing up capital for both the equity and debt providers to invest into newer projects.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 135 8/18/2019 6:54:15 PM SESSION D.1-2 Creating Global Financing Ecosystem D2 Including Project Finance Liquidity Pools for Ganga Restoration and Conservation Programme
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Ganga Session-D.indd 137 8/18/2019 6:54:20 PM D3SESSION D 3-4 Bringing Efficiency in Financing Ganga Restoration and Conservation Projects through Effective Use of Capital Markets, Insurance, Guarantee and Credit Enhancement Instruments
DAY 2: D.3 Global Capital Markets for Long Term Thursday; December 6, 2018; D3: 14:00 - 16:00 h Project Finance D4: 16:30 - 18:00 h VENUE: D3.1. PROBING THOUGHTS earn an income the companies holding Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi Whether it is raising risk capital the projects cross the threshold where MODERATOR: through equity dilution or debt they can issue the bonds. Sanmit Ahuja through issuance of bonds, capital If refinancing through international [Expert Member, cGanga]; markets can provide deep liquidity bourses then the Masala Bond Rozy Agarwal [ED Finance, NMCG] pools for quality issuers and project structure is now an acceptable PANELISTS: Abhishek Tripathi developers. In the context of Ganga instrument and is delivering an INR [Sarthak Advocates and Solicitors]; Restoration and Conservation, denominated loans to Indian issuers. Alon Yegnes [Vital Capital]; capital markets can provide massive The landed cost of such loans is Anil Sinha [WRG 2030]; support through a range of financial cheaper than what companies can Arun Kumar [Axperia Ventures]; Manjay Verma [VA Tech Wabag Ltd]; instruments. borrow locally. Navneet Mairal [GS Bioenergy]; Not all developers will be able to Raja Venkataramani CAPITAL MARKETS FOR PROJECT raise long-term, non-recourse, low cost [Powertec Engineering Pvt. Ltd.]; Ram Fishman [Tel-Aviv University]; DEVELOPERS financing. However, by integrating the S P Singh [IIT Roorkee]; 1. Secondary Market for Refinancing bond issuance strategy, and if possible Samrat Basak [WRI India]; Operating Assets having pre-agreements with the bond Sanjeev Srivastava [Aktion India]; Shilpa Bhan Developers can refinance their investors, can enable the investors [CDC India Advisors Pvt Ltd.]; assets by issuing a bond which to tap into standard commercial Shubhomoy Ray fixed-income investors can subscribe borrowing sources thereby increasing [Finnacle Capital Advisors Private Ltd.]; to. The proceeds of the bonds can the chances of finance. Sujatha Srikumar [Powertec Engineering Pvt Ltd.] act as take-out finance for the term loans that developers took out for 2. Equity Release Through YieldCos construction and stabilisation period Many developers, in order to invest of the project. As the projects start to into other projects, would want to
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sell out their projects or release the construction risk. The investors their equity investments, if they can, would want a steady return once the once the project is completed and asset is in a stable, cash generating operating normally. However, selling operational period. By entering into these assets on a piecemeal basis a sale-agreement with the YieldCo may prove difficult as the portfolio before constructing the asset, the must have a minimum threshold options for developers to raise before large private equity investors, construction finance become plentiful. strategic investors or the likes of pension funds will consider buying CAPITAL MARKETS FOR them out. A YieldCo structure listed on GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS capital markets allows that to happen. 1. Long-Term / Ganga Bonds A YieldCo, much like REITs, provides At the current moment, much of the a steady return (yield) to its investors funding for the Ganga Restoration who want exposure to underlying and Conservation programme is asset class, in this case water, but being delivered through a central are not comfortable with taking on Government budgetary allocation.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 140 8/18/2019 6:54:24 PM Given the large quantum of the sources, the investors could capital needed, the amount any be further incentivised with tax incumbent Government can breaks. If raised internationally, create will be a lot less than what the investors, who back the is required. At the moment the ESG (Environmental, Social, quantum of capital being deployed Governance) investing principles is well within the budgetary will be attracted to such a bond. capacity of the Government, but as number of projects increase, this 2. Pooled Municipal Bond capacity will diminish rapidly. The same principles also apply to A well-structured Ganga Bond the Urban Local Bodies to issue can be a powerful instrument a long-term bond. Municipalities for Government to raise low could come together to support cost, long-term capital to the development of water projects service the operations and through a pooled structure that maintenance (O&M) obligations. will lower the underwriting and If raised through domestic issuance cost.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 141 8/18/2019 6:54:25 PM SESSION D 3-4 Bringing Efficiency in Financing Ganga Restoration and D4 Conservation Projects through Effective Use of Capital Markets, Insurance, Guarantee and Credit Enhancement Instruments
D.4 Insurance, Guarantee and Credit Enhancement Instruments
D4.1. PROBING THOUGHTS 1. Guarantee Instruments Achieving financial closure for project Guarantee instruments play the most developers is a momentous moment. significant role in delivering financial As months of hard-work, patience closure. There can be all sorts of and perseverance eventually delivers guarantees that can enhance the the requisite capital that is needed overall credit rating of the projects. to initiate or complete construction In infrastructure service contracts, of the project. Whilst the capital there can be many instances where injection by the equity investor(s) client/ off-taker disputes the level and senior lender(s) plays the most or quality of service delivery and prominent role in project finance, may not release the payments to the there are many other supporting but developer/contractor. The possibility important financing structures that and probability of such instances will enable the project to reach most certainly lead to lenders asking the financial closure milestone. for higher levels of capitalisation of These are: DSRA (debt service reserve account).
IN PROJECTS WHERE the off-taker is a Government entity it can provide a backstop guarantee so that the developer and lenders are comfortable that there is a financial recourse available should there be a payment default by the off-taker.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 143 8/18/2019 6:54:30 PM SESSION D 3-4 Bringing Efficiency in Financing Ganga Restoration and D4 Conservation Projects through Effective Use of Capital Markets, Insurance, Guarantee and Credit Enhancement Instruments
In projects where the off-taker is insurance policy to cover all stages a Government entity it can provide of the project – construction and a backstop guarantee so that the operations. The insurance instruments developer and lenders are comfortable can cover a range of risks such as: that there is a financial recourse l Political risk available should there be a payment l Construction risk default by the off-taker. l Operations & Maintenance risk Should a Government backstop l Legal, Financial and Contractual risks guarantee not be possible the parties l Force Majeure risks can set aside an escrow account so Many risks can be managed or that a few months/ years of payments mitigated by the various stakeholders are put in place already. However, an participating in the projects. For escrow mechanism is an inefficient instance, the political risk cover will use of cash as it blocks funds not cost much in politically stable without yielding any interest payment countries. The construction risk whatsoever. can be managed through adequate performance and bank-guarantees 2. Project Insurance provided by the contractors. Similarly, It is extremely important for project the operations and maintenance developers to take out the relevant risk can also be managed through
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Ganga Session-D.indd 144 8/18/2019 6:54:32 PM the same instruments, only this time supported immensely through provided by the plant operator if it external commercial borrowing (ECB) is different from the construction route. This mechanism, in compliance company. with Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Most investors and lenders would guidelines, allows developers to tap require that developers do take into cheaper liquidity provided by out specific insurance policies that overseas lenders. cover the most critical phases of the Whilst the underlying credit project such as construction and provided may be cheap, there is a operations phase. significant risk of currency mismatch Having the right insurance in place inherent in this mechanism. The income will increase the chances of financial stream of the projects will be in Indian closure and reduce the overall Rupees (INR) but the financing liability financing costs. is in a foreign currency such as USD, EUR, GBP, JPY etc. If the foreign 3. Foreign Exchange Hedging exchange risk is hedged effectively, Developers will choose to borrow then this can be a very good source of money from the cheapest sources long-term financing with costs cheaper possible. Over the last few years than those available from domestic Indian project finance has been institutions.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 145 8/18/2019 6:54:34 PM SESSION D 3-4 Bringing Efficiency in Financing Ganga Restoration and D4 Conservation Projects through Effective Use of Capital Markets, Insurance, Guarantee and Credit Enhancement Instruments
D.3 Global Financing Ecosystem D.4 Liquidity Pools for Project Finance
D3|4 MAIN DISCUSSION POINTS AND play a very crucial role in supporting RECOMMENDATIONS both the Governments as well as the TAKE AWAY 1. The capital markets world over are contractors. providers of liquidity for both equity There are now enough precedents and debt at competitive costs. But available for Government backed POINTS in return for providing cheaper and institutions to reach out to the capital long-term capital, the investors markets for long-term borrowing by Capital markets can serve require transparency and certainty issuance of bonds. The infrastructure the needs of private sector from the investees or borrowers. asset class in India has got a fillip developers as well as The participants strongly through the introduction of InvITs NMCG to raise funds for emphasized on the fact that not only (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) its own obligations. But require clear articulation in the case of Ganga Rejuvenation, through which investors can channel of cash flows and risks. but also for other high importance funds into operating assets. infrastructure projects the capital More traditional investment markets in India and abroad can instruments such as bonds are also Innovations such as masala bonds, green bonds, tokens can help accelerate funding of projects.
Guarantee Instruments will help de-risk the project financing risk.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 146 8/18/2019 6:54:36 PM a mechanism for entities to tap into of India’s (NHAI) example that has capital markets for long-term financing. ringfenced income stream through If NMCG were to go to the capital a cess that the Government of India markets and raise capital by issuing a charges on petrol and diesel sale in bond, then its revenue streams have to the country. be very clearly defined. NMCG today doesn’t have any At the current time NMCG’s such revenue streams but should funding is coming from budgetary actively move towards creating one. allocation in the Government of The participants pointed out that in India’s budget cycles. This doesn’t European nations there is a tourism give assurance to the markets since cess or other surcharges and taxes the allocation is discretionary and that provide for the upkeep of river can come under competing pressure bodies. Others drew attention to the from other priority areas. Whereas use of GARVEE (Grant anticipation if NMCG were to raise its own revenue vehicle) Bonds used in the revenues, it would give assurance USA. These bonds rely on the fact to the investors that there are cash that a sub-sovereign entity that is to flows that can service the debt receive a Federal Government grant obligations. can issue bonds to finance critical To support this argument experts projects today. The bonds are issued in quoted National Highway Authority anticipation of the grant at a later date.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 147 8/18/2019 6:54:38 PM SESSION D 3-4 Bringing Efficiency in Financing Ganga Restoration and D4 Conservation Projects through Effective Use of Capital Markets, Insurance, Guarantee and Credit Enhancement Instruments
2. Experts also pointed out that from the investors in recent times. international capital markets Investors in the masala bond, are are very active in support green absorbing the foreign exchange (Fx) and environmental projects. The volatility. Therefore, the borrower green bond category is now well can tap into international capital pool accepted particularly since it fits without having to buy a separate the ESG – Environmental, Social foreign exchange hedge that will and Governance criteria which is increase the cost of capital making becoming the defacto barometer the exercise futile. The liquidity in the that investors use to assess project’s masala bond market is limited and overall impact on the environment not every investor is able to predict and communities. The Luxembourg the foreign exchange volatility and Stock Exchange was highlighted as a absorb the risk. So only those entities pioneer in the green bond segment. with strong balance sheets, proven A new category of international cash flows are able to tap into this debt instrument, called the masala segment. The London Stock Exchange bond, has gained much traction was pointed out as the platform where
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Ganga Session-D.indd 148 8/18/2019 6:54:41 PM a number of Indian corporates have water markets in India are still raised significant capital through the very nascent. Water is essentially masala bond route. seen as a public good and unlike Specialist Fx funds can provide other utilities such as power, gas, support to the more traditional telecom, isn’t yet traded publicly. The borrowing routes. Investors or commerce around water is still done investees can partner with these through concession agreements. funds to bring the overall cost of The contractor who constructs and borrowing down. delivers the water treatment process, Experts pointed out that a large gets paid on delivery. In most cases untapped pool is the Indian diaspora the off-taker is a Municipal entity or A LARGE community that would be keen to an urban local body which do not yet invest (not just donate) into the enjoy good credit ratings. UNTAPPED Ganga Rejuvenation programme. This creates a risk for the provider pool is the Indian The current structures make it of the services who may find it diaspora community difficult for them to find investable delays or defaults in receiving their that would be keen projects. Efforts must be made to payments. NMCG has entered as a to invest (not just create more investable securities to guarantee provider in this scenario donate) into the attract the investment of the diaspora that assures the contractor, lenders Ganga Rejuvenation communities. and investors of their payment programme. The Tokenisation was highlighted as assurance. current structures one such instrument that can create This structure can be further make it difficult an investable security. Through this improved by providing a credit rating for them to find process underlying securities are to NMCG which will allow investors investable projects. broken up into smaller chunks called globally to provide capital to NMCG. Efforts must be a token, each securitised against a But for that NMCG must also move made to create piece of the project-asset. towards revenue generation by more investable The securitisation is done through creation of water markets and securities to attract the help of technologies such as taking out a few basis points from the investment blockchain. Listing tokens on an the transaction for providing the of the diaspora international stock exchange, like any guarantees. communities. other security, can allow investors to Experts pointed out that this invest without the underlying project mirrors the function of institutions or project sponsor having to go such as GuarantCo, an explicit through the entire process. guarantee provider to projects in 3. In order for capital markets or any emerging markets. Others suggested other source of capital provider to setting up of dedicated WATER BANK function efficiently, there must also which will provide project finance, be in place the right risk management guarantees and insurance products and reduction framework. The for the water sector.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 149 8/18/2019 6:54:41 PM SESSION D5 Financing Technology and Innovation Commercialization
D.5 Financing Technology and Innovation Commercialization
D5.1. PROBING THOUGHTS challenging. This puts the proponents DAY 3: The success of critical infrastructure of the technologies in a “chicken-and- Friday; December 7, 2018; programmes such as the Ganga egg” situation i.e. to be selected for a 09:00 - 10:30 h Restoration and Conservation Government project, the technologies VENUE: depends a lot on the introduction of must go through a tender, and to write Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi new technologies and innovations the tender document the Government MODERATOR: that accelerate the development of would want to see the technology Sanmit Ahuja decentralised infrastructure. operating. [Expert Member, cGanga]; These technologies complement The last few years has seen Rozy Agarwal [ED Finance, NMCG] the large infrastructure projects by unprecedented levels of investment PANELISTS: Jana Hamel filling in gaps such as reaching out to going into innovative companies [Managing Partner, ArkaTap – UK]; remote or inaccessible urban areas via the venture capital route. The Jennie-Marie Larsen [ALCHEMY AI]; and increasing the rate of project financing has largely been in the Nupur Bahadur [TERI]; Raja Venkataramani deployment. These solutions also hold digital, e-commerce, software [Powertec Engineering Pvt. Ltd.]; great promise in bringing the overall sectors where the investment Sanjeev Srivastava [Aktion India]; capital and operational costs down. required is relatively low compared Sumit Selli [LAS Group Ltd.] But the inventors of these to infrastructure asset classes. The technologies face a crucial barrier costs of repeated testing and failing in introducing the solutions to are insignificant in the software area, market and that is “lack of financing but in the engineering sector the cost showcase and demonstration of a single test can run into crores projects”. of rupees (or millions of dollars). The The solutions, as good as they large quantum of investment makes may be, require the Government the investment level fall outside to procure them through an open the scope of many of the venture and transparent tender mechanism. financing companies. However, if the technology is novel The large engineering companies and innovative then it would be and infrastructure developers can also difficult if not impossible to find its double up as source of investment. operating parameters and technical But on the flip side, if large companies specifications in the public domain, are bringing these solutions to making the task of writing terms of market then they will be much more reference for a tender even more expensive since many layers of
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Ganga Session-D.indd 151 8/18/2019 6:54:47 PM SESSION D5 Financing Technology and Innovation Commercialization
overheads and marketing costs are and innovation commercialisation added to the underlying solution financing mechanisms. cost. There are many Government One such process being programmes, such as India’s Global implemented by the National Mission Innovation and Technology Alliance for Clean Ganga is the Environment (GITA) or Europe’s horizon 2020 that Technology Verification programme support innovations. But the level of ETV. This process creates a capital provided is no where near the streamlined pathway for technology level needed, and more importantly pilots and demonstration projects. these programmes are cross-cutting The Government of India underwrites and will never focus their entire efforts the cost of the pilot project provided on a single sector, in this case water, the technology goes through a two- and a particular region, in this case step diligence process. The first is a the Ganga River basin. Therefore, if presentation to a panel of experts. Ganga Restoration and Conservation The panel shall not only assess the and other similar large programmes technical aspects of the solution but have to succeed then they must also its commercial aspects. If the establish their own technology solution is recommended by the panel,
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Ganga Session-D.indd 152 8/18/2019 6:54:48 PM the Government shall issue a sanction assess the technology in real operating letter to the applicant confirming to environment. But the process doesn’t reimburse the eligible costs of the still address the problem of companies pilot project provided it meets the being able to find the investment mutually agreed success parameters. needed to put the capital. Commercial In the second step, the applicant banks are unlikely to support such goes forward to implement the pilot projects as the companies are likely project and on successful execution to be small start-up initiatives. The claims back the costs. This provides following financing actors can fill this a win-win for all parties where the gap making it a unique publicprivate- Government supports the introduction partnership to address one of the of new technologies but without taking biggest environmental threats facing the technical risk which must be the humanity: technology provider’s responsibility. The a. Venture Capital technology provider gets the comfort b. Development Finance Institutions that it can claim the costs back once c. Philanthropic Investors the solution has been implemented d. Strategic Corporates successfully. Both parties are able to e. Export Finance Institutions
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Ganga Session-D.indd 153 8/18/2019 6:54:49 PM SESSION D5 Financing Technology and Innovation Commercialization
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Ganga Session-D.indd 154 8/18/2019 6:54:55 PM The collaboration could take the facilities. This makes the following nature: evaluation process even more 1. Setting up of a dedicated real as the technology would be investment fund to support tested at live sites. the introduction of new 3. Indigenising technologies – technologies. The fund Many technology companies managers would only invest can partner up with Indian into the pilot projects provided engineering companies to the technology company has develop, assemble, integrate received the sanction letter from and deliver the solution out of the Government which means India. This approach also fits in they have cleared the rigorous neatly with the Make-in-India technical and commercial programme. duediligence (DD) process. This 4. Technology Co-development – will be a huge value add for the Many universities and research fund managers since the DD institutions can partner up with costs are being taken over by the technology company to Government of India. co-develop the solution thereby 2. Provide testing and evaluation lowering the cost of the pilot sites – Many industries and project. corporates can lower the These are just some select cost of the evaluation of the structures amongst many others to technologies by providing a test develop a technology and innovation site in their industrial process commercialisation programme.
IF GANGA RESTORATION and Conservation and other similar large programmes have to succeed then they must establish their own technology and innovation commercialisation financing mechanisms.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 155 8/18/2019 6:54:55 PM VALEDICTORY SESSION
Sunderban Delta
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Ganga Session-D.indd 156 8/18/2019 6:54:59 PM • River Basin Management as an Embedded Cyclic Process • Challenges in Funding for STPs (Capex/Opex) • Rupee Shrinkage in State and Center Funding • Sustainability Challenges of the States and Recommendations • Science, Engineering & Operations Issues and Recommendations • Water Economics – Creating Enabling Environment for Sustained Infrastructure Management • Technology and Innovation – Exhibits & Presentation: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment • Finance and Investments Issues and Recommendations
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Ganga Session-D.indd 157 8/18/2019 6:55:03 PM 1. River Basin Management as an Embedded Cyclic Process
1.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION stakeholders through communication The revival and conservation of rivers and negotiations, strategy and policy are a dynamic process dependent on formulations, legislation (if needed), changing human needs and activities planning, resource allocation, design, and developments in river science. implementation and governance Quite often, interventions for river of interventions, and finally their conservation are decided on ad hoc monitoring and feedback. Together basis without due diligence. For these sequential steps constitute a achieving the desired goal, however, cyclic process that need to be repeated river conservation should begin with over time based on feedback from the the understanding of river processes previous cycle, new scientific insights, and impacts of human activities, and and/or new anthropogenic impacts followed by active involvement of coming to light.
Monitor Understand & Feedback Regulate, Incentivise & Communicate Govern
Design & Implement River Rejuvenation Negotiate & Conservation An Embedded Cyclic Process Allocate Resources Strategise
Plan Formulate Policy Legislate
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Ganga Session-D.indd 158 8/18/2019 6:55:04 PM 2. Challenges in Funding for STPs (Capex/Opex)
2.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION resources for the establishment of There exists a huge gap between the sewerage systems and STPs and, existing sewage treatment capabilities notably, their long-term OM&R and the actual treatment requirements requirements (Opex). Central, State in the Ganga River Basin as shown in and Local Body governments must the figure below. The key challenge take cognizance of these needs from a in bridging this capacity gap is not in long-term perspective and mobilize or terms of scientific or technological provision for adequate resources for a knowledge but in terms of providing lasting solution.
2.2. STATES CURRENT STP STATUS AND REQUIREMENTS
Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar West Bengal Delhi
Population 30,49,338 4,44,95,063 1,17,58,016 2,90,93,002 1,63,68,899 (Urban Census 2011)
Estimated Sewage 329 4,805 1,270 3,142 1,768 Generation (MLD)
Existing Treatment 109 2,709 224 448 1,504 Capacity (MLD)
Gap in Treatment 220 2,097 1,046 2,694 264 Capacity
Note: Calculations done for Urban setting across states
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Ganga Session-D.indd 159 8/18/2019 6:55:05 PM 2.3. Challenges in Funding for STPs (Capex/Opex)
Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar West Bengal Delhi
OPEX required for:
Running Existing 317.55 7,892.22 652.59 1,305.17 4,381.65 Treatment (Cr/Yr)
Gap in Treatment 640.93 6,109.26 3,047.35 7,848.52 769.12 (Cr/Yr)
Total Sewage 958.49 13,998.57 3,699.93 9,153.69 5,150.77 Generation (Cr/Yr)
Note: Calculations done for Urban setting across states
QUITE OFTEN, INTERVENTIONS for river conservation are decided on ad hoc basis without due diligence. For achieving the desired goal, however, river conservation should begin with the understanding of river processes and impacts of human activities, followed by active involvement of stakeholders through communication and negotiations, strategy and policy formulations, legislation (if needed), planning, resource allocation, design, implementation and governance of interventions, and finally their monitoring and feedback.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 160 8/18/2019 6:55:05 PM 3. Rupee Shrinkage in State and Center Funding
3.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION significant diminution in funds at the Governmental allocations for public implementation stage. The value for wastewater management systems money spent can obviously be much diminish in value as the funds are higher when project funds are decided repeatedly sub-divided and distributed and allocated at the level of Local to State/ Regional levels, project Bodies who are directly responsible levels and sub-project levels, with for the outcomes. Can this become undue expenses/ losses at each the norm for municipal wastewater sub-division. Effectively there is management in future?
Rupee shrinkage in State and Center Funding Collection cost
Distribution cost
Collection cost
Taxes Allocation to Projects
Project Allocation Distribution cost Government Division to Regional Projects
Collection and distribution charges at each pivot shrinks the fund substantially
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Ganga Session-D.indd 161 8/18/2019 6:55:06 PM 4. Sustainability Challenges of the States and Recommendations
The key recommendations for the five n Studies to be done for behaviour Ganga Basin States (Uttarakhand, change and trend analysis of rivers. Uttar Pradessh, Delhi, Bihar and West n Plantations to be encouraged along Bengal) emerging from the Summit are rivers to regulate runoff and sediment summarized below. flows. n Earthquakes and landslides in upper A. RIVER reaches causing siltation and rise in n Runoff ultimately goes to the sea but bed levels should be considered for it should go slowly after multiple uses pre-emptive remedial action. and groundwater recharging. n To safeguard river space, the n To clean the river — check pollution land in river corridors should be locally at grass-root levels. purchased by the Government n Ghats and riverfront designs should for afforestation (as is done for include local socio-cultural aspects. National Highways).
Build capacities of State B. SEWAGE AND POLLUTION and Local institutions and adopt community-based A approach for local sewage MANAGEMENT management.
Change the pollution control approach from “Polluter Pays” to the incentive- B based policy of “Pollute less-Pay less.”
SEWAGE AND Nallas/ natural drains should be restored for multiple POLLUTION activities including as a C source of water supply rather MANAGEMENT than just using as a sewer.
Solid waste removal or screening devices development studies should D be carried out in some drains of Patna.
ZLD concept to be promoted E for industries.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 162 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM n All tributaries of the Ganga should be D. OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS taken up for conservation, not only n cGanga to develop Working groups the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers. (cGanga, NMCG, CPCB and states) n Entire basin approach should be used for further understanding on various to address even local problems. aspects of river/ water management n An international working group led and produce standard guidelines by cGanga should be constituted n Education on the impact of Water and for addressing the problem of river Wastewater Management on Health siltation. and Ecology to be spread in schools. STATES n Decrease abstractions from Ganga n Funds from the Central Government river at Bhimgoda Barrage. to States for water & wastewater SHOULD management should be given as loan be involved in policy C. POLICY and not as grants. making, deciding n Prioritize prevention rather than cure n Create/promote social impact bonds. priority actions and for pollution management. n Create a governmental platform to allocating funds for n Education on the impact of Water and stimulate Green Industries in the various states as Wastewater Management on Health basin. well as activities. and Ecology to be spread in schools. n Notification of Eco-sensitive zones n Micro-planning and integrated in Uttarakhand State may need to be planning should be done together for modified. the conservation of both the main n Balance between ecology and river and its tributaries. development to be decided from long- n Institutional capacities must be term perspective. built in States and Local Bodies for n Horticulture and forestry should be handling new sewage treatment linked with livelihood of people. technologies. n Floating population to be taken into n Appropriate policy changes are consideration for any new plan needed to tap global capital, executed in Uttarakhand state. technology infusion and innovations. n States should be involved in policy n Plan future urbanization and pilot making, deciding priority actions and new technologies as per ETV process allocating funds for various states as framed by cGanga. well as activities.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 163 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM 5. Science, Engineering & Operations Issues and Recommendations
5.1. AFFORESTATION & BIODIVERSITY n A Working Group (comprising The forests and grasslands play a key cGanga, WII, WWF, CIFRI and FRI) role in the overall basin environment: will develop further understanding on n Arresting high flows. various aspects of biodiversity and n Arresting soil erosion. afforestation. n Purifying water and air. n Improving soil health 5.2. URBAN RIVER/WATER n Moderating climatic and hydrological MANAGEMENT PLAN (URMP) extremes. n Treat sewage as close to source as n Increasing terrestrial biodiversity and possible. aquatic ecology. n Urban river management plan to n Managing natural disasters. be used as a tool to balance the n Flood zonation and river bed zonation twin goals of clean water and along river corridors need to be done. urbanisation. n Appropriate tree species for the n Solution to be found out on how to restoration program should be utilise the limited number of rainy selected appropriately for different days in a year. zones and reaches. n Out of 27% green area in the basin, n Community participation is essential 5% should be dedicated to water for simple river health assessment. bodies Programs by WII such as Bal Ganga n Regulate the flow of water through Prahari, Ganga Prahari, and plans to city by means of a city ‘structure initiate Pravasi Ganga Prahari and plan’. Ganga Grandmas to be further pursued n Socio-economic perspective should to address cultural aspects of Ganga. be included in planning riverfronts. n Concepts of terrestrial systems do n Commercialisation of religious not necessarily apply for aquatic festivals like Kumbh Mela festival systems, and should not be applied should be changed to creating wholesale on rivers. awareness about water needs and n Ecosystem activity awareness availability as a lot of valuable water programs should be facilitated. is diverted for such congregations. RESIDENT WELFARE ASSOCIATIONS (RWAs) of housing colonies or other organizations of local community settlements may be entrusted with management of their local water infrastructure and water bodies.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 164 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM 5.4. DECENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE 5.3. DATA HARMONIZATION AND DEVELOPING WATER BODIES THROUGH REUSE OF TREATED SEWAGE/TRADE EFFLUENTS The vital importance of urban water There is an urgent bodies for basin ecology and urban need to harmonise environments must be recognised. data collection and processing by different n Decentralization of urban water 1 agencies for their infrastructure in the Ganga basin can usefulness in evidence- based policy-making be a very useful measure for reviving in India. and maintaining urban water bodies and drainage. n Urban planning should involve a A foundation data set should be created comprehensive development and for all data 2 management plan for the cities’ water to harmonise bodies. with it. n RWAs (Resident Welfare Associations) of housing colonies or other organizations of local Create a robust community settlements may be protocol with proper entrusted with management of their standards for data local water infrastructure and water 3 sharing between agencies. bodies, subject to suitable relaxation of Namami Gange’s norm of “One City - One Operator.” n Local and household water use The use of ICT and machine intelligence must be metered, and wastewater must be explored for discharges should also be monitored data interpretations for 4 to ensure efficient water management. varying quality and refinements of data. n Where water bodies are largely used by local communities on use- discharge-reuse basis, the micro- Create a common water equilibrium concept should platform and central be used to assess its suitability and web portal (such as the 5 “data.gov.uk” portal of performance. Regular replenishment United Kingdom) for data of such water bodies with storm management and data water or from upstream storages will access for all users. keep the waters fresh and control the possible build-up of TDS.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 165 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM 6. Water Economics – Creating Enabling Environment for Sustained Infrastructure Management
n Water markets need to be developed penalties for overuse or wastage. For in India to overcome demand-supply example, for municipal consumers mismatches and save water. depending on water availability n For a water-secure future, a pan- a certain minimum amount of India regulatory framework on water water supply (e.g. 50 lpcd) can be pricing and regulation should be supplied free, while beyond this limit evolved taking into consideration the telescopically increasing prices overall water availability, different should apply to prevent wastage and sectoral needs, and water use control over consumption. efficiencies. n Some pressing questions that need to n Metered payments for all consumers be resolved at the earliest are: (a) Can with differential pricing for poorer there be a pan-India policy for water consumers recommended. price fixation, or should such policies n Public incentives to save water and be framed by State Governments? minimise wastewater generation (b) What should be the regulatory should go hand-in-hand with framework for water markets?
THE TECHNOLOGY & Innovation platform of IWIS–2018 attracted diverse innovative technologies, products and/or applications for water and wastewater management from many national and international firms.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 166 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM 7. Technology and Innovation– Exhibits & Presentation: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
The Technology & Innovation platform UK); low-head river hydropower of IWIS–2018 attracted diverse generation system (Scotstream, UK); innovative technologies, products a dedicated microsatellite to produce and/ or applications for water and high resolution multispectral images for wastewater management from the Ganga Basin (Space SI, Slovenia); many national and international Artificial Intelligence application for firms. The session included 16 such flood management, agricultural water presentations viz.: municipal and/or management, etc. (Alchemy AI, UK); SOME industrial wastewater treatment by an IoT (Internet of Things) platform for duckweeds (Lyndon Water, UK), vermi- agro-meteorological application (Sense PRESSING filtration (Wastewater Wizard, UK), Qube, India); and a mobile app for questions that need UV technology (Trojan Technologies, aggregation and trading of resource- to be resolved at the Canada), anaerobic treatment recoverable residues/ wastes (GMEX– earliest are: (Andicos, Belgium), compact modular Greensphere, UK ). The technologies of (a) Can there be a systems (GV Solutions, Spain); solid Lyndon Water (UK), Wastewater Wizard pan-India policy for waste treatment through gasification, (UK), GV Solutions, (Spain), Boson water price fixation, pyrolysis and plasma (Boson Energy, Energy (Luxemburg), Cambi (Norway), or should such Luxemburg); recycling of polymer- Qua-Vac (Netherlands), Ground policies be framed by based wastes like tyres (Ground Recycling (UK), Scotstream (UK), State Governments? Recycling, UK); composite waste Blue Sky Bio (UK), SenseQube (India), (b) What should treatment by thermal hydrolysis process and GMEX–Greensphere (UK ) were be the regulatory (Cambi, Norway); a decentralized recommended to follow the ETV process framework for water vacuum-operated sewer collection advocated by cGanga. The technologies markets? and transportation system (Qua-Vac, of Alchemy AI (UK), Trojan Technologies Netherlands); hydromembrane based (Canada), Andicos (Belgium), and farming technology (Mebiol, Japan); Mebiol (Japan) were recommended to industrial fermentation technology be further developed and/or tested in for organic wastes (Blue Sky Bio, cooperation with cGanga, IIT Kanpur.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 167 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM 8. Finance and Investments Issues and Recommendations
A. DEEPENING THE PROJECT FINANCE lending to the developers in the early POOLS FOR DEVELOPERS AND stages of the market development. CONTRACTORS Existing banks could assume this role n The water sector must come under as opposed to establishing a new the priority lending sector in order to entity altogether, particularly since enable Indian banks to provide more the role of such an entity would be to liquidity into the sector. jumpstart the market. n Developing water markets must be a priority for the Government B. INCREASING NMCG’S OWN in the long run as otherwise it will REVENUE BASE AND FINANCING find itself constrained in its ability CAPACITY to continue to finance or backstop n The hybrid annuity model has been water offtake. well received by developers and n It is imperative to establish the lenders alike. Lenders however want financing value chains that make greater clarity on whether NMCG available capital as the project will have enough capital for the develops from one stage to another. entire duration of the concession The three distinct financing phases period. This can be only addressed are: project development, project through increasing NMCG’s financing construction, and project operations capacity and provide it a steady and maintenance. The different revenue stream through a cess (such risk profiles of each stage warrant as one available in the roads sector engagement with different investor for NHAI). categories. n The financing industry must work n Establishment of a water finance alongside with the NMCG and project bank can be a clear game changer contractors to develop specific for the sector. This will enable the guarantee and credit enhancement financing teams to clearly understand instruments. This will enable the risks associated with the water faster and cheaper lending to the sector and provide the requisite underlying projects.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 168 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM n By strengthening NMCG’s balance sheet and giving it a credit rating, the credit offtake risk for lenders will be significantly reduced. D. OTHER SUGGESTIONS Subsequent issuance of a water/ Ganga bond will also give the financial markets confidence to invest greater sums in the Increase the level of rejuvenation programme. engagement with Indian diaspora around the world who are keen to contribute C. ACCELERATING TECHNOLOGY AND financially as well as INNOVATION FINANCE intellectually. The country n The ETV pilot programme is a step chapter programme must therefore be expanded. in the right direction to increase Improve articulation of the rate of technology transfer business opportunities to and innovation in the water and utilities around the world. This will bring in more environment sector in India. The developers and therefore programme should be expanded experience and expertise to rapidly as soon as a critical mass the Indian market. from the first set of shortlisted companies are able to graduate Increase roadshows and through to successfully establishing interactions with investor their pilot/demonstration projects. communities around the world. n Bringing in corporate and impact investing partners into supporting the ETV programme can have a profound and long-term positive impact. n cGanga must consider the prospects of setting up a dedicated fund for the ETV programme.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 169 8/18/2019 6:55:07 PM VALEDICTORY SESSION
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Ganga Session-D.indd 171 8/18/2019 6:55:18 PM Engage with Us
A. ENGAGEMENT MODELS DURING offers a multitude of opportunities THE IWIS (ANNUAL SUMMIT) including but not limited to hosting The Summit is a great multi-disciplinary lunches and networking events, platform to showcase your efforts, display of special solutions and other solutions, knowledge through a range of showcases. Please get in touch with the strategic engagement plans. These are: Summit team for more details.
Strategic Partnerships Technology and Innovation Showcase This engagement mode is for Government Companies or organisations that have departments at all levels (central, developed solutions, which have the state, municipal), public sector entities, potential of high impact in Ganga River multilateral institutions, NGOs, foundations Basin, can get an opportunity to present who wish to deepen their strategic to stakeholders, potential Indian engagement with India for the Ganga partners and investors. Restoration and Conservation programme. It could entail releasing a special report, Knowledge Partners initiating a project, highlighting select Professional Services firms and Knowledge areas of work or any other initiatives. oriented institutions are invited to partner with cGanga and NMCG to prepare and Sponsorship launch a number of special reports during For private sector companies or entities the Summit as well as curate and organise wanting brand recognition, the Summit the various Summit sessions.
INTERNATIONAL CHAPTERS AND ROADSHOWS cGanga and NMCG regularly conduct B. ONGOING ENGAGEMENT MODELS international roadshows to increase the outreach and awareness. Additionally, countries can establish their own local country WORKING GROUPS AND chapters to channel the collective innovation TASK FORCES and interest into India. Interested parties can channel their novel ideas through dedicated task forces and working groups. These groups have indepth deliberations which are summarised in form 1 2 3 of whitepapers submitted to Government and various stakeholders. The working groups are a sub-set of 5 major task forces: 1. Science & Research PILOTS/ DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS 2. Engineering & Operations Companies interested in introducing their solutions into the 3. Technology, Innovation, Ganga Restoration and Conservation programme can do so Entrepreneurship & Skills through pilot/demonstration projects. They must however 4. Policy, Law & Governance first go through the Environment Technology Verification 5. Finance & Investments (ETV) process. This allows the stakeholders to assess the technologies and ascertain value for money.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 172 8/18/2019 6:55:19 PM Partnership Framework 2018–2020
ABOUT cGANGA The Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga) is an eminent think-tank and the knowledge partner to the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG). It was set up in 2016 under the aegis of then Ministry of Water Resources, cGanga HAS FOUR STRATEGIC River Development and Ganga PARTNERSHIP AVENUES Restoration and Conservation (now Ministry of Jal Shakti), Government of India. cGanga is managed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) but also includes many of India’s premier science, technology, IMPACT INVESTING research and innovation institutions. PROGRAMME For investors that are Its core mandate is: keen to support the WORKING GROUPS n To Evolve the Ganga River Basin implementation of high For organisations that are keen to support the Management Plan (GRBMP) impact initiativesthat willtransform the lives development of a very n Deliver Multi-Stakeholder of people in the Ganga specific policy solution, Management River Basin. business model, financing framework n Establish a global hub for or an integrated water river Science, Innovation and resources management Management approach. SUPPORTERS OF n Develop a Strong Advocacy Forum ADVOCACY AND for Ganga OUTREACH In delivering its mandate, cGanga For organisations that are keen to support engages with all types of entities: the general advocacy Governmental, multi-laterals, public and outreach of the Ganga Restoration ESTABLISHMENT sector, private sector and non- OF THE GANGA governmental organisation. Many and Conservation programme that is KNOWLEDGE CENTRE of these organisations have in their popularly known For organisations that charter to support the sustainable as Namami Gange are keen to support Programme. the development development agenda that fits well of an advanced with the overall vision of restoration data, informatics and conservation of the rivers of and knowledge centreto supportthe the Ganga River Basin. The size and developmentwith focus magnitude of the Ganga Restoration on conservationof and Conservation programme Ganga River Basin. requires that all actors and stakeholders collaborate and partner with each other to move closer to the goal.
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Ganga Session-D.indd 173 8/18/2019 6:55:19 PM Partnership Framework 2018–2020
WORKING GROUPS cGanga is developing numerous working groups that shall contribute significantly to further the evolution and implementation of the Ganga River Basin Management Plan. Both Indian and international experts are invited to contribute through defined working groups and task forces. The working groups are being set up to deliver progress on the development of very specific aspects of Ganga River restoration and conservation including policy recommendations, financial instruments and business models. The working groups are set up in 5 categories as highlighted in the illustration below:
cGanga has established the following task forces and working groups for various people and interested parties to participate in the efforts.
SCIENCE & RESEARCH (SR) ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, POLICY, LAW & FINANCE & WORKING GROUPS OPERATIONS (EO) INNOVATION, GOVERNANCE (PLG) INVESTMENTS (FI) 1. Criteria for sewage WORKING GROUPS ENTREPRENEURSHIP WORKING GROUPS WORKING GROUPS treatment and river water 1. Sustainable AND SKILL 1. Evidence based river 1. Efficacy of PPP and quality hydropower DEVELOPMENT (TIES) basin management Hybrid PPP models 2. Water use efficiency in 2. Developing canals WORKING GROUPS 2. Legislation and 2. Developing a Water agriculture sector and urban natural 1. Data generation institutional Trading Corporation 3. Management of fixed drains for recreation through sensor framework framework via dissolved solids and and surface transport networks, remote 3. Stakeholder outreach enhancing credit completing the natural 3. Urban river sensing– satellites, and management rating of NMCG salt cycle management plan drones & LIDAR 4. Watertrading, 3. Wholesale and Retail 4. Managing surface and development 2. Data modelling, valuation, pricing financing instruments ground water interaction 4. Inter-linking of water information and and development of a 4. Ganga technology 5. Hydraulics of river bodies at city/state analytics tariff regime acceleration fund channels scale 3. Developing a skilled 6. River Health Report card 5. Compact/packaged workforce in the framework wastewater and water sector 7. Assessment of solid waste treatment 3. Inspiring Ecosystem services solutions entrepreneurship 6. Resource Recovery in the water sector 4. Environment Technology Verification
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Ganga Session-D.indd 174 8/18/2019 6:55:20 PM WORKING GROUPS BEING WORKING GROUP OPERATIONAL SET-UP FOR 2019 FORMAT 1. Ecosystem Services: SR6 n Co-chair from the principal sponsor and an 2. Circular Economy in Ganga: EO5 + EO6 additional co-chair nominated by cGanga 3. Data Harmonisation: TIES1+ TIES2 + PLG1 n Co-chairs lead on setting up the agenda 4. Water Valuation and Pricing: PLG4 n Additional sponsors can contribute in 5. Wholesale and Retail Financing: FI3 agenda setting 6. Ganga Technology Acceleration Fund: FI4 n Two working group meetings per year 7. Inspiring Entrepreneurship in Water OUTPUT: Whitepapers and policy Sector: TIES4 recommendations KEY BENEFITS: Recognition in the development of the solution and contribution towards the agenda
WHO CAN/SHOULD JOIN Working groups are initially set up jointly with organisations that have a strong interest in the topic and are willing to play the thought- leadership role PRINCIPAL SPONSOR n The organisation wanting to spearhead the Working Group agenda shall nominate a senior individual as a co-chair and leads on the agenda development jointly with cGanga ASSOCIATE SPONSORS n Contribute to the working group agenda INDIVIDUAL EXPERTS n Additional national and international experts will also be invited to participate in the working group
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Ganga Session-D.indd 175 8/18/2019 6:55:20 PM IMPACT INVESTING PROGRAMME The Ganga Restoration and Conservation programme can only accelerate with strong partnerships with national and international impact investors. cGanga has developed a comprehensive impact investing partnership framework to streamline and coordinate investor interest. It invites Impact Investors to participate in or develop the following financing avenues and instruments:
FINANCING AVENUE / INSTRUMENT STRUCTURE
1. Ganga Technology and Innovation Fund New fund(s) set up jointly with existing and experienced asset managers. cGanga invites global asset managers in jointly developing strategic and cGanga’s Contribution high impact funds that will accelerate the cGanga will provide detailed fund set-up criteria introduction of innovations and new technologies for the Ganga restoration and conservation programme. Due diligence on technology and impact on Ganga through the ETV process At this point in time funding in following categories is Proprietary deal flow being sought: a. Decentralised waste water treatment Organising global investor roadshows
b. Data and information analytics Interim Access to Deal Flow / Warehousing c. Ancillary services and indirect pollution Until such time these funds are established asset abatement such as solid waste management managers can partner with cGanga to get an interim access (or warehousing) to deal flow and due-diligence reports. This will be possible through a membership of the FI4 (Ganga technology and innovation fund) working group.
2. Ganga Bond cGanga’s Contribution cGanga invites global financial institutions to jointly cGanga will support in engaging all deal develop a Ganga bond that will help in development participants of this Financial Instrument: Support the institution in bond structuring Source of funding for municipalities and Government off-takers Deal flow Secondary buy-out markets for project Organising global investor roadshows developers to release their equities and/or source cheaper debt finance The interested institutions can support development of the instrument through the working group FI3.
3. Credit Enhancement Instruments cGanga’s Contribution cGanga invites family offices and cGanga will support in engaging all deal global institutions to develop a range of credit participants enhancement instruments such as: Support the institution in instrument structuring Shadow/top-up tariffs Deal flow Insurance Organising global investor roadshows Fx hedging structures Back-stop guarantees The interested institutions can support development of the instrument through the working group FI3. First-loss
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Ganga Session-D.indd 176 8/18/2019 6:55:21 PM GANGA KNOWLEDGE CENTRE
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1. Physical Campus cGanga shall anchor itself in a building designed and developed specially for its activities. The physical campus shall be established within the larger campus of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.
2. Data and Informatics Wing The most crucial aspect of the GKC shall be the establishment of the data and informatics wing. This wing shall house the following centres of innovation:
Data Generation and Collation Through the use of sensor networks, remote sensing through satellites, drones and LIDAR Improvement of past data sets Data harmonisation across data sets
Data Modelling, Information and Analytics Developing a meta-data framework Big data systems Artificial intelligence and deep learning Data visualisation Interactive data
4. HOW TO ENGAGE cGanga invites organisations, donors, impact investors to develop the Ganga Knowledge Centre through: Knowledge Grants and donations partnerships
Funding select Support internship components of data programme and informatics wing
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Ganga Session-D.indd 177 8/18/2019 6:55:21 PM 5. ADVOCACY AND OUTREACH One of the core mandates of cGanga is to increase advocacy efforts for Ganga through better and greater outreach strategies. Organisations whose core beliefs are to support the growth of sustainable development can partner with cGanga to partake in and support a number of outreach and advocacy channels.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1. India Water Impact Summit This is the flagship event of cGanga and NMCG which brings all stakeholders together under one forum. Over 500 people participate in this Summit.
The Summit provides tremendous branding and marketing opportunities to companies keen on reaching out to all the crucial stakeholders.
2. Lecture Series cGanga is establishing a strategic lecture series that will invite eminent experts from within India and around the world to share deep insightful knowledge and inspire a generation of water scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and other experts.
3. Exhibitions cGanga will establish and develop a network of national and international exhibitions and information kiosks through use of innovative audio-visual technologies and touch-points.
4. International Roadshows and Chapters International roadshows are being conducted in a coordinated manner to accelerate engagement with water experts and innovation globally. Countries can put in strategic requests to put a roadshow of cGanga and NMCG officials to their country.
5. Twinning Ganga cGanga and NMCG are inviting other river basins to establish a twinning programme that will enable partnerships and knowledge exchange.
CONTACT DETAILS Dr. Vinod Tare Executive Officer–Outreach Founding Head, cGanga [email protected] [email protected]
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