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EPPO PRA on Polygraphus Proximus

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EPPO PRA on Polygraphus Proximus EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 15-21045 Pest Risk Analysis for Polygraphus proximus September 2014 EPPO 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris www.eppo.int [email protected] This risk assessment follows the EPPO Standard PM PM 5/3(5) Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests (available at http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOStandards/pra.htm) and uses the terminology defined in ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (available at https://www.ippc.int/index.php). This document was first elaborated by an Expert Working Group and then reviewed by the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures and if relevant other EPPO bodies. Cite this document as: EPPO (2014) Pest risk analysis for Polygraphus proximus. EPPO, Paris. Available at http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_intro.htm Photo: Adult of Polygraphus proximus, Krasnoyarsk region (RU). Courtesy: Evgeni Akulov (RU). 15-21047 (14-19313, 13-19062) Pest Risk Analysis for Polygraphus proximus This PRA follows EPPO Standard PM 5/3 (5) EPPO Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests. A preliminary draft has been prepared by the EPPO Secretariat and served as a basis for the work of an Expert Working Group that met in the EPPO Headquarters in Paris on 2012-12-03/06. This EWG was composed of: Ms Iris BERNARDINELLI - Servizio Fitosanitario e Chimico, Pozzuolo Del Friuli, Italy Ms Rositsa DIMITROVA (core member) - Risk Assessment Centre, Sofia, Bulgaria Mr Milos KNIZEK - Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Praha, Czech Republic Mr Oleg KULINICH - Dept of Forest Quarantine, All-Russian Center of Plant Quarantine, Moscow, Russian Federation Mr Ferenc LAKATOS - Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, Sopron, Hungary Mr Ake LINDELOW - Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Ecology, Uppsala, Sweden Mr Lucio MONTECCHIO (core member) -Università di Padova, Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Padova, Italy In addition, Mr Yuri BARANCHIKOV (V.N. Sukachev Institute of Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation) took part via teleconference. EPPO Secretariat: Ms Fabienne Grousset, Mr Andrei Orlinski, Ms Muriel Suffert. Core members (Salla HANNUNEN, Pietr KAPITOLA, Corinne LE FAY-SOULOY, Françoise PETTER, Arild SLETTEN, Nursen USTUN, Dirk Jan VAN DER GAAG), as well as the EPPO Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry reviewed the draft PRA between May and July 2013. The risk management part was reviewed by the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures on 2013-10-31 and 2014-03-06. Because of new findings on pathogens associated with P. proximus, the EPPO Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry suggested in 2015 that the PRA should be revised to include more information on this aspect. This will be done in 2015-2016. 1 Content Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Initiation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Pest categorization .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Probability of entry of a pest ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Pathway 1: Wood of Abies, Pinus, Picea, Larix and Tsuga from countries where the pest occurs ........................... 16 Pathway 2: Particle wood and waste wood of conifers from countries where the pest occurs .................................. 20 Pathway 3: Bark of conifers from countries where the pest occurs ............................................................................ 23 Pathway 4: Plants for planting of Abies, Pinus, Picea, Larix and Tsuga from countries where the pest occurs ........ 25 2.13b - Overall probability of entry into the PRA area ................................................................................................ 27 Probability of establishment ............................................................................................................................................ 28 Probability of spread ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 Eradication, containment of the pest and transient populations ..................................................................................... 36 Assessment of potential economic consequences ......................................................................................................... 37 Degree of uncertainty and Conclusion of the pest risk assessment ............................................................................... 43 Pest Risk Management ................................................................................................................................................... 44 Pathway 1: Wood of Abies, Pinus, Picea, Larix and Tsuga ........................................................................................ 45 Options at the place of production ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Options after harvest, at pre-clearance or during transport ...................................................................................................... 47 Options that can be implemented after entry of consignments ................................................................................................. 48 Pathway 2: Particle wood and waste wood of conifers ............................................................................................... 51 Pathway 3: Bark of conifers ........................................................................................................................................ 51 Options at the place of production ............................................................................................................................................ 51 Options after harvest, at pre-clearance or during transport ...................................................................................................... 52 Options that can be implemented after entry of consignments ................................................................................................. 53 Pathway 4: Plants for planting of host species .......................................................................................................... 56 Options at the place of production ............................................................................................................................................ 56 Options after harvest, at pre-clearance or during transport ...................................................................................................... 57 Options that can be implemented after entry of consignments ................................................................................................. 58 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................ 62 Annex 1 – World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification .................................................................................... 65 Annex 2. Imports of Christmas trees and conifer branches from countries where P. proximus occurs ......................... 66 Annex 3. Imports of wood from countries where Polygraphus proximus occurs ............................................................ 67 Annex 4. Imports of wood chips of conifers, and of wood waste, from countries where P. proximus occurs ................ 81 Annex 5. Maps of some species in host genera in Europe ............................................................................................. 83 2 Introduction Polygraphus proximus is a bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of firs and other conifers. In recent years, it has spread within Russia from its original distribution in the Far-East1 to several other regions (Siberia, Moscow province), and was also found (one record) in Leningrad province (Chilahsaeva, 2008; Mandelshtam & Popovichev, 2000; Baranchikov et al., 2010 & 2011b, Gninenko et al., 2010 & 2010a). P. proximus is reported to occur in Russia, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and North-East China. While it is mostly a secondary pest in its area of origin, and causing mortality mostly when trees are weakened, it has proved to be more aggressive in new locations, especially in Siberia. Its hosts at origin are endemic Far-East species of Abies and other conifers; at its new locations, it attacked new species, in particular Abies sibirica. In 2012, the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures decided that an EPPO PRA should be prepared. Elements on the biology of P. proximus Life cycle P. proximus is a bivoltine species (two swarming periods) (Kurentsov, 1941; Akulov et al., 2011). In the Far East, emergence and flight of the first generation of adults occurs in May-July, and adults of the next generation may emerge in August-September. Because of the very long flight period, generations can overlap. Sisterbroods exist and females may lay eggs on several trees in the
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