WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref Lecturer of physical geography and GIS Department of social studies, Taibahu University, Saudi Arabia

Received on 5/10/2018 Accepted on 4/12/2018

Vol.11 (1) March 2019 51 52 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.11 (1)March 2019 Arab peninsula surface This is besides forming the marinesubmersion of somepartsthe below the Iranian Plate Tectonic, resulting in N.L., 1971-1972):,Itscollision and subsidence moving of Arab peninsula plate tectonic (Falcon, and this movement is still active owing to the Movement in thedirection of Strait of Hormuz, area since itissubject to Tilting Subsidence Peninsula isregardedasatectonically active Khasab Inlet northward.Infact,Musandam Harem Mountain,southwarduntil reaching and The Arabian Gulf , westward, sloping from separating between The Gulf ofOman,eastward Introduction: attempt toidentifyitssources. mineral composition of sanddeposit in an sand and nabkha . Study the size and rock chimney aswinderosion feature. Coastal phenomena resulting from . Especially peninsula surface.Studythegeomorphological of the current climate elements formed the resulting fromweatheringwithallitstypes. genesis of the geomorphological phenomena networks. The current climate affecting the surface. The old climate effect on the drainage N.L., 1973). The climate impact on thearea’s Tertiary andarestillhappeningnow(Falcon, tilting subsidence that had happened in the The Arabian Gulf. The area affected by the Abstract: Musandam Peninsula, Arabian Gulf, Key words:coastal sand dunes,RockChimney, MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATEMUSANDAM PENINSULA- OFOMAN Musandam Peninsulaformsamarinehead This study throwing light on Wind as one Musandam peninsula lies attheentrance of GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON lecturer ofphysicalgeographyandGIS WIND AND ITSIMPACT ON THE Taibahu University, Saudi Arabia Department ofsocialstudies, Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref Location: that formulatetheareacoast(Torab ,M2002). the submerged coastsandanumberofintents is about1000squarekilometers.Figure(1) for SultanateofOmantothenorth,anditsarea peninsula representsthemaximumextension limit ofthestudyarea. Therefore, Musandam other onethislineisconsideredasasouthern Al-Bih, slopingtowardssouthandwest,onthe east, onone hand, andbetween Wadi Sha'amand and Malawhichslopestowardswest,north of Wadi Tibet, WadiKhasab, Wadi Al-Wahiya southern watershedseparatingbetweenBasins It overlooksStraitofHormuznortherly, butthe the eastandby The Arabian Gulffromthewest. to theeast.limitedby The GulfofOmanfrom 30′ 56º and 05′ 56º of longitudes two between and north, the to 30′ 26º and 40′ 25º of latitudes The Arabian Gulf,extendingbetween two -Landsat,ETM+.Imagewith 14m,resolution. Source: - Topographic mapsof scale1:100000. Musandam peninsula lies at the entrance of Fig. (1): The locationofthestudyarea Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN

Goals and Objectives: attributed to the location of the area, as part of Clarification of the role played by the wind the Arabian Gulf, exposed under the influence as one of current climate element formed the of the Siberian high in the east and the high peninsula surface and study of coastal sand stretching from the Atlantic Ocean from the dunes as phenomenon resulting from the West and created low secondary shallow over reaction between them. Investigate the sand the Arabian Gulf as the source of the wind deposit sources. prevailing and affecting the area. As a matter of fact, the south east wind blows Methods: increasingly, from the direction (150 degrees) This work uses some methods such as: at Khasab, especially at the latest of autumn - The Cartographical and Quantitative and the beginning of winter, it may be due Analysis. - Land Sat ETM+, 9 Bands with a resolution Table (1): Speed and direction of wind at both of 14m (2005) were used and analyzed in order Meteorological stations of Khasab and Dibba to take some spectral signature for sand dunes. during the period of (1993-2003). - Field work helps in measuring the cross Khasab Dibba Direction sectors of the sand dunes and nabkha studied. Km / h % Km / h % All notes, field measurements a number of 0 8.1 10.2 4.6 6.4 samples collected in order to be analyzed, 30 8.5 7.8 7.2 17.9 knowing the results and drawing the necessary 60 10.1 8.4 10.5 30.6 diagrams by computer. 90 14.3 7.2 7.3 3.4 - The laboratory Analyses were performed, 120 16.5 8.3 5.2 1.5 dealing with the grain sizes of deposits and their 150 9.7 19.0 5.2 1.4 Mineral properties, of the samples collected 180 8.7 4.3 13.2 4.6 during the field study, from alluvial terraces 210 13.2 7.5 11.4 21.4 and coastal sand dunes. So analysis was done at 240 12.3 5.2 13.0 7.6 270 12.8 5.9 16.8 2.8 The Central Laboratory at The Desert Research 300 8.6 6.6 6.9 1.1 Centre in Cairo.(2009) 330 8.6 9.7 3.9 1.3 - But the microscopic analysis of micro grain Total 131.3 100.0 105.2 100.0 deposits was done, by using the Electronic Calm - - Scanner at Faculty of Science, Alexandria Variable - - University in order to examine the deposit Prevailing Dir. 150 60 granules and record any micro features on their Mean Speed 10.9 8.8 surfaces. (2010) (Knots) - Wind shares in forming some parts of the Gust Speed 85.2 130.4 study area as it blows in all directions, most of (Knots) the year days. So we can observe the following Source: Climatic Data Form the Civil Aviation and facts, through studying table (1) and fig. (2): Meteorology Wind blows from all directions, as in Khasab, Source : Table (1) those directions are north, north east, and north west, especially in winter and this may be

Vol.11 (1) March 2019 53 54 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.11 (1)March 2019 Khasab and15.4%atDibba. Siberia high pressure, owingto the low temperature in come from thenortheast where the atmospheric that includes thestudyarea,therefore, wind Summer, forming an atmospheric low pressure unite withtheseasonalIndianlowpressurein low pressure,westsouthofthearea,which may be due to the existence of seasonal Sudan of spring andthebeginningofsummerbutthis arrival the at blows wind as degrees) (60 at Dibbaregionfromthe north east direction At thesametime, wind blowsincreasingly east active wind, creating somesandstorms. mass fromtheNorth Atlantic. But thesouth Meteorological StationofbothKhasabandDibba, - Wind blowsat the study area at the speed - The rate of calm days, reaches 11.5% at to the blowing ofthe cold marine polar air Fig.(2)–Directionsof Wind atthe During the(1993-2003). to thewestsouthwind blowingfromthe those dunes. back shores and re-forming the foot margins of Gulf water directly, formingpart of its frontand coastal line.Sothesesanddunesoverlookthe existence ofthecoastalheightsparallel to the dry vallyforonlyonekilometers, owing tothe kilometers deepening inthe direction of the at the distance estimated of approximately 20 Jady in the north, to Wadi Tibat in the south, characterized asfollows: areaaction atthestudy of thewind and Sand Dunes: of phenomenaamongwhichare: number a forming concerning study field the at study area surface whose effects were observed wind areclear regardingtheformationof in thedomain offormingtheviolenthurricanes. faces The GulfofOmanandtheIndianOcean this maybeduetothefactthat Dibba region at Dibba reaches 130.4 kilometers an hourand scale, knownashurricanethespeedofwind reaching the twelfth class, the top of Beaufort and called Storm, andits strength can increase winter and wind is classified as of the tenth class 85.2 kilometers an hourduringthe months of the Lightbreeze. of wind, at the second class under the title of classification Beaufort to according lies, it So Khasab and9.2kilometers an hourat Dibba. the wind speedis10.8kilometers an hourat and Moderatebreeze 2002). That is, windrangesbetween Light air (Godah, class fourth the and first the between classification of wind comprising twelve classes while theareaislistedaccording to Beaufort that does notexceed 18.5 kilometers an hour - The coastalsanddunesexistence is due - Coastal sand dunesextendfromRa'sEl- They are regarded as anobviousprint - Accordingly, thestrengthandimportance of - The speedofwindatKhasabsometimesreach while the average of و Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN

Arabian Peninsula, at the speed average of 13.9 69.2 meters in front of Al-Jady village and 125.7 kilometers an hour and which can reach 130 meters. At Tibat, having the average of 108.2 kilometers an hour during stormy days. This meters while the width of dunes ranges between wind carries deposits from the near shores dried 155.6 meters at Gamada and 326.7 meters, south by the solar radiation action. of Gamada' at the average of 256.6 meters. The - Sand dunes take the shape of sand heaps increase of length, width and the sloping of having tops and extend from the south west dunes are noticed when going southward, but to the north east where they are faced by the this may be due to the excess of deposits made coastal edge between Ra's Al-Jady in the by the southern and western wind, south of north and Bukha in the south, leading to the the study area and due to the weak depositing sand creeping on the coastal road and on the towards north, with the exception of Gamada establishments near it. Some of those dunes dunes of the rising increase and the very sloping accumulated on the coastal ridges , especially front at the expense of length and width. This at the area between Gamada north ward and may be ascribed to the depositing on the Tibat southward as wind lays its, then it serves coastal edge, then wind helps to blow away the to raise deposits from the dune foot to its top deposits existing at the feet of those dunes to Fig.(3). be on then, leading to more sloping of the front Table (2), shows some of the characteristics surface reaching 42o besides the increase of of the coastal sand dunes of the study area, we their height average reaching 54 meters. observe that the lengths of dunes, range between

Table (2): Some characteristics of the coastal sand dunes at the study area. Dimensions Average Length Width Average Height Interface Slope (M) (M) (M) Location (Degrees) Al-Jady 69.2 286.6 23 19 North Bukha 112.6 189.5 31 34 Gamada 117.4 155.6 54 42 South Gamada 116.2 326.7 33.6 35 Tibat 125.7 325.4 28.5 35 Total 541.1 1283.8 170.1 162 Average 108.2 256.8 34 32.4 Source: Field Work.

Vol.11 (1) March 2019 55 56 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.11 (1)March 2019 and Fig.(4) the mostimportantresultsdisplayed. Table (3) size, metals and byusingmicroscope. Here are parts ofthatduneandanalyzed regarding their were takenfromtheupper, lowandmiddle surface texture ofthosedunes.Somesamples detail, in ordertoknowthesize,sourceand - Oneofthecoastal dunes wasstudiedin Source: ResultsofSize Analysis. Dune'sBottom Dune'sCentral Sample Location Dune'sTop Source: Field Work.Source: )(sample1 )(sample2 )(sample3 Average Total Fig. (3).CoastalSandDunesand Their ShapesattheStudy Area. Gravel > -2Ø 0.00 1.61 0.01 1.62 0.54 Table (3):SizeofSandDuneDeposits Coarse Very Sand 0.00 1.24 1.09 2.33 0.78 -1:0 Coarse 21.90 23.42 35.56 80.88 26.96 Sand 0:1 Medium 132.81 55.88 41.30 35.63 44.27 Sand 1:2 Fine 21.71 31.44 26.80 79.95 26.65 Sand 2:3 Very Fine Sand 0.51 1.00 0.92 2.43 0.81 3:4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4:5 Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN

Source:- Field work - Results of Size Analysis. Fig.(4): the location of sand dune Deposits samples, and its Sizes 1- Grain Sand Size: size. But the Mean sand granules represent 1-2 Table (3) illustrates the Results of size Analysis ø and this is the highest percentage reaching of the sand dune deposits Fig. (4) Shows the 44.27 of the total sample size. However, this percentage related to each size, according to percentage is more than the Mean sample of the sample place; it is possible to deduct the the upper parts of the dune than its middle and following: lower parts as it reaches 55.88% of the sample The sizes of granules range between small size, whereas the percentage of fine and very pebbles and the very smooth sand, noticing that fine sand reaches 27.46% of the total sample the small pebbles having a size more than 2 ø, size, indicating the strength and speed of the are of a little percentage not exceeding 0.54% wind that had deposited the coastal dunes as an average of the total sample size, though parallel to the coast. this category appears only at the samples taken Size factors had been calculated in table (4) from the middle and lower parts of the dune using the mathematical equations developed while the rough sand and very rough sand have by the scientists (Falk and Ward, 1957) are as the percentage of 27.74% of the total sample follows: Table (4) the Results of Statistical Analysis of Sand Dune’s Samples of Sample Location Average Sorting Skewness Kurtosis 0.67 0.95 0.67 1.23 Dune's Top Coarse Sand Average Sorting Very positive sharpened 1 0.95 0.67 1.23 Dune's Central Coarse Sand Average Sorting Very positive sharpened 0.33 1.02 0.33 1.23 Dune's Bottom Coarse San Poor sorting Very positive sharpened Source: Data from the researcher calculation

Vol.11 (1) March 2019 57 58 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.11 (1)March 2019 Sorting Coefficient= Skewness Coefficient= Kurtosis = at onesize. meaning that most ofthe deposit samples focus therefore, the curve is extremely pointed, between samples as it reaches 1.23 ø, and accordance withthefollowingequations: middle, andtheirspreadingattheextremesin ratio the between the spreading deposits at the curve finding by done is this and degree samples studied. indicating the coarse sizes increase in the e.g., thisskewnessisaverypositive one, 0.67, ø and 0.33 ø between ranges curves two to thefollowingequation. deposit Mean size and it is calculated according distribution two curveswiththedeviation of samples rangesbetweenmediocreandbad. ø 0.95and1.02. This indicates that sorting sample isincludedinthecoarsesand. between 0.33ø and 1ø and there upon, the Then, the kurtosis coefficient value is equal value coefficient kurtosis the Then, This criterion measures thecurvekurtosis – Kurtosis: Then, theskewnessofdepositdistribution It isusedtoestimate the equality degree of the - SkewnessCoefficient: between ranges coefficient sorting Then, - SortingCoefficient: Deposit Mean size of the dune samples ranges - Meansize= (5Ф-75Ф) 2.44 84Ф+50Ф+16Ф 5Ф-95Ф (50Ф)2-16Ф+84Ф 16Ф-84Ф (16Ф -84Ф)2 3 4 + + (50Ф)2-5Ф+95Ф 5Ф-95Ф (5Ф -90Ф)2 66 a resultofthedissolutionaction,Fig.(6) the chemicalweatheringeffect ondeepholesas on the surfaces of some grains. But there was besides theexfoliation phenomenon appearing represented in widening the cracks inside sand mechanical weathering effect onsomegrains, into thosedepressions. There wasalsothe grain. of depressionsand deep hole inside the sand colliding between sandgrainshavingtheshape processes,resulting from rubbingand of sandgrainsasthereweretheimpacts of on thesurfaces the existenceofmicrorelief's irregular shapes. together with separating parts ofgrains,taking sand orrolling ofthemediumandcoarsesand fine the of jumping through wind by carried rubbing betweensandgranulesduringbeing an oval and circular shape , resulting from grains ofmediumsandsizesobserved,taking with thecoastaledges. There arealsosomeof by wind before depositing through its collision angles. And thisrefers to the traveled distance circulation and highlysphericalhasnoacute that sandofagood Microscope. Fig.(5)Shows three sampleswasstudiedthroughtheElectronic textures: Hence, averysmallsandgrainmaysettle In this context, the microscopic study showed The shapeofthesandgrainsconcerning the surface and grains sand the of shape 2-The Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN

Source: Results of Size Analysis Fig. (5) Some Grains Forms of Coastal Sand Dunes in the Study Area

Source: Results of Size Analysis Fig. (6) Micro- Features Formed on the Surfaces of the Sand Grains

Vol.11 (1) March 2019 59 60 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.11 (1)March 2019 the samplesizes. samples where itsaverage percentage 27.9%of system which is the most common in sand dune but differs fromitinhavingarightformcrystal components, asitconsistsofcalcium carbonate Source: ResultsofMineralanalysis average samplesize. appearing in samples at the rate of 20% of calcium consists carbonate, having hexagonalcrystalsystem, chiefly It world. the in Moshrif andEdris),asthefollowing: are defined by Dictionary of sedimentary rocks, fact, Dunes consistofsevenmain metals (Metals forming thosedunes,asshownbyFig.(7).In illustrates the similarity of the components Dune's Top - Aragonite: - Calcite: Itisoneofthemostcommon metals Sand sampleswereanalyzed by X-Ray 3- SandDunesChemicalElements: Location Sample Average Dune's Dune's Central Bottom Calcite Itisequaltocalcite in itschemical 24.4 18.1 17.4 20.0 Source: ResultsofMineral Analysis Fig. (7):MineralElements forSamplesoftheSandyCoastalDune Aragonite Table (5)ResultsoftheMineral Analysis ofSamples(%) 30.8 19.3 33.7 27.9 Barite 12.7 15.2 11.8 7.5 Vaterite 2.3 1.3 2.4 3.2 representing arateof3.5%thesamplesize. and itscolorrangesbetweenyellowbrown, sulphate, havingahexagonalcrystalsystem not exceed3.3%ofthesamplesize. the action ofwaterdissolutionsanditsrate does size. .Dolomite represents about1.7%ofthesamples and Magnesium,witharateofmorethan15% sample size. temperature therefore; itrepresents2.3%ofthe It canbealsochangedinto Aragonite atrising when reacted withwater, atlowtemperature. dissolvable in water, changing into calcite - Jarosite: It chiefly consist of water potassium - Anhydrite: It is sulphate metal formed by - Dolomite: - Vatrite: It consists ofcalcium carbonate, Dolomite 1.7 1.0 1.8 2.3 It consists ofcalcium carbonate Anhydrite 3.3 3.2 2.8 3.9 Jarosite 3.5 2.6 5.3 2.7 Elements Other 29.4 24.0 35.0 29.3 Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN

- Other components: they are represented 4- Sources of Sands: by remains of shells, corals and marine micro The results of the size, metal and microscopic organisms, having a rate of 29.5% Fig. (8) analysis of the dune samples, clearly indicate that the fine dune sands of a medium size, good circulation and being very spherical, are distinguished by the carbonic elements spreading in their metal some of marine organisms like shells and corals. This means that those dunes had existed owing to accumulated sands from the near shores lying in the south and south west of the study area. The microscopic sand analysis also indicates that those sands are well circulated and very spherical. So this means that the sands had passed more than one depositing stage, as it is believed that they had been swallowed from the middle of the Arabian peninsulas and deposited on the shores near the study area besides being mixed with the marine deposits. Moreover, the metal analysis of the sand dune, subject of the study, refers to the marine source of sands, and which is represented by the remains of shells and oysters. Then, wind carry those sands and deposit them once again at the study area,

Source: Results of Mineral Analysis particularly, the rate of the wind blowing from Fig. (8) Some of the Elements Formed Coastal south and west direction is about 45% of the Sand Dunes total blowing wind direction.

According to the above – mentioned facts, it is clear to say that there is the similarity of the chemical components forming the sand dunes spreading at the study area, and which consist, mostly, of the calcium carbonate metal, having a rate of 51.9% of the sample size and of sulphate at a rate of 18.6% of the sample size besides remains of shells and corals at a rate of 29.5% of the sample size, as well.

Vol.11 (1) March 2019 61 62 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.11 (1)March 2019 el-sheikh Mas'oud,.Fig. (9) the westcoastofstudy areabetweenRa's 1-3 meters,soNabkhacanbeobservedalong existing like circular piles and the diameter of area, as traps of Sands. They are of small sizes, and trappingthem.(Goda,2002,in Arabic). deeply into those sands.Receiving new sands dune sandsthroughtheplantrootsbranching the fixing functions, two has sands, dune the of no shape, furthermore, the plant growing at Accordingly, wemaynotseebutsandsheets sands willbeexposedtobeingswallowed. on theirgrowth. Without those plants,thedune and dunes sand fixing on based role important Nabkha: Noteworthy, Nabkhahadservedatthestudy There are kinds knownofplants playing an Source: Field Work.Source: Fig. (9):NabkhaShapesatthe Area Study dozens ofmeters chimneys standsteadily with aheightreaching weathered, by windinorder tomake those the sweepingofsubstancesmechanically separate from theneighboring edge, after due towateruntilsomeofvertical columns from thethermal affecting factors, andsolution widening of cracksandvertical joints resulting Rock Chimneys: Those chimneys areformedbythecontinuous Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN

Source: Field Work. Fig. (10): Rock Chimney at the Study Area

Doubtless, the rock chimneys exist at study chimney at the height of 12 meters above the area near the upper sources of Wadi Khasab as Gulf surface level, extending to the height of wind had widened the distances between cracks 18 meters. inside calcareous rocks forming a rock chimney with a height of approximately 15 meters. This Results: kind of the remaining forms at Ash Shamm Inlet - Wind played a major role in the formation of and at Mala one overlooking the gulf of Oman the western part of the coastal range, resulting in as calcareous rocks strongly dissolve owing sand gathered on the edge of the coast to the violence and speed of wind resulting in and formed a number of sand dunes brought by separating them from the original edges Fig. the wind and deposited on the nearby beaches. (10). They also appear inside Ash Shamm Inlet - It turned out through the mineral analysis as a result of the dissolution action and its impact of sand dunes samples, the similarity of the on both edges and headland and this serves to chemical elements of sand dunes in the study increasingly widen cracks and joints and create area. Consisting mostly of calcium carbonate, rock chimneys at the southern side of the Inlet with 51.9% . Sulphate with 18.6% . Remains of referred to, (with a height of 34 meters over this shells and rags by 29.5% of sample size. Inlet surface level). Rock chimneys also appear - The results of size, mineral and microscopic on the coastal edge slopes on the gulf of Oman analysis of dune samples show that to the south of Mala Inlet as the wind parallel to the sand dunes are medium to smooth, well the coast blows violently, and widens the cracks rounded and high-spherical. The dunes were and joints cutting the coastal edge, serving to created by carrying sand from nearby beaches separate parts from it in order to form a rock to the south and southwest of the study area

Vol.11 (1) March 2019 63 64 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.11 (1)March 2019 Arabic) (In 219-265. pp. Oman of Gulf and Coast Gulf of theChangeFourth Time onthe Arabian in theMediterranean Sea Level - Field Studies Sultanate of Oman,article on the bookChanges University Libraries,KingSaud Dictionary Of sedimentologyical Terms. Size Parameters,J.Sed.Petrol., Vol. 27,No.1. Grain of significance the in study ABar River Journal. Northern Oman expedition, Geographical unknown Musandam.GeographicalMagazine (In Arabic) University, Alexandria and plants of the Arab world, Dar Al - Maarifa of Europe, Asia and Africa andtheclimate with application totheclimate of thecontinents References: and dust. This isbesidestherockchimneys. the nabkha where plants serve astrapsofsands deposits from the near shores. There are also coastal sandduneswhichwindcarriestheir number ofphenomenaamongwhicharethe an hourduringthestormydays,resultingina and this speedincreases reaching 130 kilometers speed of10.8kilometers an hourasaverage of the climatic ones, because of having the high Conclusion: 6. Torab , M ((2002): Musandam Peninsula - Peninsula Musandam ((2002): M , Torab6. 5. Moshrif,M.andEdris, E.: Illustrated 4. Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C. (1957): Parazos 3. Falcon,N.L.,(1973): The Musandam 2. Falcon,N.L.,(1971-1972):expedition to 1. Godah,H.G.,2002:Geographyandbiology Wind isconsidered the most important factor Dr. Naglaa Tawfik Oref WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE ON MUSANDAM PENINSULA- SULTANATE OF OMAN

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