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Proquest Dissertations Investigations in Looters' Trenches at Ka'Kabish, Northern Belize: An Analysis of Ancient Maya Architecture and Construction Practices A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (c) Copyright by Cara Grace Tremain 2011 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program October 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre ref6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-81143-6 Our We Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-81143-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada Abstract Investigations in Looters' Trenches at Ka'Kabish, Northern Belize: An Analysis of Ancient Maya Architecture and Construction Practices Cara Grace Tremain Looting of archaeological sites is a worldwide problem, and can destroy the ability to learn about the past. Fortunately, the remnants of looters' excavations can be used by archaeologists to gain knowledge of the past. This thesis is a case study of the use of looters' excavations in archaeology. Research was undertaken at the ancient Maya site of Ka'Kabish in northern Belize, specifically focusing on reconstruction of the chronology of architectural constructions within looters' trenches. This research was of a rescue nature, since looting has been, and still is, prevalent at the site. The chronological building sequence, quantity and quality of constructions, and the role and function of architecture were investigated. Architectural arrangement and construction practices were compared to other sites in northern Belize and the wider Maya subarea to gain an understanding of how Ka'Kabish may have functioned among its neighbours. As a case study, this research demonstrates that archaeologists can extract valuable information and learn from looters' trenches. It is therefore argued that archaeologists should strive to preserve the remnants of looting by making full use of these trenches. Keywords: Archaeology, Looting, Ancient Maya, Architectural Construction, Northern Belize. ii Acknowledgements I would like to begin by expressing my thanks and gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Paul Healy. He has been a great influence and help during my time at Trent, and I am very fortunate to have been able to work with him. Secondly, this thesis would not be here today without the help of my second committee member, Dr. Helen Haines, who took me on as a member of the Ka'Kabish archaeological project. Thank you for sharing your knowledge, and for all your help and assistance. I would also like to extend my thanks to the other member of my committee, Dr. Gyles Iannone, who has provided me with very useful comments and assistance, as well as external examiner Dr. Brett Houk, who also provided very useful comments and aided in improving this thesis. Other members of the Trent Anthropology department have also been very helpful, especially Dr. James Connolly who provided me with a computer and map scanner to work with. Dr. Anne Keenleyside also lent her assistance by identifying osteological material from Ka'Kabish. Finally, Kristine Williams was always very helpful to me, for which I am very grateful. Thanks also go to the Trent Anthropology Graduate Department and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for providing me with financial assistance, without which I would have been unable to undertake my studies in Canada and Belize. My peers in the graduate programme at Trent also helped to contribute to this thesis by providing useful comments along the way. In particular, Maxime Lamoureux St. Hilaire deserves thanks for devoting many hours to sharing his knowledge about Maya ceramics and architecture, and for taking the time to work with us at Ka'Kabish. Special mention also goes to four very special friends: Megan Bower, the most wonderful hostess iii ever, who supplied an endless amount of s'mores, hot chocolate, green crisps, and movies; Madeline Holder, a great friend who never thought twice about helping me out or looking after me; Kimberly Jankuta, who set out to make me experience all things Canadian; and Kendall Hills, the other half of the doll house, who was a great friend and support— I will miss you chical Outside of Trent, I would like to thank Dr. James Aimers and Dr. Elizabeth Graham. Jim was an inspiration to me at UCL and helped me on my path to graduate studies. Similarly, Liz helped me by pointing me in the direction of Trent. I would also like to thank Dr. Richard Hansen for taking the time to communicate with me and providing me with information for this thesis. I am also grateful to the residents of Indian Church (Belize), Zac Simms, Laura Heath, Danielle Budhoo, and Alec McLellan— all of whom made the 2010 field season at Ka'Kabish a success and each contributed in some way to this thesis. Finally, I want to thank my family and friends back in England, especially Mum, Dad, James, and Joseph for all their love and support. IV Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Chapter One: Looting and its Relationship to Archaeology 1 Looting of Archaeological Sites 2 Uses of Looters' Excavations in Archaeology 7 International Legislation 9 The Problem of Looting in the Maya Subarea. 10 Research Questions 16 Summary 18 Chapter Two: The Ancient Maya, Northern Belize, and Ka'Kabish 19 The Preclassic to Postclassic in Northern Belize , 22 The Site of Ka'Kabish 32 Summary 41 Chapter Three: Ancient Maya Architecture 42 Construction Materials 43 Construction Practices 45 Plazas 52 Temple-Pyramids 54 v Range Structures 57 Ballcourts 58 Architectural Arrangements 61 Summary 63 Chapter Four: Ka'Kabish 2010 Field Season 64 Definitions 66 Mapping 68 Artefact Collection 69 Structure D4 70 Plaza D 85 Structure D9 91 Summary 98 Chapter Five: Analysis and Results 99 Ceramic Analysis 99 Lithic Analysis 100 Structure D4 Ceramic Results 104 Structure D4 Lithic Results 106 Structure D4 Conclusions 109 Plaza D Ceramic Results 110 Plaza D Lithic Results 112 Plaza D Faunal Results 116 Plaza D Conclusions 117 Structure D9 Ceramic Results 118 Structure D9 Lithic Results 122 vi Structure D9 Human/ Faunal Results 123 Structure D9 Conclusions 124 Summary 125 Chapter Six: Interpretations and Discussion 128 Limitations 128 Structure D4 Interpretations 129 Structure D9 Interpretations 135 Structural Comparisons 138 Group D Interpretations 142 Architectural Relationship to Northern Belize 147 Architectural Relationship via Visual Communication 151 Summary 152 Chapter Seven: Conclusions 153 What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Looter's Trenches in Archaeology? 153 What was the Chronological Building Sequence of Structures D4 and D9? 156 What were the Functions and Roles of Structures of D4 and D9? 159 What can be Learned about Construction Practices at the Site of Ka'Kabish?... 162 What can be Learned from the Architectural Layout of Group D? 163 Future Research and Goals 165 Summary 166 References 168 Appendix 191 Appendix A: Ka'Kabish Lot Forms 191 vii Appendix B: Ceramic Dating 197 Appendix C: Structure D4 Artefact Analysis 200 Appendix D: Plaza D Artefact Analysis 208 Appendix E: Structure D9 Artefact Analysis 237 VIM List of Figures Figure Page Number 1.1 Map of the Maya Subarea. 11 2.1. Map of Northern Belize 23 2.2. Map of Ka'Kabish 33 2.3. Aerial Photograph overlooking the site of Ka'Kabish 34 3.1. Trimming stone blocks for architectural restoration 44 3.2. Mask from Structure N9-56, Lamanai, Belize 49 3.3. Plaza at Lamanai, Belize 53 3.4. Plaza construction 54 3.5. Temple-pyramids from Tikal, Chichen Itza, and Lamanai 55 3.6. The Maya vault system 57 3.7. Range structure at Uxmal, Mexico 58 3.8. Ballcourt with stone marker at Lamanai, Belize 59 3.9. Ballcourt with ring at Coba, Mexico 60 4.1. Concentration of 2010 fieldwork at Ka'Kabish 65 4.2. The main plaza of Group D, Ka'Kabish 66 4.3. Contour maps of the main plaza, Ka'Kabish 67 4.4.
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