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Political Dynamics in Cahal Pech, Belize During the Middle Preclassic

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Political Dynamics in Cahal Pech, Belize During the Middle Preclassic UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Building Power: Political Dynamics in Cahal Pech, Belize during the Middle Preclassic A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Nancy Peniche May Committee in charge Professor Geoffrey E. Braswell, Chair Professor Guillermo Algaze Professor Thomas E. Levy Professor Elizabeth Newsome Professor Eric Van Young 2016 Copyright Nancy Peniche May, 2016 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Nancy Peniche May is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii DEDICATION A mí papá, Dr. William R. Peniche Osorio iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE …………………………………………………………………….iii DEDICATION …..……………………………………………………………………….iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………....v LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………..x LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………….........xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...………………………………………………………….xxii VITA ...………………………………………………………………………………...xxvi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ...…………………………………………...xxix INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... ……………1 CHAPTER 1. UNDERSTANDING EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CHIEFDOMS AND THE MATERIALIZATION OF POWER ..………………………….……………………………………………………..13 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...….……...……………………………………………..13 1.2 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY ………………….....……….……………………………………..………….13 1.2.1 Understanding Social Complexity ............................……………13 1.2.2 Managerial/Functionalist and Conflict/Political Theoretical Positions ....................................................................……………16 1.2.3 Power .........................................................................……………18 1.2.4 Chiefdoms .................................................................……………20 1.2.5 The Emergence of Chiefdom Political Forms: Prime Movers ..…23 1.2.6 Leaders as Self-servers: Factional Competition and the Emergence of Chiefdoms .............................................................……………28 1.3 THE DUAL-PROCESSUAL THEORY .............................................. ……………31 1.3.1 Breaking-down Political Economic Strategies: Sources of Power and Power Strategies .................................................……………32 1.3.2 Political Economic systems: Network and Corporate Strategies ..36 1.4 ARCHITECTURE OF POWER: THE MATERIALIZATION OF POLITICAL ECONOMIC STRATEGIES ...……………………………….44 1.4.1 Material Correlates of Network Systems ..................……………48 v 1.4.2 Material Correlates of a Corporate System ...............……………51 1.5 SUMMARY ............................................................................................. ……………52 CHAPTER 2. THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC PERIOD IN CONTEXT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND INTERPRETATIONS IN THE MAYA LOWLANDS ................................................................................................................ ……………54 2.1 INTRODUCTION ....………………… …………………………………….54 2.2 THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC ARCHITECTURE ............................ ……………57 2.2.1 Northern Belize: Discovering Middle Preclassic Communities …57 2.2.2 Redefining the Middle Preclassic Period: Public and Residential Architecture in Petén, Guatemala ..............................……………62 2.2.3 No More a Periphery: The Northern Maya Lowlands ...…………71 2.3 THE BELIZE VALLEY DURING THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC: A NON- MAMOM BEARING POPULATION IN THE MAYA LOWLANDS? ..................................................................................................................... ……………79 2.3.1 The Middle Preclassic Ceramic Tradition in the Belize Valley …81 2.3.2 Digging up and Interpreting Architecture: The Built Environment throughout the Jenney Creek Phase ...........................……………84 2.3.3 The Belize Valley from a Regional Perspective ........……………96 CHAPTER 3. CAHAL PECH: A LONG-LIVED MAYA CENTER IN THE BELIZE VALLEY ...……………………………………………………………………………..100 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. ……………100 3.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN CAHAL PECH …………………103 3.3 THE EARLIEST OCCUPATIONS IN CAHAL PECH: THE CUNIL AND KANLUK PHASES ...…………………………………………..................107 3.3.1 The Earliest Locus of Occupation: Plaza B during the Cunil Phase (1100/1000-900 B.C.) ..............................................……………107 3.3.2 Occupation of Cahal Pech during the Early Facet of the Kanluk Phase (900-600 B.C.) ..............................................……………112 3.3.3 The Precinct of Cahal Pech during the Late Facet of the Kanluk Phase (600-350 B.C.) ..............................................……………118 3.3.4 The Population Continues Growing: The Kanluk-phase Occupation in the Periphery ........................................................……………121 3.3.5 What is not Known about Cahal Pech .....................……………133 3.4 REVEALING OR CONCEALING ELITES: MIDDLE RANGE THEORY …………….………………………………………………………………..137 3.4.1 Hypothesis 1: “Elites Revealed” .............................……………137 3.4.2 Hypothesis 2: “Elites Concealed” ...........................……………140 3.4.3 Hypothesis 3: “No Chiefdoms yet” .........................……………142 vi CHAPTER 4. CONCEALED BY PLAZA FLOORS: THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC ARCHITECTURE BENEATH PLAZA B ............................................................. ……………144 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. ……………144 4.2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. ………………145 4.3 THE ARCHITECTURAL SEQUENCE BENEATH PLAZA B: THE CUNIL PHASE (1100/1000-900 B.C.) ............................................................ ……………150 4.3.1 Construction Phase Plaza B/1st ................................……………150 4.3.2 Construction Phase Plaza B/2nd ...............................……………152 4.3.3 Construction Phase Plaza B/3rd ................................……………153 4.3.4 Construction Phase Plaza B/4th ................................……………154 4.4 THE ARCHITECTURAL SEQUENCE BENEATH PLAZA B: THE EARLY FACET OF THE KANLUK PHASE (900-600 B.C.) ...…………156 4.4.1 Construction Phase Plaza B/5th ................................……………156 4.4.2 Construction Phase Plaza B/6th ................................……………159 4.4.3 Construction Phase Plaza B/7th ................................……………160 4.4.4 Construction Phase Plaza B/8th ................................……………161 4.5 THE ARCHITECTURAL SEQUENCE BENEATH PLAZA B: THE LATE FACET OF THE KANLUK PHASE (600-300 B.C.) ...................... ……………167 4.5.1 Construction Phase Plaza B/9th ................................……………167 4.5.2 Construction Phase Plaza B/10th ..............................……………170 4.5.3 Construction Phase Plaza B/11th ..............................……………174 4.5.4 Construction Phase Plaza B/12th ..............................……………189 4.6 BARTON CREEK PHASE AND TIGER RUN CONSTRUCTION PHASES ………………...………………………………………………………........195 4.7 SUMMARY ...……………………………………………………………..197 CHAPTER 5. THE POTTERY BENEATH PLAZA B: THE RELATIVE DATING OF THE BUILDINGS AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES .......................................... ……………198 5.1 INTRODUCTION …… ...…………………………………………………198 5.2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ ……………200 5.3 CUNIL CERAMIC COMPLEX (1100/1000-900 B.C.) ...………………...201 5.3.1 Uck Ceramic Group .................................................……………203 5.3.2 Cocoyol Ceramic Group ..........................................……………207 5.3.3 Chi Ceramic Group ..................................................……………208 5.3.4 Sikiya Ceramic Group .............................................……………209 5.3.5 Huetche Ceramic Group ..........................................……………210 5.3.6 Transitional Ceramic Types ....................................……………211 5.4 KANLUK CERAMIC COMPLEX (900-300 B.C.) ......................... ……………213 5.4.1 Jocote Ceramic Group .............................................……………215 5.4.2 Sayab Ceramic Group ..............................................……………218 5.4.3 Savana Ceramic Group ............................................……………218 5.4.4 Unnamed Bichrome Ceramic Group .......................……………226 5.4.5 Unnamed Black Ceramic Group .............................……………227 vii 5.4.6 Unnamed Brown-black Ceramic Group ..................……………230 5.4.7 Joventud Ceramic Group .........................................……………232 5.4.8 Chunhinta Ceramic Group .......................................……………234 5.4.9 Pital Ceramic Group ................................................……………234 5.4.10 Chicago Orange Ceramic Group .............................……………235 5.4.11 Consejo Ceramic Group ..........................................……………235 5.4.12 Quamina Ceramic Group .........................................……………236 5.5 CERAMIC TYPES AND FORMS OF POTTERY .................……………237 5.5.1 Cunil Construction Phases .......................................……………237 5.5.2 Assessment of the Early Facet of the Kanluk Ceramic Phase .…239 5.5.3
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