Landmines and Spatial Development Appendix II History of Landmine Clearance ∗ Giorgio Chiovelliy Stelios Michalopoulosz Universidad de Montevideo Brown University, CEPR and NBER Elias Papaioannoux London Business School, CEPR December 11, 2019 Abstract This appendix presents a detailed account of the demining operations in Mozambique. Mine clearance in Mozambique was a difficult, 24-year-long task that involved the government, the main warring parties, several international NGOs, commercial operators, international agencies (United Nations), and donor support. The section is organized along the three phases of landmine clearance: (i) initial phase (1992 − 1999); (ii) limited coordination phase (2000 − 2007); (iii) completion phase (2008 − 2015). ∗Additional material can be found at www.land-mines.com yGiorgio Chiovelli. Universidad de Montevideo, Department of Economics, Prudencio de Pena 2440, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay;
[email protected]. Web: https://sites.google.com/site/gchiovelli/ zStelios Michalopoulos. Brown University, Department of Economics, 64 Waterman Street, Robinson Hall, Providence RI, 02912, United States;
[email protected]. Web: https://sites.google.com/site/steliosecon/ xElias Papaioannou. London Business School, Economics Department, Regent's Park. London NW1 4SA. United Kingdom;
[email protected]. Web: https://sites.google.com/site/papaioannouelias/home 1 Contents 1 First Phase (1992-1999)3 1.1 Initiation (1992-1994).......................................3 1.1.1 Conditions in 1992.....................................3 1.1.2 Demining Programmes/Operators............................5 1.1.3 The HALO Trust/UNOHAC Mine Survey of Mozambique 1994............6 1.1.4 Demining.......................................... 12 1.2 Consolidation Phase 1995-1999.................................. 12 1.2.1 Conditions after the 1994 Elections............................ 12 1.2.2 Landmine Clearance.................................... 14 1.3 Summary.............................................