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Marie Arana | 9781439110201 | | | | | Simon Bolivar, The Liberator and Revolutionary Hero Who Freed South America | Ancient Origins

Simon Bolivar was a Venezuelan military and political leader who is remembered primarily for leading revolutions in Latin America against the Spanish Empire. Additionally, Peru and Bolivia gained their independence thanks to Bolivar. He was the son of a Venezuelan aristocrat of Spanish descent and hailed from a family that had both wealth and status. Bolivar lost his parents at a young age, his father died when he was three years old and his mother six years later. As a consequence, he was raised by his uncle who hired tutors to educate the boy. One of these tutors was Simon Rodriguez, who was an admirer of the Enlightenment and introduced the young boy to the concepts of liberty and freedom. At the age of 16, Bolivar was sent to Spain to complete his education. It was during this time that he met Maria Rodriguez, the daughter of a Spanish nobleman. The pair got married in and returned to Venezuela in the same year. In Paris, Bolivar met his former tutor Rodriguez, who had been forced to flee Venezuela in on suspicion of plotting to overthrow the yoke of Spanish colonial rule in Latin America. InBolivar returned to Venezuela, and a year later, the independence movement in Latin America was launched. The Spanish settlers of Latin America saw Napoleon's invasion of Spain Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition an opportunity to sever their ties with the mother country. On the 19 th of Aprilthe Spanish viceroy was deposed, and a junta was established in Venezuela. In order to deter French designs on the country, Bolivar was sent to Great Britain to seek their support. Although he failed to achieve this, he met Francisco de Miranda, who had led a prior revolution, and convinced him to return to lead the new independence movement. Venezuela declared its independence on the 5 th of Julybut this was short-lived. Spain responded by sending an army to reassert control over their rebellious colony. The Venezuelans were defeated and de Miranda, Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition was handed over to the Spanish, spent the rest of his life in prison. Bolivar went into exile but continued his dreams for an independent Latin America. In latehe went to New Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition, where there was a growing independence movement. He obtained men and began attacking a Spanish garrison. Bolivar was victorious and more clashes ensued. As Bolivar was able to defeat the Spanish each time, his prestige and army grew. By the beginning ofBolivar had a large enough army and was ready to liberate Venezuela. Nevertheless, using speed and surprise, Bolivar was able Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition beat the Spanish and entered Caracas on the 7 th of August. Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition Second Republic too was short-lived, and Bolivar was forced into exile once more infollowing his defeat at the Battle of La Puerta. Although defeated, Bolivar did not give up and continued his struggle Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition independence. InBolivar returned to Venezuela and began his fight against the Spanish once more. In the three years that followed, there was no clear winner in the war between Bolivar and the Spanish forces. Capturing the city would allow Bolivar to destroy the Spanish power base in the region. Still, Bolivar succeeded and took the city by surprise. At the end ofthe Republic of Colombia commonly referred to as Gran Colombia was created. Nevertheless, Bolivar was close to achieving victory. In Spain, a revolution broke out in that forced the king to recognize the ideals of liberalism, which discouraged Spanish action in Latin America. This allowed Bolivar to negotiate with the Spanish commander and obtained an armistice for six months. When fighting resumed, Bolivar was able to defeat the Spanish easily. In the years that followed, Peru was liberated, as well as the region of Upper Peruthe last stronghold of the Spanish. The latter was renamed Bolivia in honor of its liberator. Incidentally, the southern part of the continent was liberated by another freedom fighter, the Argentinian Jose de San Martin. Now that Latin America was freed from Spanish rule, Bolivar envisioned a league of Latin America nations, though this did not receive the support he had hoped for. In fact, conflict soon broke among the newly-liberated nations. Civil war broke out between Venezuela and New Granada, while Ecuador was invaded by the Peruvians who wanted control of Guayaquil. Bolivar realized that he was unable to Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition the conflicts between these nations and was in fact causing them. After an attempted assassination and failing health, Bolivar gave up all his positions in On the 10 th of December in the same year, Simon Bolivar died of tuberculosis. He is still regarded today as one of the greatest leaders of Latin America. Masur, G. Biography of Simon Bolivar. Simon Bolivar: Liberator of Latin America. Simon Bolivar Biography. I Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition a university student doing a BA degree in Archaeology. I believe that intellectual engagement by advocates from both ends of the spectrum would serve to Read More. Ancient Origins has been quoted by:. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Skip to main content. References Masur, G. Simon Bolivar. Login or Register in order to comment. Top New Stories. Authorities are stunned, after a series of German museum attacks on priceless historic artifacts and artworks. Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition liquid has been smeared on famous exhibits at three renowned Berlin museums. Human Origins. The Kalash known also as the Kalasha are an indigenous people living in what is today Pakistan. Ancient Technology. Dating back 11, years - with a coded message left by ancient man from the Mesolithic Age - the Shigir Idol is almost three times as old as the Egyptian pyramids. New scientific findings suggest that images and hieroglyphics on the wooden statue were carved with the jaw of a beaver, its teeth intact. Ten amazing inventions from ancient times. The Indian Sage who developed Atomic Theory 2, years ago. Ancient Places. Loulan was discovered inbut it was years ago that she died on the trade route known as the Silk Road. The natural dryness and salty soil preserved her and over two hundred other mummies, Floki and the Viking Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition of Iceland. Medieval Icelanders were fascinated by genealogy, not only because, as emigrants. Ancient Image Galleries. Next article. Biography of Simon Bolivar, 'Liberator of South America'

Drawing on a wealth of primary documents, novelist and journalist Marie Arana brilliantly captures early nineteenth- century South America and the explosive tensions that helped revolutionize Bolivar. Inhe launched a campaign for the independence of Colombia and Venezuela, commencing a dazzling career that would take him across the rugged terrain of South America. From his battlefield victories to his ill-fated brief marriage and legendary love affairs, Bolivar emerges as a man of many facets: fearless general, brilliant strategist, consummate diplomat, passionate abolitionist, and gifted writer. He was the greatest leader in Latin American history, and his tale is filled with lessons about leadership and passion. This book reads like a wonderful novel but is researched like a masterwork of history. North Americans who know only of George Washington will thrill to read the epic adventures of his South American counterpart. It is history. It is true. Her portrait of Bolivar is human and moving; she has written a powerful and epic life and times. Arana ably captures the brash brilliance of this revered and vilified leader. Her understanding of the man behind the fame—and behind the hostility that enveloped him in his later years—brings this biography to the heights of the art and craft of life-writing. Here are three samples of her narrative style. Read more. Grandeur was his nature. He aroused adulation. He dealt a few preliminary military defeats to the Spanish imperial army, and inhe entered victoriously, for the moment, into Caracas on a chariot drawn by white-gowned daughters of the leading families, as if he were a god or a Caesar. At the island of Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition. The advent of text messaging is two centuries away, however, and the lovers have their signals crossed — Machado has sailed for Haiti. Superbly balanced. I suspect that one reason why her biography is so plausible and engagingly told is that the Peruvian-born Arana is herself a writer of fiction. There were musty books in teetering bookcases, an ornately carved piano, marble-topped tables, bronze busts of illustrious Romans, and four immense ancestral portraits that seemed to watch me with pointed reproach. Two of the likenesses were of my beloved grandparents peering down with what I never saw on their real faces—sharp looks of haughty surprise. But the other two portraits were of an earlier vintage, painted years before I was born. The wistful beauty who stared from the other wall was Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition daughter he never knew, Trinidad, born a few weeks after a rebel sword pierced his heart. After three hundred years of Spanish rule, with two of my ancestors battling one another in the dust of the cordillera, the yoke of colonialism was broken, the war of independence won. And so, although I had been instructed to sit in that room and ponder my waywardness, I could Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition wonder at the glories of rebellion. Driven by his vision of a free America, he single- handedly conceived, organized and led the independence movements of six nations—Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru—an area roughly the size of modern Europe. The odds against which he fought—a formidable, established world power, vast areas of untracked wilderness, the splintered loyalties of various races—would have proved daunting for the ablest of generals with strong armies at his command. He had no formal military training. And yet, with little more than will and a genius for leadership, he freed much of Latin America and laid out his dream for a unified continent. To win Caracas, he battled a sadistic, golden- haired pirate. To win Colombia, he engaged the black president of Haiti. To win Venezuela, he enlisted inmates from hospitals, teenage boys. To undertake his punishing march over the Andes, he called his officers to a wasteland of bleached skulls Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition told them how his army of 2, ragtag men would cross land that was waist-deep in rain, then scramble over the icy promontories to win Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition its freedom. Half the cattle they brought for food drowned. Hundreds of soldiers died in the perilous crossing. What we do know is his name. Writers and politicians summon it to explain leaders as disparate as Fidel Castro, Hugo Chavez, Juan Peron, and Alberto Fujimori; in truth, all have drawn from the legacy of this remarkable man. Every humble Latino immigrant imports some aspect of his complex mythology. At first, the trajectory of his career suggested nothing but glory. But the last six years of his life ended in poverty, illness, and exile. Not one founder of the United States of America Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition a similar span from greatness to ignominy. The difference is revealing. The Bolivarian phenomenon is unique in Latin America, and one I explore in this book. His skillful use of guerrilla tactics and his insistence on leading soldiers in the field set a standard for future commanders. The institutions he built and the constitutions he wrote—calling for racial equality unmatched in the hemisphere—survive to this day. And though in his time he was adored and reviled in equal measure, history has granted him an undisputed place in the pantheon of heroes. But what kind of man was he, really? Study him long enough, as I have, and the flesh and blood man emerges. He may have been a philosopher and a visionary, but he was also an orphan who kicked stones in the back alleys of Caracas. He was a flamboyant, self-assertive personality, who could befriend a prince as easily as he could a pauper. He loved to argue. He loved contests of physical prowess. He loved to dance. And though he was no stranger to bordellos, he preferred the company of mistresses. In 47 years of life, he had more than 35 of them. Often, he chose them from among the flocks of young girls who ran out from the liberated towns to welcome him with crowns of laurel. The delicate but plucky Pepita would travel long distances, accompanied by her mother and escorted by crude revolutionaries, to spend rapturous nights with him in his tent. Hurrying to meet him after the Battle of Angostura, she died of sheer exhaustion. His words live on Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition a rich collection of letters and speeches. Few leaders have possessed his knowledge of world history, his facility in letters, his brilliant verbal command. And few have captured the drama of their times so eloquently. Little wonder that few know the full man. I have relied overwhelmingly on primary sources throughout Latin America. I have tracked world opinion in North America and Europe. And yet, though the book is meticulously researched and accompanied by a full scholarly apparatus, it is more of Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition cinematic epic than a scholarly tome. As a writer whose work has always aspired to explain the Latin temperament, I believe I am uniquely qualified to write this biography. I understand the driving ideals of liberty and justice that animate his story, and I understand the bigotry that weighs it down. I believe that he is the quintessential icon of Latin maleness—that we insure his immortality by recreating him in our sons. And I think that, ultimately, his life serves as a metaphor of Latin identity. My goal has been to capture a history that continues to Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition to the Americas. Why did Fidel Castro model a Marxist vision after him? Why is he the only hero of Latin American independence whose name we know? It is a tale for the hemisphere, a lesson for our times. I greatly look forward to introducing readers to this unforgettable story. Marie Arana is the former literary editor of The Washington Post. Prize and Lima Nights. Arana has also written introductions for numerous books, among them Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition widely popular National Geographic book of photographs of Latin America: Through the Eyes of the Condor, which was translated into 50 languages. She is a contributor to a prize-winning volume on Machu Picchu, as well as collections on writing and Hispanicity. In the course of her career, she has written countless feature pieces on culture for The Washington Post, Civilization magazine, the National Geographic, the Smithsonian magazine, and other publications. She is a sought-after speaker on literary criticism, the American publishing industry, and Hispanic identity, appearing on Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition, radio, and at universities throughout the country. This page Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition having a slideshow that uses Javascript. Your browser either doesn't support Javascript or you have it turned off. To see this page as it is meant to appear please use a Javascript enabled browser. The Telegraph U. The Guardian U. But a resonant story has yet to be truly told. It happened to Peron, Fujimori, Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition, Toledo, Vicente Fox, and countless others who have risen to presidential office, but the world remains surprised each Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition it happens. Posted in BooksEnglish Editions. Nadine Gordimer reflects on her Writing Life. With a profile by Marie Arana. Events: Book Tour. Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition, Sword, and Stone — New Book. Marie Arana - Bolívar: American Liberator

Simon Bolivar July 24, —December 17, was the greatest leader of Latin America's independence movement from Spain. A superb general and a charismatic politician, he not only drove the Spanish from northern South America but also was instrumental in the early formative years of the republics that sprang up once the Spanish had gone. His later years are marked by the collapse of his grand dream of a united South America. He is remembered as "The Liberator," Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition man who liberated his home from Spanish rule. Bolivar was born in Caracas present-day Venezuela in to an extremely wealthy "creole" family Latin Americans descended almost entirely from European Spaniards. At that time, a handful of families owned most Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition the land in Venezuelaand the Bolivar family was among the wealthiest in the colony. Both of Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition parents died while Simon was still young: he had Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition memory of his father, Juan Vicente, and his mother Concepcion Palacios died when he was 9 years old. Young Simon was an arrogant, hyperactive lad who often had disagreements with his tutors. He was schooled at the finest schools that Caracas had to offer. From to he went to Europe, where he toured around in the manner of a wealthy New World Creole. He was very competitive, often challenging his officers to contests of swimming or horsemanship and usually winning. Bolivar married once early in life, but his wife died shortly thereafter. From that point forward, he was a notorious womanizer who had dozens, if not hundreds, of lovers over the years. He cared greatly for appearances and loved nothing more than making grand entrances into cities he had liberated and could spend hours grooming himself; in fact, some claim he could use Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition whole bottle of cologne in one day. Venezuelan general Francisco de Miranda had attempted to kick-start independence Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition with an aborted invasion of Venezuela's northern coast. On April 19,the people of Caracas declared provisional independence from Spain: they were still nominally loyal to King Ferdinand, but would rule Venezuela by themselves until such a time as Spain was back on its feet and Ferdinand restored. There he met Miranda and invited him back to Venezuela to participate in the government of the young republic. When Bolivar returned, he found civil strife between patriots and royalists. On March 26,a tremendous earthquake rocked Venezuela. It hit mostly rebellious cities, Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition Spanish priests were able to convince a superstitious population that the earthquake was divine retribution. Royalist Captain Domingo Monteverde rallied the Spanish and royalist forces and captured important ports and the city of Valencia. Miranda sued for peace. Bolivar was defeated and went into exile. In latehe went to New Granada now Colombia to look for a commission as an officer in the growing Independence Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition there. He was given men and control of a remote outpost. He aggressively attacked all Spanish forces in the Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition, and his prestige Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition army grew. By the beginning ofhe was ready to lead a sizeable army into Venezuela. The royalists in Venezuela could not beat him head-on but rather tried to surround him with a number of smaller armies. The gamble paid off, and on Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition 7,Bolivar rode victoriously into Caracas at the head of his army. This dazzling march became known as the Admirable Campaign. The grateful people named him Liberator and made him dictator of the new nation. He did not have time to govern, as he was constantly battling royalist forces. At the beginning ofthe "infernal Legion," an army of savage Plainsmen led by a cruel but charismatic Spaniard named Tomas Boves, began assaulting the young republic. Inhe penned his famous Letter from Jamaica, which outlined the struggles of Independence to date. Widely disseminated, the letter reinforced his position as the most important leader of the Independence movement. When he returned to the mainland, he found Venezuela in the grip of chaos. Pro-independence leaders and royalist forces fought up and down the land, devastating the countryside. This period was marked by much strife among the different generals fighting for independence. In earlyVenezuela was devastated, its cities in ruins, as royalists and patriots fought vicious battles wherever they met. He then realized that he was less than miles away from the Viceregal capital of Bogota, which was practically undefended. If he could capture it, he could destroy the Spanish base Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition power in northern South America. The only problem: between him and Bogota were not only flooded plains, fetid swamps and raging rivers but the mighty, snow-capped peaks of the Andes Mountains. In May ofhe began the crossing with some 2, men. His army was in tatters: some estimate that 2, may have perished en route. Despite his Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition, in the summer of Bolivar had his army where he needed it. He also had the element of surprise. His enemies assumed he would never be so insane as to cross the Andes where he Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition. He quickly recruited new soldiers from a population eager for liberty and set out for Bogota. On August 10, Bolivar marched into Bogota unopposed. With captured funds and weapons and recruits flocking to his banner, it was only a matter of time before the remaining Spanish forces in New Granada and Venezuela were run down and defeated. Northern South America was liberated, so Bolivar turned his gaze to the south. Sucre's army moved into present-day Ecuador, liberating towns and cities as it went. On May 24,Sucre squared off against the largest royalist force in Ecuador. They fought on Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition muddy slopes of Pichincha Volcano, within sight of Quito. On December 9, Sucre dealt the royalists another harsh blow at the Battle of Ayacucho, basically destroying the last royalist army in Peru. The next year, also on August 6, the Congress of Upper Peru created the nation of Bolivia, naming it after Bolivar and confirming him as president. It was his dream to unite them all, creating one unified nation. It was not to be. Santander had angered Bolivar by refusing to send troops and supplies during the liberation of Ecuador and Peru, and Bolivar dismissed him when he returned to Gran Colombia. By then, however, the republic was beginning to Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition apart. Regional leaders had been consolidating their power in Bolivar's absence. In Colombia, Santander Bolivar American Liberator 1st edition had his followers who felt that he was the best man to lead the nation. The nations were divided among his supporters and his detractors: in the streets, people burned him in effigy as a tyrant. A civil war was a constant threat. As the Republic of Gran Colombia fell around him, his health deteriorated as his tuberculosis worsened. Even as he left, his successors fought over the pieces of his empire and his allies fought to get him reinstated. As he and his entourage slowly made their way to the coast, he still dreamed of unifying South America into one great nation. It was not to be: he finally succumbed to tuberculosis on December 17, His name made the famous list of the most famous people in history, compiled by Michael H. His dreams and words have proved prescient time and again. He knew that the future of Latin America lay in freedom and he knew how to attain it. He predicted that if Gran Colombia fell apart and that if smaller, weaker republics were allowed to form from the ashes of the Spanish colonial system, the region would always be at an international disadvantage. Share Flipboard Email. Table of Contents Expand. Early Life. Personal Life. Venezuela: Ripe for Independence. The First Venezuelan Republic. The Admirable Campaign. The Second Venezuelan Republic. The Battle of Boyaca. Mopping up in Venezuela and New Granada. The Liberation of Ecuador. The Liberation of Peru and the Creation of Bolivia. Dissolution of Gran Colombia. Death of Simon Bolivar. The Legacy of Simon Bolivar. Christopher Minster. Professor of History and Literature. Christopher Minster, Ph. I blush to say this: Independence is the only benefit we have acquired, to the detriment of all the rest. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our.