Article Diversity in Urban Landscape, South Jakarta,

Arinana 1,*, Rifat Aldina 1, Dodi Nandika 1, Aunu Rauf 2, Idham S. Harahap 2, I Made Sumertajaya 3 and Effendi Tri Bahtiar 1

1 Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia; [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (D.N.); [email protected] (E.T.B.) 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia; [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (I.S.H.) 3 Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +62-251-8621-285

Academic Editors: Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, Wakako Ohmura, Vernard Lewis and Ryutaro Iwata Received: 19 January 2016; Accepted: 3 May 2016; Published: 6 May 2016

Abstract: The population of South Jakarta, a city within the Province of Jakarta Capital Region, is increasing annually, and the development of land into building causes termite diversity loss. The aim of this research was to determine the diversity of subterranean termite species and their distribution in South Jakarta and to evaluate the soil profile termite habitat. This study was conducted in South Jakarta and was carried out at four residential areas representing four randomly selected sub-districts. Specimens were collected with a baiting system. At each residence, as many as 25–30 stakes of pine wood (Pinus merkusii) sized 2 cm ˆ 2 cm ˆ 46 cm were placed for termite sampling. Soil samples were also collected from each residence for testing of their texture, pH, soil water content, and C-organic. Three species of subterranean were identified, including Coptotermes curvignathus, Microtermes insperatus, and gilvus, with area-specific variations in occurrence. The soil and weather conditions in the studied areas provided suitable habitat for termites, and M. insperatus was the most commonly found species.

Keywords: termite dispersion region; termite diversity and distribution; termite identification; soil characteristics and local weather effect

1. Introduction Termites frequently destroy wood as well as other cellulose materials used in building construction. The insects have successfully adapted to the varied conditions that characterize urban and agricultural environments around the world [1], and their attacks on buildings are an important issue. The intensity of these attacks is high and ongoing, and economic losses associated with them tend to increase from year to year. Subterranean termites are the most commonly occurring type, and they are potentially the most destructive pest in any building. The intensity of a termite attack and the magnitude of the resulting damage can be very high. According to Nandika et al. [2], economic losses from termite-related damage in residential buildings in Indonesia was estimated to be Rp 8.7 trillion in 2015. The threat of termite attack on buildings will remain high. The climate of South Jakarta features moderate rain intensity, and the humid weather can cause building damage, such as cracks and decay. This damage can provide access for termites to enter the buildings. Termites not only attack the cellulose-containing components of a building, such as window or door frames, doors, roofs, and ceilings, but also the interior wooden structures, such as furniture and sculpture. This attack will certainly inflict a high economic cost on maintaining buildings.

Insects 2016, 7, 20; doi:10.3390/insects7020020 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2016, 7, 20 2 of 18 Insects 2016, 7, 20 2 of 18

Thebuildings. results of The the results current of research the current study research are expected study are to provideexpected information to provide information about the diversity about the and distributiondiversity and of subterranean distribution of termite subterranean species intermite residential species areas in residential and to identify areas the and intensity to identify of attacks the inintensity residential of buildings.attacks in residential buildings.

2.2. Experimental Experimental Section Section

2.1.2.1. Time Time and and Locations Locations ThisThis research research was was conducted conducted fromfrom DecemberDecember 2014 to to April April 2015 2015 in in four four residences residences chosen chosen from from fourfour randomly randomly selected selected sub-districts sub-districts outout ofof 1010 inin SouthSouth Jakarta:Jakarta: Tebet Tebet Barat Barat (latitude: (latitude: 6°14 6˝14′031′′03S,11 S, longitude:longitude: 106 106°50˝50160′6011′′E,E, altitudealtitude 1717 m.a.s.l.),m.a.s.l.), JagakarsaJagakarsa (06°19 (06˝19′31131′′11S,S, 106°49 106˝49′06106′′E,11 E,62 62m.a.s.l.), m.a.s.l.), Pasar Pasar MingguMinggu (06 (06°17˝17138′3811′′S,S, 106106°49˝491′252511′′E, 39 m.a.s.l.), and and Cipulir (06°14 (06˝14′13113′′S,11S, 106°46 106˝46′251′′25E,11 E,24 24m.a.s.l.). m.a.s.l.). IdentificationIdentification of termitesof termites was was conducted conducted at the at Laboratory the Laboratory of Wood of Quality Wood ImprovementQuality Improvement Technology, DepartmentTechnology, of Department Forest Products, of Forest Faculty Products, of Forestry, Faculty Bogor of Forestry, Agricultural Bogor Agricultural University University (IPB). Soil analysis(IPB). wasSoil carried analysis out was at thecarried Laboratory out at the of Laboratory Integrated of Soil Integrated Resource, Soil Soil Resource, Research Soil Institute, Research AgencyInstitute, for AgriculturalAgency for ResearchAgricultural and Research Development, and Development, Ministry of Agriculture,Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor. Bogor.

2.2.2.2. Equipment Equipment and and Materials Materials TheThe equipment equipment used used in in this this researchresearch includedincluded bottles for for termite termite collection, collection, brushes, brushes, a digital a digital camera, a stereo microscope, environment meter (thermo-hygro and lux meter) (Krisbow), camera, a stereo microscope, environment meter (thermo-hygro and lux meter) (Krisbow), transparent transparent plastic, surgical instruments for termite dissection, and a soil driller. The materials used plastic, surgical instruments for termite dissection, and a soil driller. The materials used were air-dried were air-dried pine wood (Pinus merkusii) stakes measuring 2 cm × 2 cm × 46 cm, oil paint (red color), pine wood (Pinus merkusii) stakes measuring 2 cm ˆ 2 cm ˆ 46 cm, oil paint (red color), and alcohol 70%. and alcohol 70%. 2.3. Collection and Identification of Termite Species 2.3. Collection and Identification of Termite Species Pine wood was chosen for the stakes because Arinana et al. [3] found that subterranean termites Pine wood was chosen for the stakes because Arinana et al. [3] found that subterranean termites prefer pine wood to Acacia mangium, Hevea brasiliensis, and Paraserianthes falcataria. The tops of the prefer pine wood to Acacia mangium, Hevea brasiliensis, and Paraserianthes falcataria. The tops of the stakesstakes were were painted painted with with a a bright bright colorcolor (red)(red) toto help mark their their location. location. The The size size of of the the stakes stakes used used followedfollowed the the ASTM ASTM standard standard [ 4[4].]. TermitesTermites were were collected collected with with a baitinga baiting system, system, which which included included 108 108 stakes stakes in allin investigatedall investigated areas (25–30areas stakes (25–30 per stakes residence). per residence). The stakes The stakes were installed were installed around around the house the hous ande outdoorand outdoor structures structures on the propertyon the property in areas thatin areas were that not were covered not bycovered concrete by concrete or other or artificial other artificial barriers. barriers. Some stakes Some were stakes also installedwere also in outdoor installed community in outdoor areascommunity such as areas playgrounds, such as playgrounds, gardens, parks, gardens,etc. Stakes parks, amounted etc. Stakes to as manyamounted as 25, 28,to as 30, many and 25as 25, pieces, 28, 30, spread and 25 around pieces, the spread housing around areas the in housing Tebet Barat,areas in Jagakarsa, Tebet Barat, Pasar Minggu,Jagakarsa, and Pasar Cipulir, Minggu, respectively. and Cipulir, Stakes respectively. were installed Stakes vertically were installed into the vertically soil so that into half the was soil below so thethat soil half surface, was below as shown the soil in Figuresurface,1. as Stakes shown were in Figure left in 1. place Stakes for were 3 months left in and place checked for 3 months monthly and for termitechecked infestation. monthly for termite infestation.

FigureFigure 1.1. Installation of of stakes. stakes. Insects 2016, 7, 20 3 of 18

Stakes that were attacked by termites were extracted, and soldiers were collected and preserved in 70% alcohol. The species of the soldier termites were then identified based on literature and key identification according to Ahmad [5] and Tho [6]. The collected termites were photographed and observed by microscope under 10ˆ magnification for the entire body and 30ˆ magnification for the head parts including the antennae and mandibles.

2.4. Soil Characteristics Analysis Soil sampling was conducted at four points (Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern parts) in every region of the study at depths of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm; thus, there were 32 soil samples in total. The soil samples were sent to the Laboratory of Integrated Soil Resource (an ISO/IEC1705 certified laboratory) to measure the soil moisture content, pH, C-organic content, and texture.

2.5. Sunlight Intensity, Temperature, and Humidity Measurements Measurements of sunlight intensity, temperature, and humidity were conducted in the morning (8:00 a.m.), noon (12:00 a.m.), and afternoon (16:00 p.m.).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Diversity of Subterranean Termites Twenty-one stakes were attacked during the 3 months those stakes were in place, and the identification and method of determination based on Ahmad [5] and Tho [6] revealed that three species of subterranean termites were present. The termites were members of two termite families, namely Rhinotermitidae and . The diversity of subterranean termites in South Jakarta is shown in Table1.

Table 1. Diversity of subterranean termites from four residences in South Jakarta.

Number of Percentage of Stakes Residential Family Termite Species Installed Stakes Infested Stakes Code A1 Rhinotermitidae Coptotermes curvignathus Tebet Barat 25 8.0% A2 Rhinotermitidae C. curvignathus B1 Termitidae Microtermes insperatus B2 Termitidae M. insperatus B3 Termitidae Macrotermes gilvus Jagakarsa 28 21.4% B4 Termitidae M. insperatus B5 Termitidae M. insperatus B6 Termitidae M. gilvus C1 Termitidae M. insperatus C2 Termitidae M. gilvus C3 Termitidae M. insperatus C4 Termitidae M. insperatus C5 Termitidae M. insperatus Pasar Minggu 30 36.7% C6 Termitidae M. insperatus C7 Termitidae M. insperatus C8 Termitidae M. insperatus C9 Termitidae M. insperatus C10 Termitidae M. insperatus C11 Termitidae M. insperatus D1 Termitidae M. insperatus Cipulir 25 8.0% D2 Termitidae M. insperatus

The species found in the research area were Microtermes insperatus (attacked sixteen stakes), Macrotermes gilvus (attacked three stakes), and Coptotermes curvignathus (attacked two stakes). Nandika [2] who conducted similar research in West Jakarta and East Jakarta also reported that Insects 2016, 7, 20 4 of 18

Insects 2016, 7, 20 4 of 18 M. insperatus was frequently found in those two areas. Meanwhile Arinana et al. [7] reported that C. curvignathusinsperatuswas was dominant frequently infound residences in those two of Bumiareas. Meanwhile Bekasi-West Arinana Java et (aal. nearby[7] reported district that C. to Jakarta). curvignathus was dominant in residences of Bumi Bekasi-West Java (a nearby district to Jakarta). Figure2 showsInsects 2016 representative, 7, 20 photographs of soldier termites found in the research areas.4 of 18 More complete identificationFigure 2 shows informationrepresentative photographs about the termites of soldierthat termites attacked found thein the wood research stake areas. bait More are shown in completeinsperatus identification was frequently information found in aboutthose thetwo termit areas.es Meanwhilethat attacked Arinana the wood et al.stake [7] baitreported are shown that C. the appendix.in the appendix. curvignathus was dominant in residences of Bumi Bekasi-West Java (a nearby district to Jakarta). Figure 2 shows representative photographs of soldier termites found in the research areas. More complete identification information about the termites that attacked the wood stake bait are shown in the appendix.

Figure 2. Termites found at the research locations: (a) C. curvignathus; (b) M. gilvus; (c) M. insperatus. Figure 2. Termites found at the research locations: (a) C. curvignathus;(b) M. gilvus;(c) M. insperatus. The results of this research showed that the Termitidae (90.48%) family was more dominant than

The resultsthe Rhinotermitidae of this research (9.52%). showedEggleton [8] that reported the Termitidae that the Termitidae (90.48%) family family was dominant was more in the dominant tropicalFigure region. 2. Termites According found to at Wang the research et al. [9], locations: species (a of) C. Rhinotermitidae curvignathus; (b) M.are gilvus found; (c )more M. insperatus frequently. than the Rhinotermitidaeoutside natural forests (9.52%). or in areas Eggleton of natural [forest8] reported that have thatbeen converted the Termitidae into plantations, family estates, was dominant The results of this research showed that the Termitidae (90.48%) family was more dominant than in the tropicalor farms. region. The subfamilies According of Rhinotermitidae to Wang et al. found[9], speciesin the research of Rhinotermitidae were Coptotermitinae are found(C. more frequentlycurvignathusthe outside Rhinotermitidae natural), members forests (9.52%). of the or Eggletonfamily in areas Rhinotermitidae, [8] of reported natural that forest genus the Termitidae thatCoptotermes have ,family been which converted wasare thedominant most into likely in plantations,the tropical region. According to Wang et al. [9], species of Rhinotermitidae are found more frequently estates, orto farms. attack wood The and subfamilies buildings [10]. ofRhinotermitidae Meanwhile, the subfamilies found of in Termitidae the research found werein the Coptotermitinaeresearch areaoutside was natural Macrotermiti forestsnae, or in with areas members of natural M. forestgilvus andthat M.have insperatus. been converted Of the three into plantations,species found, estates, the C. curvignathus Coptotermes ( wood-destroyingor farms.), members The subfamilies capabilities of the family ofof C.Rhinotermitidae curvignathus Rhinotermitidae, were found the highest.in genus the research C. curvignathus were ,Coptotermitinae whichhas been are reported the most(C. likely to attack woodtocurvignathus attack and up buildingsto), membersthe top of of [ 10a thehigh]. family Meanwhile, rise apartment Rhinotermitidae, the building subfamilies genus in South Coptotermes ofJakarta Termitidae, [11].which The are percentages found the most in likely theof research area was Macrotermitinae,termiteto attack species wood are and provided withbuildings members in Figure[10]. Meanwhile, 3.M. gilvus theand subfamiliesM. insperatus. of TermitidaeOf the found three in the species research found, the area was Macrotermitinae, with members M. gilvus and M. insperatus. Of the three species found, the wood-destroyingwood-destroying capabilities capabilities of C. curvignathusof C. curvignathuswere were the the highest. highest. C.C. curvignathus curvignathus has hasbeen been reported reported to attack up toto theattack top up of to a the high top rise of a apartmentCoptotermeshigh rise apartmentcurvignathus building ,building in South in South Jakarta Jakarta [11 [11].]. The The percentages percentages of of termite species aretermite provided species in are Figure provided3. in Figure9.50% 3.

Coptotermes curvignathus, Macrotermes 9.50% gilvus, 14.30%

Macrotermes gilvus, 14.30% Microtermes insperatus, 76.20%

Microtermes insperatus, 76.20%

Figure 3. Percentages of subterranean termites represented in South Jakarta.

Figure 3.FigurePercentages 3. Percentages of subterranean of subterranean termites termites represented represented in South in South Jakarta. Jakarta.

3.2. Soil Characteristics The soil at each residence contained high amounts of clay and C-organic. Termites can increase the organic matter content in soil that is used to build a nest, and they also modify the composition of clay minerals [12]. Soil characteristics are shown in Table2. Insects 2016, 7, 20 5 of 18

Table 2. Soil characteristics at four residences in South Jakarta.

Depth Water C-Organic Sand Silt Clay Residential pH Soil Criteria (cm) Content (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 0–20 27.42 6.85 6.66 46 35 19 Loam Tebet Barat 20–40 22.10 7.30 5.44 19 35 46 Clay 0–20 31.07 6.68 9.55 11 33 56 Clay Jagakarsa 20–40 30.20 6.90 8.61 12 26 62 Clay Pasar 0–20 28.77 6.72 7.52 5 55 40 Silty Clay Minggu 20–40 23.48 6.48 7.01 15 37 48 Clay 0–20 26.10 6.36 7.17 8 41 51 Silty Clay Cipulir 20–40 26.47 6.70 7.09 11 73 16 Loamy Sand

Ground water levels regulate the levels of air and gas exchange that affect the soil properties (water content, pH, texture) and activity of organisms in the soil. There were strong correlations between termite infestation and soil water content and texture (Table3). Our results showed a neutral pH range between 6.36 and 7.30 and a water content ranging from 22.10% to 31.07%. In those ranges of pH and soil water content, the termites attacked more frequently in the higher moisture content than the lower one. Hillel [13] stated that many other soil properties depend on moisture content, including mechanical properties such as consistency, plasticity, and strength. The characteristics of clay, soil shrinkage, and development are related to the addition or subtraction of water, which causes changes in the density, porosity, and pore size distribution. Termites prefer to nest in silty clay rather than in the loamy sand of soil.

Table 3. Correlation between soil characteristics at a depth of 0–20 cm below the soil surface and percentage of termite infestation.

Soil Water C-Organic Sand Silt Clay Soil pH * Content (%) * (%) * (%) * (%) * (%) * Criteria ** Coefficient of correlation (r) 0.564 0.270 0.359 ´0.568 0.722 0.226 0.500 p-value 0.436 0.730 0.641 0.432 0.278 0.774 0.500 Note: * = parametric correlation; ** = non-parametric (Spearman) correlation.

White [14] argues that the highest C-organic content is located at a depth of 15–20 cm below the soil surface. This is consistent with our research showing that levels of C-organic ranged from 5.44% to 9.55%. C-organic content in 0–20 cm depth of soil has a positive correlation with termite infestation level (Table3). According to Lee and Wood [ 15], land with termite activity has very high organic matter content. This agrees with the work of Foth [16], who stated that organic material is influenced by the current amount of the original material and by the rate of decomposition and humification, which are highly dependent on environmental conditions.

3.3. Sunlight Intensity, Temperature, and Humidity Measurements Termite colonies are usually maintained in constant temperature (25–36 ˝C) and high humidity. Termites build nests and hives to protect the microclimate habitat from outer environment interference. The temperature in the research location showed an optimum temperature range for subterranean termites’ life, with a minimum temperature of 26.2 ˝C and a maximum of 34.7 ˝C; meanwhile, the atmospheric humidity was considered too low for termite life (Table4). The lowest humidity (54.5%) in the investigated areas occurred during the day, and the highest humidity (79.4%) was in the morning. According to Nandika et al. [17], a suitable humidity for termites ranges between 75% and 90%. The termite nests and hives were built to maintain humidity levels so that the thin-skinned workers can be protected from drying out. Termites are able to create a microclimate inside the hive, however, and humidity levels found in this study are still tolerable. Insects 2016, 7, 20 6 of 18

Since the external temperature of all investigated areas were suitable enough for termite life, the correlation of external temperature and termite infestation was low; meanwhile, the sunlight intensity and humidity were strongly correlated to termite infestation (Table5). Bahtiar et al. [18] reported that sunlight intensity directly and strongly correlated to the temperature and humidity. The temperature and humidity fluctuation is mainly following the sunlight intensity in the area. The sunlight generates radiation and increases the earth’s surface energy, which causes the variation in temperature and humidity. The higher sunlight intensity means higher temperature and lower humidity in the investigated area. Since it has a strong correlation with humidity, sunlight intensity was also significantly related to the termite infestation level. Sunlight intensity is also related to swarmer activity which start the termite colony spread in the area. This phenomenon confirmed the higher frequency of termite infestation in the areas with higher sunlight intensity. Similar results have been reported by Axelsson an Anderson [19], who found that average termite mound height had a positive correlation with the average percentage of light. The reduction of canopy cover would increase the sunlight intensity and initiate more intense termite activity.

Table 4. Measurement data of temperature, light intensity, and humidity at four residences in South Jakarta.

Residential Time Sunlight Intensity (lux) Temperature (˝C) Humidity (%) 08.00 44,900 28.7 79.4 Tebet Barat 12.00 64,700 32.7 63.4 16.00 24,400 27.4 57.7 08.00 26,800 31.4 72.6 Jagakarsa 12.00 57,900 29.7 60.1 16.00 43,400 33.2 57.9 08.00 64,800 26.2 71.6 Pasar Minggu 12.00 62,300 34.7 55.9 16.00 26,100 32.5 61.2 08.00 29,900 31.5 71.8 Cipulir 12.00 77,900 33.9 54.5 16.00 23,000 32.7 67.1

Table 5. Correlation between weather characteristics and percentage of termite infestation.

Sunlight Intensity (lux) Temperature (˝C) Humidity (%) Coefficient of correlation (r) 0.7832 0.0100 ´0.7935 p-value 0.217 0.990 0.207

4. Conclusions Three species of subterranean termites, namely Microtermes insperatus, Macrotermes gilvus, and Coptotermes curvignathus, were found in the urban landscape of South Jakarta. M. insperatus occurs with the highest frequency, followed by the other species. The soil and climate characteristics in the entire region provided a habitat conducive to subterranean termites.

Acknowledgments: The authors wish to express their appreciation to the Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia for sponsorship so that research could be undertaken. The authors also wish to thank Esti Prihatini for her microscope photograph and termite measurement assistance. Author Contributions: The initial idea of the study was conceived by Dodi Nandika and Arinana. Idham S. Harahap, Aunu Rauf and I. Made Sumertajaya assisted with the design of experimental protocol. Rifat Aldina collected the termites used in the study and performed the experimental protocol. Arinana and Effendi Tri Bahtiar drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Insects 2016, 7, 20 7 of 18

AppendixInsects 2016, 7, 20 7 of 17 Insects 2016, 7, 20 7 of 17 Appendix Appendix Table A1. The identification results of termites that attacked wood bait in South Jakarta. Table A1. The identification results of termites that attacked wood bait in South Jakarta. Stake Code Termite Species and TheirTable Characteristics A1. The identification results of termites that attacked wood bait in Morphology South Jakarta. Stake Code Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology Stake Code Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology

CoptotermesCoptotermes curvignathus curvignathus CoptotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: curvignathus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 1.77 1.77 mmmm A1 A1 Average length of head with mandible: 1.77 mm A1 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 1.21.2 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of of head of head: head: without 1.04 1.04 mmmandible: mm 1.2 mm OverallWidthOverall length: of length: head: 4.29 1.044.29 mm mm Overall length: 4.29 mm

Coptotermes curvignathus CoptotermesCoptotermesCharacteristics: curvignathus curvignathus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 1.96 mm A2 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.961.96 mmmm A2 A2 Average length of head without mandible: 1.31 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 1.13 mandible: mandible: mm 1.311.31 mmmm WidthWidthOverall of of head: length: head: 1.13 1.134.99 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 4.99 4.99 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 8 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 8 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 8 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headCharacteristics:of head with with mandible: mandible: 1.6 1.6 mmmm B1 B1 Average length of head with mandible: 1.6 mm B1 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 1.18 1.18 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of ofhead head:of head: without 0.99 0.99 mmmandible: mm 1.18 mm OverallWidthOverall length: of length: head: 4.5 0.994.5 mm mm mm Overall length: 4.5 mm

Microtermes insperatus MicrotermesMicrotermesCharacteristics: insperatus insperatus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 1.28 mm B2 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.28 1.28 mmmm B2 B2 Average length of head without mandible: 0.94 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 0.82 mandible: mandible: mm 0.94 0.94 mmmm WidthOverallWidth of head:of length: head: 0.82 3.750.82 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 3.75 3.75 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 9 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 9 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 9 of 18

MacrotermesMacrotermes gilvus gilvus Characteristics:MacrotermesCharacteristics: gilvus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 4.77 4.77 mmmm B3 B3 Average length of head with mandible: 4.77 mm B3 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 3.03.0 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of of head of head: head: without 2.73 2.73 mmmandible: mm 3.0 mm OverallOverallWidth length: of length: head: 10.8 10.82.73 mm mm Overall length: 10.8 mm

Microtermes insperatus MicrotermesMicrotermesCharacteristics: insperatus insperatus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 1.35 mm B4 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.35 1.35 mmmm B4 B4 Average length of head without mandible: 0.96 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 0.96 mandible: mandible: mm 0.96 0.96 mmmm WidthWidthOverall of head:of length: head: 0.96 0.964.1 mm mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 4.1 4.1 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 10 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 10 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 10 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 1.41 1.41 mmmm B5 B5 Average length of head with mandible: 1.41 mm B5 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 1.07 1.07 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of ofhead head:of head: without 0.99 0.99 mmmandible: mm 1.07 mm OverallWidthOverall length: of length: head: 5.36 0.995.36 mm mm Overall length: 5.36 mm

Macrotermes gilvus MacrotermesMacrotermesCharacteristics: gilvus gilvus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 2.46 mm B6 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 2.46 2.46 mmmm B6 B6 Average length of head without mandible: 1.37 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 1.58 mandible: mandible: mm 1.37 1.37 mmmm WidthWidthOverall of head:of length: head: 1.58 1.58 6.8 mm mmmm OverallOverall length: length: 6.8 6.8 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 11 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 11 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 11 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headCharacteristics:of head with with mandible: mandible: 1.6 1.6 mmmm C1 C1 Average length of head with mandible: 1.6 mm C1 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 1.17 1.17 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of ofhead head:of head: without 0.95 0.95 mmmandible: mm 1.17 mm OverallWidthOverall length: of length: head: 4.77 0.954.77 mm mm Overall length: 4.77 mm

Macrotermes gilvus MacrotermesMacrotermesCharacteristics: gilvus gilvus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 3.98 mm C2 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 3.98 3.98 mmmm C2 C2 Average length of head without mandible: 2.55 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 2.57 mandible: mandible: mm 2.55 2.55 mmmm WidthWidthOverall of head:of length: head: 2.57 2.578.31 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 8.31 8.31 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 12 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 12 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 12 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 1.43 1.43 mmmm C3 C3 Average length of head with mandible: 1.43 mm C3 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 0.98 0.98 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of ofhead head:of head: without 0.92 0.92 mmmandible: mm 0.98 mm OverallWidthOverall length: of length: head: 4.39 0.924.39 mm mm Overall length: 4.39 mm

Microtermes insperatus MicrotermesMicrotermesCharacteristics: insperatus insperatus Average lengthCharacteristics: Characteristics:of head with mandible: 1.5 mm C4 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.5 1.5 mmmm C4 C4 Average length of head without mandible: 1.07 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 0.89 mandible: mandible: mm 1.07 1.07 mmmm WidthWidthOverall of head:of length: head: 0.89 0.89 5.3 mm mmmm OverallOverall length: length: 5.3 5.3 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 13 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 13 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 13 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 1.45 1.45 mmmm C5 C5 Average length of head with mandible: 1.45 mm C5 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 1.09 1.09 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of head of of head: head:without 1.0 1.0 mmmandible: mm 1.09 mm OverallOverallWidth length: of length: head: 5.51 5.511.0 mmmm mm Overall length: 5.51 mm

Microtermes insperatus MicrotermesMicrotermesCharacteristics: insperatus insperatus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 1.29 mm C6 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.29 1.29 mmmm C6 C6 Average length of head without mandible: 0.88 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 0.79 mandible: mandible: mm 0.88 0.88 mmmm WidthWidthOverall of of head: length: head: 0.79 0.794.26 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 4.26 4.26 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 14 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 14 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 14 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 1.32 1.32 mmmm C7 C7 Average length of head with mandible: 1.32 mm C7 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 0.90.9 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of of head of head: head: without 0.93 0.93 mmmandible: mm 0.9 mm OverallOverallWidth length: of length: head: 4.92 4.920.93 mm mm Overall length: 4.92 mm

Microtermes insperatus MicrotermesMicrotermesCharacteristics: insperatus insperatus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 1.53 mm C8 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.53 1.53 mmmm C8 C8 Average length of head without mandible: 1.09 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 0.95 mandible: mandible: mm 1.09 1.09 mmmm WidthOverallWidth of head:of length: head: 0.95 5.480.95 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 5.48 5.48 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 15 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 15 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 15 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 1.13 1.13 mmmm C9 C9 Average length of head with mandible: 1.13 mm C9 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 0.82 0.82 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of ofhead head:of head: without 0.79 0.79 mmmandible: mm 0.82 mm OverallOverallWidth length: of length: head: 3.43 0.793.43 mm mm Overall length: 3.43 mm

Microtermes insperatus MicrotermesMicrotermesCharacteristics: insperatus insperatus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 1.46 mm C10 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.46 1.46 mmmm C10 C10 Average length of head without mandible: 1.03 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 0.91 mandible: mandible: mm 1.03 1.03 mmmm WidthOverallWidth of head:of length: head: 0.91 0.915.45 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 5.45 5.45 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 16 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 16 of 18 StakeInsects Code 2016, 7, 20 Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology 16 of 18

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus MicrotermesCharacteristics:Characteristics: insperatus AverageAverage length length of headofCharacteristics: head with with mandible: mandible: 1.21 1.21 mmmm C11 C11 Average length of head with mandible: 1.21 mm C11 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 0.93 0.93 mmmm Average lengthWidthWidth of ofhead of head: head: without 0.85 0.85 mmmandible: mm 0.93 mm OverallWidthOverall length: of length: head: 4.48 0.854.48 mm mm Overall length: 4.48 mm

Microtermes insperatus MicrotermesMicrotermesCharacteristics: insperatus insperatus Average lengthCharacteristics: ofCharacteristics: head with mandible: 1.18 mm D1 AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.18 1.18 mmmm D1 D1 Average length of head without mandible: 0.91 mm AverageAverage length length ofWidth headof head of without head: without 0.79 mandible: mandible: mm 0.91 0.91 mmmm WidthWidthOverall of of head: length: head: 0.79 0.793.28 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 3.28 3.28 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 17 of 18

Table A1. Cont.

Insects 2016, 7, 20 17 of 18 Stake Code Termite Species and Their Characteristics Morphology

MicrotermesMicrotermes insperatus insperatus Characteristics:Characteristics: AverageAverage length length of headof head with with mandible: mandible: 1.4 1.4 mmmm D2 D2 AverageAverage length length of headof head without without mandible: mandible: 1.02 1.02 mmmm WidthWidth of of head: head: 0.9 0.9 mm mm OverallOverall length: length: 4.21 4.21 mm mm

Insects 2016, 7, 20 18 of 18

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