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Resilience in Pastoral Areas - North Resilience in Pastoral Areas - North Final Report on Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Social Cohesion among Pastoralists: The Case of Fafen and Siti Zones of Somali Region Ethiopia By RiPA DISCLAIMER This Rapid assessment report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this Rapid assessment report are the responsibility of Mercy Corps and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. August, 2020 Ethiopia Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Objectives of the Assessment ....................................................................................... 3 1.3. Scope of the Assessment .............................................................................................. 4 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................................ 5 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 9 3.1. Research design and approach .................................................................................... 9 3.2. Methods of Data Collection ......................................................................................... 9 3.3. Methods of Sampling .................................................................................................. 10 3.4. Methods of Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 11 4. FINDINGS OF THE RAPID ASSESSMENT................................................................... 12 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 12 4.2. COVID-19 Situation and Socio-economic Impact................................................... 13 4.2.1. COVID-19 Situation ............................................................................................. 13 4.2.2. Knowledge and perception toward COVID-19 ............................................... 15 4.2.3. Socio-economic Impact of COVID-19 ................................................................... 20 4.3. Impact of COVID-19 on Social Cohesion ................................................................. 39 4.3.1. Characteristics of social relations ........................................................................... 39 4.3.2. Emerging social problems perceived by people due to COVID-19 pandemic 42 ii 4.3.3. COVID-19 & Role of CBOs in promoting social cohesion ................................. 43 4.4. Conflict Situations and COVID-19 ............................................................................ 45 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................ 48 5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 48 5.2. Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 52 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 56 APPENDICES: KII and FGD Guides used in the Rapid Assessment ................................ 58 iii iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background The spread of a contagious virus said to have emerged from Hubei province of China and spread to different parts of the world caused unprecedented anomalies over all aspects of humans living in the world today. The number of people infected by COVID- 19 has reached 5,603,143 worldwide, 115,892 in Africa, and 655 cases in Ethiopia. So far, a total of 348,167 deaths has also been registered across the globe (Woldometers, May 26, 2020). The virus caused a greater threat to public health to people both in developed as well as developing world. The nature of the pandemic such as its communicability and fastest spread made governments and nations take measures that have implication on the social, economic, and political and health sectors. Different countries have designed their own containment and prevention strategies. This ranges from measures of restriction of international and regional flights and peoples' mobility, closure of borders and boundaries to declaring states of emergency and a complete as well as partial lockdown of major metropolitan cities and states. These are measures complementing the widely practiced advice of the health professionals and the WHO such as keeping personal cleanliness, social distancing and stay at home measures to be practiced by each and every individual citizen of any state. The government of Ethiopia, as one of the countries affected by the spread of the virus, has been taking different measures to deal with and lower the harm that is posed by the pandemic. One of the main measures is the declaration of state of emergency that made key restrictions on the way people relate and the communications are managed. The aim of the state of emergency is understandably to contain and prevent the spread of the pandemic and hence save the lives of the fellow citizens of the country. Following the directions put forth by the federal government, the respective regional governments have also been taking different measures that they deem help to minimize both the spread of COVID-19 and the risks associated with it. The effect of the COVID- 1 19 pandemic is therefore being felt both at global, national and regional levels. The implications are also felt in each locality of the developing and developed societies as the economic slowdowns, lockdown measures and restrictions of mobility of peoples and goods posed greater challenge on the livelihoods of the hundreds of millions of people. According to the World Economic Forum (2020), COVID-19 related lockdown caused millions of jobs and billions of dollars to be lost by the developed and developing countries. As a result, countries are using their own measures to cope up with the challenges posed by COVID-19. Some are struggling by allocating budgets, while others through safety nets and humanitarian efforts. Hence, what can so far be said is that the coping capacity depends on the level of development and vulnerability. The more countries are developed it is assumed that they will better cope with the economic and related effects of the pandemic. Viewed in this light, predictions indicate that developing countries both in Latin America and Africa including Ethiopia may be severely affected by the socio-economic and public health effects of the virus. More specifically, the pastoralist and agro pastoralist communities in the country at large and of Somali region in particular would be affected socio-economically because of the COVID-19 related restrictions and lockdowns that would pose a challenge to the movement of people and goods. The economic effect would be more pronounced as livelihoods in the area have already been vulnerable owing to the multifaceted man-made challenges such as conflict and natural challenges resulted from climate change impacts of repeated drought and floods that has exacerbated the livelihoods of the pastoralist community in the region. The pastoral areas of Ethiopia are known for their arid and semi-arid ecology characterized by intermittent, small and unpredictable amount of annual rain fall (Kemal, 2014). With climate change, droughts became a frequent phenomenon in the area with a negative impact on the livelihoods of the pastoralist communities. Within 2 this framework of the scarcity context, competition over scarce resources has become the main cause for conflict among the agro/pastoral communities who depend on the use of collective property to make a living (Wehrmann, 2017). The pastoral communities have long been marginalized groups in Ethiopia, neglected by successive Ethiopian governments who gave little or no attention to the human condition and physical and human infrastructure development of the area (Kemal, M., 2014). Given such a context, Mercy Corps as an international, non-governmental organization working on pastoral development sought to understand the impact of COVID-19 on peace and social cohesion with the aim of designing interventions aimed at supporting the pastoral communities to be able to cope up with the problems posed by COVID-19 on such aspects. This rapid assessment was, hence, conducted by Netizen Consultancy Firm for Mercy Corps with the main aim of examining the impact of COVID-19 related restrictions and lockdown measures on peace and social cohesion among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Fafen and Siti Zones of Somali region. 1.2. Objectives of the Assessment General Objective The main objective of the rapid assessment was to identify the key impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including trigger factors that may trigger or exacerbate conflict and affect social cohesion among pastoral communities in Fafen and Siti Zones of Somali Region. Specific Objectives The specific objectives of the assessment were: ✓ To identify impact of COVID-19 related restrictions and lockdown on mobility and day to day life of the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities ✓ To examine
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