Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017, INDIA Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Government of India Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 Tel. : +91-0141- 5160400 Fax: +91-0141-2759555 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.skit.ac.in Roof and Roof Coverings

A roof is a most important part of the building. It protects the building and its parts from the effects of weather. Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind

Components or Elements of Pitched Roofs 1. Span Span of roof is the clear distance between the two supports on which roof is positioned by some other elements.

2. Ridge The apex of the angle which is developed at top by the inclined surfaces at the top of slope.

3. Rise The vertical distance or height of top of ridge from wall plate is called as rise.

4. Wall plates Wall plates are provided at top of wall or supports. And these are generally made of wood and are used to fix the common rafters.

5. Pitch Pitch is nothing but slope of roof with the horizontal plane and is calculated as the ration of rise to span.

6. Eaves The bottom edge of sloped roof surface is called as eaves from which rain water is drops down during raining. Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017, INDIA Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Government of India Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 Tel. : +91-0141- 5160400 Fax: +91-0141-2759555 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.skit.ac.in 7. Hip Hip is a place where two sloping surfaces meet, where exterior angle is more than 180o. 8. Hipped end At the end of a roof sloped triangular surface is formed which is called as hipped end.

9. Valley It is also a place where two sloping surfaces intersects but the exterior angle is less than 180.

10. Verge Verge is the edge of gable roof which runs between ridge and eaves.

11. Ridge board Ridge board is a wooden member which is provided long the ridge lie or apex of the roof. Common rafters are supported by this ridge board. This is also called as ridge beam or ridge piece.

12. Common Rafters Common rafters are wooden members fixed to the ridge board perpendicularly. They run from ridge to the eaves. These are fixed to the purlins at intermediate points. Batten or boarding’s are supported by this rafter. In general, the spacing between rafters is 30 to 45 cm.

13. Purlins Purlins are wooden or steel members supported by truss or wall. If the span is large they are used to support the common rafters.

14. Hip rafters These rafters are provided at the hip end. And they run diagonally from ridge to the corners of the wall. Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017, INDIA Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Government of India Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 Tel. : +91-0141- 5160400 Fax: +91-0141-2759555 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.skit.ac.in 15. Valley rafters Valley rafters run diagonally from ridge to the eaves. They are provided in sloping positions to bear support valley gutters. The ends of purlins and jack rafters will receive by the valley rafters.

16. Jack rafters The rafters run from hip to the valley are called as jack rafters and usually they are short in length.

17. Eaves board The ends of lower most roof covering materials are rests on eaves board. It is made of wood and usually 25mm x 25mm thickness and width. It is placed at the feet of common rafters.

18. Barge board To hold the verge formed by the common rafters a wooden board is used which is called as barge board.

19. Post plate Post plate is similar to wall plate. Post plates are parallel to the face of the wall and run continuous. Post plates provide support for the rafters.

20. Battens Battens are usually made of wood and they are nailed to the rafters to give supports for the roof covering material.

21. Template Template is a masonry block made of concrete or stone which is placed under the truss to provide larger load area of the wall.

22. Boarding’s Boarding’s are similar to battens and these are also used to give support for the roof covering material by nailing them to the rafters.

23. Truss Truss is frame which consists of triangles and designed to support the roof tops.

• Different Types of Roofs Gable Roof: Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017, INDIA Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Government of India Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 Tel. : +91-0141- 5160400 Fax: +91-0141-2759555 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.skit.ac.in Gable roof designs are one of the more simple styles when it comes to roofs. The gable roof style looks like an inverted/upside down V. Gable roofs are not ideal for areas with high wind because they easily can catch the wind much like a sail would.

Flat Roof: Flat roofs are common especially with commercial buildings. Flat roofs are definitely the simplest roof to build because they have little to no pitch. The most common types of roofing systems used with flat roofs are rubber roofing systems. Hip Roof: Hip roofs are a common residential style roof. This type of roof is more difficult to construct when compared to flat roofs and gable roofs because they have a more complicated truss and rafter structure. A hip roof style roof has four sloping sides with zero vertical roof lines/walls. Hip roofs can be both square and rectangular. Gambrel Roof: The best way to describe a gambrel roof is by saying barn roof. The gambrel style roof is most commonly used on barns. However, it is also used in residential construction. This type of roof has the benefit of providing a good amount of space in the attic. In fact, it provides so much extra space that it is often turned into bedrooms or other living areas. Dutch Hip Roof: The dutch hip roof is basically a hip roof with a small gable at either end. The gables can be used as ventilation. Shed Roof: A shed roof is basically a flat roof but has more pitch. It is frequently used for additions on homes or other roof styles. Mansard Roof: The mansard roof is a French design and is more difficult to construct than the hip or gable roof. Butterfly Roof: The butterfly roof is not a roof style that is widely used. The style provides plenty of light and ventilation but is not the effective when it comes to water drainage.

Winged Gable Roof: The winged gable roof varies slightly from the tradition gable roof. It varies by extended outwards from the peak of the roof. A-Frame Roof: Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017, INDIA Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Government of India Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 Tel. : +91-0141- 5160400 Fax: +91-0141-2759555 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.skit.ac.in This type of roof is very popular for churches, cottages, homes, and other structures. The roof acts as both the roof and the walls for a structure. Folded Plate Roof: The folded plate roof has limited use in single family homes. It looks like a series of small gable roofs placed side by side of each other.

• Roof Materials Another important aspect that comes into play with roofs is the choice of material. Some materials are more common in certain areas and certain materials are ideal for different types of roof pitches/slopes while others are not ideal for certain roof slopes. The three main roof slopes that determine the material used are flat roofs (no slope or a very slight slope), low slop, and steep slop. Asphalt Shingles: Asphalt shingles are the most commonly used steep slope/residential roofing material used on roofs in the United States. Asphalt shingles vary in quality and are produced by multiple manufacturers. Wood Shake: The shake shingle is the inspiration for the modern day asphalt shingles. Similar to the asphalt shingle, the wood shake overlaps each other making the roof or siding weather proof. A down side to shake is that they often need more maintenance than newer asphalt or fiberglass shingles. An upside to shake the unique rustic look they give to a structure. Slate Shingles: These are shingles made out of rock. Slate shingles are created out of a sedimentary rock. This rock can be split into thin sheets that are ideal for roofing shingles. Metal: Metal is a very common material used for roofs. There are many different types of metal roofing systems available. The types of metal used with available systems varies from zinc to steel, copper, aluminium, and tin.

Tile: Tile is one of the more expensive materials used for roofs. Although the traditional clay tile is probably the most well-known tile material it is not the only one. Other materials that are used to create tile products are metal, concrete, slate, and various synthetic compositions.