Reference Works in British and American Literature Second Edition

James K. Bracken

1998 Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Englewood, Colorado Contents

Acknowledgments xxix Fredrick Irving Anderson, 1877- Introduction xxxi 1947 10 Frequently Cited Works Maxwell Anderson, 1888-1959 .... 11 and Acronyms xxxvii Poul Anderson, 1926- 11 Sherwood Anderson, 1876-1941 ... 12 Andreas, late 9th century 13 Writers and Works Lancelot Andrewes, 1555-1626 ... 13 Lascelles Abercrombie, 1881-1938 . . 1 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, c. 1154 .... 13 Louis Adamic, 1899-1951 1 F. Anstey (Thomas Anstey Andy Adams, 1859-1935 1 Guthrie), 1865-1934 13 Henry (Brooks) Adams, 1838- Mary Antin (Grabau), 1881-1949 . . 13 1918 1 John Arbuthnot, 1667-1735 14 John Turvill Adams, 1805-1882 .... 2 John Arden, 1930- 14 Leonie Adams (Fuller), 1899-1988 . . 2 John Armstrong, 1709-1779 14 Oscar Fay Adams, 1855-1919 2 Martin Donisthorpe Armstrong, Samuel Hopkins Adams, 1871- 1882-1974 14 1958 2 Matthew Arnold, 1822-1888 14 Joseph Addison, 1672-1719 2 Harriette (Simpson) Arnow, 1908- George Ade; 1866-1944 3 1986 16 Aelfric, c. 955-c. 1010 3 T(imothy) S(hay) Arthur, 1809- James Agee, 1909-1955 3 1885 16 Conrad (Potter) Aiken, 1889- Nathan Asch, 1902-1964 16 1973 4 Sholem Asch, 1880-1957 16 William Harrison Ainsworth, Roger Ascham, 1515/16-1568 .... 16 1805-1882 4 John (Lawrence) Ashbery, 1927- ... 16 Mark Akenside, 1721-1770 4 Isaac Asimov, 1920-1992 17 Edward (Franklin) Albee, 1928- . . . 4- Gertrude (Franklin) Atherton, (Amos) Bronson Alcott, 1799-1888 . . 5 1857-1948 17 Louisa May Alcott, 1832-1888 .... 5 William Attaway, 1911-1986 17 Richard (Edward Godfree) Margaret Atwood, 1939- 17 Aldington, 1892-1962 6 Louis (Stanton) Auchincloss, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 1836-1907 . . 6 1917- 18 Lloyd Alexander, 1924- 6 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden, 1907- Alfred (the Great), 848-899 7 1973 18 Horatio Alger, Jr., 1832-1899 7 John James Audubon, 1785-1851 . . 20 Nelson Algren, 1909-1981 8 Jane Austen, 1775-1817 20 Elizabeth Akers Allen, 1832-1911 . . 8 Jane Goodwin Austin, 1831-1894 . . 22 (William) Hervey Allen, 1889- Mary (Hunter) Austin, 1868-1934 . . 22 1949 8 William Austin, 1778-1841 23 James Lane Allen, 1849-1925^ 8 Alan Ayckbourn, 1939- 23 Paul Allen, 1775-1826 9 Irving Bacheller, 1859-1950 23 William Allingham, 1824-1889 .... 9 Delia Salter Bacon, 1811-1859 .... 23 Washington Allston, 1779-1843 ... 9 Francis Bacon, 1561-1626 23 Richard Alsop, 1761-1815 9 George William Bagby, 1828-1883 . . 24 Sir Kingsley Amis, 1922- 9 Walter Bagehot, 1826-1877 24 A(rchie) R(andolph) Ammons, Alexander Bain, 1818-1903 24 1926- 10 Dorothy Baker, 1907-1968 24 Ancrene Wisse, c. 1230 10 Elliott Baker, 1922- 24

VII viii Contents

James Baldwin, 1924-1987 24 S(amuel) N(athaniel) Behrman, Joseph Glover Baldwin, 1815- 1893-1973 36 1864 25 Jeremy Belknap, 1744-1798 36 John Bale, 1495-1563 25 Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, Ballads, Middle English 25 1868-1926 37 R(obert) M(ichael) Ballantyne, Edward Bellamy, 1850-1898 37 1825-1894 25 Hilaire (Joseph Hilary Pierre) J(ames) G(raham) Ballard, 1930- ... 25 Belloc, 1870-1953 37 George Bancroft, 1800-1891 26 Saul Bellow, 1915- 37 John Kendrick Bangs, 1862-1922 ... 26 Park Benjamin, 1809-1864 38 Benjamin Banneker, 1731-1806 .... 26 (Enoch) Arnold Bennett, 1867- Anna Laetitia (Aikin) Barbauld, 1931 39 1743-1824 26 Emerson Bennett, 1822-1905 39 Alexander Barclay, 14757-1552 .... 26 Beowulf, 8th century 39 James Nelson Barker, 1784-1858 ... 26 Thomas (Louis) Berger, 1924- .... 40 Joel Barlow, 1754-1812 26 John Berryman, 1914-1972 40 Djuna (Chappell) Barnes, 1892- Alfred Bester, 1913-1987 41 1982 26 John Betjeman, 1906-1984 41 Peter Barnes, 1931- 27 Martha Gilbert Dickinson Bianchi, William Barnes, 1801-1886 27 1866-1943 41 Richard Barnfield, 1574-1627 27 Ambrose (Gwinett) Bierce, 1842- Sir J(ames) M(atthew) Barrie, 1914? 42 1860-1937 27 Earl Derr Biggers, 1884-1933 42 John (Simmons) Barth, 1930- 28 Robert Montgomery Bird, 1806- Donald Barthelme, 1931-1989 .... 28 1854 42 Cyrus Augustus Bartol, 1813- Elizabeth Bishop, 1911-1979 42 1900 29 John Peale Bishop, 1892-1944 .... 43 John Bartram, 1699-1777 29 MacKnight Black, 1896-1931 43 William Bartram, 1739-1823 29 Paul Blackburn, 1926-1971 43 (Joseph) Hamilton Basso, 1904- Algernon Blackwood, 1869-1951 . . 44 1964 29 Hugh Blair, 1718-1800 44 H(erbert) E(rnest) Bates, 1905- Lillie Devereux Blake, 1833-1913 . . 44 1974 29 William Blake, 1757-1827 44 Ralph Bates, 1899- 29 Burt Blechman, 1932?- 46 L(yman) Frank Baum, 1856-1919 . . 30 Ann Eliza Bleecker, 1752-1783 .... 46 Richard Baxter, 1615-1691 30 James Blish, 1921-1975 46 Rex (Ellingwood) Beach, 1877- Judy Blume, 1938- 47 1949 31 Edmund Charles Blunden, 1896- Peter S(oyer) Beagle, 1939- 31 1974 47 Aubrey Vincent Beardsley, 1872- Robert (Elwood) Bly, 1926- 47 1898 31 Manoah Bodman, 1765-1850 47 Charles Beaumont, 1929-1967 .... 31 Louise Bogan, 1897-1970 48 Francis Beaumont, 1584-1616, George Henry Boker, 1823-1890 ... 48 and John Fletcher, 1579-1625 ... 31 Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Samuel Barclay Beckett, 1906- Bolingbroke, 1678-1751 48 1989 32 Robert Oxton Bolt, 1924-1995 .... 48 William Beckford, 1759-1844 34 Edward (Thomas) Bond, 1934- ... 49 Thomas Lovell Beddoes, 1803- Arna (Wendell) Bontemps, 1902- 1849 34 1973 49 Bede, 673-735 35 Philip E. Booth, 1925- 49 Thomas Beer, 1889-1940 35 George Henry Borrow, 1803-1881 . . 49 (Sir Henry) Max(imilian) James Boswell, 1740-1795 49 Beerbohm, 1872-1956 35 Dion Boucicault, 1820-1890 50 Brendan Behan, 1923-1964 35 Vance (Nye) Bourjaily, 1922- 51 Aphra (Johnson) Behn, 1640?- Elizabeth (Dorothea Cole) 1689 36 Bowen, 1899-1973 51 Contents ix

George Bowering, 1935- 51 William Wells Brown, 18167-1884 . . 63 Jane Bowles, 1917-1973 51 Charles Farrar Browne (Artemus Paul Frederic Bowles, 1910- 51 Ward), 1834-1867 63 James Boyd, 1888-1944 52 Sir Thomas Browne, 1605-1682 ... 63 John Boyd, 1912- 52 William Browne, of Tavistock, Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, 1848- 15907-1645? 64 1895 52 Henry Howard Brownell, 1820- Kay Boyle, 1903-1994 52 1872 64 Robert Boyle, 1627-1691 52 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1806- Gerald Warner Brace, 1901-1978 ... 53 1861, and Robert Browning, 1812- Hugh Henry Brackenridge, 1748- 1889 64 1816 53 Orestes Augustus Brownson, Leigh Brackett, 1915-1978 53 1803-1876 68 Ray (Douglas) Bradbury, 1920- Brunanburh, c. 937 68 1996 53 C. D. B. Bryan, 1936- 68 William Bradford, 1590-1657 54 William Cullen Bryant, 1794- Marion Zimmer Bradley, 1930- .... 54 1878 69 Anne (Dudley) Bradstreet, c. John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweeds- 1612-1672 54 muir, 1875-1940 69 John Gardiner Calkins Brainard, Pearl (Sydenstricker) Buck, 1892- 1796-1828 55 1973 70 John Gerard Braine, 1922-1986 .... 55 (Carl) Frederick Buechner, 1926- . . 70 Max Brand (Frederick Faust), Charles Bukowski, 1920-1994 .... 70 1892-1944 55 Thomas Bulfinch, 1796-1876 70 Richard Brautigan, 1935-1984 .... 56 Ed Bullins, 1935- 70 Jimmy Breslin, 1930- 56 Edward George Earle Lytton Reginald Bretnor, 1911- 56 Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Barron Nicholas Breton, 15557-1626? 56 Lytton, 1803-1873 70 Robert (Seymour) Bridges, 1844- H(enry) C(uyler) Bunner, 1855- 1930 57 1896 71 Charles Frederick Briggs, 1804- John Bunyan, 1628-1688 71 1877 57 Robert Jones Burdette, 1844-1914 . . 72 Paul Brodeur, 1931- 57 Anthony Burgess (John Anthony Richard Brome, c.1590-1652/3 .... 57 Burgess Wilson), 1917-1994 .... 72 Louis Bromfield, 1896-1956 57 Thornton W(aldo) Burgess, 1874- William Bronk, 1918- 58 1965 72 The Brontes: Anne Bronte, 1820- Edmund Burke, 1729-1797 72 1849; Charlotte Bronte, 1816- Frances (Eliza) Hodgson Burnett, 1855; Emily Bronte, 1818-1848; 1849-1924 73 and Patrick Branwell Bronte, Fanny Burney (Francis, Mme 1817-1848 58 D'Arblay), 1752-1840 73 Rupert Chawner Brooke, 1887- Robert Burns, 1759-1796 , 74 1915 60 Edgar Rice Burroughs, 1875-1950 . . 75 Charles T(imothy) Brooks, 1813- John Burroughs, 1837-1921 76 1883 61 William S(eward) Burroughs, Cleanth Brooks, 1906- 61 1914-1997 76 Gwendolyn Brooks, 1917- 61 Robert Burton, 1577-1640 77 Maria Gowen Brooks, c.1794-1845 . . 61 Frederick Busch, 1941- 77 Van Wyck Brooks, 1886-1963 61 Samuel Butler, 1613-1680 77 Chandler Brossard, 1922- 62 Samuel Butler, 1835-1902 78 Alice Brown, 1857-1948 62 William (Howard) Allen Butler, Charles Brockden Brown, 1771- 1825-1902 78 1810 62 Mather Byles, 1707-1788 78 George MacKay Brown, 1921- .... 62 Edwin Lassetter Bynner, 1842- Thomas Brown, 1663-1704 63 1893 79 William Hill Brown, 1765-1793 .... 63 William Byrd II, 1674-1744 79 x Contents

Marcus Lafayette Byrn,1826-1903 . . 79 Madison (Julius) Cawein, 1865- (Brian Oswald) Donn Byrne, 1914 90 1889-1928 79 William Caxton, c. 1422-1491 .... 90 George Gordon, (6th Baron) Susannah Centlivre, 1669-1723 ... 90 Byron, 1788-1824 79 Robert W(illiam) Chambers, 1865- James Branch Cabell, 1879-1958 ... 81 1933 91 George Washington Cable, 1844- Raymond Chandler, 1888-1959 ... 91 1925 82 William Ellery Charming, 1780- Caedmon, fl. 670 82 1842 91 Abraham Cahan, 1860-1951 82 William Ellery Charming (II), James M(allahan) Cain, 1892- 1818-1901 91 1977 83 William Henry Charming, 1810- Paul Cain (Peter Ruric), fl. 1933- 1884 91 1946 83 George Chapman, 15597-1634 .... 92 Erskine (Preston) Caldwell, 1903- Leslie Charteris, 1907- 92 1987 83 Jerome Charyn, 1937- 92 Hortense Calisher, 1911- 83 Thomas Chatterton, 1752-1770 ... 92 George Henry Calvert, 1803-1889 . . 83 Geoffrey Chaucer, c. 1343-1400 ... 93 William Camden, 1551-1623 83 John Cheever, 1912-1982 98 (Ignatius Royston Dunnachie) Caroline Chesebro', 1825-1873 .... 99 Roy Campbell, 1901-1957 83 Charles W(addell) Chesnutt, Thomas Campbell, 1777-1844 .... 84 1858-1932 99 Thomas Campion, 1567-1620 84 George Randolph Chester, 1869- Nash Candelaria, 1928- 84 1924 99 Dorothy Canfield Fisher, 1879- Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th 1958 84 Earl of Chesterfield, 1694- Robert (Emmett) Cantwell, 1908- 1773 100 1978 84 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton, Truman Capote, 1924-1984 84 1874-1936 100 Thomas Carew, 1594/5-1640 .... 7 84 Lydia Maria (Frances) Child, Henry Carey, 16877-1743 85 1802-1880 101 Will(iam McKendree) Carleton, Thomas Holley Chivers, 1809- 1845-1912 85 1858 101 Jane Baillie Welsh Carlyle, 1801- Kate (O'Flaherty) Chopin, 1851- 1866 85 1904 101 Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881 85 Christ, c. 790-830 102 (William) Bliss Carman, 1861-1929 . . 86 Dame Agatha (Miller) Christie, Paul Carroll, 1927- 86 1890-1976 102 Hayden Carruth, 1921- 86 Charles Churchill, 1732-1764 ... 103 Guy Wetmore Carry 1,1873-1904 ... 86 Winston Churchill, 1871-1947 ... 103 Rachel Carson, 1907-1964 86 John Ciardi, 1916-1985 103 Hodding Carter, 1907-1972 86 Colley Cibber, 1671-1757 104 William Alexander Caruthers, John Clare, 1793-1864 104 1802-1846 l 87 Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clar- Raymond Carver, 1938-1989 87 endon, 1609-1674 104 Alice Cary, 1820-1871 87 Eleanor Clark, 1913- 104 (Arthur) Joyce (Lunel) Cary, Willis Gaylord Clark, 1808- 1888-1957 87 1841 105 Phoebe Cary, 1824-1871 87 Walter Van Tilburg Clark, 1909- Willa (Sibert) Cather, 1873-1947 ... 88 1971 105 Mary (Hartwell) Catherwood, Arthur C(harles) Clarke, 1917- . . 105 1847-1902 90 Austin Clarke, 1896-1974 105 Christopher Caudwell (Christo- James Freeman Clarke, 1810- pher St. John Sprigg), 1907- 1888 105 1937 90 McDonald Clarke, 1798-1842 ... 106 John Cleland, 1709-1789 106 Contents xi

Samuel Langhorne Clemens James Gould Cozzens, 1903- (Mark Twain), 1835-1910 .... 106 1978 124 John Cleveland, 1613-1658 109 George Crabbe, 1754-1832 124 Cloud of Unknowing, c.1350-1400 . . 109 (Edward Henry) Gordon Craig, Arthur Hugh Clough, 1819-1861 . . 109 1872-1966 125 Robert M(yron) Coates, 1897- Christopher Pearse Cranch, 1973 110 1813-1892 125 Humphrey Cobb, 1899-1944 .... 110 (Harold) Hart Crane, 1899-1932 . . 125 Irvin S(hrewsbury) Cobb, 1876- Stephen Crane, 1871-1900 126 1944 110 Adelaide Crapsey, 1878-1914 ... 128 Sylvanus Cobb, Jr., 1823-1887 ... 110 Richard Crashaw, 1612/13-1649 . . 128 William Cobbett, 1763-1835 110 Francis Marion Crawford, 1854- J(ohn) M(ichael) Coetzee, 1940- . . Ill 1909 128 Elizabeth Boatwright Coker, Robert (White) Creeley, 1926- ... 129 1909- Ill Michel-Guillaume Jean de Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772- Crevecouer (J. Hector St. John 1834 Ill de Crevecoeur), 1735-1813 ... 130 Jeremy Collier, 1650-1726 112 Harry Crews, 1935- 130 (William) Wilkie Collins, 1824- A(rchibald) J(oseph) Cronin, 1889 112 1896-1981 130 William Collins, 1721-1759 113 Caresse Crosby, 1892-1970 130 George Colman, the Elder, 1732- Harry Crosby, 1898-1929 130 1794 113 Countee Cullen, 1903-1946 130 George Colman, the Younger, George Cumberland, 1754-1848 . . 131 1762-1836 113 Richard Cumberland, 1732-1811 . 131 Padraic Colum, 1881-1972 114 E(dward) E(stlin) Cummings, Richard Condon, 1915- 114 1894-1962 131 William Congreve, 1670-1729 . ... 114 Maria Susanna Cummins, 1827- Evan S(helby) Connell, Jr., 1924- . . 115 1866 132 Joseph Conrad (Jozef Teodor J(ames) V(incent) Cunningham, Konrad Korzeniowski), 1857- 1911-1985 132 1924 115- Robert Bontine Cunninghame Jack Qohn Wesley) Conroy, 1899- Graham, 1852-1936 132 1980 120 George William Curtis, 1824- Moncure Daniel Conway, 1832- 1892 132 1907 120 James Oliver Curwood, 1878- John Esten Cooke, 1830-1886 .... 120 1927 132 Rose Terry Cooke, 1827-1892 .... 120 Eliza L. Cushing, b. 1794- 133 James Fenimore Cooper, 1789- Cynewulf, late eighth or ninth 1851 120 century 133 Susan (Augusta) Fenimore James McBride Dabbs, 1896- Cooper, 1813-1894 121 1970 133 Robert (Lowell) Coover, 1932- ... 121 Edward Dahlberg, 1900-1977 ... 133 A(Ifred) E(dgar) Coppard, 1878- Eneas Sweetland Dallas, 1829- 1957 121 1879 133 Richard Corbett, 1582-1635 122 Richard Henry Dana, Jr., 1815- Robert Cormier, 1925- 122 1882 133 Charles Cotton, 1630-1687 122 Richard Henry Dana, Sr., 1787- John Cotton, 1584-1652 122 1879 134 (Sir) Noel (Pierce) Coward, 1899- Samuel Daniel, 1563-1619 134 1973 122 Olive Tilford Dargan, 1869- Abraham Cowley, 1618-1667 .... 122 1968 134 Malcolm Cowley, 1898-1989 .... 123 Charles Robert Darwin, 1809- William Cowper, 1731-1800 123 1882 135 Frederick Swartwout Cozzens, (Sir) William D'Avenant, 1606- 1818-1869 124 1668 136 xii Contents

John Davidson, 1857-1909 136 Mary Abigail Dodge (Gail Donald Alfred Davie, 1922- 136 Hamilton), 1833-1896 155 (Sir) John Davies, 1569-1626 .... 136 Mary (Elizabeth) Mapes Dodge, W(illiam) H(enry) Davies, 1871- 1831-1905 155 1940 137 Charles Lutwidge Dodgson Charles Augustus Davis, 17957- (Lewis Carroll), 1832-1898 ... 155 1868? 137 J(ames) P(atrick) Donleavy, John Davis, 1775-1854 137 1926- 157 Rebecca Harding (Blaine) Davis, John Donne, 1572-1631 157 1831-1910 137 Ignatius (Loyola) Donnelly, Richard Harding Davis, 1864- 1831-1901 159 1916 137 H(ilda) D(oolittle Aldington), Rufus Dawes, 1803-1859 138 1886-1961 159 Fielding Dawson, 1930- 138 Ed(ward Merton) Dorn, 1929- ... 159 Cecil Day-Lewis, 1904-1972 138 John (Roderigo) Dos Passos, Daniel Defoe, 1660-1731 138 1896-1970 160 John William De Forest, 1826- Gavin Douglas, 14757-1522 .... 160 1906 140 James Douglas, 1929- 160 Thomas Dekker, 15707-1632 .... 140 Lloyd C(assel) Douglas, 1877- Walter de la Mare, 1873-1956 .... 141 1951 161 Margaret(ta Wade Campbell) (George) Norman Douglas, Deland, 1857-1945 141 1868-1952 161 Martin R(obinson) Delany, 1812- Frederick Douglass, 1817-1895 . . 161 1885 141 Ernest Christopher Dowson, Samuel R. Delany, 1942- 141 1867-1900 161 Don DeLillo, 1936- 141 Arthur Conan Doyle, 1859-1930 . . 162 Floyd Dell, 1887-1969 142 Margaret Drabble, 1939- 164 Thomas Deloney, 15607-1600 .... 142 Joseph Rodman Drake, 1795- Lester Del Rey, 1915-1993 142 1820 164 (Sir) John Denham, 1615-1669 ... 142 Michael Drayton, 1563-1631 .... 164 Joseph Dennie, 1768-1812 142 Dream of the Rood, c. 10th John Dennis, 1657-1734 142 century 164 Deor, ninth or tenth century .... 142 Theodore Dreiser, 1871-1945 .... 164 Thomas De Quincey, 1785-1859 . . 143 John Drinkwater, 1882-1937 .... 166 George Horatio Derby, 1823- William Drummond, of 1861 143 Hawthornden, 1585-1649 .... 166 August (William) Derleth, 1909- John Dryden, 1631-1700 166 1971 143 W(illiam) E(dward) B(urghardt) Peter De Vries, 1910-1993 143 DuBois, 1868-1963 167 John Dewey, 1859-1952 144 Alan Dugan, 1923- 168 Philip K. Dick, 1928-1982 144 Augustine Joseph Hickey Charles (John Huffham) Dickens, Duganne, 1823-1884 168 1812-1870 145 Paul Laurence Dunbar, 1872- James (Lafayette) Dickey, 1923- 1906 168 1997 150 William Dunbar, 14567-1513? ... 169 Emily (Elizabeth) Dickinson, Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson, 1830-1886 151 1875-1935 169 Gordon R. Dickson, 1923- 153 Robert (Edward) Duncan, 1919- Joan Didion, 1934- 154 1988 169 Benjamin Disraeli, 1804-1881 .... 154 William Dunlap, 1766-1839 .... 170 Thomas Dixon, Jr., 1864-1946 .... 154 Finley Peter Dunne, 1867-1936 . . 170 Henry Austin Dobson, 1840- Edward John Moreton Drax 1921 154 Plunkett, 18th Baron E(dgar) L(awrence) Doctorow, Dunsany, 1878-1957 170 1931- 155 Thomas D'Urfey, 1653-1723 .... 170 Contents xiii

Lawrence George Durrell, 1912- Kenneth Fearing, 1902-1961 .... 194 1990 170 Edna Ferber, 1887-1968 194 John S(ullivan) Dwight, 1813- Lawrence Ferlinghetti, 1920- .... 194 1893 171 Vincent Ferrini, 1913- 194 Theodore Dwight, 1764-1846 .... 171 Eugene Field, 1850-1895 194 Timothy Dwight, 1752-1817 .... 171 Henry Fielding, 1707-1754 194 John Dyer, 1699-1757 172 James T(homas) Fields, 1817- Wilma Dykeman, 1920- 172 1881 195 John Earle, 16017-1665 172 Martha (Farquharson) Finley, William Eastlake, 1917- 172 1828-1909 195 Richard (Ghormley) Eberhart, The Fight at Finnsburh, c. 750 .... 195 1904- 172 (Arthur Annesley) Ronald Maria Edgeworth, 1768-1849 .... 172 Firbank, 1886-1926 196 Walter D(umaux) Edmonds, Vardis (Alvero) Fisher, 1895- 1903- 173 1968 196 Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758 ... 173 John Fiske, 1842-1901 196 Edward Eggleston, 1837-1902 ... 174 (William) Clyde Fitch, 1865- Larry Eigner, 1927- 174 1909 196 George Eliot (Mary Ann, later Edward FitzGerald, 1809-1883 . . 197 Marian, Evans), 1819-1880 ... 174 F(rancis) Scott (Key) Fitzgerald, T(homas) S(tearns) Eliot, 1888- 1896-1940 197 1965 176 Zelda Fitzgerald, 1899-1948 .... 198 Stanley (Lawrence) Elkin, 1930- . . 178 Janet Flanner, 1892-1978 198 George P(aul) Elliott, 1918-1980 . . 178 Giles Fletcher, the Younger, William Elliot, 1788-1863 178 15857-1623 198 Ralph (Waldo) Ellison, 1914- John Gould Fletcher, 1886-1950 . . 199 1994 178 Phineas Fletcher, 1582-1650 .... 199 David Ely, 1927- 179 Timothy Flint, 1780-1840 199 Sir Thomas Elyot, c. 1490-1546 ... 179 John Florio, c. 1553-1625 199 Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803- Mary Hallock Foote, 1847-1938 . . 199 1882 179 Samuel Foote, 1720-1777 199 (Sir) William Empson, 1906- Shelby Foote, 1916- . 199 1984 183 Ford Madox Ford (Ford Thomas Dunn English, 1819- Hermann Hueffer), 1873- 1902 183 1939 200 Evangeline Walton Ensley, 1907- . . 183 Jesse Hill Ford, 1928- 200 Seymour Epstein, 1917- 183 John Ford, 1586-after 1639 200 Clayton Eshleman, 1935- 183 Paul Leicester Ford, 1865-1902 . . 201 (Sir) George Etherege, 16347- E(dward) M(organ) Forster, 1691 184 1879-1970 201 John Evelyn, 1620-1706 184 Hannah Webster Foster, 1758- William Everson, 1912-1994 .... 185 • 1840 202 Frederick Exley, 1929- 185 John Robert Fowles, 1926- 202 Exodus, c. early eighth century ... 185 John (William) Fox, Jr., 1862- Edward Fairfax, d. 1635 185 1919 203 Sumner Lincoln Fairfield, 1803- Ralph (Winston) Fox, 1900-1937 . . 203 1844 185 William Price Fox, 1926- 203 George Farquhar, 16777-1707 .... 185 John Foxe, 1516-1587 203 James T(homas) Farrell, 1904- Convers Francis, 1795-1863 .... 203 1979 186 Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790 ... 203 William (Cuthbert) Faulkner, Harold Frederic, 1856-1898 205 1897-1962 186 Mary E(leanor) Wilkins Free- Irvin Faust, 1924- 193 man, 1852-1930 205 Edgar Fawcett, 1847-1904 193 Alice French (Octave Thanet), Theodore Sedgwick Fay, 1807- 1850-1934 205 1898 193 xiv Contents

Philip (Morin) Freneau, 1752- (Arthur) Eric (Rowton) Gill, 1832 206 1882-1940 219 Bruce Jay Friedman, 1930- 206 Brendan Gill, 1914- 220 Brian Friel, 1929- 206 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1860- Robert (Lee) Frost, 1874-1963 .... 206 1935 220 Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Allen Ginsberg, 1926-1997 220 1822-1895 208 George (Robert) Gissing, 1857- Christopher (Harris) Fry, 1907- . . 208 1903 221 Northrop Frye, 1912-1991 208 Ellen (Anderson Gholson) Daniel Fuchs, 1909- 209 Glasgow, 1873-1945 222 Athol Fugard, 1932- 209 Susan Keating Glaspell, 1882- Henry Blake Fuller, 1857-1929 ... 209 1948 223 (Sarah) Margaret Fuller William Godwin, 1756-1836 .... 224 (Marchesa d'Ossoli), 1810- Oliver Joseph St. John Gogarty, , 1850 210 1878-1957 224 Thomas Fuller, 1608-1661 210 Herbert Gold, 1924- 224 William Gaddis, 1922- 211 Michael (Irwin Granich) Gold, Ernest J. Gaines, 1933- 211 1893-1967 224 Zona Gale, 1874-1938 211 Arthur Golding, 15367-1605? ... 224 William Davis Gallagher, 1808- (Sir) William Golding, 1911- 1894 211 1993 224 John Galsworthy, 1867-1933 .... 211 Oliver Goldsmith, 17307-1774 ... 225 Erie Stanley Gardner, 1889-1970 . . 212 Paul Goodman, 1911-1972 226 John (Champlin) Gardner, (Jr.), Samuel Griswold Goodrich 1933-1982 212 (Peter Parley), 1793-1860 .... 226 (Hannibal) Hamlin Garland, Nadine Gordimer, 1923- 226 1860-1940 212 Caroline Gordon, 1895-1981 .... 226 George (Palmer) Garrett, (Jr.), Joe Gores, 1931- 227 1929- 213 (Sir) Edmund (William) Gosse, David Garrick, 1717-1779 213 1849-1928 227 George Gascoigne, c. 1534-1577 . . 213 Robert Gover, 1929- 227 Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, John Gower, 13307-1408 227 1810-1865 214 (Charles) William Goyen, 1915- William H(oward) Gass, 1924- ... 214 1983 228 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Sheilah Graham, 19047-1988 .... 228 c. 1375 215 Shirley Ann Grau, 1929- 228 John Gay, 1685-1732 216 Richard Graves, 1715-1804 228 Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss, Robert van Ranke Graves, 1895- Theo. LeSieg), 1904-1991 216 1985 228 Jack Gelber, 1932- 217 John Henry Gray, 1866-1934 .... 229 Martha Gellhorn, 1908- 217 Simon James Holliday Gray, Genesis A and B, c. 8th century . . . 217 1936- 230 Katharine Fullerton Gerould, Thomas Gray, 1716-1771 230 1879-1944 217 Andrew M. Greeley, 1928- 230 Edward Gibbon, 1737-1794 217 Anna Katharine Green, 1846- Walter B. Gibson, 1897- 218 1935 231 William Gibson, 1914- 218 Matthew Green, 1697-1737 231 (Sir) William Schwenck Gilbert, Paul (Eliot) Green, 1894-1981 ... 231 1836-1911 218 Kate (Catherine) Greenaway, Frank B(unker) Gilbreth, Jr., 1846-1901 231 1911- 219 Joanne Greenberg, 1932- 232 Gildas, d. 570 219 (Henry) Graham Greene, 1904- Richard Watson Gilder, 1844- 1991 232 1909 219 Robert Greene, 1558-1592 233 Charles Gildon, 1665-1724 219 Arthur Gregor, 1923- 233 Contents xv

(Isabella) Augusta (Persse), George Washington Harris, Lady Gregory, 1852-1932 .... 233 1814-1869 244 (Sir) Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Joel Chandler Harris, 1848-1908 . . 244 Brooke, 1554-1628 234 Mark Harris, 1922- 244 Zane Grey, 1872-1939 234 Constance Cary Harrison, 1843- Sutton E(lbert) Griggs, 1872- 1920 244 1930 235 Frederic Harrison, 1831-1923 ... 245 Rufus Wilmot Griswold, 1815- Tony Harrison, 1937- 245 1857 235 Joseph C. Hart, 1798-1855 245 Alfred Grossman, 1927- 235 (Francis) Bret(t) Harte, 1836- Davis Grubb, 1919-1980 236 1902 245 Barbara Guest, 1920- 236 Stephen Hawes, c. 1475-1511 ... 246 Louise Imogen Guiney, 1861- John (Clendennin Burne) 1920 236 Hawkes, (Jr.), 1925- 246 Neil Miller Gunn, 1891-1973 .... 236 Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804- Thom(son William) Gunn, 1929- . . 236 1864 247 A(lfred) B(ertram) Guthrie, (Jr.), John (Milton) Hay, 1838-1905 ... 249 1901-1991 236 Ernest Haycox, 1899-1950 249 William Habington, 1605-1654 ... 237 Robert Hayden, 1913-1980 249 Sir H(enry) Rider Haggard, Paul Hamilton Hayne, 1830- 1856-1925 237 1886 250 Richard Hakluyt, 1552-1616 .... 237 William Hazlitt, 1778-1830 250 Edward Everett Hale, 1822-1909 . . 238 Samuel Hazo, 1928- 250 Lucretia Peabody Hale, 1820- Shirley Hazzard, 1931- 250 1900 238 Seamus Heaney, 1939- 250 Nancy Hale, 1908-1988 238 Lafcadio Hearn, 1850-1904 251 Sarah Josepha (Buell) Hale, Frederic Henry Hedge, 1805- 1788-1879 238 1890 251 Thomas Chandler Haliburton, Robert A(nson) Heinlein, 1907- 1796-1865 238 1988 252 George Savile, 1st Marquis of Joseph Heller, 1923- 252 Halifax, 1633-1695 238 Lillian Hellman, 1905-1984 252 Baynard Rush Hall, 1798-1863 ... 238 Ernest (Miller) Hemingway, James Hall, 1793-1868 238 1899-1961 253 James Norman Hall, 1887-1951 . . 239 Beth Henley, 1952- 256 Joseph Hall, 1574-1656 239 W(illiam) E(rnest) Henley, 1849- Arthur Henry Hallam, 1811- 1903 256 1833 239 Robert Henryson, 14247-1506? . . 256 FitzGreene Halleck, 1790-1867 ... 239 Caroline Lee Hentz, 1800-1856 . . 256 Charles Graham Halpine (Miles Edward, Lord Herbert, of O'Reilly), 1829-1868 239 Cherbury, 1582-1648 256 (Samuel) Dashiell Hammett, Frank Herbert, 1920-1986 256 1894-1961 239 George Herbert, 1593-1633 257 Jupiter Hammon, c. 1720-c. 1800 . . 240 Henry William Herbert (Frank Christopher Hampton, 1946- .... 240 Forester), 1807-1858 258 Lorraine Hansberry, 1930-1965 ... 240 Josephine (Frey) Herbst, 1892- Arthur Sherburne Hardy, 1847- 1969 259 1930 240 Joseph Hergesheimer, 1880- John Edward Hardy, 1922- 240 1954 259 Thomas Hardy, 1840-1928 240 James Leo Herlihy, 1927- 259 Sir John Harington, c. 1561-1612 . . 243 Robert Herrick, 1591-1674 259 Henry Harland (Sidney Luska), Robert Herrick, 1868-1938 260 1861-1905 243 John (Richard) Hersey, 1914- Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, 1993 260 1825-1911 244 William Heyen, 1940-' 260 James Harrington, 1611-1677 .... 244 DuBose Heyward, 1885-1940 ... 260 xvi Contents

John Heywood, 14977-1580? .... 261 (James) Langston Hughes, 1902- Thomas Heywood, 15747-1641 ... 261 1967 273 George V. Higgins, 1939- 261 Ted (Edward James) Hughes, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 1930- 274 1823-1911 262 William Humphrey, 1924- 274 Richard Hildreth, 1807-1865 .... 262 James Gibbons Huneker, 1857- James Abraham Hillhouse, 1789- 1921 275 1841 262 (James Henry) Leigh Hunt, Walter Hilton, d. 1396 262 1784-1859 275 Chester (Bonmar) Himes, 1909- Evan Hunter (Ed McBain), 1984 262 1926- ,. 275 Rolando Hinojosa (-Smith), Zora Neale Hurston, 19017- 1929- 263 1960 275 Enos Hitchcock, 1744-1803 263 Richard Holt Hutton, 1826- Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679 263 1897 276 Thomas Hoccleve, 13697-1426 ... 264 Aldous Leonard Huxley, 1894- Ralph Edwin Hodgson, 1871- 1963 276 1962 264 T(homas) H(enry) Huxley, 1825- Charles Fenno Hoffman, 1806- 1895 276 1884 264 Gilbert Imlay, c. 1754-1828 277 Daniel (Gerard) Hoffman, 1923- . . 265 Dean Ing, 1931- 277 James Hogg, 1770-1835 265 William Inge, 1913-1973 277 Josiah Gilbert Holland (Timothy Joseph Holt Ingraham, 1809- Titcomb), 1819-1881 266 1860 278 Marietta Holley (Josiah Allen's Washington Irving, 1783-1859 ... 278 Wife), 1836-1926 266 Christopher Isherwood, 1904- John Holmes, 1904-1962 266 1986 279 John Clellon Holmes, 1926-1988 . . 266 Sir Isumbras, before 1320 279 Mary Jane (Hawes) Holmes, Charles (Reginald) Jackson, 1825-1907 266 1903-1968 279 Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1809- Helen (Maria) Hunt Jackson 1894 266 (Saxe Holm), 1830-1885 279 Homilies, Old English 267 Shirley (Hardie) Jackson, 1916- Thomas Hood, 1799-1845 267 1965 280 Richard Hooker, 15547-1600 .... 267 James I, King of Scotland, 1394- Thomas Hooker, 1586-1647 268 1437 280 Johnson Jones Hooper, 1815- Henry James, (Jr.), 1843-1916 ... 280 1862 268 Will(iam Roderick) James, 1892- Gerard Manley Hopkins, 1844- 1942 284 1889 268 Thomas Allibone Janvier, 1849- Pauline Hopkins, 1859-1930 .... 270 1913 " 284 Paul Horgan, 1903-1995 270 Randall Jarrell, 1914-1965 284 William H(owe) C(uyler) Richard Jefferies, 1848-1887 .... 284 Hosmer, 1814-1877 270 (John) Robinson Jeffers, 1887- Emerson Hough, 1857-1923 270 1962 284 A(lfred) E(dward) Housman, Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 .... 285 1859-1936 270 (Patricia) Ann Jellicoe, 1927- .... 286 Richard Hovey, 1864-1900 271 Sarah Orne Jewett, 1849-1909 ... 286 E(dgar) W(atson) Howe, 1853- Edward Johnson, 1598-1672 .... 287 1937 271 James Weldon Johnson, 1871- Julia Ward Howe, 1819-1910 .... 271 1938 287 William Dean Howells, 1837- Josephine (Winslow) Johnson, 1920 272 1910- 287 W(illiam) H(enry) Hudson, Lionel (Pigot) Johnson, 1867- 1841-1922 273 1902 288 Contents xvii Owen (McMahon) Johnson, King Horn, c. 1225 308 1878-1952 288 Charles Kingsley, 1819-1875 .... 308 Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784 288 Galway Kinnell, 1927- 309 Samuel Johnson, 1822-1882 291 Rudyard Kipling, 1865-1936 .... 309 Mary Johnston, 1870-1936 291 Caroline (Matilda) Stansbury Richard Malcolm Johnston, 1822- Kirkland (Mary Clavers), 1898 291 1801-1864 310 David Michael Jones, 1895-1974 . . 291 Joseph Kirkland, 1830-1894 .... 310 Henry Arthur Jones, 1851-1929 . . 291 Sarah Kemble Knight, 1666- James Jones, 1921-1977 291 1727 310 John Beauchamp Jones, 1810- John Knowles, 1926- 311 1866 292 Arthur Koestler, 1905-1983 311 LeRoi Jones (Imamu Amiri Arthur L. Kopit, 1937- 311 Baraka), 1934- 292 Jerzy (Nikodem) Kosinski, 1933- Madison Percy Jones, 1925- 292 1991 311 Erica (Mann) Jong, 1942- 292 Stanley J(asspon) Kunitz, 1905- . . 312 Ben(jamin) Jonson, 1572/3-1637 . . 292 Thomas Kyd, 1558-1594 312 Matthew Josephson, 1899-1978 . . 294 Peter B(ernard) Kyne, 1880- James Augustine Aloysius Joyce, 1957 312 1882-1941 294 Charles Lamb, 1775-1834 313 Samuel B(enjamin) H(elbert) Louis (Dearborn) L'Amour, Judah, 1804-1876 300 19107-1988 313 Sylvester Judd, 1813-1853 300 Melville De Lancey Landon (Eli Judith, late 9th century 301 Perkins), 1839-1910 314 Julian of Norwich, c. 1342-after Walter Savage Landor, 1775- 1416 301 1864 314 "Junius," fl.1769-1772 301 Charles Lane, fl. 1840s 314 Roger Kahn, 1927- 301 William Langland, perhaps MacKinlay Kantor, 1904-1977 ... 301 c. 1330-c. 1386 314 Patrick Kavanagh, 1905-1967 .... 301 Sidney Lanier, 1842-1881 316 John B. Keane, 1928- 302 Lucy Larcom, 1824-1893 317 John Keats, 1795-1821 302 Ring(old) W(ilmer) Lardner, Clarence Budington Kelland, 1885-1933 317 1881-1964 304 Philip Arthur Larkin, 1922-1985 . . 317 Edith Summers Kelley, 1884- Jeremy Lamer, 1937- 318 1956 304 George Parsons Lathrop, 1851- William Melvin Kelley, 1937- .... 304 1898 318 Walt Kelly, 1913-1973 304 D(avid) H(erbert) Lawrence, Margery Kempe, c. 1373-c. 1439 . . 304 1885-1930 318 Adrienne Kennedy, 1931- 305 T(homas) E(dward) Lawrence, John Pendleton Kennedy, 1795- 1888-1935 322 1870 305 Emma Lazarus, 1849-1887 323 William Kennedy, 1928- 305 Edward Lear, 1812-1888 323 X. J. Kennedy, 1929- 305 F(rank) R(aymond) Leavis, Jack Kerouac, 1922-1969 305 1895-1978 323 Ken Kesey, 1935- 306 John Le Carre (David John Francis Scott Key, 1779-1843 .... 306 Moore Cornwell), 1931- 323 John Oliver Killens, 1916-1987 ... 306 Harper (Nelle) Lee, 1926- 323 (Alfred) Joyce Kilmer, 1886-1918 . . 306 Nathaniel Lee, 16497-1692 323 Thomas Kilroy, 1934- 306 Vernon Lee (Violet Paget), 1856- Richard Burleigh Kimball, 1816- 1935 324 1892 307 J(oseph) S(heridan) LeFanu, Grace Elizabeth King, 1851-1932 . . 307 1814-1873 324 Henry King, 1592-1669 307 Ursula K. LeGuin, 1929- 324 Stephen King, 1947- 307 Fritz Leiber, 1910- 324 William King, 1663-1712 308 xviii Contents Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Robert Traill Spence Lowell, Breitmann), 1824-1903 325 1816-1891 335 John Leland, c. 1503-1552 325 Robert (Traill Spence) Lowell, Madeleine L'Engle, 1918- 325 (Jr.), 1917-1977 335 Charlotte (Ramsay) Lennox, (Clarence) Malcolm Lowry, 1720-1804 325 1909-1957 337 Hugh Leonard (John Keyes E(dward) V(errall) Lucas, 1868- Byrne), 1926- 325 1938 338 Eliza Leslie, 1787-1858 325 Grace Lumpkin, 19037-1980 .... 338 Doris May Taylor Lessing, 1919- . . 325 Alison Lurie, 1926- 338 (Sir) Roger L'Estrange, 1616- John Lydgate, 13707-1449 338 1704 326 John Lyly, 15547-1606 338 Denise Levertov, 1923- 326 Harris Merton Lyon, 1883-1916 . . 339 Ira Levin, 1929- 327 Andrew Nelson Lytle, 1902- G(eorge) H(enry) Lewes, 1817- 1995 339 1878 327 Edward Robert Bulwer Lytton, Alfred Henry Lewis, c. 1858- 1st Earl of Lytton, 1831-1891 . . 339 1914 327 Robert McAlmon, 1896-1956 .... 340 C(live) S(taples) Lewis, 1898- Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1963 327 1800-1859 340 Janet Lewis, 1899- 329 Anne McCaffrey, 1926- 340 M(atthew) G(regory) Lewis, Cormac McCarthy, 1933- 340 1775-1818 329 Mary (Therese) McCarthy, 1912- (Harry) Sinclair Lewis, 1885- 1989 340 1951 329 Horace McCoy, 1897-1955 341 (Percy) Wyndham Lewis, 1882- Carson (Smith) McCullers, 1917- 1957 329 1967 341 George Lillo, 1693-1739 330 George Barr McCutcheon, 1866- Joseph C(rosby) Lincoln, 1870- 1928 341 1944 330 Hugh MacDiarmid (Christopher Sir David Lindsay, c. 1486-1555 . . 330 Murray Grieve), 1892-1978 ... 342 George Lippard, 1822-1854 331 John D(ann) MacDonald, 1916- David Ross Locke (Petroleum 1986 342 Vesuvius Nasby), 1833-1888 ... 331 Ross Macdonald (Kenneth Ross (Franklin) Lockridge, Jr., Millar), 1915-1983 342 1914-1948 331 Katherine (Sherwood Bonner) George Cabot Lodge, 1873-1909 . . 331 MacDowell, 1849-1883 343 Thomas Lodge, 1558-1625 331 William (Morley Punshon) Harold Loeb, 1891-1974 331 McFee, 1881-1966 343 Jack (John Griffith) London, Thomas (Francis) McGuane 1876-1916 331 (III), 1939- ." 343 Haniel Long, 1888-1956 333 Arthur Llewelyn Machen, 1863- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1947 343 1807-1882 . 333 James McHenry (Solomon Samuel Longfellow, 1819-1892 ... 333 Secondsight), 1785-1845 343 Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, Claude McKay, 1890-1948 344 1790-1870 333 James McKenna, 1933- 344 Anita Loos, 1888-1981 334 Henry MacKenzie, 1745-1831 ... 344 Harriett Mulford Stone Lothrop Archibald MacLeish, 1892-1982 . . 3.44 (Margaret Sidney), 1844-1924 . . 334 Larry (Jeff) McMurtry, 1936- .... 344 H(oward) P(hillips) Lovecraft, (Frederick) Louis MacNeice, 1890-1937 334 1907-1963 344 Richard Lovelace, 1618-1657/8 . . 335 James MacPherson, 1736-1796 ... 345 Amy (Lawrence) Lowell, 1874- Norman Mailer, 1923- 345 1925 335 Charles Major, 1856-1913 345 James Russell Lowell, 1819-1891 . . 335 Bernard Malamud, 1914-1986 ... 346 Contents xix

(Battle of) Maldon, c. 1000 346 W(illiam) S(tanley) Merwin, Sir Thomas Malory, d. 1471 346 1927- 363 David (Alan) Mamet, 1947- 347 Paul Metcalf, 1917- 363 Bernard de Mandeville, 1670- Oscar Micheaux, 1884-1951 .... 363 2733 34g James A(lbert) Michener, 1907- Sir John Mandeville, fl. 1356/7 ... 348 1997 364 Frederick Manfred (Feike Thomas Middleton, 1580-1627 . . . 364 Feikema), 1912- 348 John Stuart Mill, 1806 ^73 .... 365 Katherine Mansfield (Kathleen Edna St. Vincent Millay, 1892- Mansfield Beauchamp), 1888- 1950 365 1923 349 Arthur Miller, 1915- 366 William Edward March (William Henry Miller, 1891-1980 366 Edward March Campbell), Joaquin Miller (Cincinnatus 1893-1954 349 Hiner Miller), 18417-1913 .... 367 Wallace Markfield, 1926- 349 Walter M. Miller, Jr., 1923- 368 Christopher Marlowe, 1564- A(lan) A(lexander) Milne, 1882- 1593 349 1956 368 J(ohn) P(hillips) Marquand, John Milton, 1608-1674 369 1893-1960 351 Donald Grant Mitchell (Ik. Don(ald Robert Perry) Marquis, Marvel), 1822-1908 373 1878-1937 351 Isaac Mitchell, c. 1759-1812 .... 373 (Captain) Frederick Marryat, John Ames Mitchell, 1845-1918 . . 373 1792-1848 351 Margaret Mitchell, 1900-1949 ... 373 James Marsh, 1794-1842 351 S(ilas) Weir Mitchell, 1829-1914 . . 373 John Marston, 15777-1634 351 Robert Molloy, 1906-1977 374 Andrew Marvell, 1621-1678 .... 352 N(avarre) Scott Momaday, John Edward Masefield, 1878- 1934- 374 1967 353 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Philip Massinger, 1583-1640 .... 353 (Pierrepoint), 1689-1762 374 Edgar Lee Masters, 18687-1950 ... 353 William Vaughan Moody, 1869- Cotton Mather, 1663-1728 353 1910 374 Richard Mather, 1596-1669 354 Clement Clarke Moore, 1779- Cornelius Mathews, 1817-1889 ... 354 1863 374 (James) Brander Matthews, George Augustus Moore, 1852- 1852-1929 354 1933 374 Peter Matthiessen, 1927- 354 Marianne (Craig) Moore, 1887- Charles Robert Maturin, 1782- 1972 375 1824 355 Thomas Moore, 1779-1852 376 W(illiam) Somerset Maugham, Henry More, 1614-1687 376 1874-1965 355 Sir Thomas More, 14777-1535 ... 376 Julian May, 1931- 355 Christopher (Darlington) Julian Mayfield, 1928-1984 356 Morley, 1890-1957 378 William Starbuck Mayo, 1811- John Morley, 1838-1923' 378 1895 356 George Pope Morris, 1802-1864 . . 378 Henry Medwall, fl. 1486 356 William Morris, 1834-1896 378 Herman Melville, 1819-1891 .... 356 Wright Morris, 1910- 380 H(enry) L(ouis) Mencken, 1880- Toni Morrison, 1931- 380 1956 360 Sarah Wentworth Morton, 1759- Miguel Mendez M., 1930- 361 1846 381 George Meredith, 1828-1909 .... 362 Howard Moss, 1922-1987 381 William (Morris) Meredith, John Lothrop Motley, 1814-1877 . . 381 1919- 362 Willard Motley, 1912-1965 381 James (Ingram) Merrill, 1926- (Ellen) Louise Chandler 1995 363 Moulton, 1835-1908 381 Thomas Merton, 1915-1969 363 Edwin Muir, 1887-1959 381 John Muir, 1838-1914 382 xx Contents Clarence E(dward) Mulford, Sean O'Casey (John Casey), 1883-1956 382 1880-1964 394 Lewis Mumford, 1895-1990 382 Edwin O'Connor, 1918-1968 .... 396 Anthony Munday, 1560-1633 .... 383 Flannery O'Connor, 1925-1964 . . 396 Dame Iris Jean Murdoch, 1919- . . 383 Clifford Odets, 1906-1963 397 Mary Noailles Murfree (Charles Liam O'Flaherty, 1896-1984 .... 397 Egbert Craddock), 1850-1922 . . 383 Frank O'Hara, 1926-1966 398 Arthur Murphy, 1727-1805 384 John (Henry) O'Hara, 1905-1970 . 398 Thomas Murphy, 1935- 384 Chad Oliver, 1928- 399 John Middleton Murry, 1889- Charles Olson, 1910-1970 399 1957 384 Elder (James) Olson, 1909- 400 Peter Hamilton Myers, 1812- Eugene (Gladstone) O'Neill, 1878 384 1888-1953 400 Mystery Plays, thirteenth- Joel Oppenheimer, 1930- 402 sixteenth centuries 384 John Boyle O'Reilly, 1844-1890 . . 402 Vladimir Nabokov, 1899-1977 ... 385 Joe Orton, 1933-1967 402 (Sir) V(idiadhar) S(urajprasad) George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair), Naipaul, 1932- 386 1903-1950 402 Ogden Nash, 1902-1971 387 John James Osborne, 1929-1994 . . 403 Thomas Nashe, 1567-1601 387 Frances Sargent (Locke) Osgood, Robert (Gruntal) Nathan, 1894- 1811-1850 403 1985 387 Thomas Otway, 1652-1685 403 John Neal (Jehu O'Cataract), Wilfred Owen, 1893-1918 403 1793-1876 388 Cynthia Ozick, 1928- 404 Joseph Clay Neal, 1807-1847 .... 388 Thomas Nelson Page, 1853-1922 . 404 John G(neisenau) Neihardt, Albert Bigelow Paine, 1861- 1881-1973 388 1937 404 Howard Nemerov, 1920- 388 Thomas Paine, 1737-1809 404 Jay Neugeboren, 1938- 388 Grace Paley, 1922- 405 Margaret (Cavendish), Duchess Dorothy (Rothschild) Parker, of Newcastle, 1623-1723 388 1893-1967 405 Charles King Newcomb, 1820- Theodore Parker, 1810-1860 .... 405 1894 389 Francis Parkman, 1823-1893 .... 405 Robert Henry Newell (Orpheus Thomas Parnell, 1679-1718 406 C. Kerr), 1836-1901 389 Anne Parrish, 1888-1957 406 Edward Newhouse, 1911- 389 Thomas Williams Parsons, 1819- Frances Newman, 1888-1928 .... 389 1892 406 John Henry Newman, 1801- Sara Payson Willis Parton 1890 389 (Fanny Fern), 1811-1872 406 Peter Richard Nichols, 1927- .... 390 Kenneth Patchen, 1911-1972 .... 406 Meredith Nicholson, 1866-1947 . . 390 Walter Horatio Pater, 1839-1894 . . 407 J(ohn) F(rederick) Nims, 1913- ... 390 Coventry Kersey Dighton Anais Nin, 1903-1977 391 Patmore, 1823-1896 407 Mordecai Manuel Noah, 1785- Elliott Harold Paul, 1891-1958 . . . 407 1851 391 James Kirke Paulding (Launcelot Charles Bernard Nordhoff, 1887- Langstaff), 1778-1860 408 1947 391 John Howard Payne, 1791-1852 . . 408 Marsha Norman, 1947- 392 Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, (Benjamin) Frank(lin) Norris, 1804-1894 . 408 1870-1902 392 Thomas Love Peacock, 1785- Andre Norton, 1912- 393 1866 408 Bill (Edgar Wilson) Nye, 1850- Mervyn Laurence Peake, 1911- 1896 393 1968 408 Joyce Carol Oates, 1938- 393 George Peele, 1556-1596 409 Edna O'Brien, 1932- 394 Samuel Pepys, 1633-1703 409 Fitz-James O'Brien, c. 1828-1862 . . 394 James Gates Percival, 1795-1856 . . 409 Contents xxi

Thomas Percy, 1729-1811 409 J(ohn) B(oynton) Priestley, 1894- Walker Percy, 1916-1990 409 1984 425 William Alexander Percy, 1885- Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle 1942 410 (Patience Pennington), 1845- S(idney) J(oseph) Perelman, 1921 425 1904-1979 410 Matthew Prior, 1664-1721 425 Julia (Mood) Peterkin, 1880- Proverbs, Precepts, and 1961 410 Monitory Pieces, Middle Ann Petry, 1911- 410 English 425 Elizabeth (Stuart) Phelps (H. James Purdy, 1923- 426 Trusta), 1815-1852 411 Howard Phelps Putnam, 1894- Charles Philbrick, 1922-1971 .... 411 1948 426 Ambrose Philips, 1674-1749 .... 411 George Puttenham, c. 1529- Katherine Philips, 1631-1664 .... 411 1591 426 David Graham Phillips, 1867- Mario Puzo, 1920- 426 1911 411 Howard Pyle, 1853-1911 426 Phoenix, later ninth century 411 Barbara Mary Crampton Pym, John James Piatt, 1835-1917 411 1913-1980 426 Albert Pike, 1809-1891 412 Thomas Pynchon, 1937- 427 Josephine Pinckney, 1895-1957 ... 412 Francis Quarles, 1592-1644 427 Sir Arthur Wing Pinero, 1855- David (William) Rabe, 1940- .... 428 1934 412 Arthur Rackham, 1867-1939 .... 428 Edward Coote Pinkney, 1802- Ann Radcliffe, 1764-1823 428 1828 412 Sir Walter Ralegh, 15547-1618 ... 429 Harold Pinter, 1930- 412 Allan Ramsay, 1686-1758 429 Sylvia Plath, 1932-1963 413 Ayn Rand, 1905-1982 429 Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849 414 Thomas Randolph, 1605-1635 ... 430 Frederik Pohl, 1919- 417 John Crowe Ransom, 1888-1974 . . 430 Francis Pollini, 1930- 417 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Maria Louise Pool, 1841-1898 ... 417 1896-1953 430 Ernest Poole, 1880-1950 417 Thomas Buchanan Read, 1822- Alexander Pope, 1688-1744 417 1872 431 Eleanor Hodgman Porter, 1868- Charles Reade, 1814-1884 431 1920 418 John (Francisco) Rechy, 1934- ... 431 Katherine Anne Porter, 1890- Ishmael (Scott) Reed, 1938- .... 431 1980 418 Sampson Reed, 1800-1880 431 Peter Neville Frederick Porter, Clara Reeve, 1729-1807 432 1929- 419 Robert Reginald (Michael William Sydney Porter (O. Burgess, Boden Clarke), Henry), 1862-1910 419 1948- 432 Charles (McColl) Portis, 1933- ... 420 Frederic Sackrider Remington, Ezra (Weston Loomis) Pound, 1861-1909 , 432 1885-1972 420 Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723-1792 . . 432 Anthony Dymoke Powell, 1905- . . 422 Eugene Manlove Rhodes, 1869- Dawn Powell, 1897-1965 422 1934 433 J(ames) F(arl) Powers, 1917- .... 423 Jean Rhys (Ella Gwendolyn Rees John Cowper Powys, 1872-1963 . . 423 Williams), 18907-1979 433 Llewelyn Powys, 1884-1939 .... 424 Alice Hegan (Caldwell) Rice, T(heodore) F(rancis) Powys, 1870-1942 434 1875-1953 424 Elmer Rice (Elmer Reizenstein), Winthrop Macworth Praed, 1892-1967 434 1802-1839 424 Dorothy Miller Richardson, William Hickling Prescott, 1796- 1873-1957 434 1859 424 Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761 . . 434 Reynolds Price, 1933- 424 Conrad (Michael) Richter, 1890- Richard Price, 1723-1791 425 1968 435 xxii Contents Edgell Rickword, 1898-1982 .... 435 Joanna Russ, 1937- 445 Riddles, Old English 435 George William Russell (AE), Laura Riding (Laura Reichenthal), 1867-1935 445 1901-1991 435 Irwin Russell, 1853-1879 445 James Whitcomb Riley, 1849- Abram Joseph Ryan, 1838-1886 . . 445 1916 435 Charles Sackville, Lord Mary Roberts Rinehart, 1876- Buckhurst, later 6th Earl of 1958 436 Dorset, 1638-1706 446 George Ripley, 1802-1880 436 Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Sophia Dana Ripley, fl. 1820s- Dorset, Baron Buckhurst, 1847? 436 1536-1608 446 Tomas Rivera, 1935-1984 436 George Edward Bateman Amelie Rives, Princess Saintsbury, 1845-1933 446 Troubetzkoy, 1863-1945 436 Floyd Salas, 1931- 446 Elizabeth Madox Roberts, 1881- J(erome) D(avid) Salinger, 1919- . 446 1941 436 Edgar Evertson Saltus, 1855- Kenneth (Lewis) Roberts, 1885- 1921 446 1957 437 Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, T(homas) W(illiam) Robertson, 1831-1917 446 1829-1871 437 Carl (August) Sandburg, 1878- Edwin Arlington Robinson, 1967 447 1869-1935 437 Mari Sandoz, 1896-1966 447 Rowland Evans Robinson, 1833- Stephen Sandy, 1934- 447 1900 438 George Sandys, 1578-1644 448 John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Epes Sargent, 1813-1880 448 Rochester, 1647-1680 438 Pamela Sargent, 1948- 448 Ross Rocklynne, 1913- 439 William Saroyan, 1908-1981 .... 448 E(dward) P(ayson) Roe, 1838- (Eleanor) May Sarton, 1912- .... 449 1888 439 Siegfried Loraine Sassoon, 1886- Theodore Roethke, 1908-1963 ... 439 1967 449 Samuel Rogers, 1763-1855 440 John Godfrey Saxe, 1816-1887 ... 450 Richard Rolle, c. 1300-1349 440 Dorothy L(eigh) Sayers, 1893- O(le) E(dvart) Rolvaag, 1876- 1957 450 1931 441 Jack Schaefer, 1907-1991 451 Christina Georgina Rossetti, Budd (Wilson) Schulberg, 1914- . . 451 1830-1894 441 Delmore Schwartz, 1913-1966 ... 451 Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1828- Evelyn Scott, 1893-1963 451 1882 441 Sir Walter Scott, 1771-1832 451 Henry Roth, 1906?- 442 Winfield Townley Scott, 1910- Philip Roth, 1933- 442 1968 453 Jerome Rothenberg, 1931- 442 Seafarer, before about 940 453 Constance (Mayfield) Rourke, Charles Sealsfield (Karl Postl), 1885-1941 442 1793-1864 453 Nicholas Rowe, 1674-1718 443 Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Mary (White) Rowlandson, c. 1789-1867 453 1635-c. 1678 443 Sir Charles Sedley, 16397-1701 ... 453 William Rowley, 15857-1626 .... 443 Alan Seeger, 1888-1916 454 Susanna (Haswell) Rowson, c. Maurice (Bernard) Sendak, 1762- 1824 443 1928- 454 Anne Newport Royall, 1769- Mary Lee Settle, 1918- 454 1854 443 Anne Sexton, 1928-1974 454 Michael Rumaker, 1932- 443 Thomas Shadwell, 16427-1692 ... 454 (Alfred) Damon Runyon, 1880- Anthony Shaffer, 1926-, and 1946 443 Peter Levin Shaffer, 1926- .... 455 (Ahmed) Salman Rushdie, 1947-. . 443 John Ruskin, 1819-1900 444 Contents xxiii Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Cordwainer Smith (Paul Myron Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671- Anthony Linebarger), 1913- 1713 455 1966 480 William Shakespeare, 1564-1616 . . 455 Elihu Hubbard Smith, 1771- Ntozake Shange, 1948- 468 1798 480 Karl (Jay) Shapiro, 1913- 468 Francis Hopkinson Smith, 1838- (George) Bernard Shaw, 1856- 1915 480 1950 468 Captain John Smith, 1580-1631 . . 480 Henry Wheeler Shaw (Josh Richard Perm Smith, 1799-1854 . . 480 Billings), 1818-1885 471 Samuel Francis Smith, 1808- Irwin Shaw, 1913-1984 471 1895 481 Wilfred (John Joseph) Sheed, Seba Smith, 1792-1868 481 1930- 471 Stevie (Florence Margaret) Smith, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, 1902-1971 481 1797-1851 471 William Gardner Smith, 1927- ... 481 Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822 . . 472 Tobias George Smollett, 1721- William Shenstone, 1714-1763 ... 473 1771 481 Sam Shepard (Samuel Shepard William Joseph Snelling, 1804- Rogers Jr.), 1943- 473 1848 482 Thomas Shepard, 1605-1649 .... 473 W(illiam) D(eWitt) Snodgrass, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1751- 1926- 482 1816 473 C(harles) P(ercy) Snow, 1905- Frank Dempster Sherman, 1860- 1980 483 1916 473 Gary (Sherman) Snyder, 1930- .. . . 483 Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber, Susan Sontag, 1933- 483 1814-1890 474 Gilbert Sorrentino, 1929- 483 James Shirley, 1596-1666 474 Robert Southey, 1774-1843 484 Luke Short (Frederick Glidden), Saint Robert Southwell, 15617- 1908-1975 474 1595 484 Sir Philip Sidney, 1554-1586 .... 474 E(mma) D(orothy) E(liza) Lydia Huntley Sigourney, 1791- N(evitte) Southworth, 1819- 1865 475 1899 485 Edward Rowland Sill, 1841- Dame Muriel Sarah Camberg 1887 475 Spark, 1918- 485 Alan Sillitoe, 1928- 475 John Speicher, 1934- 485 Robert Silverberg, 1935- 476 Elizabeth Spencer, 1921- 485 Clifford D. Simak, 1904-1988 .... 476 Sir Stephen Harold Spender, William Gilmore Simms (Frank 1909- 485 Cooper), 1806-1870 476 Edmund Spenser, c. 1552-1599 ... 486 Neil Simon, 1927- 477 Mickey Spillane (Frank Louis (Aston Marantz) Simpson, Morrison), 1918- 488 1923- 477 Harriet (Elizabeth) Prescott N(orman) F(rederick) Simpson, Spofford, 1835-1921 488 1919- 477 Elliott White Springs, 1896- Upton (Beall) Sinclair, 1878- 1959 489 1968 .477 David Stacton, 1923-1968 489 Isaac Bashevis Singer, 1904-1991 . . 478 Jean Stafford, 1915-1979 489 Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell, Ann Stanford, 1916- 489 1887-1964 478 Olaf Stapledon, 1886-1950 489 John Skelton, 14607-1529 478 Edmund Clarence Stedman, Christopher Smart, 1722-1771 ... 479 1833-1908 489 Betty (Wehner) Smith, 1904- Sir Richard Steele, 1672-1729 ... 490 1972 479 Wilbur Daniel Steele, 1886-1970 . . 490 Charles Henry Smith, 1826-1903 . . 479 Wallace (Earle) Stegner, 1909- Charlotte Smith, 1748-1806 480 1993 490 xxiv Contents Gertrude Stein, 1874-1946, and (Edmund) John Millington Alice B(abette) Toklas, 1877- Synge, 1871-1909 508 1967 490 John B(anister) Tabb, 1845-1909 . . 509 John (Ernst) Steinbeck, 1902- Genevieve Taggard, 1894-1948 . . 509 1968 491 Tales, Middle English 509 Sir Leslie Stephen, 1832-1904 .... 494 Harden E(dwards) Taliaferro, James Stephens, 1882-1950 495 1818-1875 509 George Sterling, 1869-1926 495 (Newton) Booth Tarkington, Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768 495 1869-1946 509 Wallace Stevens, 1879-1955 497 (John Orley) Allen Tate, 1899- Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson, 1979 509 1850-1894 498 James (Vincent) Tate, 1943- 510 Donald Ogden Stewart, 1894- (James) Bayard Taylor, 1825- 1980 499 1878 510 George R(ippey) Stewart, 1895- Edward Taylor, c. 1644-1729 .... 510 1980 499 Jeremy Taylor, 1613-1667 510 Frank (Francis) R(ichard) John Taylor, 15787-1653 511 Stockton, 1834-1902 500 Peter (Hillsman) Taylor, 1917- Charles Warren Stoddard, 1843- 1994 511 1909 500 Sir William Temple, 1628-1699 ... 512 Elizabeth Drew (Barstow) Tabitha (Gilman) Tenney, 1762- Stoddard, 1823-1902 500 1837 512 Richard Henry Stoddard, 1825- Alfred Tennyson, 1809-1892 .... 512 1903 500 Madison Tensas, M.D. (Henry William Leete Stone, 1792-1844 . . 500 Clay Lewis), 1825-1850 514 Tom Stoppard, 1937- 501 Mary Virginia Terhune (Marion David Malcolm Storey, 1933- .... 501 Harland), 1830-1922 514 William Wetmore Story, 1819- Megan Terry, 1932- 514 1895 501 William Makepeace Thackeray, Rex Stout, 1886-1975 501 1811-1863 514 Harriet (Elizabeth) Beecher Stowe Celia (Laighton) Thaxter, 1835- (Christopher Crowfield), 1894 516 1811-1896 501 Dylan Marlais Thomas, 1914- (Giles) Lytton Strachey, 1880- 1953 516 1932 502 Frederick William Thomas, Gene(va Grace) Stratton-Porter, 1806-1866 517 1863-1924 502 Daniel Pierce Thompson, 1795- Thomas Sigismund Stribling, 1868 517 1881-1965 503 Francis Thompson, 1859-1907 ... 517 William Strode, 1602-1645 503 (James) Maurice Thompson, Jesse (Hilton) Stuart, 1907-1984 . . 503 1844-1901 517 Theodore (Hamilton) Sturgeon, William Tappan Thompson, 1918-1985 503 1812-1882 518 William (Clark) Styron, 1925- ... 504 James Thomson, 1700-1748 518 Sir John Suckling, 1609-1642 .... 504 James Thomson (B. V), 1834- Ruth Suckow, 1892-1960 504 1882 518 Hollis Summers, 1916- 505 Mortimer Neal Thomson, 1831- Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, 1875 518 15177-1547 505 Henry David Thoreau, 1817- Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745 505 1862 518 Algernon Charles Swinburne, T(homas) B(angs) Thorpe, 1815- 1837-1909 507 1878 522 John Addington Symonds, 1840- James (Grover) Thurber, 1894- 1893 507 1961 522 Arthur William Symons, 1865- Wallace Thurman, 1902-1934 ... 523 1945 507 Henry Timrod, 1828-1867 523 Contents xxv

J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) Tolkien, Horace Binney Wallace, 1817- 1892-1973 523 1852 537 Jean Toomer, 1894-1967 526 Lew(is) Wallace, 1827-1905 537 Bradford Torrey, 1843-1912 526 Edward Lewis Wallant, 1926- Albion W(inegar) Tourgee, 1838- 1962 537 1905 526 Edmund Waller, 1606-1687 537 Cyril Tourneur, 15757-1626 526 Horace Walpole, 1717-1797 537 Thomas Traherne, 1637-1674 .... 526 Izaak Walton, 1593-1683 538 B. Traven, 18827-1969 527 Joseph Wambaugh, 1937- 538 John Trevisa, 13407-1402 527 Wanderer, before about 940 538 Lionel Trilling, 1905-1975 527 Edward (Ned) Ward, 1667-1731 . . 538 Anthony Trollope, 1815-1882 .... 527 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, Frances Trollope, 1780-1863 529 1844-1911 538 J(ohn) T(ownsend) Trowbridge, William Ware, 1797-1852 538 1827-1916 529 Anna Bartlett Warner (Amy John Trumbull, 1750-1831 529 Lothrop), 1827-1915 539 George Tucker, 1775-1861 529 Charles Dudley Warner, 1829- Nathaniel Beverley Tucker 1900 539 (Edward William Sidney), Rex (Reginald Ernest) Warner, 1784-1851 529 1905-1986 539 St. George Tucker, 1752-1827 .... 529 Susan Bogert Warner (Elizabeth Frederick Goddard Tuckerman, Wetherell), 1819-1885 539 1821-1873 530 Caroline Matilda (Thayer) Henry Theodore Tuckerman, Warren, 17877-1844 540 1813-1871 530 Mercy Otis Warren, 1728-1814 ... 540 John R. Tunis, 1889-1975 530 Robert Perm Warren, 1905-1989 . . 540 Anne Tyler, 1941- 530 Joseph Warton, 1722-1800, and Royall Tyler, 1757-1826 530 Thomas Warton, 1728-1790 ... 540 William Tyndale, c. 1495-1536 ... 530 Booker T(aliaferro) Washington, Nicholas Udall, c. 1504-1556 .... 531 1856-1915 541 John (Hoyer) Updike, 1932- .... 531 Wendy Wasserstein, 1950- 541 Edward Falaise Upward, 1903- . . 532 Frank Waters, 1902-1995 541 Leon Uris, 1924- 532 Ian Watson, 1943- 541 Sir Thomas Urquhart, 1611- George Watterson, 1783-1854 ... 542 1660 532 Isaac Watts, 1674-1748 542 Sir John Vanbrugh, 1664-1726 ... 532 Evelyn (Arthur St. John) Waugh, Jack Vance, 1916- 532 1903-1966 542 Henry Van Dyke, 1852-1933 .... 533 John V(an) A(lstyn) Weaver, Carl Van Vechten, 1880-1964 .... 533 1893-1938 543 A(lfred) E(lton) Van Vogt, 1912- . . 533 Frank J. Webb, fl. 1857-1870 .... 543 Henry Vaughan, 1621-1695 533 Charles Wilkins Webber, 1819- Jones Very, 1813-1880 534' 1856 -. 543 Gore Vidal, 1925- 534 John Webster, c. 1578-c. 1632 .... 543 Jose Antonio Villarreal, 1924-. ... 534 John Weiss, 1818-1879 544 John Donaldson Voelker (Robert H(erbert) G(eorge) Wells, 1866- Traver), 1903- 535 1946 544 Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., 1922- 535 Eudora Welty, 1909- 545 John Barrington Wain, 1925- Glenway Wescott, 1901-1987 .... 547 1994 535 Arnold Wesker, 1932- 547 Diane Wakoski, 1937- 536 Alick (John Alexander) West, Waldere, before late tenth 1895-1972 547 century 536 Jessamyn West, 1907-1984 547 Alice (Malsenior) Walker, 1944- . . 536 Nathaniel West, 1903-1940 547 David Walker, 17857-1830 536 Dame Rebecca West (Cicily Margaret Abigail Walker, 1915- . . 536 Isabel Fairfield Andrews), 1892-1983 548 xxvi Contents

Edward Noyes Westcott, 1846- Sir Angus Frank Johnstone 1898 548 Wilson, 1913-1991 564 Edith (Newbold Jones) Wharton, Augusta Jane Evans Wilson, 1862-1937 548 1835-1909 564 Phillis Wheatley, 17537-1784 .... 549 Colin Henry Wilson, 1931- 564 Charles Stearns Wheeler, 1816- Harriet Wilson, 1808-c. 1870 .... 565 1843 549 Harry Leon Wilson, 1867-1939 ... 565 John (Brooks) Wheelwright, Lanford Wilson, 1937- 565 1897-1940 549 Margaret Wilson, 1882-1973 .... 565 James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Thomas Wilson, c. 1525-1581 ... 565 1834-1903 550 Donald Windham, 1920- 565 Frances Miriam Whitcher, 1814- William Winter, 1836-1917 565 1852 550 (Arthur) Yvor Winters, 1900- E(lwyn) B(rooks) White, 1899- 1968 566 1985 550 Theodore Winthrop, 1828-1861 . . 566 Gilbert White, 1720-1793 551 John Wise, 1652-1725 566 Stewart Edward White, 1873- Adele Wiseman, 1928-1992 566 1946 551 Owen Wister, 1860-1938 566 T(erence) H(anbury) White, George Wither, 1588-1667 567 1906-1964 551 Sir P(elham) G(renville) William Allen White, 1868-1944 . . 551 Wodehouse, 1881-1975 567 Brand Whitlock, 1869-1934 551 Larry (Alfred) Woiwode, 1941- . . 568 Sarah Helen (Power) Whitman, Gene Wolfe, 1931- 568 1803-1878 552 Thomas (Clayton) Wolfe, 1900- Walt(er) Whitman, 1819-1892 .... 552 1938 569 Adeline Dutton Train Whitney, Maritta Wolff, 1918- 570 1824-1906 554 Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759-1797 . . 570 (Edward) Reed Whittemore (II), Charles Wood, 1932- 571 1919- 554 Sarah Sayward Barrell Keating John Greenleaf Whittier, 1807- Wood, 1759-1855 571 1892 554 George Edward Woodberry, Widsith, c. seventh century 555 1855-1930 571 Elie Wiesel, 1928- 555 Samuel Woodworth, 1785-1842 . . 571 Kate Douglas Wiggin, 1856- Leonard Sidney Woolf, 1880- 1923 556 1969 571 Richard (Purdy) Wilbur, 1921- ... 556 (Adeline) Virginia Woolf, 1882- Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills 1941 571 Wilde, 1854-1900 556 Cornell Woolrich (George Amos N. Wilder, 1895-1993 558 Hopley, William Irish), 1903- Laura Ingalls Wilder, 1867-1957 . . 559 1968 574 Thornton (Niven) Wilder, 1897- Constance Fenimore Woolson, 1975 559 1840-1894 575 Charles W(alter) S(tansby) William Wordsworth, 1770- Williams, 1886-1945 560 1850 575 Heathcote Williams, 1941- 560 Sir Henry Wotton, 1568-1639 ... 578 John A(lfred) Williams, 1925-.... 560 Herman Wouk, 1915- 578 Jonathan Williams, 1929- 560 Harold Bell Wright, 1872-1944 ... 578 Tennessee (Thomas Lanier) James (Arlington) Wright, 1927- Williams, 1911-1983 561 1980 578 William Carlos Williams, 1883- Richard (Nathaniel) Wright, 1963 562 1908-1960 579 Jack Williamson, 1908- 563 Wulfstan, d. 1023 579 Calder (Baynard) Willingham, Rudolph Wurlitzer, 1937- 579 (Jr.), 1922-1995 563 Sir Thomas Wyatt, 1503-1542 ... 580 N(athaniel) P(arker) Willis, William Wycherley, 1641-1715 ... 580 1806-1867 564 John Wyclif, c. 1330-1384 580 Contents xxvii Elinor (Hoyt) Wylie, 1885-1928 ... 581 George Zebrowski, 1945- 585 Philip Wylie, 1902-1971 581 Roger Zelazny, 1937- 585 Elizabeth (Lillie) Buffum Chace Louis Zukofsky, 1904-1978 586 Wyman, 1847-1929 581 Richard Yates, 1926- 581 William Butler Yeats, 1865-1939 . . 581 Chronological Appendix .... 589 Arthur Young, 1741-1820 584 Nationality Appendix 605 Edward Young, 1683-1765 584 Author/Title Index 623 Marguerite Young, 1909- 585 Subject Index 719 Stark Young, 1881-1963 585 3UDJecl lnat;x Israel Zangwill, 1864-1926 585