Volume34, No. i BIuTIsH C0LuMmA Winter 2000/2001 $5.00 HIsToiuc NEWS ISSN 1195-8294 Journal of the British Historical Federation

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The Canadian Pacific’sCrowsnest Route tram at Cranbrook about 1900. Archival Adventures Remember the smell of coal and steam? The Flood of 1894 Robert Turner, curator emeritus at the Royal Museum in , is an authority on the history of railroadsand in Yellowhead a dozen books on British Columbia and he has written and published Cedar Cottage BC’stransportation history In this issue he writes about the Crowsnest Route. “Single Tax” Taylor Patricia Theatre Index 2000 British Columbia Historical News British Columbia Historical Federation Journal of the P0 Box S254, STATIoN B., VICToRIA BC V8R 6N4 Historical Federation British Columbia A CHARITABLE SOCIETY UNDER THE INCOME TAX ACT Published Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall.

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Our Web site, http://bchEbc.ca, is hosted by Selkirk College in Castlegar, BC BRrnsH CoLuMBIA Volume34, No. 1 Winter 2000/2001 $5.00 HIsToIuca NEWS ISSN 1195-8294 Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation

Sex and Violence

2 Ladner and the Flood of 1894 THE PROMOTION of and public education by Gwen Szychter in BC’s documentary heritage is no small task. Real estate, memorabilia, and 6 Sex andViolence in the BC Archives: Adventures in collectibles are in the public eye, but not Historical Detection archives, although our knowledge and un by Jean Barman derstanding ofthe past depends on docu ments. Archives need help to increase pub- 13 Railway Route through the Crowsnest lic awareness ofthe true value oftheir col by Robert Turner and Randal Macnair lections and the documentary history of our province. 18 “...That Old Rogue, the Iroquois Tête Jaune” We welcome therefore the recent for- by Yvonne Mearns Klan mation ofthe “Friends ofthe British Co lumbia Archives,” which 22 Eight Times Mayor of Vancouver: had its inaugural meeting in Victoria on a sunny Saturday “Single Tax” Taylor: Louis Denison Taylor 1857-1946 in October. by Mary Rawson The “Friends of the British Columbia Archives” want to increase the awareness 27 Childhood Memories ofVancouver’s Cedar Cottage of what is at the BC Archives, and assist and Trout Lake District the BC Archives in the acquisition and by A. C. (Fred) Rogers preservation of records of historical sig nificance and making these more widely 36 Reports: available. Patricia Theatre Powell River’s The BC Archives takes care of an as hy Dean Unger tonishing amount of material about the Thinking about Museums entire Northwest area of the continent. by Valerie Patenaude The holdings are not confined to govern ment records but include a huge variety of records on subjects touching the de velopment and the people of this prov 30 BOOK REVIEWS ince. It is all owned by the citizens of BC NEws AND NOTES 38 but few realize the extent of this valuable 41 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR asset. 42 FEDERATION NEWS More information on the “Friends of British 43 INDEX VOLUME 33 (2000) Columbia Archives” and how to participate in their efforts can be found on page 39. But what has an archives to do with “Sex and Violence?” Dr. Jean Barman, Any country worthy of a future should be interested in its past. speaker at the inaugural meeting of the W. Kaye Lamb, 1937 “Friends,” kindly agreed to publish the text ofher talk on the subject in this issue of BC Historical News. The editor

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of Flood the and Ladner 1894 municipality; and deliveries were made, naturally Nfw STW43fi £i3rf’ Left: 1873 survey map of enough, by the boats that typically plied the Fraser. “Crescent Creek and This disaster had occurred at a crucial time of fl7ON h vicinity.” Crescent Creek, / . year for local farmers. If the water did not sub F now Crescent Slough, ‘lI1’t.k44 Vis4 side fairly quickly and the land did not connects at both ends to the dry out - . enough to enable the planting of a second crop, /f Fraser Rive, The land %‘ d I bordered they would be forced to buy fodder, that is, hay, by the Crescent d’Zj Slouih and the Fraser oats, turnips, or other feed, for their catde over River is known as winter. This would be an intolerable financial Crescent Island. Today’s burden for many of these men who were just Ladner is to the west. getting established on the land. Luckily the wa 7avellers soinc south exit ters receded in time to sow another crop. the Deas tunnel on In each municipality the reeve was designated Cresent Island. to oversee the operation. In Delta the agent was Paul Ladner, son of then Reeve William H. Ladner, who had delegated the position to the younger man. Political patronage at its most bla tant? Probably. However, Paul Ladner was well- & if I can get 5 or 6 sacks I could plant again for my regarded and educated, and knew his neighbours own use (potatoes). well, as can be seen from his reports, some of LV. Lucas which follow. In addition, the job probably did not pay much, and appeared to have been only a Another letter writer who believed in the direct month or so in duration. approach, giving a list of specific requirements, In any event, the applications from local farm was Douglas Dove, who farmed with his brother, ers, while briefand to the point, are also informa Spencer, on 156 acres on the mainland opposite tive. A sampling of those applications gives us a the easternmost end of Tilbury Island. Because clear idea of the effect of the disaster locally. of the farm’s location, his address is somewhat The following letter from a farmer located on different from that of the other petitioners: the southeast bank of Crescent Slough is typical: New Westminster B.C.June 19th /94 Ladner’s Landing,June 1 6th [1894] Dear Sir, Gentlemen, My farm having been flooded with the high wa ter I make an All my farm being completely submerged by the application for the following seeds. flood I have lost all my crop. I hereby make appli 1 tOn oats 300 lbs. ofTimothy cation for a ton ofpotatoes, 500 lbs. of oats, 1 Seed [replaced by “400 lbs sack barley and 1 lb. turnip seed. Millet”] I am yours 6 lbs.Turnip seed respect[fully] 6 ton Potatoes Ernest R. Chidell Douglas D. Dove New Westminster, B.C. Mr. Chidell appeared to be leaving nothing to West of Lot 130 Gp 2 Delta Municipality chance, giving the agent an itemized list of his This is one of the requirements. few instances in which changes to the requested materials or amounts were noted Most letters tended to be explanatory, giving directly on the applicant’s letter. An some detail of the farmer’s situation, perhaps be assessment of the damage to Dove’s property was contained cause previous experience with government sug in the Distributor’s Report made out gested the necessity oftaking nothing for granted. by Paul Ladner for this application: Since farmers had seldom been in government, even in those days, perhaps the detail of the fol This 10 acres of newly seeded hay will be a com lowing application is not excessive: plete loss as it is covered with sediment about two inches deep & the pasture will be damaged very Ladners Landing,June 9th 1894 considerably for the same reason. Garden & roots To Reeve Ladner, a total loss. The fences on this property have been My ground was under two feet ofwater all last week very much damaged & about one third drifted and the crop I had in is ruined. I had one acre planted away.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 3 Right: One of the other On the back of many letters was noted the ap

letters applyingfor seeds proval given by the Provincial Secretary or his ,. ‘‘ to be given to farmers assistant, as in the following: f/fY46 that have had their crops ruined by the overflow of Ladners June the 18/94 I the Frasei..” Dear Sir, I beg to apply for 500 Lbs Potatoes as my crop has all been lost in the recent flood. My land is situate[dj on Crescent Island on Lot 149 G[roup] 2. R. W. Hawthorne 9L 4 ,4etf Mr. Paul Ladner, Ladners i 4;—: On the reverse is written the following order: LtC V MessrsYoudall & Sinclair, Please fill the enclosed ‘ order by delivering to R.W Hawthorne, Ladner.

James Baker Provincial Secy V7

Evidence that it had been delivered is noted,”de-. j:;— livered June 26th 94 MS”.

V• All deliveries were recorded in this fashion, J4V directly on the order written by either Baker or Townsend. Applications continued to come in, as late as the early part ofJuly. It may have been that news f. of the relief program did not reach everyone in the district for some time, although deliveries of seed from the government began to arrive on June 26th. This appears to have been the last let ter received: Ladner Landing,July 5th 1894 Paul E Ladner Esq, Agent for Distribution of Seeds This applicant is in debt about as much as he can Dear Sir, be, his farm is heavily mortgaged. It would be I beg to apply for one and a half ton of Seed Po useless to grant more than half of what he asks for tatoes but [I] would suggest that he be allowed 500 lbs E. Beadleston of potatoes. My reason for suggesting cutting his application down one half is that with his horses At the bottom is a notation: “Please fill this or it would be impossible for him to put it all in. der,Wm B. Townsend, For Prov Sectr” The appointed agent, in this case, Paul Ladner, It is apparent from other papers that Mitchell also filed a letter of recommendation in respect received less than he expected as a of his of each application, referred to earlier as the Dis application, but whether he registered a com tributor’s Report. It appears that these recom plaint at being shortchanged is not known, at least The mendations were generally acted upOn, but they not from the surviving records in this file. Ladner is also unclear. Were also reveal a lot about the community and its reason put forth by individuals, not to mention serving as a barom this man’s horses incapable of doing the amount they were too old? Or eter of the relationship of each applicant to the of work required because work? Ladner family. did he not have enough horses for the We The following notation is probably the most shall never know negative, and since Nathaniel Mitchell had been Finally, we should not be deceived into be in dire financial straits in the early 1890s, to the lieving that there were no fraudulent or exag point of losing one of his original holdings, gerated claims. Delta contained, as it does now, a and Ladner’s comments are not surprising.The nota cross-section ofinhabitants, some honest law- George tion reads as follows: abiding, and some not. One farmer,

4 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i edied by governmental assistance, This was a se Left: Paul Ladnerc rious consideration for some farmers, as is evi Distributorc reports dent in Ladner’s comments on the damage to regarding Spencer DoveS the Dove property claim: “Grain, potatoes & Paul Landner’s report gives us the clearest pic roots a compkte loss & hay ture of the effects of the flood, one that is quite so badly covered with sediment that it is only in contrast to the reports of the newspaper, in fit for pasture.... The fences 4•44/y which downriver locations, such as Delta, got sec are very much damaged on ondary coverage. And so we can lay to rest the this property a considerable first myth, namely that the inhabitants of Delta portion being carried away were scarcely affected by the flood of 1894. How entirely.” ever, to be fair to the Daily Columbian, we need to remember that the newspaper was published in New Westminster and attempted to serve all .. the FraserValley and the interior of the Province. At the time of the disaster it was more commit / .•: •‘ ted to reporting the really extensive damage of 4’. 4 Qk the flood, which was upriver. On its front page, the paper carried news of the daily rise in the river’s level at various points and the effect on the nearby inhabitants. ø€?2:: A second myth shattered by the contents of these files is that of the much—touted self—reli 1 I ance of early settlers. Certainly in the early years, before there was much in the way of an organ ized government inVictoria and before the mu nicipality of Delta was organized and incorpo rated, self—reliance may have been the rule. But by the 1890s and perhaps even sooner, govern ment assistance was welcomed and employed to Lassiter, made application for quantities of oats, the individual’s advantage—hardly the stand-on- millet, potatoes, barley, and turnip seed, all of our-own-two-feet attitude of popular lore. which were reduced by at least half. Of turnip However, one does not have to look far to seed he requested ten pounds, but was given only find a positive aspect of this disaster. The experi four pounds. Ladner remarked in his report,”Tbis ence of 1894, coupled with another inundation man applies for enough turnip seed to provide in January 1895, motivated local residents finally feed for one hundred cattle through the winter to do something collectively about the situation. & he has but twenty-five.” It is left to the reader Since organizing to put pressure on the provin to speculate as to what Lassiter had intended to cial government was the only viable solution to do with the surplus seed, but Paul Ladner was the unpredictability of the Fraser River, they or obviously nobody’s fool. ganized.And politicians, not only inVictoria, but At the end of the operation the agent made a also in Delta, recognizing that they were dispen report to the government on the quantity ofseed sable if they did not respond to the demands of that had been given out to the applicants.A total the voters, devised and implemented a system of of thirty—four applications for seed relief were publicly owned and maintained dykes. SOURCES: received from Delta farmers, of which only one Locally this took the form of the Delta Dyke BC Archives, File FOl, was denied outright. It was stated in the newspa and Drainage Bylaw 1895, under which the Box 12. The Daily Columbian, 23 per that the recipients of seed grain and potatoes dyking was paid for through local taxes over a May 1894 to 19 June were “expected to return the seed in kind next period of years. Farmers in the end paid for this protection from the river, but at least they all paid 1894 inclusive, 27 and year,” but no record exists of this occurring and 28June 1894, and 25 and they paid proportionately. And the much- it is apparent that at least some farmers believed July 1894. needed dyke was built. they were being “given” the seed. Nor is there No more discussion and Land Title Office, New any indication that the loss of fencing was rem- no more pronzises.”” Westminster, records.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2005 5 Sex and Violence in the BC Archives: Adventures in Historical Detection by Jean Barman

Dr. Jean Barman Talk given at the inaugural meeting of the”Friends of the BC Archives,” teaches at the University of British in Victoria on 21 October 2000. Columbia and is the author of The West s a long-time user of the British Colum for the jugular, so to speak. It is precisely this that Beyond the West:A bia Archives, I can think of no more ap makes the Web site so valuable in allowing us to History of British Apropriate event than the inauguration of do preliminary research before we ever leave Columbia. a Friends group. The archives has gone through home. For the Web site alone, and to encourage many changes—I can remember when the name its continuing development, we should all be was so long no one knew quite what it was— come fervent supporters of the BC Archives and I’m sure all of us applaud the return to the through the new Friends group. direct and straightforward British Columbia Ar There is still, I hasten to add, an element of chives. While we miss John Bovey’s interested serendipity that enters into research. However presence in the reading room, we appreciate the strategic we think that we are the folder we open initiatives taken by Gary Mitchell since he was up might well contain something just a little bit appointed Provincial Archivist two years ago. different than what we thought would be there. Thank you, Gary. Sometimes the contents are cause for disappoint Gary and everyone else connected with the ment, other times we come upon an unexpected BC Archives have not had an easy time. We are, treasure that takes our research in a whole new around the world, in the midst ofan archival revo direction. It is inevitable that the BC Archives, or lution. The technology that invades our every indeed any archives, is organized around big events day life has nowhere made a greater contribu and important persons.These are often our start tion than with archives. We as users have access ing points, for by their very nature they generate to repositories in ways that we would not even far more records in a concentrated fashion than have dreamt ofjust a few years ago. do the ordinary and the mundane of everyday No technical innovation has been as critical lives. All the same, BC Archives is a treasure trove for my research life as is the BC Archives Web of the unexpected, particularly now that we have site. I find myself using it, almost every day, for theWeb site to give assistance. By describing three some reason or another. For me the three key of the most provocative finds I’ve made in con elements of the Web site are access to textual nection with my ongoing research in British Co records, both government documents and pri lumbia history, I hope to make the larger point vate papers; to vital events, in other words, birth, that the archives is not just about big events, but marriage, and death records; and to visual re also about peoples’ real lives in all of their diver sources, over a hundred thousand images held by sity and complexity BC Archives. No aspects of human behaviour are more in TheWeb site is a godsend, particularly for those timate than sex and violence.They touch us all at of us from the mainland who tend to use the some point in our lives, vicariously ifnot directly. archives through the mad dash method. By this I We are affected by the temptation, if not the re mean getting up at 4 or 5 to catch the 7 A.M. ality So it was for the Nova Scotian schoolteacher, ferry to get to the archives by its opening at 9:30 two Mexican packers, and Native and then another dash back at about 7:30 in the woman with two husbands whose stories await evening for the final, 9 P.M. ferry and so home by us in the BC Archives.These three adventures in midnight, if all goes well.These mad dashes con historical detection highlight the many ways that Archives and centrate the mind most wonderfully.The limited the BC Archives can help us toward greater un Archivist amount of time we have forces us to focus on derstanding of all aspects ofthis province in which precisely what it is we really want and then to go we live. Editor Frances Gundry

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i It was in connection with this research that I Left: Jessie McQueen met my Nova Scotian schoolteacher, Jessie McQueen. She was one of many attracted west to British Columbia to teach in the wake of the transcontinental railway completed in the mid— 1880s. The simple requirement to write an ex amination gave young persons like her, who had already attended normal school elsewhere a real advantage in entering the classroom. The plan was that Jessie would teach three years to assist the family economy back home in Pictou County where teachers got $60 a term compared with $60 a month in British Columbia. Then Jessie would be free to marry, and there was every rea son for her to do so, given the uneven sex ratio, particularly in areas like the Nicola Valley where she taught. YetJessie did not marry, and I wanted to know why. Here was a very presentable young woman in a social setting where persons like her were at a premium.Yet she remained single year after year and taught, over her lifetime, in not just the Nicola Valley, but at Salmon Arm, Campbell Creek, , and Salt Spring Island, among other locations. BC Archives came to the rescue. Among its treasures are the letters ADVENTURE I that Jessie and her sis ter Annie wrote home to Nova Scotia, gener How COME JESSIE McQuEEN STAYED SINGLE? ously donated by a great niece, Margaret The first of the three adventures in historical McCurrach, herself a lifetime teacher living in detection grows out of my longstanding interest Victoria. in teachers and teaching in nineteenth century Jessie McQueen’s letters reveal blossoming British Columbia. I have been intrigued by the sexuality ending in violence.The man who caught province’s distinctiveness in not having a teach Jessie’s fancy was Thomas Hall, a young English ers’ college, normal school, or any organized man who courted her through such means as a means to train teachers. Up to the turn of the letter consisting in its entirety of a line from Sir century, persons wanting to teach simply had to Walter Scott’s poem”The Lady of the Lake.”The pass a knowledge-based examination not that dif stag at eve had drunk his fill where danced the ferent than what it took to graduate from high moon on Monan’s rill.”2 Jessie came to realize school. that one of the reasons Tom resorted to poetry 1 See Jean Barman, “Brit My research goal has been to understand the was that he did not have much schooling and she ish Columbia’s Pioneer motives and attitudes ofpersons going into teach began to tutor him. Her respect grew when he Teachers,” in Jean Bar— ing. What I have discovered is an occupation turned out to be a good pupil, and she gave him man, Neil Sutherland, and Donald Wilson, viewed primarily as a stopgap in the life course.1 a small Bible that he thereafter, according to family J. ed., Children, Teachers and Young men taught until they got the funds to memory, carried in his shirt pocket next to his Schools in the History of gether to study for a profession, acquire a piece heart. As the courting became more earnest, the British Columbia (: of land, or go into business.Women anticipated two exchanged photographs.Tom andJessie went Detselig, 1995), 189-208. marriage, a goal facilitated in nineteenth-century riding together, and they made plans to attend 2 Information taken from Jean Barman, “Domesti the 24 May picnic Nicola British Columbia by the very uneven sex ratio at Lake celebrating cating British Columbia: among the non—Aboriginal or newcomer popu Queen Victoria’s birthday. Westward with the lation.The frontier nature of much of the prov Then the unthinkable happened. “On Wed. McQueen sisters of ince meant that there were far more men than morning he walked to school with me..., and Pictou County, Nova Scotia,” book manuscript women to go around until after the First World the next Wednesday he was killed.. . .1 said good under consideration for War. bye so carelessly, and never dreamed that I would publication.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 _ __

never see him again.” On the fatal Monday, 13 May 1889,Tom Hall began a newjob in a nearby sawmill. He was to assist the sawyer by carrying away the edgings from the cut wood.While do ing so, Tom crossed over the lumber on the car riage behind the saw and caught his foot. He was essentially chopped into pieces, so the Kamloops in 4- 4At.*, L, Sentinel newspaper reported gruesome detail. According to the story passed down through - ‘‘‘ y ‘-‘ Jessie’s sister, “as he lay screaming in agony on the ground, his companions pulled the Bible out of his breast pocket and pressed it between his 4 4?’4-” .141 teeth for him to bite on.” )4 A-’4” A good Scots Presbyterian, who as a child im €,‘•.. bibed the predestination ethic that everything / 4T f4’i44rmt.7 S a &v: ..41€ happened for a reason that was for the best,Jessie -,E came to believe that the violence ofTom Hall’s ,1 ---‘ death was a lesson to her. She had allowed her .. - sexuality override her responsibility to her fam s-p. to f/_ *drlM ily Jessie agonized in a letter home, “I know that ‘God meant it, and God sent it but oh mother, I 4 c4 ø’i’-I’ 4cr do seem to lose hold of all my comfort.” Jessie ajd/,sec1k/ AA.4a Y1 was, she came to believe, destined to remain sin 6. ‘- - gle all her life to serve her family, and she did so. bY The McQueen family letters, divided between the BC Archives and the Provincial Archives of 9’ Nova Scotia, gave me an understanding that I -L7. ‘ would not have obtained in any other way of d€ t7.4.I.& • £4--’’-f how sex and violence can touch ordinary lives. I

‘ -“- am grateful, particularly given that I have just finished a book-length manuscript now with a publisher about Jessie and her sister Annie’s ad A - J/ ,. - ventures in British Columbia, entitled “Domes ticating British Columbia: Westward with the McQueen sisters ofPictou County; Nova Scotia.” £. - J,% 4• —4&’Z;:%1 ADVENTURE 2 -‘Zi - WHY DID RAPHAEL VALENZUELA AND 4- ‘ - ANGELO GuTIERREz GET INTO A FIGHT? c-- jø 4 ‘- t-4--— /-- V’-- - The other two adventures in historical detec tion grow out of a quite different strand of my /_o A’z a-a - ongoing research on British Columbia history. The second story is about two Mexican packers 4-f t1-* 4-% a who tangled violently over sexuality — I - I have for some time attempted to give mean ing to the thousands of relationships that sprung £i4 up during the fur trade and the be 4 / Zt-i - -- o-_-._ tween newcomer men and Aboriginal women.3 -- 4€ a-á/- Such ties, be they one-night stands or life long ---‘- — ds /.e.-’-•- / matches, are difficult to disentangle for several -‘ ,-;_ reasons. Most of their participants were ordinary f pJ’i 4-g_44.) people, far less likely to have their lives traced in

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i Left: Group ofpackers. Photo from WA. Baillie Grohman, FifteenYears Sport and Life in the Hunting Grounds of Western America and British Columbia (1909). Opposite page, top: Pagefrom one ofJessie McQueen S letters. Opposite page, bottom: Pagefrom Gutiérrez court case.

3 See Jean Barman, “Tam ingAboriginal Sexuality: public archives than the handful of men at the for another purpose in a judge’s bench book, or Gender, Power, and top. Such relationships Race were tainted by racism. record of cases tried.7 Angelo Gutiérrez was in British Columbia, Almost all newcomers accepted the notion of a charged with “assault with intent to maim, dis 1850-1900,” BC Studies: hierarchy of the races, which conveniently put figure etc. one RaphaelValenzuela.”The two men, The British Coluenbian them on top. Aboriginal people were doubly dis both Mexicans come with the gold rush, had been Quarterly 115—16 (Fall— Winter 1997-98), 237- paraged, being darker in skin colour and non- “good friends” for “many years.” Sex and vio 66; “What a Difference a Christian and so “uncivilized.” Newcomers’ quest lence now parted them. Border Makes: Aborigi for Aboriginal peoples’ land heightened racist At the heart of the matter lay an accusation nal Racial Intermixture rhetoric, whose consequences became a very con that Valenzuela had made against Gutiérrez’s in the Pacific North west,”Journal of the West venient basis for dispossession. “klootchman,” the word in Chinook jargon for 38,3 (July 1999), 14-20; Racism was double-edged the in case of sev Aboriginal woman. Valenzuela accused her of “Invisible Women: Abo eral hundred Hispanics who arrived in British having gone “to town to look after lovers.” So riginal Mothers and Columbia during the gold rush, mainly to work informed, Gutiérrez felt compelled to defend his Mixed-Race Daughters as packers. Many of them had come north for masculinity as the expense of his long friendship. in Rural British Colum bia,” in R.W. Sandwell, the California gold rush beginning in 1849, and Angelo Gutiérrez was not so much concerned ed., Beyond the City Lim just kept going when gold was discovered here about what his klootchman had, or had not, done its: Rural History in British in 1858. Speaking Spanish, these men were, even but rather about the suggestion that he did not, Columbia. (Vancouver: if literate, not generally literate in English. Due as a man, have adequate control over his wom UBC Press, 1999), 159- 79;”Families vs. Schools: to the racism that rebounded on anyone of darker an’s actions. It was Gutiérrez’s own honour and Children ofAboriginal complexion, they almost always partnered with not that of his klootchman that was at stake in Descent in British Co Aboriginal women. the confrontation ending in violence. lumbia Classrooms of the Whereas all hybrid or mixed—race relationships RaphaelValenzuela explained to the court what Late Nineteenth Cen are hard to trace, those of Hispanics are, for these happened during the late afternoon in question tury,” in Edgar-Andre Montigny and Lori reasons, particularly difficult to uncover. It is per after he made the accusation against Gutiérrez’s Chambers, ed., Family haps not surprising, then, that this second adven woman. ivlatters: Papers in Post- ture in historical detection is a joint effort. It was “[Gutiérrez] came to where I was & asked me Confederation Canadian Family History (: initiated by my husband RoderickJ. Barman, — who to go to his house went to his house — He Canadian Scholars’ is a historian of Latin America interested in the invited me in. I said How do you Press, do. He asked 1998), 73-89. Hispanic presence in British Columbia,4 encour me to sit down. I was making a paper cigarette. 4 See RoderickJ. Barman, aged by Marie Elliott, who is on the Friends or He asked me if I had told his Klootchman she “Packing in British Co ganizing committee,5 and assisted by Chris Hanna, went to town to see her lovers. I saidYes.Then— lumbia: transport on a resource frontser,”Journal a consummate contract researcher at BC Ar he said—You. . .,using an expression as if... [my] ofTransport History 21, 2 chives.6 mother was a whore. At the same time he came (September 2000): 140- With this second adventure in historical de at me. I caught him by the two arms—and said I 67. tection, a little bit of luck made the difference.A didn’t understand you asked me over to fight 5 See Marie Elliott, Gold and Grand Dreams: court case giving a window into the complex me. . . he drew his [Bowie] knife—I then threw Cariboo East in the Early relationship between sex and violence for two him off and run—About 10 yards I fell down. Years (Victoria: Horsdal Mexican packers was next to one being sought He followed after me—he struck me in the back & Schubart, 2000).

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 9 6 Available by phone at of the head twice.” Two sets of records in the BC Archives, both 250-595-7501, by fax at of which I found through the Web site, gave me 250-595-7461. At this point Valenzuela showed his scars to of 7 “The Queen vs. Angelo the jury, which may have been responsible for the story George’s parents and hence of the

Guiteritz — Indic. 1 for their finding Gutiérrez guilty and his being sen first violent death involving this Cowichan Assault with intent to tenced to two years of hard labour. woman. The first are the inquests where there maim, disfigure, etc. one This second adventure reveals a different rela was a suspicious death.8 The Web site for inquests RaphaelVanezualo,” 17 gives some by name, others only by date, so the October 1874, BC Ar tionship between sex and violence than does the chives, CR 1727,Judge first. It is not affection between a man and a absence of a name is no guarantee that no in Cray’s Bench Book, woman that is undone by violence, but rather a quest exists.The second set ofrecords that helped 1874. case ofmasculine honour having to be defended. me to piece the story together I found through 8 Inquest on E.B. Fisher, serendipity One evening, while looking for some 25 September 1865, In striking RaphaelValenzuela,Angelo Gutiérrez thing else, BCA, GR 1328, Records was not, I want to reiterate, defending his I decided to search one more time by of Provincial Secretary, klootchmanS honour but rather his own. To have name for any new information that might be F15/5a. even an old friend like Valenzuela charge him available about George’s father, Edward Brande 9 Fisher correspondence with being a cuckold, with being betrayed by a Fisher. To my pleasure, a new source turned up and related materials, BC on the screen. Materials are constantly being Archives, CR485, box woman for another man, was what caused 15, folders 1-2. Gutiérrez to act as he did. Despite the high price added to the Web site, making it useful, every 10 Edward Brande Fisher, that he paid in terms ofimprisonment, Gutiérrez’s once in a while, to search once again for some pre-emption of Piers Is honour, his masculinity; remained intact. critical, missing piece of data. land, BC Archives, What I had located were the records from an GR766, box, 5, file 697. intestate estate, in other words, the estate ofsome 11 British Columbia, Di ADvENTua 3 vision ofVital Statistics, one who died without a will. As soon as I had Death registration, 48— WHAT WAS SARA ALIAS ANNE’S ROLE IN TWO time to make one of my mad dashes to Victoria, 3820. HUSBANDS’ VIOLENT DEATHS? I requested the folders to find a treasure trove of 12 “Cowichan -The family letters and also the very pocketbook that Death of Fisher,” Colo This second vignette serves as a useful prelude to the Cowichan woman’s first husband had with nist, 23 September 1865. my third adventure in historical detection. 13 George Purser, pre him when he died at her side.9 I was touching emption of Purser Island, The image ofAboriginal women as agents of documents that may well have lain unbidden in 21 September 1868, BC seduction and initiators of violence was wide their ifies since shortly after Edward Brande Fish box, 8, Archives, GR766, spread during the gold rush.These women’s ffiit er’s violent death in September 1865. By putting file 1062. eracy has made it extremely difficult for them to 14 Census of Canada, these two sources together with newspaper ac defend themselves across time from the charges 1881, district Cowichan counts from the Victoria press, also available on and Salt Spring, house so easily levelled against them by men like microfilm in the BC Archives, another little drama hold 123. Valenzuela. Or so I thought. of sex and violence took shape. 15 Inquest on George One ofthe most intriguing stories I have come The story is a classic tale from the British Purser, 18-1885, BC Ar across is of a Cowichan woman known at differ chives, CR 1327,Attor- Columbia gold rush. In December 1862 a well- names of ney General, Inquisitions, ent points in her life by the Christian heeled young Englishman, twenty-year old 1872-1937. Sara and Anne who had two newcomer husbands Edward Brande Fisher, boarded a White Star 16 G[eorge] Stainburn to die violently, one after the other. Speculation has packet ship at Liverpool. Having booked “First C.C. McKenzie, passed down, even among descendants that she Bay, 4 October Class Cabin Passage” for the weighty sum of52 Burgoyne might have done in one or both of them. In each 1881 and 11 january 10 shillings, or $265, which was more than most 1882, BC Archives, case, the BC Archives has served to exonerate men made in a year, he and his 40 cubic feet of CR1445, BC Superin this Cowichan Native woman, or so you can luggage set out forVictoria. The letters his wid Education, tendent of decide. owed mother back in London wrote to her dear Inward Correspondence. Husband number one was the father of George Teddy, as she called him, he carefully kept even Fisher. George was recalled by his grandchildren though he increasingly did not respond. “I wish as neat and orderly, quite refined, and very much my dear boy I would hear you were doing some an Englishman. He used to tell his family about thing for your living—an idle life at any time is Opposite page, left: ho after his father died violently when he was bad besides if you spend your capital you will TeacherS letter lamenting an infant, he was taken away from his Aboriginal soon find yourself in the wrong.” Her letters be circumstances of Purser mother Sara by the priests at Catholic St. Louis came desperate for even a scrap of news from an children. College inVictoria, who then raised him to adult errant son who, instead of heading to the gold Opposite page, right: hood. So what happened? fields, used his inheritance to make a very differ- George Fisher.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i ent life for himself than would have been possi— ifit can legally be done, to protect the interests ofboth [mother and child] .“ ble at home. Not only did young Teddy Fisher Teddy Fisher’s mother back home in London approved. Having been in soon cohabit with a young Cowichan woman formed of the death, she hired aVictoria solicitor in order to “do justice to who he called Sara, he legally married her injanu all concerned.” By this she meant insulating the family from a hybrid in ary 1864, a highly unusual commitment for the fant being landed on them while ensuring he was not brought up a ‘savage.’ time. A few months later he pre—empted Piers And so it became clear to me, through records I found in the BC Archives, Island, 150 acres in size, located just north of how it was that baby George was made a ward of the Catholic order of Saanich Inlet.’0 Their son George was born there Christian Brothers, who very possibly got the estate in exchange for bringing inJune 1865.11 him up as a young pseudo Englishman. Just three months after George’s birth, Teddy But that’s not the end of the story of our young Cowichan woman, for Fisher was dead. The violent circumstances she has been implicated in not just one but two violent deaths of new seemed, at first, to implicate his Aboriginal wife comer husbands. Rebounding, as she had to, from the loss of husband and Sara. According to Victoria’s Colonist newspaper, child, Sara soon lit upon George Purser, who had come out from England “the female who was with him at his death was in 1858 as a sapper with the Royal Engineers.As I found out by once again his wife, and it is alleged that she had previously checking pre-emption records, also in BC Archives and indexed for Van been betrothed to a young Indian who may have couver Island and the Gulf Islands on the Web site, Purser took over Fish fired the fatal shot out of jealousy or revenge. er’s pre—emption on Piers Island.’3 At about the same time the first of half The woman states that he was stepping over a a dozen children by Sara, whom he renamed Anne, was born.14 log and was using his gun as a prop when it acci— So began a second cycle in which sexuality would again end in violence. dentally exploded, and the charge entered his My understanding of what happened came in two stages through the BC chest.”12 Archives. The first was, once again, an inquest; in this case into George The inquest cleared Sara Fisher of blame, but Purser’s death in 1885.’ The second find came through serendipity In not to the extent that she was able to keep her connection with my research on teachers, I read through the incoming baby or her husband’s money. Even though le correspondence of the BC Superintendent of Education, available in the gally married, she was an Aboriginal woman and, BC Archives on microfilm.This is a marvellous source for the social history as “there is a considerable amount of property of late-nineteenth century British Columbia, containing thousands of let belonging to the Estate, it seems necessary that a ters from people in communities around the province, giving a grassroots Guardian (as Administrator) should be appointed; perspective on their needs and aspirations. Unfortunately, it is not indexed,

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 11

No.i -VOL.34 NEWS BC HISTORICAL

woman,

enigmatic Cowichan this tions whether

Archives.

‘‘

to reflec your only leave can this I point, At

BC the in of us and one every by each be had

himself

to waiting just more adventures are many there

killed his the had stepfather house.”All gone, hope

But deaths. violent two in husbands’

her played

in go a gun off heard out “I when cedar” some

alias Anne Sara role what his and honour, tect

he the was day next very “getting how scribed

pro to jail to went Gutiérrez whyAngelo single,

de then I Fisher George to all know.” wanted

stayed was McQueen thatJessie it how realize now

said, yes, ‘That’s he him told I another and man,

may We up. we end tell will quite where never

got my me had for knew mother sure I that if

can adventure.We of the element is ing, and that

asked he that died he before night “the father

...

do we are what to true pleasure the gives more

his about son year.” testified Purser eldest The

but something researchers, as organized selves

a about away been She had left him. had mother

our think of and goals out with we specific start

my I because think he troubled, [was] happy;

of research.Yes, joy the you of convinced I have

was he think not do a I he quiet very was man,

hope I importantly, most and perhaps Thirdly,

little, very said “he his about stepfather, plained

so. do to nity

As ex George had up. given simply Anne, alias

opportu an us gives BC Archives the of Friends

Sara, at some that point reveal stories death.Their

The diversity. and all of their richness in lives

Purser’s inquest at into the witnesses principal

of our all of stories the to collect continue to

the were brothers half and his George Fisher

archives the at everyone encourage each we must

Purser. into Anne Fisher Sara herself formed from

and us, of all about is BC Archives the that point

trans had who woman this Cowichan involve

larger the to a make means as violence and sex

to second the drama, frontier little in this chapter

used I’ve Here intimate. most at their and women

me another gave death violent Purser’s George

men ordinary about insights and of information

into the inquest and reason, I the knew Now

storehouse magnificent a also is archives the but

half siblings. his younger assist his to studies

records, government to collect need a is there Yes,

to leave sixteen, at age him, beseeched mother

not correct. is simply political the and powerful

his but that a priest, become to wanted he

how

the of only records of repository staid somewhat

grandchildren his told He descendants.

through

the as Archives BC the of the image Secondly,

down has come that story Fisher’s George of part

ago. two or year

another make explicable

letters teacher’s

The

a even possible thought have ever would we than

state.” deplorable a very in are

his

family

site Web the of consequence a as accessible more

and

Purser Altogether arrive.

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...

much become has water, the across us of those

family, the of use the

for town from things other

for particularly Research, revolution. the archival

& flour some home to

sent have ought

day

she

to response its on again, congratulated and then

Tues Last doing. be she may else what

not

know

be congratulated, must Archives BC the First,

do I and washing is baby, she a with Victoria at

think. I things, Three

is to Purser, married woman an Indian mother,

violence? and sex with ters

“The women. Aboriginal

permitted society

nant

encoun woman’s our Cowichan and can packers,

domi the the

onlyjob

took perforce to work,and

Mexi two schoolteacher, Scotian Nova our from

out to go

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His

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learn we can What us? to tell have cal detection

help almost is father,

the

Purser,

reason:”George

histori in adventures three do these then, What,

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of a situation “in CONCLUSION reported, teacher so the was,

family Purser the January the next By weather’

way.

the is on adventure research other cold damp this .in clothing.. & shoes with vided

an

Maybe

pieces. the up picked Anne alias Sara pro well very “not were pupils four Purser his

how

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I

entangled.

been had life her with whom men Bay Burgoyne at teacher the fall 1881 of In the

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the

of

deaths violent the of circumstances strings. 16 heart my at tore that a fashion in Purser

the

learned I Archives, BC to thanks the least, name the across came I day, one a sudden, of All

the At

husband. second of in her the death pable chronologically.

cul

not

was or was only in her still mid—thirties, organized simply but place, or by person either Railway Route through the Crowsnest by Robert Turner and Randal Macnair

N 7 December 1898 a gala excursion for its importance as a transportation route but Bob Turner is a curator left Nelson on the beautiful, brand new for the legacy of its freight rates, the famous or emeritus at the Royal Q Canadian Pacific sternwheeler SS infamous “Crow Rates.” British Columbia en route to Kootenay Landing and an awaiting Construction of this new rail route was by no Museum in Victoria and passenger train for Cranbrook. The guests were means easy. Working west from to has written extensively on BC’s travelling to a banquet at Cranbrook to celebrate wards the mountains, the railway was forced to transportation history. the opening of the new Canadian Pacific Rail build a series of major bridges and cuttings. Later He is also the project way route via the from this route would be bypassed southern and the huge historian for the through to Kootenay Lethbridge Viaduct Landing at the of High Bridge built as part restoration of the SS of southern end of .With connect a more efficient alignment of the railway. In Moyle at and a ing steamer services to Nelson, the railway pro the mountains, winter conditions were severe and heritage consultant. vided a direct route from the mainline of the the workers suffered from the cold, poor camp His 13th book, CPR just east ofLethbridge through to the Co conditions and long hours of hard labour for lit highlighting the lumbia River at Robson. From there steamers tle pay. The complaints of labourers prompted a Canadian Pacific’s ran up the Columbia to Arrowhead and to an parliamentary inquiry into conditions on the rail coastal liners, will be published in other rail connection with the CPR mainline at way. Nonetheless, the railway progressed west the spring. Several others, Revelstoke. ward and reached Kootenay Landing and a “tem he hopes, will follow The railway route was built to provide porary” end of track that the re would remain in use soon after. source—rich area stretching along the Canada— for over 30 years. United States border with efficient transporta The new Crow Route brought the Kootenays Randal Macnair is a tion and communications in an era where that a much closer and more efficient connection with heritage consultant meant only one thing: a railway. After much local the rest of Canada and most of the route would living in Fernie in the agitation and pressure from British Columbia, an continue to be a key part of British Columbia’s Crowsnest Pass region. agreement was reached between the Canadian transportation network to the present day. The He curated and Pacific Railway, the Crow’s Nest Pass Coal Com people of the region celebrated the new railway produced a travelling exhibit for the pany and the Federal government to build the with great enthusiasm and looked forward to the centennial of the railway through the Crow. The agreement pro extension of the CPR west to the Boundary Crowsnest Pass vided a cash subsidy and land grant for the District and eventually toVancouver, rail completing Railway route. He way return, a Coast-to-Kootenay and in the CPR agreed to a perma railway. Over the next dec developed Web sites nent reduction in freight rates. Ironically, the rail ade, the CPR also improved the services on its and worked on way has been known over the years not so much steamer connections in the interior with the con- heritage projects in BC and Alberta. Most of his work presently focuses on the coal mining heritage of the Elk Valley, a heritage that owes its existence to the Crowsnest Railway route.

Left: The SS Moyie, shown here during the First J’14,rld Wa, was built for the Crowsnest Route in 1898.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 struction of larger and faster sternwheelers, including the and for Crow Rates service on Kootenay Lake and the Bonnington for the route. Within a few years the CPR extended its trackage west to the Boundary District and The Crow Rates had little to do in 1915 it opened the KettleValley Railwayjoining with the main line at Spences Bridge. with the Crowsnest railway itself The next year saw completion of its route through the Coquihalla Pass to Hope and a but set low rates for the movement connection with the main line across the Fraser River. Passengers and freight could now of grain from the Prairies and for travel all the way from Vancouver to Lethbridge along the southern boundary of British the shipment of manufactured Columbia and Alberta. Steamer services remained an important link in the goods and some other commodi Crow Route until the end ties to the Prairies from the manu of 1930 when the railway opened along the western shore of Kootenay Lake facturing centres ofeastern Canada. between Kootenay Landing and Procter, east of Nelson. Later the Crow Rates were ex Mining is central to the story of the Crowsnest Route. In the 1890s and early 1900s, tended to all railways in western southern British Columbia was in the midst of a mining boom that extended all across the Canada, including the Canadian province from the East Kootenays through Nelson and the Slocan to Rossland and on National that had absolutely noth west to Grand Forks and Phoenix in the Boundary District. Silver, copper, and lead ore ing to do with the original Crows- discoveries drove an industrial expansion that transformed the southern districts along the nest Pass railway. The Crow Rates international boundary. Key to the success of metal mining were several factors: capital, became a controversial element in labour, markets, transport, and fuel for power and smelting. The Crowsnest Route pro Canadian politics and in the ship vided efficient and economical transport and access to markets, and linked the mining ping of grain across western districts together, Canada. making it possible for ores to be shipped to smelters. Moreover, the As the years went by, the rates Crowsnest Coal field, with its huge deposits of high-grade steaming and coking coal, established in the late 1800s re provided coke for the smelters and fuel for the steam locomotives on the railways and for flected less and less ofthe real costs steam boilers driving pumps, compressors, and hoists. The railway was the sinew that ofmoving grain, and they became bound the mining and industrial complex together and made it economically functional. an increasing financial burden on Large—scale coal mining began in the Crowsnest at the same time as the railway was the railways and a significant dis opened for service and the relationship between coal and the Crowsnest line continues incentive for capital investment. Of over 100 years later. Nearly all of the Crowsnest coal was mined underground and the course, the railways seldom got seams proved to be enormous. In some places the coal seams were over 40 feet thick and much sympathy from the general of good quality The major mines on the British Columbia side of the pass were developed public or their elected officials, but by the Crow’s Nest Pass Coal Company, which controlled most of the coal lands in the net result by the 1960s and the 1 970s was an increasingly obsolete area.The Canadian Pacific itselfdeveloped a short-lived mine and coking plant at Hosmer.1 grain transport system from the The Canadian Pacific was not the only railway in the Crowsnest region.JamesJ. Hill’s Canadian Prairies to export terrm— Great Northern built northwards from Rexford, Montana, to reach Fernie in 1904 and nals. Michel four years later. The GN route, known properly as the Crows Nest Southern The general movement in towards free trade and deregulation of the economy led to the phasing out ofthe Crow -4 Rates in the 1980s and 1990s.The phase—out of the Crow Rates was controversial and received with consternation by many who saw their disappearance as the begin ning of major changes in the rail system and ofhigher costs for Prai rie grain producers.

Right: The original terminus of the Crowsnest Route at the south end of Kootenay Lake: Kootenay Landing station and steamer dock.

14 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No.i in the was dif Ktunaxa mines ficult and dangerous and The Ktunaxa, sometimes written as Kootenay, or Kutenai peoples who lived in the there were many accidents as well as several major, region for hundreds ofgenerations, used the Crowsnest Pass as a travel and trading route through horrible explosions. Al the mountains.The route finally adopted by the railway was to pass through or near many areas though the mines were used by the Ktunaxa for hunting and fishing and for harvesting food, medicine, and materials monitored for coal gas and and other sites that were sacred.The railway brought tremendous and lasting changes because it dust accumulations and was an enormous catalyst for settlement and subdivision of the land, industrial development, were generally well venti lated, explosions occurred landscape and ecosystem change as well as bringing profound pressures for cultural change. with tragic frequency. At The changes in land ownership and land use through logging, mining, agriculture and urban Fernie in 1902, 128 men settlement disrupted their way of life in many ways. Not least was the establishment of reserves were lost in an explosion that often held little relationship to their traditional resource use patterns. For the Ktunaxa at Coal Creek.At Bellevue 30mendiedina 1910 ex People issues of lands and aboriginal title are an ongoing concern and certainly reflect back on plosion. Worst of all, in the alienation of lands and the disruptions of their culture that came with the building of the 1914,189 men were killed Crowsnest Route and the many profound changes that followed with the railway. in a terrible explosion at Hillcrest. Then, at Michel in 1916, 12 miners died from an explosion and the next year 34 were killed at Railway, provided a water level grade from the backing ofthe Canadian Pacific. It connected with Coal Creek. There were pass south to the GN main line and gave the the CPR at the BC— border at Kingsgate— other losses but once it was American transcontinental access to the coal it Eastport.What made this route so important was determined that lightning was often the cause of it needed for locomotive fuel and for the mines the gateway provided into the US Northwest these explosions and the and smelters along its route. Hill acquired sub for the Canadian Pacific. The CPR, in connec underground railway sys stantial interests in the Crow’s Nest Pass Coal tion with the Soo Line which it controlled, de tems were grounded and Company and his railway built branch lines into veloped a first—class train service from St. Paul other precautions taken, the safety record was all of the major mining districts of Brit and Minneapolis through to North Southern Portal, Sas greatly improved. ish Columbia.The competition between the GN katchewan, and westward across the Prairies to and the CPR for control of the area was fierce the Crowsnest Route, Cranbrook, and the and continued through to the beginning of the Spokane International. From Spokane, connec First World War. However, the GN line to Fernie tions over the Union Pacific’s Oregon Railway was abandoned in the 1930s after the GN & Navigation Company gave a fast and conven switched to oil for fuel in its steam locomotives ient service through to . Beautiful new and as other sources of coal became available in trains of equipment for this service, called the the United States.Today, Highway No. 3 follows “Soo-SpokaneTrain de Luxe,”were built in 1906- much of the old GNR right-of-way through the ElkValley. The Morrissey, Fernie & Michel Railway was incorporated in 1903 to build trackage to the mines at Coal Creek and elsewhere in the dis trict. The line operated frequent passenger serv ices for the miners and their families between Fernie and the mines. It remained in operation until 1957 and, ironically, was one of the first railways to use a diesel locomotive in British Co lumbia. Several of the MF&M’s passenger cars and other rolling stock survive today at Heritage Park in Calgary and at Fort Steele Heritage Town at Fort Steele. Its diesel locomotive, an early Baldwin design, is preserved at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, California. Another railway that had an important impact on the region was the Spokane International, built by Daniel Chase Corbin of Spokane with the

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 Right: The Soo Line-CPRs “Flyer” at Moyie about 1908. This u’as a beautifully appointed train. Carsfrom the Soo Spokane “Tiain de Luxe” are being restored at the Canadian Museum of Rail Iiavel at Cranbrook.

1907 and operated in direct competition with tems expanded. Increasingly the railway carried the luxury trains of the Great Northern and primarily coal, bulk commodities, lumber, and Northern Pacific. Unfortunately, this outstand similar products. Mines producing the once-rich ing service did not last and was suspended in 1914. ores were mostly worked out or were producing Fortunately, the “Soo—Spokane” train is being re much smaller quantities of ores. In 1973, the stored as one of the many outstanding exhibits at CPR’s Kettle Valley Railway was abandoned be the Canadian Museum of Rail Travel at Cran tween Penticton and Beaverdell, severing the brook. The repatriation of two of the key cars route across the southern interior.Trafflc on other from the train and their ongoing restoration is sections west of the Columbia continued to de an outstanding achievement in heritage preser cline and freight service was all but gone by the vation. late 1980s. In 1990 most ofthe remaining trackage Passenger serv ;es along the Crow Route re west of Castlegar through the Boundary District mained important through the SecondWorldWar and the southern Okanagan was formally aban and into the 1950s. In the 1950s diesels replaced doned. Since that time traffic west of Cranbrook, steam locomotives on the CPR on the Crow except for trains running south into the United Route and throughout British Columbia. As pa States over the old Spokane International route, tronage declined, passenger trains were re— has dwindled, with the Trail Smelter and the pulp equipped with Rail Diesel Cars (Budd cars or mill at Castlegar being the two largest remaining “Dayliners”) and they were used until service was sources of traffic. withdrawn in 1964. By that time highways had The Crow Route of the late 1990s continues been substantially improved throughout the to be intimately linked with coal mining just as southern interior and there was little demand for it was over 100 years ago, although now the coal the passenger trains.The Moyie, the original Crow is destined for export and distant power plants Boat of 1898, was the last of the CPR where once it was needed for local industry The paddlewheelers in service and was retired in 1957. route through to the northern United States, via Fortunately, the faithful old steamer was acquired the Spokane International, which is now part of by a dedicated group of farsighted individuals at the Union Pacific, remains an important gateway Kaslo for preservation and is now beautifully re for traffic from the US Midwest and the Cana stored as a National Historic Site. dian Prairies. Now the Crow Route could be The demands for freight services also changed said to include the line north to Golden whereas in the post-Second WorldWar period as road sys in 1898 the connection north to the main line

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VoL.34 No.i was via the Arrow Lakes to Reveistoke. primarily from other parts of North America and WWW.CROWSNEST.CA In the late 1960s coal mining in the Crow was from Europe. For nearly everyone along the rail given a new lease on life with the development way, the route became an essential service for As part of the Crows- nest Route centennial by Kaiser Resources of new mines to produce personal travel, mail, express, and the day-to-day events in 1998, the huge volumes of coal for export toJapan.To ship commerce of the entire region. Canadian Museum of the coal the CPR rebuilt its Kootenay Central The Crowsnest Route continues to influence Rail Travel developed route between Colvalli, south of Cranbrook, and the lives of people throughout the southern an Internet Web site Golden and put massive “unit” coal trains into Rockies and its impact extends well beyond the called the Crowsnest service between the mines and a new export ter confines of the mountain pass.The Crow Route Railway Route which minal south ofVancouver at Roberts Bank.These is part of a continental railway system that reaches tells the history of the new trains, which entered service in 1970, were west to Roberts Bank, southwest to Portland and railway, steamer at first 88 cars long and were powered by 3,000- east across the country. As it did 100 years ago, services, and related hp diesel locomotives. Because ofthe mountain the Crow Route links the region to the distant industries, and reflects on the lives of the ous nature of the CPR route west of Golden, parts of the continent and it remains essential to people along the line helper locomotives were needed and remote—con the industrial economy of the region. Its impact and in particular in “slave” trolled diesels were operated in the mid— will be felt for many years to come.’-’ British Columbia. die of the train. Before long the trains grew in This Web site is de length to over 110 cars.The success of these op signed for easy access erations and continuing growth in traffic led to CONTACTS: and also features line improvements in the Selkirk Mountains and The Canadian Museum ofRailTravel, Box 400, Cran highlights of the at Notch Hill, between Salmon Arm and Chase, brook, B.C. V1C 4H9, (250) 489-3918, E-mail: Canadian Museum of which reduced the number of diesels required, [email protected]. URL: wwwtrainsdelux.com. Rail Travel at Cran and most recently the introduction of new Gen SS Moyie National Historic Site, Box 537, Kaslo, BC., brook, the 55 Moyle National eral Electric locomotives, rated at 4400—hp, has VOG 1MO, (250) 353-2525 Historic Site, E-mail: and other heritage reduced the number of diesels on these trains to [email protected] The Crowsnest Railway Route Web site attractions in the just three. Other changes are evident in the trains (wwwcrowsnest.bc.ca) includes an extensive bibli region. of today. The traditional caboose is gone from ography and also includes original documents, leg As well, it includes nearly all freight trains and the impact of merg islation and newspaper reports. many original docu ers and corporate changes is also evident. Soo ments, newspaper FuRTR READING: Line diesels are often part of CPR trains as the articles, and other Andreae, Christopher. 1998. Lines of Country:An Atlas Soo is absorbed into the CPR system, and on source material. ofRailway and Waterway History in Canada.The Bos Bob Turner wrote the the Crow Route, Union Pacific locomotives are ton Mills Press, Erin, ON. text and Roger Boulet frequent visitors to Cranbrook. Burrows, Roger G. 1984. Railway Mileposts: British Co designed the site. After 100 years, the Crow Route has certainly lumbia. Vol. II:The Southern Routesfrom the Crowsnest proven an effective and efficient rail route. Its suc to the Coquihalla. Railway Milepost Books, North cess was a quiet one. Aside from the notoriety of Vancouver, BC. the Crow Rates, the railway itself has received Dawson, J. Brian. 1995. Crowsnest. An Illustrated His little publicity It was well engineered over a com tory and Guide to the Crowsnest Pass. Altitude Pub paratively benign terrain. It lacked the sensational lishing,Vancouver, BC. HungryWolfAdolf 1979. snowfalls of Rogers Pass or the engineering fea Rails in the . Good Medicine Books, , BC. tures of the and while beau Norton,Wayne and Naomi Miller (editors). 1998. The spectacular tiful, the landscapes lacked the quali For,gotten Side of the Border, British Columbia S Elk l4l- ties that made the CPR mainline through Brit ley and Crowsnest Pass. Plateau Press, Kamloops, BC. ish Columbia world-famous. Nonetheless, the Turner, Robert D. 1984. Sternwheelers & Steam Tugr, impact of the Crowsnest line on southern Brit An Illustrated History of the Canadian PacjflcS British ish Columbia and Alberta was profound. It has Columbia Lake & River Service. Sono Nis Press,Vic— been a key to natural resource development and toria, BC. the corresponding development of settlement Turner, Robert D. 1986. West of the Great Divide,An throughout the region, as well as the extensive Illustrated History of the Canadian Pac!flc Railway in British Columbia, 1880—1986. Sono Nis Press,Victo impact on landscapes from logging and mining. na, BC. Moreover, the railway had a profound impact on Turner, Robert D. 1991. The SS Moyie, Memories ofthe the people of the region: the Ktunaxa First Peo Oldest Sternwheeler. Sono Nis Press and the Kootenay ples and the settlers and immigrants who came Lake Historical SocietyVictoria, BC.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001

18

BC HISTORICAL NEWS No.1 -VOL.34

Notes continue

on

page 20

attentive the to W’hite people. 2

in writing and ing their

own language, are and

109 desired dian, his father to pay his

Debt

be to and

kenzie

stated that

many had

entaught been “read

bec.

1889.1890. vol. l,p.

to his content relatives, he was most a excellent In

A. eral

Cote

et St. Cie.

along the Que

Lawrence

River. Alexander Mac

three Months. of his Death a me costs

of Keg Rum

Nord-Quest...

Impr. gen

majority The came from settlements mission expired a

after

and long

painful

Malady

upwards of

geois de

(a Compagnie du

ers. Jan.

27,

1805: ...this afternoon Tete the Jaune’s Son

in Masson,

L.R. Les Bour

trouble. preters,

guides,

canoemen,

and hunt provision McKenzie, Feb.28, 1814

they

drank peacably

and gave no me manner of local 9 and natives F. contracted Wentzel as inter to temporary R.

ent

hunt.

paid their

debts.

gave

6

them 1808 Rum. Gall derers traded who furs the on same the as basis

Son come 8 from

HBCPi hunting B.60/a/7, , Feb. made

an 4, indiffer

Others remained as “fteemen”—unfettered

wan

56

(CRCB)

9, Nov.

...this 1804: afternoon Tete the Jaune and

their wives native

and families re-engaged. and

p. Society.Toronto.

1939.

present—day Minnesota:

contracts expired many unwilling were to leave Hudson’s Bay Record

to

in an 1804-1805 journal by kept a Champlain trader in the Society oke into Rockies New for Caledonia. When their

September

1822.

speculation that he was the Jaune Tête referred and traversed the rugged passes through twisting

Book,

September

to 1817

the

United States. This would

lend credence to the sources

yet rivers of

to unknown men, white

Robertson I

Correspondence

“Bostonais”

to denote his origin or residence in of and the Peace Smoky

rivers.

They

frequented

7 E.E.Rich, ed., Cohn

well

have been

christened but Hatsinaton P. called day’s and Jasper the to grazing the in fields 6 valleys Lamb, 1970 85

p. 223

“Pierre Bostonais Toronto. (dit 1972. Jaune).” Tête Pierre may They to migrated the meadowlands to around

Macmillan of

Canada.

North the West Company (NWC) to refer Iroquois Mohawks and had been west. brought

America, 1784-1812.

books of both

the Hudson’s Company Bay

and

By summer the of 1801 300 than more

Travels in

Western

North

the “with Tête Guide.” Jaune, However, account

and Piegans gave they

consent. their 5 Victor Hopwood, ed.,

the was copied letter in journal the fort’s read it ticularly p.41 1 laigto pleasing frequently the embattled

Press. Cambridge.

1970. companied by “Pierre Hatsinaton, Guide.”When and enemies.” 5 their latter The was par point

Society

at the

University

Baymen embarking for New was Caledoma ac

and tains, a as serve between barrier

Piegans the

ander

Mackenzie.

Hak.luyt

on Mary’s the Peace River, that wrote group a of woody the in reside hills at moun the the of foot

arid nals letters of SirAlex

a

Hudson’s

Bay

Company

(HBC) St. at officer that the immigrants “would behave would quietly, WK. 4 ed. Lamb, jour The

pp. muddle in started li, 1819 49. Colin when Robertson, be to brought Rockies. the He assured chiefs the

Canada.

Toronto. 1929.

his even name has caused confusion. much The no make longer living a to and there asked had

Macmillan Company of

The Tête historical

Jaune’s less is lineage precise;

so homeland depleted was that furs in could they

katchewan

1794-5.

an Irish evangelist and a Shuswap woman. native chiefs. Piegan told He

them

Iroquois’ the that

Fort George on Sas the

Howard O’Hagan’s John Tay conceived was of Mountain foothills, diplomatically consulted the North the 14/est at Company

of Duncan McGillivray of him. about to Iroquois trappers country Piegan in Rocky the

S A.

3

.Morton,

ed.Journal

Kamloops Tête to Cache.Yet Jaune is little known n1800 In David

bring Thompson, to wishing

pp. Press. 1933. 5,266 258,

la

Portage and Prairie, 5 BC’s Highway from forefathers.” 4 their of

University of Minnesota

stretches from the

Queen to Islands

lization

the follow to and east in life of the mode of traders fur the IVorthwest.

travellers along Yellowhead Highway M. Charles 2 which 16, ae,ed., Gates, escape River of 1799,”to in civi improvements Five

B.239/d/245

fo.99d Cache, commemorate him. profile guides His had small emigrated the to Saskatchewan colony

index; fo.5; B.39/d/4,

Lake,Yellowhead and Pass,

village the ofTêteJaune life. a that Alexander Mackenzie noted Explorer

chives

(HBCA)

P4/32,

identity. his Yellowhead Yellowhead Mountain, ewan idyllic some For this Iroquois an was rivers.

Hudsons’ I Co. Bay Ar-.

the equally and west, about numerous speculations dians,” 3 Missouri, the to Mississippi, Saskatch and

to theories for account Jaune’s Tête in presence In the application an trapped to with unknown

microfilms.

the in set classic

1880s.

gave It numerous to

traders rise American were Iroquois,”who fur sending

unreeling

from

HBCo

O’Hagan write to the a Tayjolin, novel Canadian and end the 1700s the of Canadian Towards

and drama adventure

imagination for a over century inspired It Howard a Tetejaune ledger. Pierre” in appeared NWC

narratives high of T

in ta.ins

early the fired has men’s 1800s, until “Bostonnais records trade dit when 1816, days BC, in by thrilled is

Iroquois roamed who Rocky the Moun— repaired post, fur of canoe, his paddled and out several articles early on

haunting image blond a Jaune, later oflête the Jaune Tête visited again weeks Eight Yvonne HE Klan,author of

Yvonne by Mearns Klan

“...That Old Rogue, the froquois Tête Jaune” better instructed than the Canadian [i.e. today’s Quebecois] whom had previously served the NWC in this area, had forged inhabitants of the country of the lower ranks.”6 The more pi across the Rockies, and were familiar with the country. Now ous taught their families and native hosts elements of Catholic under contract with the HBC, they were to return to New prayer and ritual, and it was said that Iroquois voyageurs pad Caledonia and secure the natives’ goodwill towards the dled more often to hymns than to Canadian paddle songs. Baymen who wanted to trade in their land. As winter tight They were skillful canoemen. Cohn Robertson held that ened its icy grip, the Iroquois, led by Jose Gaubin, set off on Canadian voyageurs “may be more hardy or undergo more their mission. (Other voyageurs were sent to live with local fatigue, but in either a rapid or traverse, give me [the Iroquois], natives—a tactic which eased the strain on St. Mary’s meager from their calmness and presence of mind which never for food resources and ensured that furs and game hunted by the sakes them in the greatest danger.”7 natives went to Clarke rather than the NorWesters.) They trapped relentlessly. In 1802 traders in the Saskatch Gaubin’s party returned in the spring and reported that ewan District complained that the area had been trapped out the New Cahedonia natives were eager to have the HBC on by Iroquois who “leave nothing wherever they come.” In 1808 their lands. During his journey Gaubin had encountered other Edmonton officers noted that “in a few years a beaver will be Iroquois and brought them into the HBC’s fold. One of the nearly as great a curiosity here as in London,’tis the free Cana new recruits was Tête Jaune, who made his first appearance dians and Iroquois with their steel traps that has so totally in HBC records as “Pierre, the Guide” in October 1819. In destroyed them.”8 In 1814 NorWesters in Athabasca reported that same year the NV/C wrote off the large debt he owed that local Indians “complain ofthe want ofbeaver (the Iroquois with the notation “deserted.” having ruined the Country).”9 And Daniel Harmon, an NV/C Colin Robertson took charge of St. Mary’s over the 18 19— clerk in , commented in October 1818, 1820 season. Determined to gain a footing in New Cahedo As they are mere rovers, they do not feel the same interest, as those nia in 1820, he had earlier arranged for a brigade of trading who permanently reside here, in keeping the stock ofanimals good, goods to be sent from Norway House in time to cross the and therefore they make great havock among the game, destroying mountains well before freeze-up. At St. Mary’s he sought the alike the animals which are young and old. A number of Iroquois Iroquois’ opinions of the mountain passes and the country have passed several summers on this side of the mountain, which beyond and Tête Jaune, who knew the territory well, drew a circumstance they knew be displeasing to to the Indians here, who map for him, which unfortunately has not come to light. have often threatened to kill them, if they persisted in destroying In December, 1819, Robertson ordered Clerk Ignace the animals on their lands. These nienaces were disregarded. A Giasson,”withTêteJaune, Guide,” to take a party of Iroquois month since, an Iroquois, with his wife and two children, were all up the Smoky, hunt and cache killed, while asleep, by two Carriers of this village, which melan provisions for St. Mary’s until choly event, I hope, will prevent any ofthe Iroquois from coming April 1820, then cross the mountains at the Smoky’s source. into this region again.’0 In New Caledonia he was to advise the natives that an HBC brigade crammed with trading goods would arrive in the fall Ironically, while Harmon was writing this comment a contin and urge them to withhold their furs from the NWC, trad gent of Iroquois engaged by the HBC was preparing to enter ing instead with the Baymen when they arrived. Finally, New Caledonia. Robertson warned Giasson to expect fierce opposition from For many years the HBC had been trying to penetrate the the NorWesters, who “will throw every obstacle in the way NorWesters’ fur—rich strongholds in Athabasca, Peace River, of your having any intercourse with the Indians.” and New Caledonia. Every attempt had been ruthlessly crushed. On 23 December Tête Jaune strapped on his snowshoes The NorWesters drove game away from the Baymen’s path and guided the party (accompanied by wives who could serve and so intimidated the natives that they refused to trade furs or as interpreters) up the Smoky. It was a hard and hungry jour provisions with the newcomers. Consequently in the winter ney. One man, near starvation, died after reaching a food of 1815 at least sixteen HBC voyageurs died ofstarvation along cache and overeating. The group struggled on, hunting and the Peace. Nonetheless the HBC persisted, and in the fall of caching provisions only to have one cache destroyed by bears 1818 an HBC brigade led by John Clarke had reached the and another spoiled by weather, At the end ofMarch Giasson forks of the Peace and Smoky Rivers (todays’s Grande Prairie, sent a report from Sheep Creek, some 300 kilometres up the AIm.) and were building Fort St. Mary’s. Clarke’s relative ease Smoky, stating he would leave for New Caledonia 30 April. in establishing this post was largely due to the early onset of Their route through the Rockies is not known but most winter, for while his men were erecting St. Mary’s, the NWC’s probably Tête Jaune led them through Robson Pass—from Peace River brigade, bringing reinforcements and trading goods the Smoky’s headwaters, along the base of Mt. Robson, past from Montreal, became ice-bound far downriver leaving the sprawling glaciers and alpine lakes, to the Robson River, NorWesters with insufficient men to drive Clarke away and which debouches at the Fraser River near today’s Tête Jaune not enough trade items to effectively compete with him. Cache. Almost certainly the route was not today’s Clarke’s brigade was composed largely of Iroquois, many of “Yellowhead.”

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 10W K. Lamb, ed., Sixteen News of the HBC’s presence in New Caledo Coat Beaver.”15 The arrival ofTête Jaune and his years in the Indian Country nia raced through native lodges and reached the brother Baptiste was duly celebrated when “The The Journal of Daniel ears ofincredulous Williams Harmon. The NorWesters.At Ft. St.James a Iroquois all enjoyed themselves with a boose.”6 Macmillan Company of clerk wrote, Giasson sent Simpson a report and a map (nei Canada.Toronto. 1957 June 10: Indians report of there being at the Forks ther ofwhich has survived) showing two sites he 11 HBCA B.190/a/2, 18 of Fraser’s River one of the HBC clerks and three had selected for future establishments and, with Dec. 1819. the natives’ approval, had marked “H.B.Coy.” 12 HBCA B.188/a/1. men with the Iroquois distributing out goods and to 13 E. E. Rich, ed.Journal of tobacco Gratis with the promises of their coming signify possession. occurrences in the Athabasca in force early in the summer, but I can hardly credit Tête Jaune spent the remainder of the winter Department by George them as certainly our Gentlemen in Peace River hunting up the Smoky. Unfortunately an unsea Simpson, 1820 and 1821, would have sent us notice of it, if such is the case sonably mild thaw settled over the area and was and report. Champlain So they certainly Natives will play the deuce with the followed by a cold snap. The resultant snowcrust ciety for Hudsons’ Bay and get all their furs without my having it in my Record Society. 1938. p. crackled under the hunters’ feet, causing the star power to prevent them ... however it is false.’2 10 (SAJ). tled prey to flee out of gunshot range. “Many of 14 SAJp. 132. Nevertheless he ordered his men to spread the Beaver Indians have been starved to death,” 15 HBCA B.190/a/3, 29 through the country and secure whatever furs Simpson noted, “one of our Iroquois and three Oct. 1820. and provisions the natives had 16 HBCA B.190/a/3, 2 before they could belonging to the North West Coy. have shared Nov. 1820. “fall into the clutches” of the HBC. the same fate.”7TêteJaune returned to St. Mary’s 17 SAJp. 338. Summer passed into autumn and the HBC in May, haggard, starving, and without pelts. 18 HBCA B.190/a/3, 17 Peace River posts heard no more from Giasson. Nonetheless thejournal records,”OldTêteJaune May 17 1821. George Simpson, superintendent of the HBC’s 19 SAJ,p. 277. was engaged for the New Caledonia.”8 20 SAJp. 286. Athabasca Department, worried over the expe Meanwhile Simpson pushed ahead with plans 21 HBCA B.39/b/2, 4 May dition’s fate. His plans for New Caledonia were to establish the new country in 1821. He urged 1823. going badly awry. At Norway House the brigade officers along the Peace to engage Iroquois “with 22 HBCA B.39/b/2, 18 destined for New Caledonia was delayed “by the out delay. I shall not limit you to terms, we abso May, 1824. misconduct of the people who were in a con 23 HBCA B.5/a/1, 21 July lutely need their services.”9 He assembled “a for 1824. tinual state ofintoxication.”13 Once underway the midable force” of six canoes, sixteen men, and 24 HBCAB.188/b/4,#11, canoes were found to be poorly built, necessitat four officers2° to fight through the resistance ex 24 Oct. 1825. ing frequent stops for repairs. Obviously the bri pected from the NorWesters and in the summer 25 HBCA B.188/a/8, 24 gade could not reach Peace River Portage be of 1821 TêteJaune guided the first HBC brigade Sept. 1826. 26 HBCA B.188/a/10, 21 fore freeze-up and all hope of establishing New to enter New Caledonia up the Peace. Contrary Apr. 1827. Caledonia in 1820 had to be abandoned.To cap to expectations, it was a peaceful voyage for in 27 HBCA B.188/a/10, 5 matters, NorWesters from the Peace brought re the spring the rival companies had united under Sept. 1827. ports that Giasson’s party had been killed by na the banner of the Hudson’s Bay Company. 28 HBCA B.188/a/10, 27 tives. Not surprisingly, the Iroquois destined for could work Apr. 1828. With the union, all hands at gath New Caledonia in 1821 had second thoughts and ering furs and provisions instead of harassing and “positively declared that they will not renew their spying on the opposition. The HBC suddenly engagements unless Giasson returns safe, so if he found itself overburdened with too many men does not make his appearance it will be quite and too many posts.The Iroquois could no longer impractical to establish the country next year.”4 demand (and get) high wages; many could not Simpson’s worries were not entirely ground even renew their engagements. As freemen they less. The NorWesters had indeed tried to per were not wanted around the forts, being perceived suade the natives to murder Giasson and his men now as mischief-makers and, with their families, but the New Caledonians had instead welcomed a drain on the area’s resources. Nor were they them, were keen to have them in their country, wanted by the Beaver Indians, who threatened —1 I and dutifully hoarded their furs for the expected their lives if they tried to go up the Smoky where HBC brigade. When the canoes failed to arrive beaver were now all but extirpated. A former YELLOWHEAD they were obliged to trade their furs—some five NWC officer wrote Chief Factor Smith at Ft. hundred pelts—with the NorWesters. Chipewyan complaining of”the faithless Iroquois Giasson’s party; resplendently clad, returned to who were an untolerable burthen and expence St. Mary’s ten months after their departure.”Bea to me throughout the winter.2’ Smith, however, ver must be remarkably plentiful in that quarter,” took a broader view and replied, a clerk noted,”as they were all clothed in dressed

20 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No., It is cruel to introduce foreign Indians to ruin [the hostj country. 2000 fathoms ofpack cords, 30 lbs. sinews, and 70 lbs. babiche The poor Beaver Indians with all their industry scrape only a mis— (used for making snowshoes). Unfortunately Tête Jaune be erable lively hood, their country exhausted of beaver and large came ill at Alexandria and failed to return to Ft. St. James. animals, and by who? by the wild ambitious policy of the whites While Connolly fumed over “that old rogue the Iroquois who study their interest first and then that of the natives. 22 TêteJaune, who was depended upon to guide the people...”25 Perhaps it was this animosity towards Iroquois that caused Tête his clerks scoured the area and eventually found another Jaune and Baptiste to move with their families to New Cal Iroquois who knew the cache’s location. edonia. They arrived at Fort George (today’s Prince George) Connolly saw no more of Tête Jaune until November in the fall of 1823, heavily in debt to the Company and so 1826, when “that rogueTetejaune and his brother” appeared ragged that they were obliged to trade their cherished dogs in at Ft. St. James, driven there by a dread of Carrier Indians exchange for clothing.Though deemed “not very handy work who had threatened to kill them. Though Connolly was a men” and “no great acquisition” they were hired for the win— reluctant host he realized that “these people cannot in this ter. part of the country live by hunting in the winter, and it With the spring break-up they paddled down the Fraser to being too late for them to cross the mountains they will be Alexandria.Their presence inftiriated the post’s clerk, who noted a charge upon us till Spring.” He proposed that they winter that local natives were bringing in very few pelts, at Fort Kilmaurs on Babine Lake, where salmon was less but the poor fellows are not so much to blame, the beaver lands scarce than at other posts. In return they would have to do

having been destroyed ... by those two confoundedVagabonds,Tete whatever work was required of them. This offer, however, Jaune and his brother Baptiste who have hunted there all spring. I “they decline accepting and they may now shift for them wish they were anywhere except New Caledonia, even ifit was in selves the best way they can.”Three weeks later the hungry Hell for they do more mischief than they are worth. I am only Iroquois accepted Connolly’s proposal and, with their fami sorry the Indians did not strip them naked provided they spared lies, set off for Babine Lake. their lives, but I would not pity them.23 Tête Jaune’s rugged life and his advancing years were tak Faced with such hostility; the brothers retreated to Jasper, a ing their toll. When the aging brothers returned to Ft. St. favorite Iroquois resort. James the following spring it was apparent to Connolly that Leather, the most preferred trade item in New Caledonia, they had endured a miserable winter “for I never saw two brought Tête Jaune into HBC records once again. Hides and more wretched beings in my life. Since the fall they have not sinew were collected at the prairie posts and paddled west via killed one marten between them, nor had they even shift the Peace River. Governor Simpson chafed at this long and enough to hunt rabbits for their subsistence.”26 Only the costly mode of transport and ordered Chief Trader James charity of the Babine Indians had kept them alive and now McMillan to find a route suited to packtrains. McMillan ar they were at a loss what next to do or where next to turn.At rived at Jasper in October 1825 and tried to hire a guide famil Connolly’s suggestion that they hunt around the headwaters iar with such a route. Of all the men McMillan approached of the Finlay River—a harsh mountainous country where only Tête Jaune would agree to guide him. The little party game and beaver were said to be plentiful—they assembled threaded its way through the winding corridor that would their ragged families and trudged into the hinterlands of evermore be known as “” and emerged at a New Caledonia. point on the Fraser called then, as now, Tête Jaune Cache. Connolly sometimes thought about them and inquired McMillan found the route better than he expected. He be about their welfare but “all I can learn is that they crossed lieved a packtrain could easily bring cargoes of leather to Tête the mountain to Finlay’s Branch and intended to proceed Jaune’s cache, where it could be picked up by canoes from downards to Peace River. I am glad that this district is rid of New Caledonia. McMillan wrote a report for Tête Jaune to them,”27 he wrote in September 1827. deliver to New Caledonia’s Chief Factor Connolly at Ft. St. In that same month Tête Jaune and Baptiste, their women James, and thoughtfully added, and their children, were murdered by a party ofBeaver Indi ans near the mouth of the Finlay.28 The Iroquois says that salmon does not agree with him. If kept at Tête the Fort I beg that some consideration may be shewn him. If he Jaune and his family met their fate more than 175 had not undertaken [this journeyj none else would, not even for years ago but the old pathfinder is not entirely forgotten. 150 Beaver.24 His legend still survives in the high Rocky Mountain passes and his presence, stylized onYellowhead Highway signs, Connolly sent Tête Jaune to trap around Alexandria (now in still guides travellers through the long-conquered wilderness charge of a more congenial clerk) with the understanding that that was once New Caledonia.’-’” he should return to Ft. St. James in the summer to guide a party to the cache to fetch Connolly’s 1825—1826 leather req uisition: 400 dressed moose and deer skins, 30 parchment skins,

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 21 Eight Times Mayor of Vancouver “Single Tax”Taylor: Louis Denison Taylor 1857-1946 by Mary Rawson

Mary Rawson is a Fellow “Many J4incouver residents still remember thefiery mayor: Even jf they haveforgot of the Canadian ten his major improvements, none can erase the image of his great rolled cigars, and Institute ofPlanners and his roguish sense of humour: Thus,for many years, both through his a member of the personality and Vancouver Historical positive civic programs, L.D. Taylor infused the city of T”ancouver with vitality and Society. character: “David McFaul.

For Vancouver’s centen— IRST elected as Mayor of the City ofVan— persisted for decades to infect political and aca nial year, 1986, the couver in 1910, L.D. Taylor was tagged demic opinion. Vancouver Historical F with the sobriquet “Single Tax” because of Taylor had become acquainted with the ideas Society held a series of his commitment to the ideas of the American of Henry George while in Ann Arbor, Michigan, evening talks about Henry George. his birthplace, and even ran for election (on a “Mayors ofVancouver.” George was identified chiefly with a proposal Republican ticket) as a very On Wednesday, 22 April young man.3 After 1986 Mary Rawson to raise needed public revenue from urban and living through two swings of the boom-and-bust spoke about Louis D. resource rents alone and to remove all other taxes. cycle working at various jobs— librarian, bank Taylor. Penny Hagarty His principal book, Progress and Poverty (1879), clerk, accountant, railway auditor—he set out for summarized the lecture had electrified the reform—minded public world and the gold fields. He paused en route in as “an entertaimng and wide. It had also raised fear, anger, and scorn Vancouver in 1896, struck out for the Klondike, convincing portrayal of among the not-so-reform-minded, feelings well “struck out” very quickly, and settled down to this dynaimc mayor.” caught in the front-page cartoon of Punch, 26 spend the rest of his life in British Columbia. In this article Mary January 1884; here one sees the sly big bad wolf Vancouver in 1896, as a take-off point for the Rawson revisits this a copy of Progress and Poverty peeping from his K.londike, was a roistering, raw young city Patricia interesting personality. overcoat pocket, while he importunes the inno Roy’s description of the toleration of booze and cent worker-voter Red Riding Hood.2 Such “vice” around the 1890s provides ample proof views were very alive in Taylor’s early days, and both ofthe activity and the ambience into which L.D. arrived.4 Ethel Wilson’s memories (she ar rived about the same time, but as a young girl joining an elite family) reveal that, though the city had its seamy side,Vancouver was a safe place for respectable citizens.5 When she sat in church on a Sunday however, among her dignified rela tives, and had heard the Minister’s wrathful ser mons, she had been quite bemused: Right: Henry Georges’s ideas of reform were not Whereas the ministers of the Gospel to whom well received by all. she had listened Sunday by Sunday since infancy This1884 cartoon shows a spoke gently of the love of God, the Rev. Elmer big bad woif a copy o Pratt thundered about brothels. She supposed that George’s Progress and brothels were places where broth was made and Poverty stickingfrom his decided that the broth must be very bad or the pocket, importuning the Rev. Elmer Pratt would not be so angry. He also innocent worker-voter Red spoke frequently about ‘foaming out your shame Riding Hood. upon your city streets’, in a way that made her feel personally responsible, and she could only conclude that he had [made] reference to the Opposite page: 1925. nasty habit of spitting that she had noticed and Mayor L.D. Taylor and the disliked among the men in the streets of this little “Exhibition Queen.” western town.6

22 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VoL.34 No. i before.To judge by the papers of the day, the visit 1.The best available biog of the royal personages was the biggest event ever raphy of L.D. is the sketch “Louis D.Taylor” Vancouver had experienced. There was an Illu by D. McFaul in l4incou- mination Committee, a Harbour Illumination ver History,Vol.18, No.4, Committee, a Decorations Committee, a Finance August 1979, pp. 12-16, Committee, a Parade Committee—fifteen com including portrait. Pub lished mittees in all, some of them with nine or ten by the Vancouver Historical Society. members each. 2. Punch cartoon repro The Decorations Committee’s efforts were a duced as Land and Lib great success. It may seem ridiculous today, but, erty cover, September— according to accounts, the decorations were im— October, 1987. 3. City of Vancouver Ar pressive.The raw city was a forest of poles lean chives (CVA), Matthews ing every which way—telephone poles this way, News clippings, M9253- telegraph poles that way, electric, another.8 It was 2, Taylor. Ronald not a very pretty sight. L.D. and his committee Kenvyn, “L.D. Tells His Own Life Story”, got all sorts of garlands and greenery, as well as l’hncou ver Daily Province. The coloured paper and ribbons. They wound gar series of sixteen articles lands up the poles and decorated them. They was published daily be Taylor himself was a church-going man, having decorated the CPR station.They created arches ginning Monday, 27 been brought up a Congregationalist. He attended over the streets in Japan town and elsewhere.They February 1939 and end the Congregational church at Richards and Geor ing Thursday 16 March persuaded the Chinese to put an arch over their 1939. Kenvyn was an ex gia, and later taught Sunday School there. Be street. It made a great display. As Eric Nicol has perienced newspaper cause Congregationalists generally were to the written: man, sometime Marine fore in attempts to apply Christian principles to editor, later Managing Everyone agreed that the bunting draped on the matters of social and political importance, it is Editor, of the Province. CPR Railway Station, a turreted castle redolent Many details of LU’s not surprising Taylor should link up later with of tales, was thoroughly regal without being early life can be found in RH. Stevens who also had arrived inVancouver gaudy.The American boy had made good as a the series, but as the at the turn of the Century. Stevens was a man loyal subject.9 reminiscences did not by twenty years younger thanTaylor but ofextraor any means appear in Although no longer a “boy,” it was L.D.’s first dinarily similar background and experience.7 chronological order, they triumph—chair of the Decorations Committee have been referenced Coming to British Columbia at a mature age, on this famous occasion. He never looked back. only by the instalment in with an experience and philosophy that was co He ran for Licence Commissioner in 1902 and which they appeared. herent, gave L.D. Taylor a steadfastness of pur The reference to Taylor’s was elected one of two Commissioners. When pose that showed in the rest of his life which, running for election in he ran again for Licence Commissioner the fol Ann Arbor appears in from that time on, was a public life. lowing year, with a plan for strict control of the Kenvyn, 4. As a boy, Taylor got a taste for both liquor business, his plan was attacked in the edi 4. Patricia B. Roy, Vancou newspapering and politics when chumming veAn Illustrated History, torials of the Province, his own employer, as being around with the son of the editor of the Ann (James Lorimer & Com too extreme.1° The next year, 1904, he ran un Arbor Courier. And it was with a newspaper that pany, National Museum successfully for alderman, one of the numerous of Man.Toronto, 1980), he first made a decent income in Vancouver, as times he was defeated electorally. But he was again 43. circulation manager for the Province, in 1898. He appointed by Council to serve on the Library 5, Mary McAlpine, The was employed by the Province on contract and Other Side of Silence, A Board, as well as on the Building Committee of built up the circulation mightily After seven years, Lift of Ethel Wilson, (Har the Carnegie Library. bour Publishing, 1988) when his contract was not renewed, he joined Taylor’s first successflul try for Council occurred 29. with another former Province employee to buy a after his “full lunch pail” campaign in 1910. 6. Ethel Wilson, The Inno rival paper, the World, which he also built up and cent Traveller, (New Among the proposals he put forward were the renewed both in machinery and circulation. Canada Library, 1990), annexation of South Vancouver, exempting im He appeared onVancouver’s political scene the 121. This book is a provements from taxation, mechanizing the fire slightly fictionalized first time as a member of the “Decorations Com department, and establishing a juvenile court. He family history. See also mittee” for celebrations in 1901.This committee McAlpine reference also urged Council to adopt the eight-hour day for was one of several set up to welcome their Royal to the sermons of wrath for municipal employees. Delegates fromVancou Highnesses, the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and denunciation, 25. ver and SouthVancouver went toVictoria to sup and York. Royalty had not come to Vancouver port the first proposal, but the Provincial gov Continued on next page.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 23

24

BC HISTORICAL NEWS No.i -VOL.34

nessman a but resident of the Point Grey area,

didate WH. a Malkin, leading downtown busi

mayor of the about—to-be amalgamated city. Can

campaign that would have made him the first

As it turned out, Taylor was defeated in the

fore the actual amalgamation date.

to work together on community planning be

to couver talk together about amalgamation, but

councils Point of Grey, SouthVancouver, andVan

had been instrumental not only in getting the

others and to persuade co—operate. them to I-Ie

something to L.D.’s to ability co-operate with

underway.

He

got the airport started. existence, the in 1910. Bartholomew success Plan’s owes

hotel—which

had long been “Full promised—got Dinner Pail” Apart election from its technical quality, and its mere

was put

Below:A

through and in billboardfrom good shape. the The CN ize on the shape and amenity city’ 5 of their

acbievements.The

GreaterVancouver Water Board shows greater him influence younger. most than Vancouverites real

fice, no

doubt contributed in to a that 3/ear variety and of solid the photo at that time; the Bartholomew a has Plan had

which, June 1910. He together

turned with Taylor’s 53 continuity in of developed in accordance with suggestions made

in Taylor Man

to

Man

consecutive in

years. It was a period of prosperity other elements of the city’s physical structure were

Centre:

Photo

of L.D.

time

his success at the polls continued

over four bureaucracy. Road connections, parks, and many

14

L.D.’s next

stretch in office began in 1925.This City the 128. Planning Commission and by the civic

ver,

UBC Alice Berry, Press, had 1992),

died in 1919. the drawer”, and were over followed the years by

Timothy

Oke,

(Vancou

wife and

capable business helpmate, the former never officially

adopted city; by

they the

“in were

eds. Graeme

Wynn and

ver. L.D. had to up give the newspaper, and his Bartholomew’s principles

proposals and

were

Vancouver and Its Region,

World

War and

a

estate real collapse

Vancou in in placed a bound book for reference. Though Rise ofVancouver” in

been startedjust

15. the before Graeme outbreak of the Wynn, “The First planning, prepared certain proposals that were

pp.

mimeo.

12

financing

a new for building The venture it. had the company L.D. brought in to do the technical

torical Notes”, 1975,

quence a of costly revamping

of the

and World and perhaps

today. even Harland Bartholomew,

Conmussion.

Some

His

had been

financially over-extended as a conse

an effort

that was

important fifty years for after, Vancouver City Planning

enter civic politics

between 1916 and 1922. He Planning Commission 14. Hilda and strongly supported Symonds, “The it,

13. CVA,

both Kenvyn, business 8. and family pressures,Taylor did not into ning Vancouver. He appointed first the City

council.

again in 1915. Probably due to

who son propelled city plan

this

productive

1910

two following

contests.

won

He

L.D.Taylor the was also per-

Stevens

was

also part

of

next year but was defeated

in the

cleaning up for an airport.’ 3 it 12. CVA, Kenvyn, H.H. 6.

Taylor won the mayoralty the CVA, 11. 5. Kenvyn, out on Lulu and Island started

10.

CVA,

4. Kenvyn,

of remarkable accomplishment. 12 also took cil on a a lease site

Toronto,

1970),

114.

out. In help sum, 1910 was year a

see States airports.The to

coun

(Doubleday Canada Ltd.,

ing part mayor’s of his to salary locales certain

United in

the

9. Eric Nicol, Vancouver

tablished, by assisted L.D. assign one Dean, aldermen, of the to CVA, 8. Kenvyn, 10.

decision.Ajuvenile 174-180. court es was should be done. sent They

described as

“populists”,

a tractors; plebiscite approved the it. something agreed They

LD.and RH.: both are

civic workers, and

con civic for at Council spoke once about to

commentary

around

the prove eight-hour for day

to return Taylor’s Vancouver he McDonald wraps his

America. Council voted ap to the be would “artisan” behind, left On class,

In

chapter seven, about be mechanized in North building one Vancouver or

1913. (UBC

Press,

1996).

fire department to

first was the

field, to him and busy get told

Social Boundaries,

1863-

Taylor promised, The 1910. in the was as there city

landing no

couver: Class Status, and

exempted taxation, from as plied he over could that fly only McDonald, Van Making

Improvements See also Robert wholly were A.J. fly Lindbergh toVancouver. re

ronto

Press,

1977, 5-11.

“amalgamation” in 1929. Lindbergh guest. was Lindbergh to He a asked

Studies, University ofTo

aim was as finally the known what achieved Seattle in

is in Colonel 1927 banquet a where to

nadian

Biographical

pushing after cal year

his until and office year, of out, in

L.D.’s

was of mode He action. to invited Stevens, 1878-1973. (Ca

ernment under kept Taylor’s refused.” Bowser Taylor part 7. beginnings Richard the airport in is typi Wilbur, H.H. BCHF Conference and AGM, 3-5 May 2001, Richmond, B.C.

PROGRAM

Thursday, 3 May 2001 5:00-7:00 pm Registration Richmond Cultural Centre 7:00-9:00 pm Welcome Reception (Wine and Cheese) -Opening Remarks -Welcome from Mayor Halsey-Brandt Richmond Museum, Richmond Cultural Centre

Friday, 4 May 2001 9:00-10:30 am Plenary Session: “The Land You Pass Through” -Panel Discussion (Panelists: TBA) Lecture Hall, Richmond Cultural Centre 10:30-11:00 am Coffee Break Lecture Hall, Richmond Cultural Centre 11:00-12:00 am Session: The History of Richmond Presenter: Harold Steeves Lecture Hall, Richmond Cultural Centre 12:00-12:30 pm Short Break and Board Buses 12:30-4:00 pm Tours (including Lunch) (choose one) Tour A: Steveston Lunch at Dave’s (best fish and chips in town!) followed by a walking tour of Steveston and a tour of the Gulf of Georgia Cannery Tour B: The Dyke (this tour involves a fair bit of walking) Lunch at Yokohama followed by a tour of Britannia Heritage Shipyard, a walk along the dyke, and a tour of London Farm (will include afternoon tea and therefore may go a bit longer than the 4:00 pm scheduled end) Tour C: YVR (Vancouver International Airport) Lunch at The Flying Beaver Pub followed by a behind-the-scenes look at the operations of the airport.

6:30 pm — Chinese dinner and visit to Asian malls This is an optional, pay-your-own-way event. For those not interested in this event, Friday dinner and evening is on your own.

Saturday, 5 May 2001 8:30-9:00 am Continental Breakfast Richmond City Hall 9:00 am- 12:30 pm BC Historical Federation AGM Richmond City Hall 12:30-1:30 pm Lunch Lecture Hall, Richmond Cultural Centre 1:30-2:00 pm Short Break and Board Buses 2:00-4:00 pm Tours (choose one) (two of Friday’s choices have been repeated in order to accommodate the many people we think will be interested in the various sites in Steveston) Tour A: Repeat of Steveston Tour Tour B: Repeat of Dyke Tour Tour C: “Uses of the Land” Walking tour of Finn Slough followed by a bus tour of agricultural Richmond. 6:00-6:30 pm No Host Bar Richmond Inn 6:30 pm Banquet and Awards Presentation -Guest Speaker: Michael Kluckner, Past President and BC Governor, Heritage Canada Richmond Inn Full Early Day Banquet

BCHF Conference and AGM, 3-5 May 2001, Richmond, B.C.

REGISTRATION FORM

Name 1 Name 2 Organization Address

FEES — please indicate for what and for how many you are paying. Payment in full must accompany registration. Make cheques payable to Richmond Museum Society.

Conference (deadline for registration is 6 April 2001) $130 Bird (before 2 March 2001) $120 Rate (check which day Friday Saturday) $ 65 Only $ 30

TOURS — please indicate your first choice for each day *Space is limited on the C-YVR tour due to security considerations. Register early to ensure your spot.

Friday: A-Steveston B-Dyke CYVR* Saturday: A-Steveston B-Dyke C-Uses of Land

MAILING ADDRESS: Conference Co-ordmator, do Richmond Museum, Mmoru Park Plaza, 7700 Minoru Gate, Richmond, B.C. V6Y 1R9

INQUIRIES: Eileen Mak (604) 875-8023 [email protected] Pat Gudlaugson (604) 274-2808 dpj_gudlaugsonparalynx.com Richmond Museum (604)231-6457 [email protected]

ACCOMMODATIONS INFORMATION

The conference hotel is the RICHMOND INN (Best Western): the banquet will be held here and the Inn is a short five minute walk to the Richmond Cultural Centre and the new City Hall, where meetings will be held. A block of rooms has been reserved for conference participants. Cost: $95.00 single/double, $105.00 triple, and $115.00 quadruple. Tax not included. Address: 7551 Westminster Highway, Richmond, B.C. V6X 1A3 Fax: (604)244-3775 Alternative hotel suggestions

ABERCORN INN (Best Western), 9260 Bridgeport Rd., Richmond, (604) 270-7576 Cost: $99.00 plus tax for single/double. Includes breakfast. You must mention that you are attending the BCHF conference in order to get this rate. The Abercorn is a five to ten minute drive from the Richmond Inn.

SANDMAN HOTEL, 3833 St. Edward Dr., Richmond, (604) 303-8888 Cost: $87.75 plus tax for single/double. This rate is not guaranteed but is unlikely to rise by too much, if at all. The Sandman is also a five to ten minute drive from the Richmond Inn.

All the hotels have complimentary shuttles to andfrom Vancouver International Airport. General information: For other hotel suggestions, or for information on what to do in Richmond during your spare time please call Tourism Richmond at (604) 271-8280. defeated him. Left: L.D. Taylor at age In the Vancouver-only election for the first 75. Photo taken about 1932. two-year term, 1927—1928,L.D. had taken 11,000 of the 16,000 votes. In the expanded municipal 16.J. Herbert Welch, “The 1929—1930 term, although L.D. ity vote for the Prospector Who Became took 17,000 votes, Malkin took 19,000. It is pos Vancouver’s Mayor”, Op sible that rumours and innuendo widely spread port unities, December during a police inquiry in 1928, affected Taylor’s 1910,Vol.2, p12. Kenvyn, 14. See vote as much as bringing in the elite area ofPoint 17. CVA, also Alan Morley, Vancou Grey did. However that may be, L.D.’s greatest ver from Mifltown to Me triumph at the polls was to defeat WH. Malkin tropolis, (Mitchell Press, 22,797 to 17,568 in the very next election.Taylor Vancouver, 1961), 201. also won the 1933—1934 term following. That Morley describes Taylor as “the dominating figure was his final term as Mayor. He had already passed of the 1925 - 35 decade.” his 77th birthday on his last day in office. 18. Tom Cone, “Mayor In the 1930s, Taylor’s accomplishments were Taylor”, two scripts for not as obvious as in the 1920s. It was a time of CBC/Heritage Festival Production, produced by unemployment, and it was beyond the severe Don Mowat, February, ability of the city to make more than slight amel 1977. ioration of grave conditions. Taylor had always 19. CVA, Matthews Corre presented himself as a champion of the working spondence, Ms 154 Vol. man: 14 B, File 196. Letter to LDT 18.10.34. My aim in administering this office is to rep resent all the people. I treat the corporation as an individual. I fully appreciate its usefulness, but do all in my power to curb it if it shows grabbing tendencies.We want capital in British Columbia, but we don’t want any money menace. We want onto a false trail. Available references to L.D.Taylor opportunities for all—the poor man as well as are a case in point. They are scanty and uncoor the man in affluent circumstances. I am in thor dinated. ough sympathy with the man who earns his liv In spite offaylor’s long and positive record, he ing with his hands. He is the backbone of the is treated slightly, and sometimes meanly, in Van country—the fundamental force and the first couver’s histories. For example, radio scripts pro source of wealth.16 duced about Mayor Taylor for the CBC in 1977 He had lived up to this creed as a businessman, are confined to recounting amusing anecdotes.’8 when he condemned the union-busting tactics They make him out to be bright and determined, of the telephone company in 1905 and called for but something of a lightweight:”He was an ‘eve its public ownership. In 1910, in public office, he ryday man’s mayor’ without a vision for the fu had pushed the eight-hour day for all civic work ture”—tbis about the man who, aside from the ers. In the 1930s he granted Tag Days to help accomplishments already noted, played a key role coastal loggers and the married unemployed. He in establishing theVancouver City Archives, surely called meetings to try to find ways of dealing a matter of importance to the future. with hardships, and he used his good offices to Without doubt Major Matthews was the spear prevent strikes, as in the case of the B.C. Electric head, heart, and soul of the Archives campaign, Railway in 1934.17 In all this, he was true to his but if there had been no champion on the Coun Congregationalist upbringing and to his Georgist cil, there would have been no City Archives. As background, typical of the social reformers of his Major Matthews himselfwrote in one of his notes generation. to L.D., “If the only thing you do, or that you It is one of the little ironies of history that the help me do, is to get the Archives, you will have philosophy of Henry George should be frozen earned your place in history.”9 Years later, in the narrowing caption “Single Tax”. Social Matthews wrote to Barney Williams, the former justice was George’s core concern, but that “sin— city solicitor,”Just where would I have been had gle”jingle has seemed to steer modern historians it not been that MayorTaylor and yourselfcham 25 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 was

pioned my cause and installed me on the tenth that he turned the tables on the Board too often? floor of the Temporary City Hall?”2° In his reply, Was it just his democratic ways? The cloud still Williams wrote, “If it hadn’t been for Alderman hangs over him. Twiss, and L.D. Taylor, you wouldn’t have any Eric Nicol gently suggests it was Taylor’s “readi Archives.” In any political situation, as those who ness to shake hands with anybody” that jeopard have been involved in commissions or commit ized his reputation. “He had become associated, tees realize, it matters much to have support of a in the public mind, with unsavoury characters persistent, ingenious, indomitable individual. L.D. attracted toVancouver by its homespun greed.”25 certainly that. Nicol in this instance refers to rumours rife at Above: Section of a 1925 It is curious that most Vancouver histories the time of the 1928 police inquiry. G.G. cartoon by Fitz in the chawaplayTaylor’s part in fostering the growth of McGeer’s biographer, David Williams, was less Vancouver Province a democratic progressive community Others ig forgiving of Taylor, and less accurate, when he nore his contributions altogether. Some merely laid police corruption, proliferation of gambling trivialize. The CBC scripts, for example, empha joints, and other “vice” common in the 1920s all 20. CVA, Matthews Corre size episodes such as Taylor’s ride in Vancouver’s spondence, File 216,Let- atTaylor’s door: “All arose”,Williams writes with ter to Barney Williams first ambulance with a Mrs. Bonnalee.2’ There finality, “from Taylor’s so-called open town 27.8.41. and his reply. we learn that Taylor and Mrs. Bonnalee had driven policy.”26 Given that the career of McGeer’s own 21. Cone, “Mayor Taylor’, into a man on the street and knocked him out. appointee as Police Chief,Walter Mulligan, ended Part One, 1-4. The script was unclear as to the severity of the in disgrace,Williams might have more gracefully 22. Cone, “Mayor Taylor”, PartTwo. 1-4. man’s injuries—but this was a vignette of disas reflected on what a difficult problem mayors face 23. Cone, ibid. Also CVA, ter. On another occasion, as reported in the script, in matters of policing. Kenvyn, 8. L.D. went out to Lulu Island to welcome a plane “Single Tax” Taylor was liberal in his personal 24. Alan Morley, ‘How the coming in from Victoria. The propeller blade attitudes as well as in his political leanings, but Mayor ofVancouver Kid knocked him down. He was in the hospital for that well-known fact hardly napped a Roosevelt”, 1dm- accounts for the in couver Sun, 16 September weeks.They thought he was going to die ... and tense feeling against him in certain circles.What 1964, 4. Morley says so on. The scripts dwelt on incidents that made ever the truth ofTaylor’s deeds and misdeeds in Taylor was “a kind, gen the mayor seem to be accident—prone. Then, as the administration of Vancouver’s affairs, and tle, quiet friendly little the script put it, “He went on to other awkward whatever the sources of the intense feeling, L.D. hunk of political and journalistic dynamite” glories.”22 It was an odd thing to say about a man Taylor and other mayors deserve more objectiv who had a habit of”ex who had been elected mayor eight times over a ity from historians of their city ploding in the faces of period spanning 25 years. To begin with, Taylor could be freed of the respectable citizens when In most histories there is also a hint of shadow bogeyman satirized in the Punch cartoon. The they gave him a conde of scandal over L.D. He was certainly disliked by 100 percent exemption of buildings from prop scending pat on the head.” Vancouver’s upper crust. It wasn’t clear whether erty tax, L.D.’s 1910 policy and his most obvious 25. Nicol, Vancouver, 165. there was some impropriety; orjust political jeal connection to the SingleTax, was gradually aban 26. David R. Williams, ousy, or something more. One CBC script men doned by Council, but not by L.D. In 1918, the Mayor Gerry, (Douglas & tioned that the Board of Trade “had left Taylor exemption was diluted to 50 percent where it Mcintyre Ltd. Vancouver, out of welcoming ceremony again,” welcome remained for 1986), 80-81. a a fifty years, before a further dilution 27. Hans Blumenfeld, Cana forTeddy Roosevelt.23 The script showedTaylor’s in 1968. These later Councils may have been dian Planning Issues,A re spunk as well as the Board’s haughty attitude. L.D. unwise. Hans Blumenfeld, Canada’s senior phi port of the Canadian In found out that he was not going to be invited, losopher of cities, wrote in the year of Habitat stitute of Planners, Ot even though he was Mayor at the time, 1915. that shifting the property tax from buildings to tawa, 1976, 18. When he found out, he went out to Coquitlam land (L.D.’s old policy) “would do more for the in a car, got on the train there, and was with Mr. quality of life in human settlements... than all the and Mrs. Roosevelt when they arrived in town. busy housing and development programmes now He introduced the Roosevelts to the Welcoming being operated by huge and proliferating Federal Committee, whisked them into another waiting and Provincial bureaucracies.” 27 car, and took them for a drive through town.The A revisiting of L.D.’s legacy is in order.a Welcoming Committee were all mad as fleas about that.24 But what was it about L.D. that he was so dis liked by Board ofTrade members? Was it some kind of social impropriety? Was it stealing? Was it

26 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No.1 Childhood Memories of Vancouver’s Cedar Cottage and Trout Lake District by A.C. (Fred) Rogers

HAVE many memories of old Cedar Cottage There was an and Trout Lake district ofVancouver. I was other fire on I born inVancouver in 1919, and the first home Nanaimo Street. my parents rented was on Nanaimo Street (#20). This was a grocery I have no recollection ofthat, and we soon moved store (#15).We all into a smaller house two years later (#18 B). I ran to see the ex was too young to remember that home but I citement. The fire could recall the stories my father told me. He truck came from a made his own beer then and I was his little helper. different route be Mother filled the bottles and dad capped them. fore the building It seems I was inspecting each bottle, and if a burned down. A little too full, I took a sip to make it right. By the short time later the time this was over, I was staggering around and owners had a fire put to bed to sleep it off. sale there and my My dad was not inclined to stay in one place parents bought too long, and moved into home (18). I was now several boxes of age four and do have memories while there. As canned goods for a the sketch shows, this rented house was built over bargain. We didn’t a small stream that flowed into Trout Lake and know what was in the creek provided many adventures for me. the tins as the labels were missing either from Fred Rogers, seen Salmon came up China Creek in the fall from the fire or water damage. So we had some strange above with a bottle of False Creek to spawn, and I tried to catch them. meals until it was used. his father’s beer, has It was only natural I would slip and fall in the There was another event we had while in this since moved to creek and ruin my shoes; so I got a spanking. house. Evening visitors with nothing to do be Qualicum Beach. After that I went in bare-footed. There were also came a nuisance, looking for Dad’s beer. So he some nice trout in the summer, and most ofthem did something about that. He made up a vile I found hiding in the old wooden culvert under batch for freeloaders and a batch for himself. Nanaimo Street. That put an end to the problem. This small home had no indoor plumbing and There was another episode worth recalling. toilet so dad built a bench over the creek under A neighbor behind our house had his elderly the house. Mother sure didn’t like that dark place mother visit him from England. Old man with spiders and salmon splashing around. Higgins came over in the afternoon and asked There were two events close by that scared dad if he could spare a few beers for his mother me. A little house nearby (#19) caught fire one who was exhausted from the long trip. So Dad morning, and the smoke and hot cinders drifted gave Higgins some of the vile beer and said over our house. Dad got a ladder and hose and nothing. Dad thought no more about this until watered the roof to wet it down. The old chap the morning and asked Higgins how his mother that lived there alone calmly sat on the front porch was feeling. “Oh she’s just fine.” he said, “she’s waiting for the fire truck. It was only when the still in bed asleep.” Well this got him worried flames came roaring out the front door that he fearing something could happen to cause trou moved. His house was reduced to ashes due to ble. He went under the house and poured the the problem the heavy fire engine had breaking beer into the creek.The foaming brew went into through the old plank Nanaimo Street which was Higgins duck pond, and he was puzzled what The numbers in the rather marshy in places. happened to the little stream. Later that evening text refer to the map hoping Higgins came to see Dad, and he was on page 29.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 27

No. i -VOL.34 NEWS BC HISTORICAL 28

ae time, later much a through.At broke and solid was the the few away. and then ice fore fire— later minutes A ran got scared,

be get on to too anxious by being trouble got into minutes a few this less I and kids and dry watched Bill ferns. grass the

care some but enough, cold was winter when through day ice skating for roared which bush fire a and hystarted they one tle,

popular was lake me. fish The for the cooked my mother railway tres boys and interurban often the around played Some

loaded, was Lake. It inTrout catfish for fished I Park. got Sometimes fine. along a tall Miss blonde woman.We Flemming,

in Buffalo played we often Cottage Cedar in living teacher, another While to the got was and I often transferred strap

away. me they chased in get I along. didn’t we was and and short somewhat sarcastic,

get to tried I when and the boards up tore Workmen bakery She Miss Robb. I was first like didn’t had teacher school.The

a started who Bros. Bader to sold building the and closed I boy. Well, another me to also Hilda and with school went

theatre The end. an came to this sadly But trove. treasure my alone. wasn’t and walk kids soon (#1). with to had I other

to returned I money I needed secret. Whenever a this keep schools and Drive and Commercial to went Gladstone,Victoria,

to enough was I smart treasure. of handful had a I minutes trail which the with to until school bushland familiar became I

few a In of money. lots found soon and did I there. get under the me and through father the guided My school. Cottage

could I if see to looked I and boardwalk beside the growing Cedar to walk long was at I a it and age school started six

a was bush There me thinking. got This boards. the tween a secret swimming. nude of place

be cracks open the down and boardwalk the onto was fell coins It night. at boys the burning had older campfires summer

some often and matinee a to Saturday going people watching during that a I and then, was marshy remember wilderness

was I discovered. I attraction another had theatre The old It Lake. to Trout down to me My wander never told father

older. and wet. all home scratched

got I until more movies for desire no had I longtime. a for got me I when mess a was quite I lost. I was was mother worried

with stayed image that but her saved The firemen screaming. and trek long a was It Avenue. 22” log beyond old uvr and culvert

and running girl a little and fire on building a It showed me. the explored go fishing.We to young but was I too trout then

imscared film One impressive. was still it dialogue, the written ing good some temhad stream as shown.The trestle railway under the

read trouble had I although and movies, with silent (#22) tre It passed the stream. up long hike a on I and day went Bill

thea little a was It me. interested that building one was there one and there around bushland wild of was plenty There

But Bill. chum my to down visit walked often I me. bored that home. ran So and dressed I me.

but

stores the know to got well. I so knew I streams little the scolded then and clothes her and grabbed Hilda and excited

missed I and me for lifestyle different a had Cottage Cedar all over running and came us see to Her happened mother

buyer. a and found out sell to decided dry. off to our clothes took and wet both we got dam. Well,

he So clothes. some ruined and trouble into ran soon he Well, a made I and creek the in we played summer One myself.

wagon. little my in laundry the I delivered school after and alley, as age same the Hilda named a daughter who a had family

back

the

in

room a boiler built He him. stop didn’t that but by owned a home alongside ran stream One Lake. into Trout

experience

no

had He a laundry. started he where street the flowed that streams little two the exploring we often went

across store

another rented and idea another got My father and than I older years two He was others. among Bill Gracie

beating. sound a him gave as father such Street, Lakewood on a friends few soon acquired I

his until us kids

treated and store the from bars candy stole tive.

often

He

age. my

about Mike son named a had who Nichols laxa a for juice the extract to sold was bark it.The on jump

named man

to

a

business the sold father Well, morning. one my sister and myself by having it crushed dry, he was bark

words

harsh

few a

had They him. with furious was who chant the Burnaby.When of bushland in the bark cascara collected

mer

a

Chinese

with

competition in store produce and cery also He mess. a real into got and this with play around to

gro

a

running was

adventure new His back. the in lived we used I machinery greasy and engines old filled with soon was

and

Drive

Commercial

on

a store rented age. Father of came backyard So the Valley. Fraser the up expeditions collecting

they

when

school to

closer

be would sisters two my so seven, junk on went they Collins, Harry named a partner and with

age

was I

when

Cottage

Cedar to move another We made truck, Ford T model old an purchased He happier. was much

that. after away stayed I me. scared mother so and toilet a bathroom had house (#13).This Street

but hurt was it

one No

fountain. a like showered ten metal Lakewood on Street Nanaimo from the corner around just

mol

the and

pressure)

steam much (too exploded mould one was It into. moved we house a to build My decided Dad

suddenly

when

watching

doorway a in standing was I nace. said. he from,” came foam and the bubbles

fur big

the

from

castings

the into metal molten the pouring all where “So that’s creek. into the the beer and dumped her

and

pipes

cast iron

making were men The out. coming smoke about worried was he Higgins told he relieved, so was Dad

the all

with on

fire

was

building

the thought often I working. beer.”Well more had you if wondering and fine, she’s feeling

men

the

see

to

went day I

one and Street, Nanaimo on (#11) “and said, he supper,” up for just got she “Oh apprehensively.

foundry

a

pipe

was

There trestle. the saved and came men asked dad mother,” your is how “And happened. had nothing a pet shop owner on Commercial Drive near On the map I drew a railway siding between Below: This map was Broadway had a team of dogs and a sled all deco Victoria Drive and Commercial.Trainloads offuel drawn by Fred Rogers. The rated with jingle bells. It was a real attraction for wood were placed there for wood dealers. My numbers in the text refer to the places marked on the young kids to go riding but it ended in disaster. father later used this source of firewood for his map. A crowd gathered around and the extra weight business. caused the ice to break open. The sled and dogs We eventually left Cedar Cottage and moved went down and drowned and some kids were in to Collingwood district on Kingsway. Most of the water, who luckily were rescued. The man my teenage years I lived in the Grandview area tried to save his dogs and dived down but quickly of Commercial Drive. I was old enough to go gave up. His sled was later salvaged by him with a trout fishing in Still Creek which was the fa grappling hook and ladder. vourite area for me and new friends. But that’s another story I could tell.’’

Index HISTORIC CEI)AR COTTAGE VANCOUVER Hap 1. The first school I [Fred Rogers] attended. LEGEnD a Not to scale 2. The park with wading pool was known as +-÷— Ra.lway Sketch by the author “Buffalo Park Trees -bushland. 4 3.The interurban railway to New Westmin ster & route of No.4 streetcar line to Cedar Cottage. 4.The loop of the No.4 streetcar. 5. Apartment building. 6. Drugstore and butcher shop. 7. Shoe store. 8. McKee’s clothing & dry goods store. 9. A store my father rented and used for a laundry business. 1 O.Three stores. My father rented one for gro ceries and produce. 11 Tate’s Pipe foundry. 1 2.The interurban line. 13. A house my father built on Lakewood Drive. 14. The Hargreave’s home. Their daughter and I played in the creek when only four years of age. 15. A grocery store on the hill. It caught fire about 1923. 16. A Japanese family lived here.One of their boys died at an early age. 17. The English Higgins family. See text for story. 1 8.A house my father rented. See text for full story. 1 9.A small home (a shack). It caught fire. See text for story. 20.The first home my father & mother rented in 1919. 21.The Gracie home. Their son Bill was an early chum of mine. 22. A small theatre. About 1925, Bader Bros. converted it into a bakery. 23.The No.4 streetcar station terminal. 24. Gladstone interurban tram station. V 25.The dotted line was the trail and route I walked to school. 26. Grocery store.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2000/2001 29

30

BC HISTORICAL NEWS No.i -VoL.34

Clark take up the rear and 30 with 36

re

REVIEWED BY JAQUELINE GREsKO

this year McBride tying

at

67 Van der and Glen Zaim

You’re

on

theAir

parts of many BCfor John many years, of died Oliver, May in

Bill Bennett and Richard

Sallie Phillips

Reviewer Adam Waldie, follows medical a with practitioner 73,William in Smithe with 69, and

REvIEwED Hart BY near is second politics anarchical with GEORGE this in one NEWELL province.’’ of 76, Duff Pattullo

Victoria. Bennett tops the list a casts with bright a rating on light of79,John the long history of

Pioneer Pathways each for of the of Early premiers. cise, readable, Predictably even WAG. and entertaining that book

On

the Street such a as Where table You assigning Live: a is a It pleasure performance to score recommend con a such

Danda some are Hurnphreys novel at listings out a the in of bookshelf? the book, end

author

does not

wallow in bossed on the the spine. details.There How will one pick

it

REvIEwED PAUL BY

YEE

not engender some sort zled why the scandal, of title

but the

the of book not is

em

the of Pursuit and Identity Power

tors of the era. is It a I rare but pohtician found

that does “typo” one

though:

am I puz

The Chinese in Vaiscouvei 1945-80;

cating political alliances with other

Hyde near legisla

Park, NewYork.” Wing Chung Ng

and names the of the parents,

and often indi “sipping tea at the Roosevelt estate family

REVIEwED

JIM BY

RAINER

concise

details of the date and place birth of destroyer.” two Within

weeks Pattullo

was

Cougar

Anniec

Garden.

premiers, six or usually pages, eight giving west, “he nipped across to Victoria

aboard a

Margaret

Horsfield

a There is short chapter on each of the ince when, a on tour the of Pacific North

province

since its inception.

Pattullo, made REvIEwED one quick BY visit the to prov MARGARET OWEN

mary of the turbulent governance this of Eyewitness. Roosevelt, a as personal Duff friend of

the

to present time. In all sa is readable it sum ing aside Thompson Margaret that President Franklin D.

Columbia ish into

Confederation in 1871

Devil’s Island

day. its There in is

interest an

REVIEWED BY

ROBERT CATHR0

politics the and crises from

the entry

ofBrit Tranquille Sanatorium, which was almost like

Bridge River

T4illey.

of rest the chapter

skips lightly

over

some

of

1967, and one that of

forgotten institution,

The Great Years: Gold Mining

in the

Cabinet offices

downtownVancouver.”The in

cellent, one including the Bennett of Dam,

Lewis

Green

much the of province’s business out of the term in office.The photographs used are ex

and REvIEwED that “Premier BY Glen ARNOLD RANNERIs Clark conducted together with name his and the dates of his

history.

the west wing of the legislative buildings,” oval background in the corner, upper left

Steveston:

erately Cannery shifted Row, away an illustrated from headquarters its in laid out with portrait a photo in suffused a

Steves ence of the premier’s office has been delib The chapter on each premier attractively is

quick MitsuoYesaki to out point and that “much Harold of and the influ Kathy end the of nineteenth century.

this in province

But springs.”

the author is railway construction ceased virtually at the

REvIEwED BY ARNOLD

RANNERIs

the as from “font which all political power

was major of to our concern politicians after in the 1890s.

in the legislative buildings

when it functioned

years

gone “Oriental in

the

problem”

which Salmon Canning on the Fraser River

activities emanating from the premier’s suite

times present

counterpart had by their

in Mitsuo and Yesaki Sakuya Nishimura

“The

Corner Office,” sa is capsule of history the And immigrant” “illegal problems of

REvIEwED

BY PHILIP TEEcE

The of first nine chapter pages, entitled camps during relief the Great Depression.

Sparks

in the Parks.

about this ing province. our day was probably by matched those of

W.

Hutcherson

become a useful handbook for anyone writ ries now. as of The burden costs welfare in

dates and election

standings, and could well struction costs, and those not to fer of fast REVIEWED B\stB BY McPi-tcRsoN

editor, it is remarkably complete its in names, due, were the to most for part, Invisible railway con People.

this

year. by Written a senior journalist and with staggering provincial deficits but of Recreation they a World Moral an Among

Dosanjh

who was inducted on February 24 of years our history provincial to had Keeping deal the Lake’i Way: Reburial and

in this province, up to and Ujjal including Virtually the all of in premiers Paula the 130 Pryce

the times and the lives of thirty-one premiers are too all evident.

REVIEWED

GEoRGE

BY NEWELL

This timely book a is short, crisp of account

of the some own author’s political prejudices

The Mulligan

Affair.

too office to is faint Unfortunately register.”

C. Am.ri REVIEWED BY WALDIE. Macdonald Ian

and

Betty O’Keefe

and the “whose Transient—those in imprint

pp. 2000. $28.95. 286 Paperback

REvIEwED

Arvi BY

C.WALDIE premiers in three the Good, groups: the Bad,

William

Rayner. BC: Surrey

Heritage House,

British

Columbias

Premiers

in

Profile. but is it part of scheme author’s the listing of

British Columbiac Premiers in Profile.

William

Rayner spectively. Of course rating an arbitrary is it

Anne Yandle, Book Review Editor Historical BC News, 3450 West 20th Avenue,Vancouver 1 BC V6S E4

Books for and review book should reviews sent be to:

Book Reviews mendations based on its findings were ever row Lake. All the while, however, they re The Mulligan Affair: Top Cop on the Thke. made.” mained Sinixt, with their own identity and Macdonald and Betty O’Keefe. Surrey, Ian Altogether The Mullan Affair is an inter culture. Heritage House Publishing, 1997. 160 BC: esting and lucid account of this important But that fact, unfortunately, escaped nearly paperback. pp. Illus. $16.95 event in the recent history ofthe city ofVan everyone, including the Canadian govern REVIEWED BY GEORGE NEwELL. couver. It is well worth reading. ‘.‘ ment. When the last person died on the In his foreword for The Mulligan Affair, Jack Reviewer George Newell is a historian, resident Oatscott reserve, the government declared the Webster writes thatWalter Mulligan, the chief in Victoria. “Arrow Lakes Indians” extinct. And despite of the Vancouver Police Department, was all the evidence to the contrary, this position “tough, confident, ambitious, and backed by Keeping the Lakes’ Way: Reburial and has not changed. Keeping the Lakes’Way should help to shed friends in high places,” then adds “Mulligan Recreation of a Moral World Among an a crook.” Rumours some light on the ambiguous situation ofthe was, unfortunately, also Invisible People. that all was not above board in Mulligan’ s Sinixt. This scholarly book, written by an Paula Pryce. Toronto: University ofToronto force were set aside, and “on at least two oc thropologist Paula Pryce, who grew up in Press, 1999. 203 pp. Illus., map. $45 hard casions” then provincial Attorney General the Castlegar area, shows us that they were cover; $17.95 paperback. Gordon Wismer “refused requests from the not only a real and distinct native people, REVIEWED BY BAr McPJ-IERsON [Vancouver] Police Commission to order an but that they still exist and want to be recog inquiry into the activities of [the] depart Most ofus in the Arrow LakesValley, whether nized as Sinixt. ment.” It was only when stories in the tab we were born here or moved in from an Pryce gives us a thorough, in-depth study loid Flash forced the issue, inJune 1955, that other place, don’t know much about the na of the Sinixt, their history, culture, spiritual a formal public inquiry was established. tive people who inhabited the area before beliefs, and their place in society today. The “From mid-1955 through to spring 1956,” the advent of Europeans. They were few in author also explains the importance to the Macdonald and O’Keefe write, “most of number, we have been told; they spent little Sinixt of repatriation and reburial of their Canada and parts of the United States were actual time in the valley; they were a mish dead, who have been scattered far and wide. caught up in the drama ofVancouver’sTupper mash of marriages between the Okanagan, We also learn to appreciate what “the Lakes’ Inquiry into the activities of Mulligan and the Kutenai, and the Colville. Way” is and get to know what these admi theVancouver Police Department. Fist fights Now, at last, we have a definitive book rable people are all about, perhaps for the broke out as hundreds pushed and shoved to that helps to clear up all the confusion. Keep first time.’” get a seat in the courthouse in order to see ing the Lakes’ Way brings out into the light of Reviewer Barb McPherson, an Arrow Lakes resi the saga unfold. Media coverage was mas day the fascinating, but overlooked, people dent,first published this review in Arrow Lakes sive. The inquiry had everything reporters who call themselves the Sinixt and who were News. wanted: graft, corruption, death, bootleggers, the original inhabitants of this valley. Also politicians with a sud called the Lakes Indians, the Simxt traversed bookies, vice-lords, Sparks in the Parks: the experiences of a den loss of memory, gambling squad cops the lake systems in the Columbia basin area Canadian radio officer while serving in the who could barely remember their names, for thousands of years and lived in villages wartime built deep-sea freighters of Canada c hookers, and Mulligan’s own black-veiled along the shores. “mystery lady.” Researchers now have identified over 80 fourth service, the Canadian Merchant Navy. The “drama” which surrounded the in different village sites they inhabited, ofwhich W. Hutcherson. Richmond, BC: Old Hutch quiry, with its revelations of the state of the at least 35 were in the West Kootenays. In Publications, 2000. 258 pp. Illus. $25 paper police department and the city’s underworld, the Arrow LakesValley, there were at least 15 back. Available from Richmond Book Ser are well captured in The Mulligan Affair. The temporary and permanent dweffing sites.The vices, Box 46, 8415 Granville St.,Vancouver, authors draw extensively on the newspaper Sinixt had their own way ofliving, their own BCV6P 4Z9. REVIEWED BY PHILIP TEcE. reports ofthe day, and have reproduced many distinct culture and language, and lived rela of the headlines and their accompanying tively peacefully on their own terms. But This is a memoir that recalls a neglected part photographs.These give an immediacy to the once the struggle for land began, their peace of our country’s Second World War effort, book which is rewarding for the reader. A fu.lness may have been their undoing. Canada’s ‘fourth service’, in which British listing ofthe “Leading players” is helpful, and When European settlement encroached Columbia shipyards and seamen played a cen the latter-day comments of four of the ma on the Sinixt territory in , those tral role. jor participants give a fine overall perspec who lived there fled to the remote reaches The Parks ships were our fleet of cargo tive.”In the end,”Webster notes, “the inquiry of the West Kootenays, where they joined carrying supply vessels (most ofthem named was a white—wash, and “an exercise in dam the rest of the tribe and lived quietly in the after Canadian parks). Built largely in age control.” Mulligan lost his job, went to seclusion of the densely forested valleys. But Vancouver shipyards, these vessels and their California, and then returned to live out his then precious minerals were discovered here crews faced some of the most hazardous ser life inVictoria.The report of a separate in in the 1 880s and 1 890s and, once again, they vice in the 1939—1 945 conflict. vestigation by an RCMP officer into crimi were driven from their homes. Some went As a young school graduate, the author, nal aspects of the case “either contained noth back to the Washington area; some went west after a wireless course at Vancouver’s King ing of value or revealed too much.. it was to the Okanagan. A few established them Edward High School, joined the wartime never released to the public and no recom selves at the Oatscott reserve on Upper Ar- Merchant Marine as a radio officer. His ac

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/2001

32 No.1 BC NEWS HISTORICAL -VOL.34

The glossary. a the (for layman) and mining

by good a footisotes, index supported and

maps of who librarian, location and tion up clear in ‘rew photographs

Richmond. ordered. ‘“

ish collec with is large a It superbly Historical Columbia Victoria illustrated a is Federation, of title the page the can where be book

Reviewer stand subject. the the word as likely Brit Arnold on final the of Secretary Ranneris, to publications, include the of as part verso

Richmond in 50 with over May, this pioneers, 2001 spondence will to the gestion be to is authors sure, in future

torical in press, the held Federation corre and be interviews mining to Conference and tary grades could One sug well. handle it

before to coming records, papers, His the files, company government Columbia British for vanced young but children, later elemen

Columbia read town. local ten. to It news from Exhaustively a researched book is good industry was about. a The text little ad is

be as This documentary British a history writ should history is of unique mining it a get sense and of canning salmon what the

In an of the in producer largest offers this summary, BC. history gold excellent book or children dren by could themselves read it

a camp scale, residential and tourist the River the bal area. upscale Bridge remains a to school It library. to be could chil read

and the on as is glo not is amount which “new a arising Steveston,” important While this The book would be excellent an addition

has of ounces 0.94 gold of the million of fishing seen industry, and silver. the demise was the of co-author Row. Cannery Steveston:

4.18 history, and the between million 1971, which ounces totalled production recent early the is lid author, attached.The MitsuoYesaki,

entitled in market bridges of the mining promotion. gap ceased Decline” “Years When a as such “soldering what is, iron” or how

in and last the strong deep tered The stock its mines, 1975—1997, covering chapter, War. Often small provide diagrams further details,

during nese the road the from World encoun high access, Steveston temperatures Second the to very right easy is and pleasing follow.

the 0.53 grade as episodes ounces difficult of oftheJapa removal cult its per ton), such of on the text illustrations on and left page

camp average even-handed, (an richness notable diffi handling its for of its including was in ning word process and layout colour.The

The the Bridge but River Great accurate tent, Depression. and this found reviewer it This short salmon can book the describes

to were con during important especially summarize difficult reader. purchases is It the

BY ARN0n REVIEWED RANNERIS.

jobs the equipment its 1941, 1924 up and and and on follow may that aspects interest

St.,Vancouver, Cornox 2Z1 BCV6G

between to were years” The years “great later. of lists research places and the authors’

Available 1740 #1105 from

— MitsuoYesaki,

10 until first staked were the not lode An claims sense a

extensive provides bibliography

pp. $12.00 Illus. paperback.

River the in1886, on Bridge were the recognized throughout. text illustrate photographs

by 35 Duke trated Yesaki. 2000. Vancouver,

gold placer of small amounts Although tables. black-and-white Excellent and maps

Mitsuo Illus and Sakuya Yesaki Nishimura.

Joy. wife his with company lishing have chapter each and within ject, subsections

the 18905.

a pub new formed has who sub suits Woodsworth, the organization cade-by-decade

in Salmon

Fraser River

the on Canning Glenn colleague, a former with de rated well orgamzed.The very book is The

collabo has Green survey, boundary Alaska Steveston. with cation

BC- the of and the in Kiondike dredging fruit identifi lifelong of book the is sulting BC. Island,

of gold histories of previous author re The The fishermen. Japanese of generations Sonora a on Tèece near lives Philip Reviewer boat

BC. southern Lillooet in of west three kiometres of a is and descendent Hospital nese and BC.’” in publishes writes, Richmond,

60 situated is It mines. Pioneer and Bralorne the Stevestonjapa born in was MitsuoYesaki lives, still The few survivors. elderly author

the home of camp, gold River the of Bridge Society. Historical Steveston the records for the Service’s been extended to have pensation

history the on gap work definitive this with keeps historical and for years many the area com and later, sixty small years recognition

the fill help to in stepped has in Canada, of vey has to lived Harold, Steves, married Kathy war long Nearly benefits. veterans’ denied

Sur the Geological with of career his most 1877. the in in area settlers pioneer were who War the Second were World served in who

spent who geologist a Green, Lewis Dr. Steves, Ida and Manoah of great-grandson seamen cialized ships.The merchant wartime

involved. strongly the is Steves Harold account. fascinating this spe these of the of Canada’s crews treatment

aren’t historians university role, nomic write to qualified well are authors The about sad a message book closes The with

eco and pioneering important equally an develop to so much it. did who the Japanese, crossings.

played the industry where however, Canada, into an insight also provides It boatbuilding. as Atlantic some as and stormy cold sages

In

mining. on western research and historical canneries as fish such dustries, pas sea and Prince Falls involved Rupert

out are carrying historians of university score in its related and British Columbia try in of Ocean British northern ports Columbia

a

States, United the (1997). In cal Society indus the fishing of see history the we can to the voyages last the one of cally, author’s

Histori

Riondel The by Bluebell Mine the which through a also lens is It Richmond. Irom of hardship. a offer life to continued

of

history pictorial the as such books in of alive of City the part now of Steveston, munity Service the war Merchant the Even after

kept

topic, mainly forgotten a become has com of the than history a much more This is of a corpses. launch—full

Canada

Western in of

mining

history The

with an and encounter hurricane, tive Atlantic

RANNERIS. ARNOLD BY REVIEWED

destruc a lives,

that many craft cost collision

CATHRO. ROBERT BY REVIEWED 2Z1 V6G

a

ship-and—air include the of

latter instances

1B3 BCV6S

Vancouver BC Vancouver,

St., 1740 #1105 -

Vivid of

horror. with moments

terspersed 1

Ave., West 3649

Press, fromTricouni able Yesaki, Mitsuo from

Available paperback.

8 th

in

fun sporadic shore and of

routine weeks

$22.95 262 pp. paperback.Avail maps. Illus. pp. $25.00 lllus.,maps. 1998.128 Richmond,

of often-tedious a

is The

record book

2000. Press, Green.Vancouver;Tricoum Lewis Steves. Kathy and Harold and MitsuoYesaki

plagued waters.

Valley. River Bridge History

U-boat- in

ships that these

vulnerable awaited

in the Mining Gold Years: Great The an Illustrated Row, Cannery

Steveston:

perils the of view a offers first-hand count reproduction of the photographs is so clear about ten others who worked for the Com of three young children under the age of that the reader will wonder if the originals pany. The reader nieets real historical char seven; their fatherWilliam Francis John Rae- were any better. For the layman, there are acters including James Douglas, George Arthur, a charming Scot who believed a clear descriptions ofthe methods and equip Simpson, and James McDougall, in this area gentleman should never do manual work; and ment used to extract the gold. For mining of Carrier Indians, led by the great Chief their mother AdaAnnie Rae-Arthur, a small, buffs, there is abundant detail about explora Kwah, and living and roanung the Stuart Lake strong, wily, courageous woman of English tion and personalities. Social historians will area, selling their furs at the post. stock whose “fierce energy was to carry them appreciate the descriptions ofthe living con Peter longed for a friend his own age in all, come what may, into a new life.” ditions and recreation facilities in the many this desolate place, and before long was saved Across seven miles of choppy, steep-sided local conununities, the transportation diffi from a bear attack by a brown-skinned young swells lay their home, a deserted trapper’s culties, the labour relations (including the fellow who “talked” the bear away. Instantly cabin hidden in the dark forest well back from landmark Pioneer strike of 1939-40), the the two boys became fast friends. the beach.At this remote spot, accessible only local merchants and government services, and Fleshing out the plot of the story are de by boat or airplane, the woman called Cou the economic conditions in B.C. at the scriptions of the eager sled dogs who pro gar Annie lived for almost 80 years, rarely time.’’ vided the land transportation, the building went “outside,” and became a legend. Largely Reviewer Bob Cathro is a retired geological engi of a birchbark canoe from the cutting of the by herself she cleared five acres of rainforest neer and a director of the Bowen Island Histori first tree to the applying of a mixture of by hand, creating a garden that fed her fam ans. spruce gum and bear grease to the seams and ily and later provided cash from the sale of exterior. Peter’s learning to identify the vari plants mailed all over Canada. In 1936 she Eyewitness. ous pelts which crossed the counter, and his convinced Canadian postal authorities to Margaret Thompson. Vancouver: Ronsdale training in the business of the Post, the near approve a post office, a tiny room in her home, Press, 2000. 190 pp. $8.95 paperback. starvation when the life-sustaining salmon which placed Boat Basin on the maps of REVIEWED BY MARGT OwEN. were late—all this makes the reading of this British Columbia to this day even though in “...I ran to the woodshed and plunged in book a truly joyous experience. 1983 the post office was closed. She oper side. Instantly the gloom blinded me. Be While the plot may seem juvenile, the ated a general store in her home and sold fore my eyes could adjust, something words of Margaret Thompson are so bril eggs and vegetables to local natives, fisher clutched the front of my jacket and a grip liantly woven that I fear adults will pass over men, and loggers. She killed countless cou this book and miss out on a beautiful one gars that threatened her children and live like iron tightened about my throat. . . . The man called Tzoelhnolle stared at me, com day’s reading experience.’’ stock. Including Willie, who drowned in pelling me to stare back, like a weasel with Margaret Owen, a resident of Fort St. James, is 1936, she outlived four husbands—one of a rabbit. Slowly he drew a finger across his the author of So We Bought the Town and whom she is rumoured to have killed. None own throat and smiled wolfishly.” Diary of Fort St.James. of the husbands were of much help with the Thus did eight-year-old Peter encoun hard work, and her daughter Rose says ter two men who had just committed the Cougar Annies Garden dismissively “those husbands of hers were murders of two Hudson’s Bay post com Margaret Horsfield. Nanaimo: 1999.260 pp. basically hired hands.” She bore eight more pany men. Being well aware of the murder- $40 softcover. Foreword by Peter C. children at Boat Basin, three of whom died retribution custom of the area, young Peter Newman. Winner of the Roderick Haig in infancy, and another, her son, Lawrence, thereafter lived in fear that his life was in Brown Regional Prize for the best book drowned in Hesquiat Harbour in 1947. She mortal danger because he could now iden about British Columbia. Winner of Second was a tough, brave, obstinate, feisty, tenacious tify the murderers. He had been the sole Prize in the BCHF Writing Competition. woman. She was a survivor in a very difficult eyewitness. Available from Salal Books, P0 Box 1021, land. This delightfi.illy told story of an event Station A, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5Z2. Phone Her garden was the focus of her life. It ofrecorded history at Fort St.James in Cen 1(888) 858-5455 or FAX 1(250)753-9468. was her work, her joy, her burden, and her tral British Columbia has been catalogued Add GST and $5.00 for postage and han passion, as illustrated by this quotation: “Be as Juvenile Fiction, but I strongly disagree. dling. ing in charge of this working garden meant Margaret Thompson writes with such a REvIEwED BY JIM RAINER labouring every day, dawn till dusk, making her own chances, following her own rules lovely and educated style that I’d classify this TheWest Coast ofVancouver Island is rocky, and thinking first and foremost ofherselfand as Adult and Teen Fiction.A child could fol densely forested and isolated. Constantly bat her garden.” She experimented continually low the story and enjoy it, but so much of tered by wind and rain from the full force of with different species, seeing what would the brilliant writing might well be over Pacific storms, it is beautiful yet forbidding grow best and what she could profitably sell. looked. Being a fellow author and a senior terrain. Here on an April day in 1915 the Over the years she sold everything from roses citizen as well, I’ve read the book twice in steamer Princess Maquinna anchored in and fruit trees to shrubs and bulbs, to mosses as many days, wishing I possessed Mrs. Hesquiat Harbour, some 160 miles north of and ferns. She brought in plants from grow Thompson’s ability for putting words to her home base in Victoria. Lowered into a ers in British Columbia and as well gether in such an engaging manner. dugout canoe were the Rae-Arthur family, as faraway places like Japan, New Zealand, The book describes life around the re their household goods, tools and a cow, legs Chile, England, Holland, and Belgium. To mote fur-trading post in the 1820s.The only tied together, placed on its back in the bot day “the garden still boasts over a hundred white people were the orphaned Peter and tom of the canoe. The family was made up different species of trees and shrubs alone,

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/200i 33

34 No. i NEWS HISTORICAL -VOL.34 BC

organizations. political

Chung

Happily,Wing

process, a of complex was a the construction identity family, prominent Rae-Arthur

and press

setting of purpose

up

clan,

district,

notes that He in Canada. in in born their 1873 future foresaw was Glasgow, sheep black the

ex to

the

emigrated

the New

World

with

and issues social and her over political tended father a as settled Willie, veterinarian;

had

highly the if visible

as elements, Chinese

con they as munity finally their articulated to and identity Vancouver where 1909 around

overwhelming these

on

studies

of number

the com of to how nia different South segments amines to Africa Winnipeg Alberta to

the

racism.

given well, white

seemed, As

it

ex Ng study, of period parents the minority. Over from wandered Califor to England

masked of Chinese Canada often in histories

ethnic Chinese a Sacramento, defined a being host had society, as childhood restless her

the

on that available works plaining

historical

is the rather by than they, asking voices in Annie, engrossing—Ada how 1888 born in

com history the

I in

remember mid-1970s,

an many their to and nese the extraordinary centre restore front history woman; family

began

Chinese-Canadian I studying

When

Chi appeals a so the and is in and many places identity collective ways: of biography it

REVIEWED BY PAuLYEE. Cougar the Annie’s individual captivating is Garden of question around of and analysis

$29.95 paperback. World a Ng motivation. region. Heritage framework constructs scions

pp. $75 213 sity cover; B.C. of or hard Press. con- region, Sound the of now an Chinese to initiative deprive area a as designated

studies tend such stead of the that and has authors the in endured Chinese Clayoquot Chung Univer Ng, Wing 1999.Vancouver:

the always the victimizes majority ies, ies.The society is property only home pioneer the of Powei and Identity Pursuit

such

stud

because

in race

relations from away botanical encourage stud and environmental

The in The Vancouve Chinese 1945-80;

of study framework shifts the the Ng tain Thirdly, for garden to future and generations,

to tions exist. continue is foundation the to to preserve and main

organiza why these also explains and tion, to the aim the The property Society. The of of Alcuin man foundation.

genera the passing of old—timers’ inevitable Boat and avid an is and Foundation chair gardener is he Rainer donating Basin ReviewerJim

the frame to dimension human a poignant the Peter continues, p1easures.’” has Buckland established

for allows Ng’s for analysis investment. nism many book a This the To of is legacy ensure good of handwriting. Annie Cougar

mecha successful a and of elections, leadership interest much lovers to fusion. provide records

visits, cemetery of banquets, cycles annual government and in entries, lopes, bulbs letters,journal seasonal bloom and perennials pro

included activities These change. great of of enve old pictures The in while sedge, cabbages, colour. thirds and skunk ladyfern

a time during for old-timers the community two- are superb, 150 photographs ley, mately amid twinflower, thrive bunchberry

and identity cultural maintaining in role key approxi flap covers.The French the with of paper val freely Native underfoot. lily grow

a time played at that associations these of ties coated on printed is designed, book well The the garden. and Mosses wander throughout

activi ritual public the ongoing poses that achievement. an extraordinary privately, ioop keted of kilometres pathways interconnecting

pro Ng society. mainstream in barriers ist mar financed and independently published, been new introduced.Two has years. Nothing

rac of the removal and generation) self- was ‘s younger Garden Cougar Annie papers. vate twelve task taken has the revived garden.The

new a of rise leadership to (i.e. munity pri and documents archival lished memoirs, plants and and shrubs, the trees, strangling

com the within demographics changing the unpub letters, sources: interviews, primary of growth tangle removed the friends have

given period this during declined gested they on based largely book is The Ideas. Radio’s and Peter and a machete lopper, chainsaw,

sug studies Past 960s. 1 and 950s 1 the during CBC to and contributed Radio England in with beach, the he the Armed garden. tackled

associations district and clan traditional the BBC for reporting feature did extensive near built he new a house in once settled and

on thinking scholarly Ng revises Secondly, among others, The and Independent Guardian to he So permanently came 1987 tion. live in

youth). Canadian-born The for written has she books, atten previous frill-time garden needed knew He the

youth versus (immigrant birth of by place three of Prize.Author a Book of BC winner monthly. only visit could Vancouver and in

and sons) newly-arrived versus fathers time worthy a written has Horsfield Margaret and lived worked he 1981 but property since

(old- by generation community the through to them. the owned had He Buckland. was son Peter

cut Divisions another. one with teracted cabin a sold Woods the of Bull autobiography per intervened.That sealed unless someone

they in how see to youth, Canadian-born Gibson’s Gordon to according and Hesquiat to be fate appeared and its to ing wilderness

and

youth, immigrant old-timers, the to period, Rae-Arthurs the bringing in influence an was revert the garden In latter her day. years

this

of players key the examines Ng count, had to have rumoured is fame, ers timber of birth her of ninety-seventh short few weeks

ac

revealing In his interesting. being ceased broth of Gibson four the father ham Gibson, a 1985, April 28 she on died where Alberni

story the eased, racism the once history: humour;Wil and insight with told is Arthur in Port hospital a to her departure forced

Canadian Chinese of telling the dominated Rae— Willie by ownership gaining of culty health when failing 1983 of the until autumn

racism how reflects course, of This, lifted. diffi the and 900s, 1 the in settlers to offered Basin Boat at Annie remained Cougar

are

them

against barriers racist as Canada in lure a was land of pre-emption is fascinating; the of garden. heyday

Chinese the for point turning joyous the as Moser and Brabant Fathers the of role the and the in varieties hundred different two nearly

depicted

over, skipped lightly is period War area Harbour Hesquiat the of history The She grew Annie’s sales. Cougar of large a part

post-Second-World- immediate the Usually, thirties). the were Dahlias trees. fruit of dozens and plum,

Canada.

in Chinese the of histories of ies of beginning the until sister a from wealthy and crabapple cherry, of ornamental eties

stud in

overlooked often period a on focus its to remittances receive continued (and Annie vari many huge a liriodendron, ekianthus,

firstly,

are achievements key book’s The Ada married he 1909 4 September on where an chestnut, an English locust, black

issues. other and these addresses rectly Canada to away was sent work and a hard tree, a are linden them Among menting.”

di 1945-1980 Vancouver in Chinese The Ng’s like did not who ne’er-do-well a drinker, experi and planting decades of representing given that the community had long contained the people who lived here during Victoria’s competing sub—interest groups. first quarter century.”This is a modest claim; Fourthly, Ng situates his study of many of the pieces go well beyond the first Errata Vancouver’s Chinese into a global perspec 25 years, and the “snapshot glimpse” is by tive, comparing the Vancouver experience most standards much more than that. APOLOGY with that of other overseas Chinese in the Altogether the book is very easy-to-take The text of the article “The Hammond United States and South East Asia. China, local history. The stories are full of snippets Brothers and Port Hammond” by Barry for example, has long influenced discussions of the trials and tribulations, and of the tri Cotton (Volume 33/4) was altered with ofidentity in terms of cultural retention and umphs, of lives lived at the edges of civiliza out the author’s knowledge and consent. homeland loyalty. Importantly, the author tion. Humphreys points out that “Each street The editor apologizes for this and sin factors in Hong Kong as a surrogate native name tells a story, some of them intensely cerely regrets the upset it has caused the place (other than China) for Chinese immi personal, all of them fascinating”, and it is to author. grants due to its role as a major production her credit that she is largely able to capture ONE-ARMED TOM0 centre of modern Chinese culture. Interest the fascination. She has an eye for the telling Vol 33/4: “On the Trail of the One- ingly, he notes a similarity between recent detail, a feeling for the terrain, a sense for the Armed Man.” The spelling Quamtany and earlier immigration: both “astronauts” passage of time and its effect on people and used throughout the article is a rare vari and “bachelors” faced separation from fami the places they inhabit. ant ofTomo’s last name. Usually it is writ lies as part of their immigration experience. In the book good use is made of early ten Ouamtany and that is why Tomo This book is a welcome addition to stud photographs. They are an integral part and called himselfAnthony orAntoine in later ies of the Chinese inVancouver, as this com are well presented with clear reproduction years. munity continues to thrive on Canada’s west and helpful captions and legends. There is a coast.The book should find a home on pub very adequate index, quite well detailed, and S0NIA CORNWALL lic library shelves, even though its first chap a bibliography listing 32 items and some gen Vol 33/4, page 37. The subject of the ter, the introduction, greatly intimidated me eral sources for the articles.’n,” painting is of course: “. - House at On with post-modern terms such as “essential— Reviewer George Newell lives in Victoria. ward Ranch...,” not Outward Ranch. ist,” “historical agency,” “structuraiist para digm,” and “discursive parameters.” Reviewer Paul Yee is the author ofSaltwater City, Youre on the Ai outside the home. The “West Coast Wives” Tales from Gold Mountain, and many juve Sallie Phillips.Victoria: Sono Nis Press, she visited considered themselves part of nile titles. 2000.213 pp. $21.95 paperback. marital and occupational teams. They chose REvIEwED BY JACQUELINE GREsK0 lives on isolated stations. They took on the jobs as camp cooks on top If you want to learn about the lives ofBrit of housework, On the Street J’Vhere You Live: Pioneer childcare, and teaching correspondence ish Columbians in the mid-twentieth cen Pathways ofEarly Victoria. courses. Fifty per cent ofthe tury, read Sallie Phillips’ book. You’re on the housewives the radio reporter met on her travels Danda Humphreys. Surrey, BC: Heritage Air is a compilation of the radio scripts she through out the province heldjobs outside the House, 1999. 189 pp. Illus., maps. $34.95 read onVancouver stations in the 1940s and home. Sallie Phillips’ own life as a working and trav hardcover 1950s. Radio buffs will appreciate this was elling wife/mother/radio correspondent REVIEWED BY GEORGE NEWELL before broadcasts were taped. contradicted the domestic feminine image On the Street J’Vhere You Live is a collection Modern academic historians overlook the too. of 40 articles that Humphreys wrote for the significance of radio in British Columbia, The overall portrayal of everyday life of Victoria Times-Colonist over the past few years. unless the programs concerned political or the 1950s in British Columbia in You’re on The starting point for each article is the businessmen in the “Big Smoke.” In contrast, the Air will benefit students of its history. I street’s name, and from that the author tells Phillips speaks of leavingVancouver, “going recommend it to them, and to anyone who something of the history of the person or up the country” and “opening day.”As a sub aspires, as I did last year, to sort out sixty family after whom the street was named, or urban wife and mother she joined in fishing years of her mother’s stuff and understand ofthe principal family which made its home and hunting expeditions. Her photographs what it all meant: the canning as well as hunt there.The sub-title, Pioneer Pathways of Early of the loaded car and trailer, the camp sup ing gear, her lunch bucket, her work overalls, accurate; the contents plies, and the campsite enhance her descrip Victoria, is not quite and all her radios.’’ embrace people and families located in the tion of “how one family [went] camping.” Reviewer Jacqueline Gresko teaches history at Sooke west and into the Saanich She thus gives us special insight into the ex area to the Douglas College, New Westminste BC peninsula to the north, well beyond the lim periences of families in this province in the its of the city proper. 1950s. This is a convenient and very effective way Sallie Phillips’ book has particular value ALSO NOTED: to approach the history of the city and its as a source on British Columbia women’s A Place for Gold. environs. In her introduction, which is a very lives. Although she voices the historical ste Walter Guppy. Tofino: Grassroots Publication. reotype that mid-twentieth-century capable synopsis of the city’s physical devel women 2000. 146 pp. Map. Paperback. opment, Humphreys claims that the book were just housewives, her radio scripts tell Available from Walter Guppy, “affords a snapshot glimpse ofjust a few of stories of the movement of married women P0 Box 94,Tofino BC,VOR 2Z0

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/2001 35

36

No. -VoL.34 NEWS BC i HISTORICAL

from cobwebs hung fifteen-foot ht Inside, shut.

Above: It was the that in 1928 its Patricia found permanent Theatre home.

up and broken, nailed many boarded ened,

Now dark windows the troupes. were ville

the of buzz girls here vaude and chorus with

once he Life sparkled seen. had photos early

glected. the was It from barely recognizable

it ne been had still badly was operational,

that, looked he although a at Patricia building

the stood he But before when story. the

to evidence of for look decided Scott place

by the of unique history the Fascinated

Theatre. Patricia

of safe the iron the massive robbed Canada,

United and the wanted States across criminals

two Fawcett, and notorious Bagley Edward

when 14 of Charles 1932 hours March ing

that early erupted of the in gunfire morn the

liked In story he the the particular coastline.

up Capone’s far influence Al reaching about

He learned prohibition. days the ning of

rum-run in hved had loggers seasoned who to just ar some thing Spanish of in meet the Renaissance this of tradition the demand.

and fishermen tales the in old of by constructed its high drawn in of time—was features were standard nanie Movies entertainment.

was Hollywood, in connections with and big— settlement, a set had itself Patricia The River Theatre—attracting for Powell

acts musical top many for agent an previously by owned. a they other and youthful the tre theatres of confidence prospering

Scott, 1980s. mid the during River to Powell PatriciaThea the in sound equipment stalled on fuelled early its in From development,

came Scott, who of Michael efforts the for the of in edge industry, leading a the at them story.

but demolished, been have doubtless that would keep would an as not could opportunity vancement but help and for the see potential

its of splendour, in spite Patricia, ad The seeing the company, a based trade am I Vancouver by writer save journalist and it.

cut. was a day the Limited, it to best was owner, Amusements McLeod-Scanlon his Scott, doing Michael

as today true and as still straight fir, knotless change. for technological ready the not tors the that and of h present the point annihilation,

from fashioned all were rnouldings and theatre for proprie created problems that go let to been theatre the almost time had it

panels, window frames, Door pit. orchestra popular so become had movies sound that the since that I years. discovered younger

an and visitors, valued balcony a for curtains, 1929 By pictures. motion sound of my through I amazement of the couldn’t relive

silk row-ends, nthe on panels gilt gardens, ing and break the era vaudeville the of see height to if owner the and contact decided I

depict panels wall with complete chitecture the both saw year That Oceanview. and huge the wall panels.

of corner the at home permanent its adorned found had that were murals the ollections

the Theatre Patricia in that 1928 was It ture. was rec my Foremost built. the in way place

struc was permanent more a one this that the young at at age, ing even that amazed,

ensured and Walnut at street 2 be naught—on remember I Walt Dumbo. watch Disney’s

Con- Duke of the of daughter Patricia, to We a come had four age. of at years there

Princess after Theatre—named Patricia first experience first theatre my movie recalled

the built McDonald and Cosgrave with instantly I it. Patricia the as past and drove I

show tent movie the took and town River, through Powell of my to hometown back been

blew gale coastal a seasonal before ever, had I while long a since been of had It time.

how short a time, only was It operation. land flow the lost been to seemingly had that ries

Is aVancouver by run and Walnut and memo up Ash dredging of effect the have marks

of corner the on show pitched movie tent can so land visual or places times, other of

small

a was River in Powell theatre first The up remembrances can conjure SMELLS AS JUST

Unger by Dean

Life New a for Struggling

Theatre Patricia Rivers’ Powell Reports the ceilings. Rats had taken up permanent residence and could be seen running along the Plateresque cornice.The ornate murals had been painted over, and the light sconces had been covered, hiding much of the origi nal interior. In spite of obvious difficulties, Michael Scott saw that the theatre could be revived. Any apprehension vanished as he explored the dark building and the project became ajourney of discovery. Long-forgotten rooms were found sealed behind walls during earlier remodelling.Treas ures were hidden in closets and tucked away in dark corners: original light fixtures, film canisters, and tobacco paraphernalia. Vintage movie posters turned up behind later-constructed showcases, and even an auto graphed picture of Al Jolson, who once played there in the days of the Dockstader Minstrels.The most important find, however, were the original McLeod-Scanlon contracts, blueprints, and drawings, and a list of the original colours, complete with mixing instructions. Drawing on his own finances, Scott has the Patricia Theatre slowly beginning to show glimpses of its old integrity. At present it is a venue for “A” circuit movies and one ofthe oldest operating theatres in North America. But the restoration process has been a difficult one, and the theatre has once again been put up for sale.As Michael Scott confided to me the main difficulty was, aside from the support of the Powell River Museum and a few of the locals, a mostly apathetic community strug- gling to conie to terms with its history. Today, standing in the, silent, empty theatre it is not difficult to imag- J me the sounds of an eight-piece band playing its smooth numbers and —,,-“—c- the dancing girls’ flat leather shoes clapping on the stage; or imagine the grace of Garbo or Dietrich on the silver screen.The Patricia stands again Above: Powell Rivers’sfirst Patricia Theatre replaced a small tent movie as a monument to coastal BC’s pioneer days and to the early days of the show that was blown away by the wind. Posters show “Boxing Contest,” film industry.’” “Charlie Chaplin,” and ‘jitney Elopement.”

Thinking about Museums byVal Patenaude, Maple Ridge Museum

THE BC MUSEUMS ASSOCIATION held its an Another issue facing museums is how far The last primary theme was about engag nual conference in Victoria this October in are we to go in the direction of “info ing our conmiumty in history related projects conjunction with the Western Museums As tainment”? All institutions want to increase and celebrations, This is a development that sociation of the United States. This brought their visitor base and to attract people who has occurred quite naturally as museum cu together nearly 750 museum professionals don’t normally go to niuseums.That sounds rators have found themselves short of re representing an enormous range of facilities great, but how far can we go in the direction sources and space and have looked to librar from small community museums to art gal ofcurrent pop culture before we become yet ies, malls and other public venues. Perhaps leries to science centres to the mammoth another multi-media entertainment experi the most prominent discovery from this proc institutions of states like California. ence that is big on flash and sizzle and low ess is that while people are always interested Perhaps the most striking aspect of the on content? Do we need to go the frill Dis in “ancient” history and the roots of their conference was that we all suffer the same ney route to attract young people to muse communit they are more engaged with dis problems and that money is not the only ums or will that process destroy us? plays that reflect their own past and particu concern, nor even the biggest issue. Both Another big issue facing museums and larly their youth. This more recent history Canada and the United States are complex archives is the handling of controversy. Should provides a bridge between generations and multi—cultural societies where curators feel we avoid it or do we have an obligation to serves to remind us how quickly we forget. very strongly the need to represent all those present the information we hold that might For next year’s conference, the two asso cultures in ways that are respectful and in help clarify an issue or put it in historic con ciations will go their own way again, though teresting, thoughtful and honest. We readily text, even ifit draws fire from special interest we might find some BCMA members at admit that past efforts have focussed on iso groups ? How do we represent and reflect tending the Western Museums Association lated aspects of culture like art or technol that historic context if we are bound by conference in pursuit ofgreater international ogy and that rarely is the attempt made to modern notions of“political correctness”? cooperation and not entirely because it’s in explain the culture from the inside and in its Palm Springs..’ own voice.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/2001 37 News and Notes Please send information to be published in News and Notes to the editor in Whonnock before 15 August, 15 November, 15 February and 15 May.

FROM THE MEMBERS to Chinese Pioneers, the former cemetery, cides with the BCHF annual gathering held were visited, where Chuck Wong and Dick in Richmond this year. President PeterTassie BuRNY HIsToRIcAL SocIEm’ Mah explained Chinese burial customs. expressed the hope for a “better liaison” with Extractfrom report submitted at BCHF council —Source: Nanaimo Historical Society: Newsfor the BCHF and perhaps some joint meetings. meeting by Margaret Matovich. Monthly meet Members, September 2000. PRINCETON AND DISTRICT ings have resumed after the summer break.A NORTH SHo HISTORICAL SOCIETY Extract from report submitted at BCHF council quarterly newsletter is produced. Burnaby issue of the newsletter of meeting by Margaret Stoneberg. A busy year with Historical Society continues to maintain the In the November newsletter editor an addition to the museum to house a fossil records ofthe Burnaby Community Archives the society; president and Pallant reports the passing away of exhibit.The Princeton Family History book has and participates in special community events Roy Harold Cook Fromme. Harold lived in Lynn just been published. A well-known pioneer with brochures, displays, and video presen Valley all the ninety-five years of his life. In family—the Allisons—held a family reunion tations. 1899 Harold’s father,Julius Martin Fromme, attended by over 300 in Princeton. HEDLEY HERITAGE MUSEUM SOCIETY built the first house in what was then called VICTORIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY In the spring of this year the society offered Shake Town (now Lynn Valley) and subdi Extractfrom report submitted at BCHF council a one-hundred-dollar award for the return vided his land in 1903 selling sixty blocks to meeting by Arnold Ranneris. The Society has oftheir Hedley heritage sign, missing for two early settlers. monthly meetings with an excellent lineup years. Believe it or not,AlJohnson, the owner Harold Fromme owned and operated a ofspeakers. Several group outings have taken of the Mother Lode store in Hedley, told garage on Fromme Road from 1936 till his place throughout the year. The Society has the society that a buddy of his had spotted early and very active retirement years, start revised a membership brochure. Over 30 the sign on someone’s shed in Surrey. ing in 1966. Harold added many maps, pho historical groups are active in the Victoria Through family connections in Surrey the tographs, and drawings to the collection of area. RCMP became involved and volunteers in the NorthVancouver Museum andArchives. Surrey arranged the recovery of the 400- He took a vigorous and essential part in trac pound sign and its return to Hedley. No ing and mapping the remnants of historic OTHER NEWS charges were laid. — Source: Hedley Heritage logging including the mapping of the 11- GRIOLA HIsToRICAL AND MusEuM Museum Society Newsletter and Naomi Miller mile route ofthe flumes which carried shin SOCIETY gle bolts to the saitchuck. The map, drawn in LONDON HERITAGE FARM Volume 1, No. 1 of Shale, the journal of the sections, shows in detail the route ofthe flume Extract from report submitted at BCHF council society is out and we must congratulate edi over what are now the lawns and gardens of meeting by Ron Hyde. The London Heritage tor and contributor Nick Doe and his fel Lynn Valley from Rice Lake and the Lynn Farm reports an unprecedented increase in low—contributors Dr. Loraine Littlefield, Creek down to . The almost 12- interest and visits compared with previous Lynda Poulton, Barrie Humphrey, and Phyllis feet long map he created is on display in the years.With the help of several hired students Reeve for a most informative and elegant museum in North Vancouver. Roy Pallant it was possible keep the farm open seven days inaugural issue. Shale subscriptions cost $15 refers to Harold as “everyone’s friend,” and a week duringJuly andAugust. Annual plant for four issues and single issues are for sale as could be expected, the church where the collectibles fair, and Christmas craft fair for $5. Interested? Write to Shale subscrip sale, memorial service was held was filled with are special events attracting many. The cata— tions, Gabriola Historical and Museum So family and friends, including Mayor Don Bell loguing ofall artifacts,ftirnishings, and equip ciety, P0 Box 213, Gabriola, BC,VOR 1XO. of the District of North Vancouver and his ment is planned and the Farm has applied predecessor, Murray Dykeman. —Source:The BC HERITAGE TRUST: SCHOLARSHIPS for two students throughYouth Community North Shore Historical Society, November 2000 AND STuTENT PRIZES Action. for British Columbia Heritage OIcNAGAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY Applications NANAIM0 HIsToRICAL SocIEm Trust scholarship and student prizes for 2001 The society recently published its 65” an spring the Nanaimo Historical Society must be received by 16 February and 28 Feb Last nual report.As the cover ofthis issue reminds Victoria’s Old Cemetery Society. ruary respectively. Information and applica hosted us, the Okanagan Historical Soceity cel of Nanaimo Historical Society tions can be found posted on theirWeb page Members ebrated its 75t1 anniversary this year. The accompanied the visitors on their tour of www.heritage. gov.bc. ca/trust/scholar.htm OHS was founded in 1925, only a few years cemeteries. In the morning the —Source: BC Heritage Tust Nanaimo’s after the British Columbia Historical Fed guests visited the Pioneer Cemetery, one of eration was organized in 1922 under its first SCANNING HISTORY British Columbia’s oldest still extant, and the name British Columbia Historical Associa Thanks to funding provided by the Cana main cemetery, where many prominent citi tion.The 76th annual general meeting of the dian Heritage grant programYoung Canada zens lie buried. In the afternoon the Chi Okanagan Historical Society will be held on Works in Heritage Institutions, college and and the Memorial Garden nese Cemetery Sunday 6 May, 2001. As usual the date coin-

38 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i university students were hired to scan more jlutz/arch-index.htm. This new Web site McTaggart was assisting a teacher in rural than 15,000 historic photographs ofthe col contains contacts and other information as Redflsh School. McTaggart’s extensive work lection of City ofVancouver Archives and well. in provincial archives assured the accuracy Vancouver Public Library. By the end of the ofher findings. FR1Erus OF THE BC ARCHIvEs current grant they hope to have done at least Gertrude Imogene Stubbs came to The “Friends of the British Columbia Ar another 2,000 photographs. The CVA pho Sandon with her parents in 1895. Young chives,” is an organization concerned with tographs are available at the Web site Gertrude worked as a stoker for her father the documentary heritage ofBritish Colum www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/cityclerk/archives. on the Kaslo & Slocan Railway. After her bia. Those of the Vancouver Public Library will parents died she—disguised as a boy—went At their inaugural meeting, held inVicto be accessible on the library’s Web site later to work in the engine room ofsternwheelers na in October, members elected the follow Lake. this year. — Source: T4incouver Historical Soci plying Kootenay Eventually her iden ing board ofdirectors: President Evert Moes; ety Newsletter. October 2000 tity was revealed. Gertrude was promptly Marie Secretary/Treas-. Vice President Eiliott; dismissed. To gain revenge she comman Greene; and Directors at Large AABC CoNFERENcE 2001 urer Ronald deered a powerfiil new launch and with the Dr. Lutz and Branwen Archives Association ofBritish Columbia Sandra Gill, John assistance of a small cre became a pirate on 2001 conference will be held in Victoria at Patenaude. Kootenay Lake. his greetings, published in the first St. Ann’s Academy on 27 and 28 April. The In Bob Johnstone told the story on CBC “Friends,” Provincial Ar theme will be:”The place of archives in her newsletter of the Radio’s “This Day in History” in February welcomes the”Friends” itage.” chivist Gary Mitchell 1999 and Carolyn’s McTaggart phone started support and assist in as an organization “to ringing:”Your fictitious heroine was on CBC CoLLoiuTIoN making community archives generally and Newsletter, this morning.” She phoned CBC, explained In the fall 2000 edition ofAABC the BC Archives specifically better under Archives Asso her part of the story, and was connected to Jane Turner, president of the stood within our society:’ He continues writ ciation of British Columbia, acknowledges Mr. Johnstone. He gulped, then roared with . the voice of com ing that:”Friends’. are a laughter. the submission of letters of support to the responding to the needs and desires munity, Since then, Carolyn McTaggart and her government for Archives Week by the Brit non-user. They are the edu of the user and husband have prepared a 25-minute video ish Columbia Historical Federation and other in the community cen cators, out schools, taking viewers in and beyond the Kootenays organizations. tres and cultural events, speaking and teach British Columbia through the turbulent times of Gertie. The She also writes: “The ing about archives generally and the BC Ar British Colum video was made on location at Sandon and Historical Federation’sjournal, chives specifically. They are the sponsors, developed a on the SS Moyie in Kaslo.—Naomi Miller bia Historical News, has recently hosting speaking engagements, seminars, and direction of Fran regular column under the lecture series about how to preserve family ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BRmsH Cor.UMBIA and Archivists.’The Gundry entitled, ‘Archives photos and records, etc. They are the friends On 3 November 2000, Harbour Publishing issues before its column has brought archival who are the sounding board for innovations Co. officially launched their brand-new book between the readers, and draws connections within the BC Archives.They are the volun at the Main Branch ofVancouver Public Li vital role in un value of archives and their teers, who assist the trained, professional BC brary. The encyclopedia contains more than Mitchell, Provin derstanding our past. Gary Archives staff in rescuing, preserving, and 4,000 articles, 1,500 photos, and hundreds AABC cial Archivist, and Bill Purver, our making accessible more ofour documentary ofmaps and diagrams. It was noted that items both contrib Network Coordinator, have heritage than we ever thought possible.That on the Kootenays were vetted or written by column. In flu uted thoughtful pieces to the is what ‘Friends’ are.Valued.Vital. Support two former presidents of the BC Historical column will ture Fran anticipates that the ive. Federation, RonWelwood and Naomi Miller. access is also explore archival holdings and The “Friends” encourages everyone to historian Rosemarie Parent, Kaslo’s read sues, which will be ofinterest to BCHN become a member and they are also looking Martin Lynch, and former Nelsonite Ted BCHF ers.We applaud the initiative of the for volunteers willing to work on various Aflleck have also contributed to this exten If have to promote archives in this way. you projects. Membership fees cover the year from sive work. The editor is Daniel Francis of this not done so, be sure to take time to read September to August. The fees are $15 for North Vancouver—Naomi Miller informative journal.” students and seniors, $20 for individuals, $30 GOVERNOR GENERAL’S AwD for families, and $50 for corporations and BC ARCHIVES ACTION GROUP Three Kootenay teachers and two teachers institutions. For information write to: Friends The formation of the “Friends of the BC from Delta were named among Canada’s top of the British Columbia Archives, c/o BC Archives” has not ended the activities of the history teachers. They were the BC finalists Archives, P0 Box 9419, Stn Prov Govt,Vic BC Archives Action Group. The BCAAG de for the 2000 Governor General’s Award for toria BC,V8W 9V1,or contact a member of cided to continue as a lobby group for ar Excellence in Teaching Canadian History, the board. chives users with the archives and with gov nominated for their dynamic and innovative more politi ernment and is prepared to be “GUNPOWDER GERTIE” approach to teaching Canadian history. than a cal and, if necessary, confrontatuonal, A historical heroine was “revealed” to West Gloria Beecham, Linda Hoffmann, and “Friends” group can be. This year the Kootenay residents in an April l’ publica Donalda Messer from Crescent Valley (Nel BCAAG has been active on a number of is tionin 1995 .The tale of”Gunpowder Gertie,” son) developed a learning resource kit “His sues as shown on theirWeb site: web.uvic.ca/ a lady pirate was first told when Carolyn tory Connection,” which focuses on local

39 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/200i history and has been used in schools in the into contemporary literature the history of pect, outside it) and our film would cover area since 1997. Susan Anderson and Susan specific groups of women, such as that of the fascinating history ofthe construction of Earles from Beach Grove Elementary, Delta, Catholic women religious, is still neglected. the railway from 1881 to 1885. We would created a localized, child—centered curricu Yet these women often played crucial roles use eye-witness accounts ofthe time, and the lum in Canadian history, focussing on Delta, in the development ofCanadian society.The wealth ofcontemporary photographs to paint Tsawwassen, and Ladner pioneers. recent book Spirited Wornen,A history ofCatho a picture of this enormous human endeav The five finalists from British Columbia lic Sisters in British Columbia will assist in fill our. I’m particularly interested in interview and 14 other finalists were honoured at a cer ing the gap in documenting and understand ing the remaining relatives of the protago emony at Ottawa’s Rideau Hall on 18 No ing the importance of Catholic women reli nists of this story—this ranges from the great vember. Mario Mimeault, from Rivière-au gious in the historical evolution of British figures such as Donald Smith and William Renard, Quebec, received this year’s award. Columbia. Van Home, to the navvies who worked on —Naomi Miller and Ron Welwood. The book, a soft cover with approximately the track, and the people who were affected three hundred pages and over a hundred pic by the advent of the CPR. JAPANESE CANADIs NATIoNAL Mu tures, was produced by Harbour Publishing “I’ve already contacted quite a few peo SEUM & ARcHIvEs SOCIETY Co. Ltd. retails at $27.95. Books can be or ple, and am hoping to find others. At the We congratulate the Japanese Canadian Na dered from the Sisters Association Archdio moment, it’s the working people’s ances tional Museum & Archives Society at the cese ofVancouver, #215 7700 Francis Road, tors—the people who got their hands dirty, opening ofthe inaugural exhibition at Nikkei Richmond BC,V6Y 1A. Phone: (604) 272- from Canadian navvies to the Chinese work Place in Burnaby. The JCNMAS wants to 4779. E-mail: [email protected] ers—that I’m particularly interested in find rediscover the Japanese—Canadian heritage ing. It is for this reason that I’m writing to and the importance of the Japanese Cana SPACEs AND LDscAPEs you. Do you know anyone who is related dian history. They ask to contribute to the The 54tI Conference is either to someone who worked on the origi museum and archive’s collection and to share scheduled from 19 to 21 April2001 in Port nal building of the CPR line, or who was family histories to add to the collective na land, Oregon. The theme of the conference affected by the line (i.e. moved to the West tional history. The Society seeks volunteers is the region in a new millennium.The pro around 1880-1885, or was already there)— from across the country to contribute their gram committee gives special notice and anyone who has a story to tell? We strongly talents. Tax-deductible donations are wel placement to sessions that address teaching believe that the best way of telling these old come. For further information please con history in secondary and post-secondary stories is through the stories and characters tact the Japanese Canadian National Mu schools.The conference is sponsored by the handed down over generations. As you im seum, #120-6688 Southoaks Crescent, Washington State Historical Society. Co agine, it’s quite an undertaking! We’re hop BurnabyBC,V5E 4M7, Phone: (604) 777- sponsors are Oregon Historical Society and ing to come to Canada in December for a Fax 777-7001. E-mail Portland State University. For conference 8000, (604) preliminary visit, and then to film inJanuary. [email protected] site www.jcnm.ca information contact Jean Peterson at the Perhaps your members have some ideas, or WHS Heritage Resource Center (360) 586- —Naomi Miller know the right people to talk to? Obviously 0219 [email protected] WOMEN’S HISTORY NErwoRK I’m working with the CPR on this, but any Women’s History Month, October, came PADDLEwHEELERs help you could give me would be wonder early to Douglas College this year.We hosted Edward L. “Ted’ ‘Afilecks’s recently published ful.” the Women’s History Network ofBC Con compilation ofinformation on inland steam If you think you can help please write to ference on Friday 29 and Saturday 30 Sep boats, A Century ofPaddlewheelers in the Pacific Melissa Blackburn, Timewatch, Room 5433, tember on the theme “Women and Health.” Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska, seems to be BBC White City, 201 Wood Lane, London We had a great gathering thanks to College selling faster than expected. If you are still W12 7TS. Phone: 0208 752 6220. E-mail: staff and our presenters. Mavis Henry spoke interested in this reference book you should [email protected]. write to Alexander Nicolls Press, #208,2250 about the traditions of First Nations’ heal CHARL0TrE DI1oND’s WORLD SE Marine Drive,Vancouver BC,V5P 2S2, ing. Norah Lewis spoke on home remedies One song on the latest CD of award-win before the stock is sold out. ofWestern settlers communities. Catherine ning children’s entertainer Charlotte Dia Marcellus, Betty Dandy, and Betty Robertson BBC AND CANrnAN PACIFIC RAILWAY mond caught the attention of Wayne shared stories on Mission’s community hos Melissa Blackburn of the British Broadcast Desrochers. In this song, called Skookumchuck, pital. A panel discussion on the writing of ing Corporation writes us: are not less than forty-seven place names and history and the writing of women’s history “The history department here at BBC terms of First Nation’s origin. With the re the conference. For membership completed television is considering making a documen cording comes a list with the meaning ofthe or newsletter information on the Women’s tary film about the building of the Canadian names and terms and an acknowledgement Network ofBC write to Cathy Kess, History Pacific Railway. It would be part of our well- ofthe use ofPhilip and Helen Akrigg’s Brit Hulford Street,Victoria, BC,V8X #20—1030 known Timewatch series and be seen all over ish Columbia Place Names. The fourth verse 3B6.—Jaqueline Cresko the world, and would be directed by one of of the song asks the listener: “What is the SPIRITED WOMEN our senior producers,Jonathan Gui. name ofyour town, do you know it’s story?” While the historical documentation ofwom “Obviously the story ofthe CPR is a great And that takes us right to local history. Will it trigger curiosity of younger listeners? en’s experiences is beginning to find its way one (well-known in Canada but not, I sus the It seems worth a try.

40 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i Letters to the Editor BCHF ENDowlvl.ENT FUND WoumYou LIKE TO HELP HIsToRY? Knowledge ofhistory has many benefits, SIR: SIR: not the least is to know who we are and I think we should honour Arw WALOm B.A., Gordon Miller’s review of Tom Henry’s why we are here. And who was it that M.D. who died in May. J’Vestcoasters: Boats that Built British Columbia said, that if we don’t know our history Adam was a close friend of mine and my in (BCHN Vol. 33 No.3) prompts this letter we shall be doomed to repeat it? Unfor sister Shirley. Adam was a classmate at UofA of support. Miller identified our lack of a tunately the study ofhistory is not a mat medical school with my sister Shirley. I have comprehensive book on the history of ter that raises great interest in the politi known Adam for over 50 years as a friend, Coastal Shipping in British Columbia in the cal arena. It seems a lot less important historian and colleague. age ofsteam. Many column inches have been than a whole host of other current top Adam practiced medicine in Castlegar, committed to press on the subject of the ics. Our history is ignored and treated as then, in 1952 moved to Vancouver, and be sidewheeler Beaver, first of Hudson’s Bay something to be done away with. But came the first head of the Dept. of Family steamers to work on the coast, and a number you, as a reader ofthisjournal, know this. Practice at UBC. He practised inVancouver of books have been written on the coastal Hopefully you will want to help reverse for 35 years. In retirement he did many lo services provided by individual companies this trend, and thus we are appealing to cum tenens throughout the province. As a such as the Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk/ you. medical student Adam worked in church Canadian National, and Union Steamships. The British Columbia Historical Fed mission hospitals along the coast in isolated What seems to be missing is a book dealing eration has started an Endowment Fund locations, and in retirement continued help not only with the rough-and-tumble mar to help promote a wider interest in the ing people in remote areas. ket for shipping between San Francisco,Vic history of this province.There are many Adam was kind, concerned, affable and toria, and NewWestminster in the gold-rush ways by which you could help, small an funny. He wrote historical articles, book re days of the 1850s and 1860s and the some nual donations, occasional gifts, or be views for the [BC] Historical News and the what similar open market that existed for quests.There are other ways, such as pur BC Medical Jourruil. They were humorous, coastal shipping during the time of the chase of an insurance policy with the timely and well researched. , but also with the whole British Columbia Historical Federation Adam made history in BC, he wrote of spectrum of shipping up the BC coast from named as beneficiary.The Federation can the history of BC, and he reviewed books Colonial days up to the demise ofthe steam- provide receipts for Income Tax pur written about the people ofBC. Let us hon propelled vessel. It would be great to learn poses. our him. something about the services provided by the Some of the many uses to which the Sterling Haynes MR Váncouvei BC various players in the field and how they income from an endowment could be sorted themselves out in a highly competi put are (1) scholarships for university stu We mentioned Dr. WaldieS passing in the sum tive field. If Tom Henry doesn’t hunger to dents; (2) grants in aid for current teach mer edition (33/3). This winter issue includes the take on this challenging task, I earnestly hope ers of history to enable them to take a last book review written by the late Dt Adam that some other marine-minded writer will specific course to upgrade their teach Waldie.for BC Historical News. Ed. see fit to do so. ing skills; (3) support for pre-conference led Affleck, I4incouvei BC and stand—alone writing and research workshops; (4) research grants for writ ing and cataloguing—we would treat All work and no play... these as loans that would be forgiven if the work is published or the catalogue is made available to the public; (5) enlarge Right: In Septembei at the BCHF council meeting in the publication fund and include reprints Surrey, President Wryne of rare books, transcriptions of oral his Desrochers presented Past tories, tapes, and compact discs as eligi President Ron J’Velwood (left) ble for loans; (6) competitions in schools with a three-pegged coat rack on historical themes; (7) matching grants for his three—year presidency. to libraries to develop and enlarge their Wiyne created the coat rack British Columbia History sections. Or wood from a piece of discarded you may have ideas of your own you he picked up atAlberni’s would like to suggest. historic McLean 1.1,1! in IvIay. Interested? Please write or talk to He painted it in true pencil yellou. eraser-pink, and, of BCHF treasurer Ronald Greene (see In course,graphite-black. side front cover for address and phone Ron now has a place to number). hang his boots.

41 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/2001 B1UTIsH Cowiu3IA, HIsToiuc&u Federation News FEDERATION 2000-2001 SCHOLARSHIP Deadline x May 2001 BCHF CouNCIL MEETING, SURREY BC, 16 SEPTEPvmER 2000 The British Columbia Historical Federation HosT: SURREY MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES awards two $500 scholarships annually for essays written by students at BC colleges or Hiçhl from the minutes News. A renewed ights prepared by call was made to council universities on a topic relating to British Recordin,g Secretary Betty Brown. and all members to continue promoting Columbia history. One scholarship is for an BC Historical News. essay written by a student in a first- Work continues on the tracing and collec or second- Nine entries were received for the scholar year course; the other is for an essay written tion of the minutes of BCHF meetings ship contest. The winner, Julie Stevens, by a student in a third- or fourth-year course. of previous years to be deposited in the has received a cheque for $500. In future To apply for the scholarship, candidates BC Archives. the Federation will offer two $500 schol must submit (1) a letter of application; (2) an Three new members were nominated and essay of 1500-3000 words arships, one for first- and second-year col on a topic relating accepted. Council welcomed the Archives to the history ofBritish Columbia; (3) a letter lege and university students and another Association of British Columbia (affili of recommendation from the professor for for third- and fourth-year university Stu ated group),Maple Ridge Historical So whom the essay was written. dents. ciety (member), and Union Bay Histori Applications should be submitted before The Federation sent a letter to the govern cal Society (member). 15 May 2001 to: Frances Gundry, Chair BC ment endorsing the proclamation ofAr Council thanked Leonard McCann who Historcal Federation Scholarship Conrnittee, chives Week in November. stepped down as honorary president af P0 Box 5254, Station B,Victoria, BC V8R Funding was approved to register the BCHF ter years ofexemplary service to the Fed 6N4. domain name and to upgrade the present eration, and welcomed Alice Glanville of The winning essay submitted by a third- BCHF Web site. Grand Forks as his successor for the com or fourth-year student will be published in BC In 1961 Dr. Donald Paterson donated a re ing year. Historical News. Other submissions may be production of the well-known Captain The people of the Alberni District Society published at the editor’s discretion. Vancouver painting to what was then not only presented an excellent confer called the British Columbia Historical ence in 2000, they also enjoyed a small BC History Web Site Prize Association. Since 1968 the portrait is in profit that they shared with the Federa— custody ofthe BC Maritime Museum.A The British Columbia Historical Federation tion.After Richmond (2001) conferences plaque with inscription, originally at and David Mattison are jointly sponsoring a are scheduled for Revelstoke (2002) and tached to the painting was lost when the yearly cash award of$250 to recognize Web Prince George (2003).Who onVancou sites that contribute to the understanding and painting was still inVancouver and it was ver Island will host the 2004 conference? appreciation ofBritish Columbia’s past. The never replaced. Steps will now be taken In 2005 the conference will be held at award honours individual initiative in writ to replace the plaque. Kelowna in conjunction with the ing and presentation. For Member Society Reports: see “News and Nominations for the BC HistoryWeb Site Okanagan Historical Society. Notes,”Members. Prize for 2000 must be made to the British The Federation applied for and received a Next Meeting: Saturday, 24 February 2001 Columbia Historical Federation, Web Site Heritage Trust grant of BC $4,000 to inVictoria.”’ Prize Committee, prior to 31 December wards the publication of BC Historical 2000. Web site creators and authors may nominate their own sites. Prize rules and the online nomination form Richmond 2001 can be found on The British Columbia His tory Web site: http://www.victoria.tc.ca/re— The RICHMOND MUSEUM SoCIETY is hard at work preparing a most promising conference sources/bchistory-announcements.htlm. with an exciting program. We expect an as good, if not a still better attendance as in . The 2001 Conference will start on Thursday 3 May and will end with the tradi A CERTIFIcATE OF MERIT and fifty dollars will tional Gala Award Banquet on Saturday evening, 5 May. be awarded annually to the author of the arti Readers will find a registration form inserted in this issue—well in time for early registra— cle, published in BC Historical News, that best tion.The reverse ofthe form shows the program of Conference 2001 and hotel information. enhances knowledge of British Columbia’s his tory and provides reading enjoyment. Judging Please do register as soon as possible. will be based on subject development, writing We suggest that you take a photocopy or two of the form with you to your next society skill, freshness of material, and appeal to a gen who don’t read BC Historical News and may meeting for your friends and fellow-members eral readership interested in all aspects ofBC therefore miss early registratiOn.’’ history.

MANUSCRIPTS SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION should be sent to the Editor, BC Historical News, P0 Box 130, Whonnock BC V2W 1V9. Submission by e-mail of text and illustrations is welcome. Otherwise please send a hard copy and if possible a disk copy of the manuscript by ordinary mail. Illustra tions should be accompanied by captions and source information. Submissions should not be more than 3,500 words.Authors publishing for the first time in the British Columbia Historical News will receive a one—year complimentary subscription to the journal.

42 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. I Melva J. Dwyer, Librarian Emerita, compiled this yearly index for the 2000 volume of British Columbia Historical News. Thanks to her efforts we are now up to date. Other indexes published inVolume 33 (2000) are the index for 1998 (Volume 31) in volume 33:1, and index 1999 (Volume 32) in volume 33:3. For earlier years see five-year indexes ending with 1997 (Volume 30). Index Volume 33

From 33:1 (winter 1999/2000) to 33:4 (fall 2000)

AUTHORS LAYLAND, MICuaL. Historians of Discovery Visit Bowen Island’s Howe Sound Hotel by RobertJ. Nootka. 33:1 (1999/2000): 32. Cathro. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. AFFLECK, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace LEIER, MARK.The Life and Times ofRobert Rag [British Columbia Provincial Archives] by Gary 2-7. River. 33:1 (1999/2000): lan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, A. Mitchell. 33:1 (1999/2000): 31. Second Bear Hunt. APPLETON, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Mystic, and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. Cottage Hospitals in British Columbia by Helen 33:3 (2000): 8-11. MITCHELL, GARY A. Archives & Archivists. 33:2 Shore. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. Vanished City. 33:3 BARLEE, N. L. Phoenix —The (2000): 34. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt by Paul C.Appleton. (2000): 12-15. [British Columbia Provincial Ar 33:3 (2000): 8-11. the Trail of the One- BRAzIER, GRAHAM. On chives]. 33:1 (1999/2000): 31. Glanville’s Dairy of Grand Forks, BC by Ronald Armed Man. 33:4 (2000): 22-24. ORR, LYNDA MAEvE. MinisteringAngels:TheVic Greene. 33:1 (1999/2000): 25. KATHRYN. [BC Archives Web Site Ad BRIDGE, torian Order of Nurses and the The Gold Rush Pack Trail of 1861 by Marie dress]. 33:4 (2000): 33. Klondike Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-2 1. Elliott. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. CATHR0, R0BERTJ. Bowen Island’s Howe Sound PuRvER, BILL. [Archives Association ofBC].33:3 A Half Century of BC’s Land-Use Wars by WT. Hotel. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. (2000): 23. Lane. 33:4 (2000): 9-13. CHAmERLAIN, PAul. G. Strait ofAnian: In Search REEVE, PHYLLIs. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. The Hammond Brothers and Port Hammond by of the Northwest Passage in British 33:2 (2000): 36-37; 33:4 (2000):24. H. B. Cotton. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. Columbia. 33:1(1999/2000): 13-15. RoBERTs, JoHN E. The Blunt End of the Discov Harley Robert Hatfield: A Tribute by Harvie Brothers and Port C0TFON, H.B.The Hammond ery. 33:2 (2000): 24-27. Walker. 33:4 (2000): 34-36. Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. So, MIcs1. Three Tough Men: Surviving the Historians ofDiscoveryVisit Nootka by Michael Centre Open DOE, NICK. Malaspina Research 1969 Balmer South Flood and Layland. 33:1 (1999/2000): 32. ing in Nanaimo. 33:1 (1999/2000): 33. Cave-in. 33:1 (1999/2000): 8-12. The Life and Times of Robert Raglan Gosden: Simon Fraser’s Latitudes, 1808:Where Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, and Labour SHORE, HELEN. Cottage Hospitals in British Co Was the Chief’s Village? 33:2 lumbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. Spy by Mark Leier. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. (2000): 2-5. TILT, NELLY. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West Malaspina Research Centre Opening in Nanaimo Moilliet of DUNFORD, MURIEL P0uLT0N. Molly minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. by Nick Doe. 33:1 (1999/2000): 33. Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. TRuscorr, EILEEN. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 (2000): Ministering Angels: The Victorian Order of MARIE. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of ELLIOTT, 36-37. Nurses and the Kiondike Goldrush by Lynda 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. WAuaR, HARvIE. Harley Robert Hatfield 1905- Maeve Orr. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Bambury: Phoenix’s GLANvILLE, ALICE. William 2000:ATribute. 33:4 (2000): 34-36. Molly Moilliet of Aveley Ranch by Muriel Last Resident. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. WEIR,WINNIFRED ARIEL. Pynelogs. 33:3 (2000): Poulton Dunford. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. Dairy of Grand GREENE, RoNALD. Glanville’s 24. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals by Phyllis Reeve. Forks, BC. 33:1 (1999/2000): 25. WELw0OD, RoN. Big Little Cherry. 33:2 (2000): 33:2 (2000): 36-37. Church Collec —,-----—.Token History:The 15-18. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to NewWestminster by Nelly tion Tokens ofHolyTrinity Church, Aiyansh. WooD, KEITh R. AWaihachin Index. 33:2 (2000): Tilt. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. 19-23. On theTrail of the One-Armed Man by Graham —,—A Token History:The Hotel Brooklyn Brazier. 33:4 (2000): 22-24. of Phoenix, BC. 33:3(2000): 18. TITLES Phoenix — The Vanished City by N. L. Barlee. —.Tokens:J. N. Killas & Co. ofPremier, 12-15. Anderson’s Brigade Trail by Charles Hou. 33:1 33:3 (2000): BC. 33:2 (2000): 35. (1999/2000): 34. Phoenix Remembers by Earl Kelly (Mr. Good GuNDRY, FiLANCEs, edArchives & Archivists. 33:1 (2000): [Archives Association ofBC] by Bill Purver. 33:3 Evening). 33:3 15. (1999/2000): 31; 33:2 (2000): 34; 33:3 (2000): (2000): 23. Pynelogs by Winnifred Ariel Weir. 33:3 (2000): 23; 33:4 (2000): 33. Archives &Archivists ed. by Frances Gundry. 33:1 24. GIjPPY,W.LTER.The Road toTofino. 33:1 (1999/ (1999/2000): 31; 33:2 (2000): 34; The Road toTofino byWalter Guppy. 33:1 (1999/ 2000): 16-18. 23; 33:4 (2000): 33. 2000): 16-18. Trou 33:3 (2000): HARRIs, DONALD F. Victoria Interlude: A Simon Fraser’s Latitudes,1808: Where Was the Archives & Archivists by Gary R. Mitchell. 33:2 bled Time in the Lives of Nessie and Chief’s Village? by Nick Doe. 33:2 (2000): 2- (2000): 34. Norman Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. 5. [BC Archives Web Site Address] by Kathryn Hou, CHARLES. Anderson’s Brigade Trail. 33:1 Sonia Cornwall by Eileen Truscott. 33:4 (2000): Bridge. 33:4 (2000): 33. (1999/2000): 34. 36-37. Big Little Cherry by Ron Welwood. 33:2 (2000): KELLY, EARL (Mr. Good Evening). Phoenix Re Steamboating on the Peace River by Edward L. 15-18. members. 33:3 (2000): 15. Affleck. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. The Blunt End of the Discovery by John E. LANE, W T. A Half Century of BC’s Land-Use Strait ofAnian: In Search of the Northwest Pas Roberts. 33:2 (2000): 24-27. Wars. 33:4 (2000): 9-13. sage in British Columbia by Paul G. Cham berlain. 33:1 (1999/2000): 13-15.

43 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/2001 Three Tough Men: Surviving the 1969 Balmer AvELEY RiCH C.IBoo GoLD RUSH South Flood and Cave-in by Michael Saad. 33:1 Dunford, Muriel Poulton. Molly Moilliet of Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of (1999/2000): 8-12. Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. Token History: The Church Collection Tokens AwARDs CEN0TAPH5 of Holy Trinity Church, Aiyansh by [Writing Competition Awards for 1999 Publi Kelly, Earl (Mr. Good Evening). Phoenix Re Ronald Greene. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. cations.] 33: 3 (2000): 26. members. 33:3 (2000): 15. A Token History:The Hotel Brooklyn of Phoe BALMER SOUTH MINE CHERRIEs nix, BC by Ronald Greene. 33:3 (2000): 18. Saad, Michael.Three Tough Men: Surviving the Welwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry 33:2 (2000): Tokens: J.N. Killas & Co. of Premier, BC. by 1969 Balmer South Flood and Cave-in. 33:1 15-18. Ronald Greene. 33:2 (2000): 35. (1999/2000): 8-12. Victoria Interlude:A Troubled Time in the Lives BAMBuRY, WILLIAM Harris, Donald F Victoria Interlude: A Trou ofNessie and Norman Lee by Donald F Harris. Glanville, Alice. William Bambury: Phoenix’s bledTime in the Lives of Nessie and Norman 33:2 (2000): 6-14. Last Resident. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. A Walhachin Index by Keith R. Wood. 33:2 BEALBY, J.T. CHURCHES (2000): 19-23. Welwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry. 33:2 (2000): Greene, Ronald. Token History: The Church William Bambury: Phoenix’s Last Resident by 15-18. Collection Tokens of Holy Trinity Alice Glanville. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. BEARS Church, Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. [Writing Competition Awards for 1999 Publica Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt. CIVIL ENGINEERS tions.] 33:3 (2000): 26. 33:3 (2000): 8-11. Walker, Harvie. Harley Robert Hatfield 1905- SUBJECTS BEGBIE, MATTHEW BAILLIE 2000:A Tribute. 33:4 (2000): 34-36. Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of CLAY0Qu0T SOUND ABERDEEN, ISHBEL GORDON, LADY see LADY AB 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. Guppy,Walter.The Road toToflno. 33:1(1999/ ERDEEN BLAYL0CK ESTATE 2000): 16-18. AGRICULTURAL LAND REsERvE Welwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry 33:2 (2000): CoAl.. MINING Lane,WT.A Half Century of BC’s Land-Use 15-18. Saad, Michael.Three Tough Men: Surviving the Wars. 33:4 (2000): 9-13. BouNDARY COUNTRY 1969 Balmer South Flood and Cave-in. 33:1 AGRICuLTUP.E Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —The Vanished City. 33:3 (1999/2000): 8-12. Weiwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry. 33:2 (2000): (2000): 12-15. CoLUMBIA COAST MISSION 15-18. Glanville, Alice. William Bambury: Phoenix’s Shore, Helen. Cottage Hospitals in British AIYANsH, BC Last Resident. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. Greene, Ronald. Token History: The Church Greene, Ronald. Glanville’s Dairy of Grand CoLUIA VALLEY ARm COUNCIL Collection Tokens of Holy Trinity Church, Forks, BC. 33:1 (1999/2000): 25. Weir,Winnifred Ariel. Pynelogs. 33:3 (2000): Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. A Token History: The Hotel 24. ANARCHIsM Brooklyn of Phoenix, BC. 33:3 (2000): COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of Robert 18. Lane,WT.A Half Century of BC’s Land-Use Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, B0WEN ISLAND, BC Wars. 33:4 (2000): 9-13. (2000): 2-7. and Labour Spy. 33:3 Cathro, RobertJ. Bowen Island’s Howe Sound CoNFERENCEs ANDERsoN’s BRIGADE TRAIL Hotel. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. Port Alberni 2000. 33:3 (2000): 34-39. Hou, Charles. Anderson’s Brigade Trail. 33:1 BRITISH COLUMBIA — DEsCRIPTIoN AND TRAVEL CooK, CAPTAIN JAMES (1999/2000): 34. Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt. Chamberlain, Paul G. Strait ofAnian: In Search ANTLER CREEK, BC 33:3 (2000): 8-11. ofthe Northwest Passage in British Columbia. Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of BRITISH COLUMBIA HORSE (C SQUADRoN) 33:1 (1999/2000): 13-15. 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. Wood, Keith R.AWalhachin Index. 33:2 (2000): CoPPER MINING ARcHIvEs 19-23. Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —The Vanished City. 33:3 Bridge, Kathryn. [BC Archives Web Site Ad BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL ARCHIVES (2000): 12-15. dress]. 33:4 (2000): 33. Bridge, Kathryn. [BC Archives Web Site Ad CoRNwALL, SONIA Mitchell, Gary A. Archives & Archivists. 33:2 dress]. 33:4 (2000): 33. Truscott, Eileen. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 (2000): (2000): 34. Mitchell, Gary A. [British Columbia Provin 36-37.

—. [British Columbia Provincial Ar —, cial Archives]. 33:1 (1999/2000): 31. CoRRESPONDENCE (1999/2000): 31. chives]. 33:1 BRUCE, ROBERT RANDOLPH Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt. Purver, Bill. [Archives Association ofBC]. 33:3 Weir,Winnifred Ariel. Pynelogs. 33:3 (2000): 33:3 (2000): 8-11. (2000): 23. 24. Dunford, Muriel Poulton. Molly Moilliet of

ART — RESTORATION Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. Cotton, H. B.The Hammond Brothers and Port COTTAGE HOSPITALS 33:4 (2000): 24. 33:2 (2000): 36-37; Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. Shore, Helen. Cottage Hospitals in British ARTS AND ARTIsTs Tilt, Nelly Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. Truscott, Eileen. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 (2000): minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. COVER ILLUSTRATIONS see ILLUSTRATIONS, COVER 36-37. CARIB00 AREA CowAN, S0NIA see CORNWALL ATHA.BASCA-SLAVE RIVERS Truscott, Eileen. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 (2000): Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace 36-37. River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7.

44 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i C0wIcHAN VALLEY Victorian Order of Nurses and the Klondike Victorian Order of Nurses and the Kiondike Brazier, Graham. On the Trail of the One- Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Armed Man. 33:4 (2000): 22-24. FISHER, ORvILLE HATFIELD, HARLEY ROBERT DANIELs, ELSIE (TILT) Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. Wallcer Harvie. Harley Robert Hatfield:ATrib Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West 33:2 (2000): 36-37; 33:4 (2000): 24. ute. 33:4 (2000): 34-36. minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. FRASER, SIMON HEALTH CARE DAIRIES Doe, Nick. Simon Fraser’s Latitudes,1808: Orr Lynda Maeve. Ministering Angels: The Greene, Ronald. Glanville’s Dairy of Grand Where Was the Chief’s Village? 33:2 (2000): Victorian Order of Nurses and the Kiondike Forks, BC. 33:1 (1999/2000): 25. 2-5. Goidrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Hospitals in British DENZLER, RoBERT (BOB) FsER RIVER Shore, Helen. Cottage Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. Glanville, Alice. William Bambury: Phoenix’s Cotton, H. B.The Hammond Brothers and Port Last Resident. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. HERITAGE PRESERVATION Charles. Anderson’s Brigade Trail. 33:1 DIARIEs Doe, Nick. Simon Fraser’s Latitudes, 1808: Hou, the Chief’s Village? 33:2 (2000): (1999/2000): 34. Harris, Donald F Victoria Interlude: A Trou— Where Was bledTime in the Lives of Nessie and Norman 2-5. HERITAGE RESTORATION Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. FRIENDLY COVE see YUQU0T Weir,Winnifred Ariel. Pynelogs. 33:3 (2000): Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West GHOST TOWNS 24. minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —TheVanished City. 33:3 HORTIcUCrURE DIscOvERY (2000): 12-15. Welwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry. 33:2 (2000): Roberts,John E.The Blunt End of the Discov Glanville, Alice. William Bambury: Phoenix’s 15-18. ery. 33:2 (2000): 24-27. Last Resident. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. HOSPITALS The Hotel DoUGLAs, SIR JAMES Greene, Ronald. A Token History: Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt. Brooklyn of Phoenix, BC. 33:3 (2000): 18. Brazier, Graham. On the Trail of the One- 33:3 (2000): 8-11. Armed Man. 33:4 (2000): 22-24. GLANvILLE FAMILY Shore, Helen. Cottage Hospitals in British of Grand Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. ELECTIONS Greene, Ronald. Glanville’s Dairy Forks, BC. 33:1 (1999/2000): 25. WeirWinnifred Arid. Pynelogs. 33:3 (2000): Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of Robert Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, GOLD MINING 24. 33:3 HOTELS and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —The Vanished City. Bowen Island’s Howe Sound E5QUIMALT, BC (2000): 12-15. Cathro, Robertj. Trail Hotel. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt. Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack of 33:3 (2000): 8-11. 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. Greene, Ronald.A Token History: The Hotel Maeve. Ministering Angels: The Brooklyn of Phoenix, BC. 33:3 (2000): 18. EULOGIES Orr, Lynda Victorian Order of Nurses and the Klondike Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. Walker, Harvie. Harley Robert Hatfield:ATrib Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. 33:2 (2000): 36-37; 33:4 (2000) 24. ute. 33:4 (2000): 34-36. G0RA50N, PAUL HOWE SOUND EvANS, DONALD Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. Cathro, RobertJ. Bowen Island’s Howe Sound Saad, Michael.Three Tough Men: Surviving the 33:2 (2000): 36-37. Hotel. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. 1969 Balmer South Flood and Cave-in. 33:1 (1999/2000): 8-12. G0SDEN, ROBERT RAGLAN HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY Mark. The Life and Times of Robert Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace ExPLoRATION Leier, Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. Chamberlain, Paul G. Strait ofAnian: In Search and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. On the Trail of the One- ofthe Northwest Passage in British Columbia. Brazier, Graham. COMPANY 33:4 (2000): 22-24. 33:1 (1999/2000): 13-15. GRANBY Armed Man. Vanished City. 33:3 HUDSON’S HOPE, BC Doe, Nick. Simon Fraser’s Latitudes, 1808: Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —The Where Was the Chief’s Village? 33:2 (2000): (2000): 12-15. Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace 2-5. GRAND FORKS, BC River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. City. 33:3 HUGHES, EXPLOSIONS Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —TheVanished E.J. 12-15. Murals. Saad, Michael.Three Tough Men: Surviving the (2000): Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina 1969 Balmer South Flood and Cave-in. 33:1 Greene, Ronald. Glanville’s Dairy of Grand 33:2 (2000): 36-37. (1999/2000): 8-12. Forks, BC. 33:1 (1999/2000): 25. HUNTING FAMILY HISTORY GREENWOOD CAMP Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt. City. 33:3 8-11. Harris, Donald F Victoria Interlude: A Trou Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —TheVanished 33:3 (2000): bled Time in the Lives of Nessie and Norman (2000): 12—15. ILLUSTRATIONS, COVER Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. HAMM0ND,J0HN AND WILLIAM David Thompson Taking an Observation by FEDERKFI0N NEWS Cotton, H. B.The Hammond Brothers and Port Charles Wiffiam Jefferys. 33:2 (2000). 33:1 (1999/2000): 37; 33:2 (2000): 40; 33:3 Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. Interior of the Bar of the Second Brooklyn (2000): 32, 40-42; 33:4 (2000): 31. HANcEVILLE, BC Hotel, Phoenix, BC. 33:3 (2000). Rock FENTON, FAITH Harris, Donald F.Victoria Interlude: A Trou Operating Room in Queen’s Hospital at Norman Island. 33:4 (2000). Orr, Lynda Maeve. Ministering Angels: The bled Time in the Lives of Nessie and Bay,Vancouver Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. The Tilt Family in Front ofTheir Home, New HANNA, RACHEL Westminster, 1907. 33:1 (1999/2000). Orr, Lynda Macye. Ministering Angels: The 45 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/2001 INDEXES LErrEks TO THE EDIToR MINING Volume 31:1,Winter 1997/1998 to 31:4, Affleck, Eward L. (Re: Guppy,Walter.The Road Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —The Vanished City. 33:3 1998. 33:1 (1999/2000): 38-44. to Tofino. 33:1 (1999/2000): 16-18) 33:2 (2000): 12-15. Volume 32:1,Winter 1998/1999 (2000): 39. to 32:4, Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of 1999. 33:3 (2000): 43-48. Clearihue, Joyce. Thanking BCHF for Award 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. Wood, Keith R.AWalhachin for Best Article Index. 33:2 in BC Historical News. 33:3 Saad, Michael.Three Tough Men: Surviving the (2000): 19-23. (2000): 25. 1969 Balmer South Flood and Cave-in. 33:1 INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD Harvey, R. G. (Re: Book Review by Edward (1999/2000): 8-12. (I L.Affleck ofCarving theWestern Path 33:2 MISSIONARIES Leier, (2000): 33-34) 33:3 (2000): 25. Mark. The Life and Times of Greene, Ronald. Token History: The Church Robert LymberyTom. Raglan Gosden:Anarchist, Sabo ( Re:Welwood, Ron. Big Lit CollectionTokens ofthe HolyTrinity Church, teur, Mystic, and Labour Spy. 33:3 tle Cherry. 33:2 (2000): 15-18) 33:3 (2000): Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. (2000): 2-7. 25-26. Response by Ron Weiwood. 33:3 Shore, Helen. Cottage Hospitals in British (2000): 26. INVERMERE, BC Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. Winnifred LirrLE CHERRY DISesE Weir Arid. Pynelogs. 33:3 MOILLIET, MOLLY (MARY) AND TOM (2000): 24. Welwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry 33:2 (2000): Dunford, Muriel Poulton. Molly Moiffiet of 15-18. J. N. KILLAs & Co. Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. MccuLLAGH, JAMES Greene, Ronald. Tokens: J. N. Killas & MoSS, DR. EDwARD LAwT0N Co. of Premier, BC. 33:2 (2000): 35. Greene, Ronald. Token History: The Church Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Collection Tokens of JACKSON, ALExANDER YouNG Holy Trinity Church, Hunt. 33:3 (2000): 8-11. Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. Truscott, Eileen. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 MURALS (2000): 36-37. McLAGAN, SARA Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. Orr, Lynda Maeve. KEITH, JAMES Ministering Angels: The 33:2 (2000): 36-37. Cathro, RobertJ. Bowen Island’s Howe Victorian Order of Nurses and the Kiondike MUSEUMS — DISPLAYS Sound Hotel. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. Goidrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Roberts,John E.The Blunt End of the Discov MALASPINA, ALEJANDR0 KILLAS FAMILY ery 33:2 (2000): 24-27. Doe, Nick. Malaspina Research Centre Open Greene, Ronald. Tokens: J. N. Killas & NANAIMO, BC of Premier, BC. 33:2 ing in Nanaimo. 33:1 (1999/2000): 33. Co. (2000): 35. Doe, Nick. Malaspina Research Centre Open MALASPINA HOTEL KL0NDTKE ing in Nanaimo. 33:1 (1999/2000): 33. Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. Orr, Lynda Macye. Ministering Angels: NANAIMO COMMUNvrv ARcHIvES 33:2 (2000): 36-37; 33:4 (2000) 24. The Victorian Order of Nurses and the Reeve, Phyllis. Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals. MALAsPINA UNIvERSrrY COLLEGE, NANAIM0 Kiondike Goidrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. 33:2 (2000): 36-37. AREA Doe, Nick. Malaspina Research Centre Open K00TENAY NASH, AGNES ing in Nanaimo. 33:1 (1999/2000): 33. Weir, Winnifred Ariel. Pynelogs. 33:3 Harris, Donald F.Victoria Interlude: A Ttou MAPS (2000): 24. bledTime in the Lives of Nessie and Norman Welwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry. 33:2 Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. (2000): 15-18. NASS RIVER Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —TheVanished City. 33:3 KRAI.L, JOHN Greene, Ronald. Token History: The Church (2000): 12-15. Saad, Michael. Three Tough Men: Sur CollectionTokens ofthe HolyTrinity Church, viving the 1969 Balmer South Flood and Cathro, RobertJ. Bowen Island’s Howe Sound Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. Hotel. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. Cave-in. 33:1 (1999/2000): 8-12. NEW WEsTMINsTER, BC Chamberlain, Paul G. Strait ofAnian: In Search KuTcHNER, FRANK Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West of the Northwest Passage in British Saad, Michael. Three Tough Men: Sur minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. Columbia. 33:1 (1999/2000): 13-15. viving the 1969 Balmer South Flood and NEwLAND, ARTHUR Cotton, H.B.The Hammond Brothers and Port Cave-in. 33:1 (1999/2000): 8-12. Cathro, RobertJ. Bowen Island’s Howe Sound Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. LouR UNIONS Hotel. 33:1 (1999/2000): 19-21. Doe, Nick. Simon Fraser’s Latitudes, 1808: Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of NEWS AND NOTES Where Was the Chief’s Village? 33:2 (2000): Robert Raglan Gosden:Anarchist, Sabo 33:1 (1999/2000): 35-36; 33:2 (2000): 38-39; 2-5. teur, Mystic, and Labour Spy. 33:3 33:3 (2000): 33; 33:4 (2000): 38-40. Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of (2000): 2-7. NIsGA’A 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. LADY ABERDEEN Greene, Ronald. Token History: The Church Greene, Ronald. Token History: The Church Orr, Lynda Maeve. Ministering Angels: CollectionTokens ofthe HolyTtinity Church, CollectionTokens ofthe HolyTrinity Church, The Victorian Order of Nurses and the Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. Kiondike Goidrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. NooTI SoUND —.Tokens:J. N. Killas & Co. of Pre LEE, NE5sIE AND NORMAN Layland, Michael. Historians Discovery mier, BC. 33:2 (2000): 35. of Visit Harris, Donald EVictoria Interlude: A Nootka. 33:1 (1999/2000): 32. Guppy,Walter.The Road toTofino. 33:1 (1999/ TroubledTime in the Lives ofNessie and NORTH THOMPSON VALLEY 6-14. 2000): 16-18. Norman Lee. 33:2 (2000): Dunford, Muriel Poulton. Saad, Michael. Three Tough Men: Surviving Molly Mollhet of LEGIsLATION see PLANNING LEGISLATION the 1969 Balmer South Flood and Cave-in. Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. LETTERS SEE Cols.REsP0NDENcE 33:1 (1999/2000): 8-12.

46 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.34 No. i NoRTHwEsT PASSAGE PLUGGING ScANDALs see SCANDALS SMELTING Chamberlain, Paul G. Strait ofAnian: In Search POLITICS Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —TheVanished City. 33:3 ofthe Northwest Passage in British Columbia. Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of Robert (2000): 12-15. 33:1 (1 999/2000): 13-15. Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS NURSES and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. Glanville, Alice. William Bambury: Phoenix’s Orr, Lynda Maeve. Ministering Angels: The PORT ALBERNI, BC Last Resident. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. Victorian Order of Nurses and the Kiondike Guppy,Walter.The Road toTofino. 33:1 (1999/ Harris, Donald F Victoria Interlude: A Trou— Goidrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. 2000): 16-18. bledTime in the Lives of Nessie and Norman Shore, Helen. Cottage Hospitals in British PORT HMnsoNo, BC Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. Cotton, H. B.The Hammond Brothers and Port SocIEm’ FOR THE HISTORY OF DISCOVERIES

ONE — ARMED ToMo Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. Layland, Michael. Historians of DiscoveryVisit Brazier, Graham. On the Trail of the One- PowELL, GE0RGINA Nootka. 33:1 (1999/2000): 32. Armed Man. 33:4 (2000): 22-24. Orr, Lynda Maeve. Ministering Angels: The SPIES ONE BIG UNION (OBU) Victorian Order of Nurses and the Klondilce Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of Robert Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of Robert Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, PREMIER, BC and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. Greene, Ronald. Tokens: J. N. Killas & Co. of ONwARD RANd-i Premier, BC. 33:2 (2000): 35. Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace Truscott, Eileen. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 (2000): PYNEL0Gs River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. 36-37. Weir, Winnifred Ariel. Pynelogs. 33:3 (2000): STEAMSHIPS, WEST COAST ORcHARDs 24. Guppy,Walter.The Road toTofino.33:1 (1999/ Weiwood, Ron. Big Little Cherry. 33:2 (2000): QUANTANY, THOMAS see OUANTANY, THOMAS 2000): 16-18. 15-18. QUE5NEL FORKS, BC STERNWHEELERs Wood, Keith R. A Waihachin Index. 33:2 Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace (2000): 19-23. 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22. River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. OuANTANY, THOMAS RAILROADS STRAIT OF ANIAN Brazier, Graham. On the Trail of the One- Cotton, H. B.The Hammond Brothers and Port Chamberlain, Paul G. Strait ofAnian: In Search Armed Man. 33:4 (2000): 22-24. Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. of the Northwest Passage in British Columbia. PACK TIAILs see TRAILs Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West 33:1 (1999/2000): 13-15. PAY50N, MARGA.rT minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. STRIKES Orr, Lynda Macye. MinisteringAngels:TheVic RANCHES Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of Robert torian Order ofNurses and the Klondike Gold- Dunford, Muriel Poulton. Molly Moilliet of Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, rush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. PEACE RIVER AREA Truscott, Eileen. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 (2000): STUART,J0HN Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace 36-37. Doe, Nick. Simon Fraser’s Latitudes, 1808: River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. RESEARCH CENTRES Where Was the Chief’s Village? PEAvINE SEE VAvENBY, BC Doe, Nick. Malaspina Research Centre Open— 33:2 (2000): 2-5. PHoENIx, BC ingin Nanaimo. 33:1 (1999/2000): 33. TILT, NELLY Barlee, N. L. Phoenix —TheVanished City 33:3 ROADS Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West (2000): 12-15. GuppyWalter.The Road toTofino. 33:1 (1999/ minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. Glanville, Alice. William Bambury: Phoenix’s 2000): 16-18. TOFINO, BC Last Resident. 33:3 (2000) 16-17. ROYAL BRITISH CoLUMBIA MUSEUM, VICORIA Guppy,Walter.The Road toTofino.33:1 (1999/ Greene, Ronald. A Token History: The Hotel Roberts,John E.The Blunt End of the Discov 2000): 16-18. Brooklyn of Phoenix, BC. 33:3 ery. 33:2 (2000): 24-27. ToKENS (2000): 18. SCANDALS Greene, Ronald. Glanville’s Dairy of Grand Kelly, Earl (Mr. Good Evening). Phoenix Re Leier, Mark. The Life and Times of Robert Forks, BC. 33:1 (1999/2000): 25. members. 33:3 (2000): 15. Raglan Gosden: Anarchist, Saboteur, Mystic, Token History: The Church Col PHYSICIANS and Labour Spy. 33:3 (2000): 2-7. lection Tokens of the Holy Trinity Appleton, Paul C. Dr. Moss’s Second Bear Hunt. Scorr, AMY Church, Aiyansh. 33:4 (2000): 25-26. 33:3 (2000): 8-11. Orr, Lynda Macye. Ministering Angels: The A Token History: The Hotel PIONEER LIFE Victorian Order of Nurses and the Klondike Brooklyn of Phoenix, BC. 33:3 (2000): 18. Dunford, Muriel Poulton. Molly Moilliet of Goldrush.33:4 (2000): 18-21. —.Tokens:J. N. Killas & Co. of Pre Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. SERCU, ADOLF (FOREPAW) mier, BC. 33:2 (2000): 35. PLANNING LEGIsLATIoN Glanville, Alice. William Bambury: Phoenix’s T0wN5ITEs Lane,WT.A Half Century of BC’s Land-Use Last Resident. 33:3 (2000): 16-17. Cotton, H. B.The Hammond Brothers and Port Wars. 33:4 (2000): 9-13. SExTANT5 Hammond. 33:4 (2000): 6-8. PLANs Doe, Nick. Simon Fraser’s Latitudes,1808: TRAILs Roberts,John E.The Blunt End of the Discov Where Was the Chief’s Village? Elliott, Marie. The Gold Rush Pack Trail of ery. 33:2 (2000): 24-27. 33:2 (2000: 2-5. 1861. 33:3 (2000): 19-22.

BC HISTORLCAL NEWS - WINTER 2000/2001 47 Hou, Charles. Anderson’s Brigade Trail. 33:1 WORLD WAI& I —,——-—.Westcoasters: Boats that Built British (1999/2000): 34. Kelly, Earl (Mr. Good Evening). Phoenix Re Columbia. Reviewed by Gordon Miller. 33:3 TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL members. 33:3 (2000): 15. (2000): 28-29. Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace Wood, Keith R. A Walhachin Index. 33:2 JOHNSON, PETER. Glyphs and Gallows:The Rock River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. (2000): 19-23. Art of Clo-oose and the Wreck of the John Guppy,Walter.The Road toTofino. 33:1 (1999/ YUKON TERRITORY Bright. Reviewed by Phyllis Reeve. 33:4 (2000): 30-31. 2000): 16-18. Orr, Lynda Macye. Ministering Angels: The Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West Victorian Order of Nurses and the Klondike KAHN, CHARLES. Salt Spring:The Story of an Is minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. land. Reviewed by Rachel Grant. 33:1 UcLUELET, BC YuQU0T (1999/2000): 26-27. Guppy,Walter.The Road toTofino. 33:1 (1999/ Layland, Michael. Historians ofDiscoveryVisit KiNDRIcK, JOHN. Alejandro Malaspina: Portrait 2000): 16-18. Nootka. 33:1 (1999/2000): 32. ofaVisionary. Reviewed by Barry Gough. 33:3 (2000): 28. VANcOUvER, CAPTAIN GEORGE BOOK REVIEWS Chamberlain, Paul G. Strait ofAnian: In Search LAFORET, ANDREA and ANNIE YORK. Spuzzum: Fraser Canyon Histories, 1808-1939. Reviewed of the Northwest Passage in ALExANDER, WE. — Duncan Memo J. by Phyllis Reeve. 33:1 (1999/2000): 30-31. British Columbia. 33:1 (1999/2000): 13-15. ries. Reviewed by Edward L.Affleck. NANAIMO COMMUNITY HERITAGE COMMISSION, 33:2 (2000): 28-29. comp. Columns, Cornices and Coal. Reviewed the Trail of the One- CAMER0N,JUNE. Destination Cortez Island, a Sail Brazier, Graham. On by Gordon R. Elliott. 33:4 (2000): 28. Armed Man. 33:4 (2000): 22-24. or’s Life Along the BC Coast. Reviewed by NoRToN, WAYNE. A Whole Little City by Itself Road toTofino. 33:1 (1999/ Kelsey McLeod. 33:3 (2000): 30. GuppyWalter.The Tranquille and Tuberculosis. Reviewed 2000): 16-18. CAMPBELL, SHIRLEY. Our Fair: The Interior Pro by Naomi Miller. 33:3 (2000): 31-32. V.vEY, BC vincial Exhibition, Its First lOOYears. Reviewed O’KEEFE, BErrY AND IAN MAcDoNALD. The Final Dunford, Muriel Poulton. Molly Moilliet of by Alice Glanville. 33:4 (2000): 29-30. Voyage of the Princess Sophia: Did They Have C0RLEY-SMITH, PETER AND DAVID N. PARKER. Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. to Die? Reviewed by Gordon Miller. 33:1 Helicopters:The British Columbia Story. Re V ERMILLION CSSuTES (1999/2000): 29-30. viewed by Kirk Salloum 33:3 (2000): 29. Affleck, Edward L. Steamboating on the Peace and —,——-—.The Sommers Scan DRUSHsc, KEN. Tie Hackers to Timber Harvest River. 33:1 (1999/2000): 2-7. dal:The Felling of’Trees and Tree Lords. ers:The History ofLogging in British Colum VIcTORIA, BC Reviewed Kirk (2000): bia’s Interior. Reviewed by Denis Marshall. 33:2 by Salloum. 33:4 28- Harris, Donald F Victoria Interlude: A Trou— 29. (2000): 32. bledTime in the Lives of Nessie and Norman OGST0N, LEIGH, ed. Researching the Indian Land FAsT,VERA K. Companions of the Peace: Diaries Lee. 33:2 (2000): 6-14. Question in British Columbia. Reviewed by and Letters ofMonica Storrs, 1931-1939. Re VIcTORIAN ORDER 01’ NURSEs Morag Maclachlan. 33:4 (2000): 3 1-32. viewed by Peter J. Mitham. 33:3 (2000): 30- Angels: The Orr, Lynda Maeve. Ministering 31. PALMER, MARY.Jedediah Days: One Woman’s Is Victorian Order of Nurses and the land Paradise. Reviewed by Phyffis Reeve. 33:2 GOw5cHMIDT,WALTER AND THEODORE H. HS. (2000): 28. Kiondike Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-21. Haa Aani, Our Land. Tlingit and Haida Land Shore, Helen. Cottage Hospitals in British Rights and Use. Reviewed by joy Inglis. 33:3 PI.AcE, HILARY. Dog Creek:A Place in the Cariboo. Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. (2000): 27-28. Reviewed by Sheryl Salloum. 33:3 (2000): 32. RAYNER,WILLIAM. VIDEoS HALLIDAY, HUGH. Wreck! Canada’s Worst Rail Images of History: Twentieth Hou, Charles. Anderson’s Brigade Trail. 33:1 way Accidents. Reviewed by Bill McKee. Century British Columbia Through the Front Pages. Reviewed by Gordon R. Elliott. 33:2 (1999/2000): 34. 33:1 (1999/2000): 27-28. (2000): 31. VoYAGEs HAMMOND, DICK. Haunted Waters: Tales of the REKSTEN, TERRY. Rattenbury 2” ed. Reviewed Chamberlain, Paul G. Strait ofAnian: In Search Old Coast. Reviewed by Kelsey McLeod. 33:4 byJanaTyner. 33:1 (1999/2000): 28-29. ofthe Northwest Passage in British Columbia. (2000): 31. SANDwELL, R. W, ed. Beyond the City Limits: 33:1 (1999/2000): 13-15. HARRIS, COLE. The Resettlement of British Co Rural History in British Columbia. Reviewed Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West lumbia:Essays on Colonialism and Geographic by Clint Evans. 33:4 (2000): 27-28. minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. Change. Reviewed by Richard Lane. 33:2 STERNE, NETTA. Fraser Gold 1858! The Found WAU-1AcHIN, BC (2000): 29-31. ing of British Columbia. Reviewed by Lewis Wood, Keith R. A Walhachin Index. 33:2 HARVEY, R. G. Carving the Western Path by River Green. 33:3 (2000): 29-30. (2000): 19-23. Rail, and Road Through BC’s Southern SWANSON, ROBERT. Whistle Punks and Widow WOMEN Mountains. Reviewed by Edward L. Affleck. Makers:Tales ofthe B. C.Woods. Reviewed by Muriel Poulton. Molly Moilliet of 33:2 (2000): 33-34. Dunford, Bill McKee. 33:1 (1999/2000): 27-28. Aveley Ranch. 33:4 (2000): 2-5. HAYES, DEREK. HistoricalAtlas ofBritish Colum TITLEY, BRIAN. The Frontier World of Edgar Maeve. Ministering Angels: The bia and the Pacific Northwest. Reviewed byJ. Orr, Lynda Dewdney. Reviewed by Charles Hou. 33:4 Victorian Order of Nurses and the E. Roberts. 33:3 (2000): 31. Ex (2000): 32-33. Kiondike Goldrush. 33:4 (2000): 18-2 1. HEAMAN, E.A. The Inglorious Arts of Peace: hibitions in Canadian Society During the WALKER, EL1zisETH. Street Names ofVancouver. Shore, Helen. Cottage Hospitals in British Nineteenth Century. Reviewed by Jim Rainer. Reviewed by Carol Gordon. 33:2 (2000): 32- Columbia. 33:4 (2000): 14-17. 33:1 (1999/2000): 27. 33.’’ Tilt, Nelly. Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New West HENRY,TOM. Small City in a BigValley:The Story minster. 33:1 (1999/2000): 22-24. ofDuncan. Reviewed by Adam C. Waldie. 33:4 Truscott, Eileen. Sonia Cornwall. 33:4 (2000): (2000): 30. 36-37.

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CONTACT us: THE BRITISH COLurvmIA HISTORICAL FEDERATION BC Historical News welcomes your INVITES SUBMISSIONS OF BOOKS FOR THE EIGHTEENTH letters and manuscripts on subjects ANNUAL COMPETITION dealing with the history of British FOR WRITERS OF BC HISTORY. Columbia and British Columbians. Any book presenting any facet of BC history, published in Please send stories or essayson any 2000, is eligible. This may be a community history, biogra aspect of the rich past of our prov phy, record of a project or an organization, or personal rec ince to the Editor, BC Historical ollections giving a glimpse of the past. Names, dates and places, with relevant News, Fred Braches, P0 Box 130, maps or pictures, turn a story into “history” Note that reprints or revisions Whonnock BC, V2W 1V9. of books are not eligible. Phone: (604) 462-8942 The judges are looking for quality presentations, especially if fresh material is E—mail:[email protected] included, with appropriate illustrations, careful proofreading, an adequate Send books for review and book index, table of contents and bibliography, from first—timewriters as well as reviews directly to the Book Re established authors. view Editor, BC Historical News The Lieutenant-Governor’s Medal for Historical Writing will be awarded to an Anne Yandle, 3450 West 20th individual writer whose book contributes significantly to the recorded his Avenue, Vancouver BC V6S 1E4, tory of British Columbia. Other awards will be made as recommended by Phone: (604) 733-6484 the judges to valuable books prepared by groups or individuals. E-mail: [email protected] Winners will receive a Certificate of Merit, a monetary award and an invita News items for publication in BC tion to the BCHF annual conference to be held in Richmond in May 2001. Historical News should be send to the editor inWhonnock. SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS: Allbooks musthave been published in 2000 and should be submitted as soon as possible after publication. Two copies of each book PLsE SEND CORRESPONDENCE ABOUT should be submitted. Books entered become property of the BC Historical Federa SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE SUBSCRIPTION tion. Pleasestate name, addressand telephone number of sender,the seffingprice of SECRETY, JOEL VINGE alleditions of the book, and,if the reader hasto shop by mail,the addressfrom which 561 WOODLD DRIvE it may be purchased, includingapplicableshippingand handling costs. CIu’rnRooK BC ViC 6V2 PHONE: (250) 489-2490 SENDTO: BC HistoricalFederationWriting Competition E-MAIL: [email protected] c/o ShirleyCuthbertson Subscriptions #306-225 BellevilleStreet Victoria BC V8V 4T9 Individual sis.oo per year Institutional $20.00 per year DEADLINE:31 December 2000 For addresses outside Canada add $6.oo