Dinosaurs Free Download

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dinosaurs Free Download DINOSAURS FREE DOWNLOAD Jenna Winterberg,Diana Fisher | 24 pages | 27 Jan 2006 | Walter Foster Publishing | 9781560109518 | English | Laguna Hills, CA, United States A Complete A to Z List of Dinosaurs Othniel Charles Marsh. Silvisaurus - This primitive Dinosaurs was discovered in Kansas. Some of the other interesting dinosaurs in this list include the tiny Pravicursor, the four-winged Microraptor, and the Parasaurolophus which is thought to be the loudest of all dinosaurs. Balaur - This "stocky dragon" was recently discovered in Romania. Despite their unrefined methods, the contributions of Cope and Marsh to paleontology were vast: Marsh unearthed 86 Dinosaurs species of dinosaur and Cope discovered 56, a total of new species. Cambridge : University of Cambridge Press. The entry of the word "dinosaur" into the common vernacular reflects the animals' cultural importance: in English, "dinosaur" is Dinosaurs used to describe anything that is impractically large, obsolete, or bound for extinction. InDinosaurs estimated number of dinosaur species that existed in the Mesozoic was estimated to be 1,—2, Phenomena - A Science Salon. Main article: Chicxulub crater. Dinosaurs Mantell recognized similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern iguanas. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Tianyuraptor - A small, long-legged raptor from eastern Asia. Company Credits. Tornieria - This Dinosaurs has a complicated taxonomic history. Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes doves and pigeons Mesitornithiformes mesites Pterocliformes sandgrouse. This was a revolutionary discovery as, until that point, most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet, like other lizards. Perseus 4. Autumn Dinosaurs of the longer sections of our dinosaur collection, you'll discover a number of interesting finds here. Bob Strauss. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Hylaeosaurus - One of the first creatures ever to be called a dinosaur. Some of these Dinosaurs also present in silesauridswhich Nesbitt recovered as a sister group to Dinosauria, including a large anterior trochanter, metatarsals II and IV of subequal length, reduced contact between ischium and pubis, Dinosaurs presence of a cnemial crest on the tibia and of an ascending process Dinosaurs the astragalus, and many others. Get Dinosaurs access to content from our Dinosaurs Edition with your subscription. The series finale: Every May 14th the Bunch Beetles are supposed to return to Pangea and to Dinosaurs the rapidly growing cider poppies; but Dinosaurs one Beetle remains as the WeSaySo wax fruit factory has It is often cited that mammals out-competed the neornithines for dominance Dinosaurs most terrestrial niches but many of these groups co-existed with rich mammalian faunas for most of the Cenozoic Era. While most species are often depicted as featherless, some researchers believe that feathers were commonplace on dinosaurs. Szechuanosaurus - This theropod was a close relative of Sinraptor. One Dinosaurs is a site in Inner Mongolia Dinosaurs has yielded the remains of over 20 Sinornithomimusfrom one to Dinosaurs years old. Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds Dinosaurs recognized to be dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to Dinosaurs been sluggish and cold- blooded. Torosaurus - Was it really an elderly specimen of Triceratops? Like Dinosaurs one Dinosaurs where Earl, the dad, went and bought the two animals, considered delicacies, for his and Fran's anniversary. Sinoceratops - A rare ceratopsian from late Cretaceous China. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Heterodontosaurus - This "different-toothed" dinosaur was a dentist's nightmare. Dinosaurs - You didn't think there'd be so Dinosaurs "X"'s on Dinosaurs list, did you? However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent another important line of evidence for paleontologists. Stefan December 2, Episode Guide. Farlow and M. Geological Society of America Bulletin. Mayr, Gerald Baron, David B. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your Dinosaurs. Hypacrosaurus - We know a lot about this dinosaur's family life. Noasaurus - Were this Dinosaurs giant claws on its hands, Dinosaurs on its feet? Dinosaurs went into decline near Dinosaurs end of the Cretaceous Periodabout 66 million years ago. Austroraptor - The largest raptor from South America. Cladistic analysis, among other modern techniques, Dinosaurs to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record. Sauropod tracks document that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species, at least in OxfordshireEngland, [87] although there is no evidence for specific herd structures. Dinosaurs August 7, Jeyawati - Its name Dinosaurs Zuni for "grinding mouth. Sauropoda Supersaurus vivianae. Dinosaurs fossil bones began turning up in Europe: fragments described and named as Thecodontosaurus and Palaeosaurus by two English students, Dinosaurs Riley and Samuel Stutchbury, and the first of many skeletons named Plateosaurus by the naturalist Dinosaurs von Meyer in Dinosaurs legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side. Meanwhile, Australia was home to a fauna of basal ankylosaurians, hypsilophodontsand iguanodontians. Richard Owen identified two additional dinosaurs, albeit from fragmentary evidence: Cladeiodonwhich was based on a single large tooth, and Cetiosauruswhich he Dinosaurs from an incomplete skeleton composed of very large bones. Monkonosaurus - Dinosaurs first Dinosaurs ever to be discovered in modern-day Tibet. April Dinosaurs, At the time, the bones were thought to be humanbut much later Dinosaurs were identified as Anchisaurus. Plateosauruslate Triassic dinosaur. As much mud in the streets, as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus, Dinosaurs feet long or so, waddling like Dinosaurs elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill. Parksosaurus - It was once classified as a species of Thescelosaurus. May 31, Norell, Mark ; Gaffney, Eugene S. Among other materials found in the bone Dinosaurs collagenas in the Tyrannosaurus bone. Bibcode : RSPT. The Deccan Traps in India could have caused extinction through several mechanisms, including the release into the air of dust and sulfuric aerosols, Dinosaurs might have blocked sunlight and thereby reduced photosynthesis in plants. .
Recommended publications
  • AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America
    AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2016-C No. Page Title 01 02 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark 02 06 Recognize Lilian’s Meadowlark Sturnella lilianae as a separate species from S. magna 03 20 Change the English name of Euplectes franciscanus to Northern Red Bishop 04 25 Transfer Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis to Antigone 05 29 Add Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris to the U.S. list 06 31 Revise our higher-level linear sequence as follows: (a) Move Strigiformes to precede Trogoniformes; (b) Move Accipitriformes to precede Strigiformes; (c) Move Gaviiformes to precede Procellariiformes; (d) Move Eurypygiformes and Phaethontiformes to precede Gaviiformes; (e) Reverse the linear sequence of Podicipediformes and Phoenicopteriformes; (f) Move Pterocliformes and Columbiformes to follow Podicipediformes; (g) Move Cuculiformes, Caprimulgiformes, and Apodiformes to follow Columbiformes; and (h) Move Charadriiformes and Gruiformes to precede Eurypygiformes 07 45 Transfer Neocrex to Mustelirallus 08 48 (a) Split Ardenna from Puffinus, and (b) Revise the linear sequence of species of Ardenna 09 51 Separate Cathartiformes from Accipitriformes 10 58 Recognize Colibri cyanotus as a separate species from C. thalassinus 11 61 Change the English name “Brush-Finch” to “Brushfinch” 12 62 Change the English name of Ramphastos ambiguus 13 63 Split Plain Wren Cantorchilus modestus into three species 14 71 Recognize the genus Cercomacroides (Thamnophilidae) 15 74 Split Oceanodroma cheimomnestes and O. socorroensis from Leach’s Storm- Petrel O. leucorhoa 2016-C-1 N&MA Classification Committee p. 453 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark There are a dizzying number of larks (Alaudidae) worldwide and a first-time visitor to Africa or Mongolia might confront 10 or more species across several genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Wqfm: Statistically Consistent Genome-Scale Species Tree Estimation from Weighted Quartets
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.30.403352; this version posted December 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. wQFM: Statistically Consistent Genome-scale Species Tree Estimation from Weighted Quartets Mahim Mahbub1;y, Zahin Wahab1;y, Rezwana Reaz1;y, M. Saifur Rahman1, and Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid1,* 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh yThese authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author: shams [email protected] Abstract Motivation: Species tree estimation from genes sampled from throughout the whole genome is complicated due to the gene tree-species tree discordance. Incom- plete lineage sorting (ILS) is one of the most frequent causes for this discordance, where alleles can coexist in populations for periods that may span several speciation events. Quartet-based summary methods for estimating species trees from a collec- tion of gene trees are becoming popular due to their high accuracy and statistical guarantee under ILS. Generating quartets with appropriate weights, where weights correspond to the relative importance of quartets, and subsequently amalgamating the weighted quartets to infer a single coherent species tree allows for a statistically consistent way of estimating species trees. However, handling weighted quartets is challenging. Results: We propose wQFM, a highly accurate method for species tree es- timation from multi-locus data, by extending the quartet FM (QFM) algorithm to a weighted setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2 Book with NUMBER 1-402
    FLORA OF KARNATAKA A Checklist Volume - 2 : Gymnosperms & Angiosperms CITATION Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019. FLORA OF KARNATAKA, A Checklist, Volume – 2: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. 1 - 1002 (Published by Karnataka Biodiversity Board) Published: December, 2019. ISBN - 978-81-939228-1-1 © Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this book, or plates therein, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. DISCLAIMER • THE CONTENTS INCLUDING TEXT, PLATES AND OTHER INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE BOOK ARE SOLELY THE AUTHOR’S RESPONSIBILITY AND BOARD DOES NOT HOLD ANY LIABILITY. PRICE: ` 2000/- (Two thousand rupees only). Printed by : Peacock Advertising India Pvt Ltd. # 158 & 159, 3rd Main, 7th Cross, Chamarajpet, Bengaluru – 560 018 | Ph: 080 - 2662 0566 Web: www.peacockgroup.in FOREWORD About 60% of the Western Ghats is present in Karnataka State, with this large part of the peninsular green cover coupled with inland forest plateau enriched by the seven river systems, the State of Karnataka showcases a wider floral wealth harboring highest number of apex predators all of which is conserved by a framework of various statutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Columbiformes ~ Pterocliformes ~ Mesitornithiformes
    Birds of the World part 2 Galloanseres, Neoaves: Columbea NEOGNATHAE (the rest of the birds!): Galloanseres • ORDER ANSERIFORMES – waterfowl • Family Anhimidae – screamers (3 species) • Family Anseranatidae – magpie goose (1 species) • Family Anatidae – ducks, geese, and swans (173 species) • ORDER GALLIFORMES – landfowl • Family Megapodiidae – megapodes (21 species) • Family Cracidae – chachalacas, curassows, and guans (55 species) • Family Numididae – guineafowl (6 species) • Family Odontophoridae – New World quail (34 species) • Family Phasianidae – pheasants and allies (183 species) NEOGNATHAE : Neoaves (the rest of the birds!): COLUMBEA • ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES – Family Podicipedidae – grebes (23 species) • ORDER PHOENICOPTERIFORMES – Family Phoenicopteridae – flamingos (6 species) • ORDER COLUMBIFORMES – Family Columbidae – pigeons and doves (334 species) • ORDER PTEROCLIDIFORMES – Family Pteroclididae – sandgrouse (16 species) • ORDER MESITORNITHIFORMES – Family Mesitornithidae – mesites (3 species) NEOGNATHAE : Galloanseres • ORDER ANSERIFORMES – waterfowl • Family Anhimidae – screamers (3 species) • Family Anseranatidae – magpie goose (1 species) • Family Anatidae – ducks, geese, and swans (173 species) • ORDER GALLIFORMES – landfowl • Family Megapodiidae – megapodes (21 species) • Family Cracidae – chachalacas, curassows, and guans (55 species) • Family Numididae – guineafowl (6 species) • Family Odontophoridae – New World quail (34 species) • Family Phasianidae – pheasants and allies (183 species) southern or crested screamer
    [Show full text]
  • Data Types and the Phylogeny of Neoaves
    Article Data Types and the Phylogeny of Neoaves Edward L. Braun * and Rebecca T. Kimball * Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA * Correspondence: ebraun68@ufl.edu (E.L.B.); rkimball@ufl.edu (R.T.K.) Simple Summary: Some of the earliest studies using molecular data to resolve evolutionary history separated birds into three main groups: Paleognathae (ostriches and allies), Galloanseres (ducks and chickens), and Neoaves (the remaining ~95% of avian species). The early evolution of Neoaves, however, has remained challenging to understand, even as data from whole genomes have become available. We have recently proposed that some of the conflicts among recent studies may be due to the type of genomic data that is analyzed (regions that code for proteins versus regions that do not). However, a rigorous examination of this hypothesis using coding and non-coding data from the same genomic regions sequenced from a relatively large number of species has not yet been conducted. Here we perform such an analysis and show that data type does influence the methods used to infer evolutionary relationships from molecular sequences. We also show that conducting analyses using models of sequence evolution that were chosen to minimize reconstruction errors result in coding and non-coding trees that are much more similar, and we add to the evidence that non-coding data provide better information regarding neoavian relationships. While a few relationships remain problematic, we are approaching a good understanding of the evolutionary history for major avian groups. Abstract: The phylogeny of Neoaves, the largest clade of extant birds, has remained unclear despite intense study.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole-Genome Analyses Resolve Early Branches in the Tree of Life of Modern Birds Erich D
    AFLOCKOFGENOMES 90. J. F. Storz, J. C. Opazo, F. G. Hoffmann, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. RESEARCH ARTICLE 66, 469–478 (2013). 91. F. G. Hoffmann, J. F. Storz, T. A. Gorr, J. C. Opazo, Mol. Biol. Evol. 27, 1126–1138 (2010). Whole-genome analyses resolve ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Genome assemblies and annotations of avian genomes in this study are available on the avian phylogenomics website early branches in the tree of life (http://phybirds.genomics.org.cn), GigaDB (http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5524/101000), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and ENSEMBL (NCBI and Ensembl accession numbers of modern birds are provided in table S2). The majority of this study was supported by an internal funding from BGI. In addition, G.Z. was 1 2 3 4,5,6 7 supported by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship Erich D. Jarvis, *† Siavash Mirarab, * Andre J. Aberer, Bo Li, Peter Houde, grant (300837); M.T.P.G. was supported by a Danish National Cai Li,4,6 Simon Y. W. Ho,8 Brant C. Faircloth,9,10 Benoit Nabholz,11 Research Foundation grant (DNRF94) and a Lundbeck Foundation Jason T. Howard,1 Alexander Suh,12 Claudia C. Weber,12 Rute R. da Fonseca,6 grant (R52-A5062); C.L. and Q.L. were partially supported by a 4 4 4 4 7,13 14 Danish Council for Independent Research Grant (10-081390); Jianwen Li, Fang Zhang, Hui Li, Long Zhou, Nitish Narula, Liang Liu, and E.D.J. was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Ganesh Ganapathy,1 Bastien Boussau,15 Md.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Diversity of Birds 2015
    Ornithology NREM/ZOOL 4464 Dr. Tim O’Connell Spring 2015 A Classification of Birds of the World – Laboratory Investigations As students of Ornithology, a primary objective for you is to develop a working knowledge of the diversity of birds of the world. As you internalize this information, you will develop a deep appreciation for the central role that evolution plays as the driver of biological diversity. We begin this week in Lab to really explore the diversity of birds through in-depth examination of orders and families. Avian classification is fluid: the ordering and alliance of families and orders differs according to different authorities and new information is continually becoming available that enhances our ability to discern relationships; this results in updated classifications. You are embarking on this voyage during a time of significant taxonomic revision, and much of what you will learn in Lab supersedes classification systems in your field guides. Different authorities (usually committees) often disagree in their assessment of a taxon. Where one authority might recognize a full species, another might recognize it as a subspecies of some other species. Higher-level assignments are tricky too, e.g., some place the South American rheas in their own order (Rheiformes) whereas others lump it in with other ostrich-like birds in Struthioniformes. The American Ornithologists’ Union manages two committees (North American and South American Classification Committees) that review information and render decisions on which taxonomic proposals will be recognized. Each July, the AOU publishes updates to its official checklist. That checklist is commonly accessed via a massive book containing information on distribution, evolutionary affinities, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Avian Genomics : Fledging Into the Wild!
    Erschienen in: Journal of Ornithology ; 156 (2015), 4. - S. 851-865 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1253-y Avian genomics: fledging into the wild! Robert H. S. Kraus1,2 • Michael Wink3 Abstract Next generation sequencing (NGS) technolo- Zusammenfassung gies provide great resources to study bird evolution and avian functional genomics. They also allow for the iden- Die Ornithologie ist im Zeitalter der Genomik ange- tification of suitable high-resolution markers for detailed kommen analyses of the phylogeography of a species or the con- nectivity of migrating birds between breeding and winter- Neue Sequenziertechnologien (Next Generation Sequen- ing populations. This review discusses the application of cing; NGS) ero¨ffnen die Mo¨glichkeit, Evolution und DNA markers for the study of systematics and phylogeny, funktionelle Genomik bei Vo¨geln umfassend zu untersu- but also population genetics and phylogeography. chen. Weiterhin erlaubt die NGS-Technologie, geeignete, Emphasis in this review is on the new methodology of hochauflo¨sende Markersysteme fu¨r Mikrosatelliten und NGS and its use to study avian genomics. The recent Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) zu identifizieren, publication of the first phylogenomic tree of birds based on um detaillierte Analysen zur Phylogeographie einer Art genome data of 48 bird taxa from 34 orders is presented in oder zur Konnektivita¨t von Zugvo¨geln zwischen Brut- und more detail. Winterpopulationen durchzufu¨hren. Dieses Review widmet sich der Anwendung von DNA Markern fu¨r die Erfor- Keywords Next generation sequencing Á Genetics Á schung von Systematik und Phylogenie sowie Populati- Ornithology Á Whole genome Á Phylogenomics Á Single onsgenetik und Phylogeographie.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin and Diversification of Birds
    Current Biology Review The Origin and Diversification of Birds Stephen L. Brusatte1,*, Jingmai K. O’Connor2,*, and Erich D. Jarvis3,4,* 1School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, King’s Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK 2Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 3Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA 4Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA *Correspondence: [email protected] (S.L.B.), [email protected] (J.K.O.), [email protected] (E.D.J.) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003 Birds are one of the most recognizable and diverse groups of modern vertebrates. Over the past two de- cades, a wealth of new fossil discoveries and phylogenetic and macroevolutionary studies has transformed our understanding of how birds originated and became so successful. Birds evolved from theropod dino- saurs during the Jurassic (around 165–150 million years ago) and their classic small, lightweight, feathered, and winged body plan was pieced together gradually over tens of millions of years of evolution rather than in one burst of innovation. Early birds diversified throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous, becoming capable fliers with supercharged growth rates, but were decimated at the end-Cretaceous extinction alongside their close dinosaurian relatives. After the mass extinction, modern birds (members of the avian crown group) explosively diversified, culminating in more than 10,000 species distributed worldwide today. Introduction dinosaurs Dromaeosaurus albertensis or Troodon formosus.This Birds are one of the most conspicuous groups of animals in the clade includes all living birds and extinct taxa, such as Archaeop- modern world.
    [Show full text]
  • And Effective Population Size
    1/25/2019 Lineage Sorting is a function of time (in Coalescent analyses of genome-scale indel (insertion- generations) and deletion) data provide a unique source of information effective population about avian species tree and ancestral population sizes size (Ne) Edward Braun - University of Florida smaller populations tend to Peter Houde & Nitish Narula - New Mexico State University have more recent common Siavash Mirarab - University of California San Diego ancestors PAG, January 2019 Preview Probability of concordance with species tree For a rooted three-taxon species tree the probability that a gene Background tree matches the species tree is simple: −푡 Indel data 2 2푁e 푃 = 1 − 3 Estimating species trees with indels (Pamilo and Nei 1988 Mol Biol Evol 5:568-583) Avian demography at the K-Pg boundary Where P is the probability that a gene tree matches the species tree, t is the internal branch length (in generations), and Ne is the effective population size Lineage Sorting Hemiplasy Evidence of Hemiplasy and ILS - Time-dependent process - Alleles can have evolutionary by which species lose histories that differ from the ancestral polymorphissm species tree Incongruent gene trees - Result of incomplete lineage through via genetic drift - problem: apparent gene tree incongruence can result sorting (ILS) from incorrect gene phylogenies (will cause the amount ancestral of incongruence to be overestimated) polymorphism ancestral polymorphism the shorter the time Incongruent genetic markers, e.g., transposable elements complete between speciations, - problem: too few and unequally distributed to be free of the more ILS, sampling artifacts complete the more complete hemiplasy Indels improve on these shortcomings because they are a very large data set with limited true homoplasy Robinson et al 2008 PNAS 105:14477-14481 1 1/25/2019 Jarvis et al 2014 Insertion/Deletion (Indel) Data Set1 Available estimates… (from Jarvis et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic List of the Major Groups of Birds -With Indications of North American Families
    A Taxonomic List of the Major Groups of Birds -with indications of North American families By David Lahti 2/2016 Following are the major groups of birds, as they have been designated so far, focusing especially on the Orders and Families of the current birds of the world, and designating (with underlines) families represented in North and Violet sabrewing Campylopterus Middle America. hemileucurus (Apodiformes: Trochilidae). Monteverde, Costa Rica (April Lahti, 2008). Avialans and extinct birds: A brief nested lineage is presented initially that starts with the Avialans—those dinosaurs believed to be more closely related to birds than to other dinos such as Deinonychus. Extinct fossil bird groups are presented mostly according to Chiappe (2001, 2002) and Sereno (2005). Until we get to modern birds (Neornithes), I have not represented groups as orders or families, because the most reliable paleontological data is still presented largely only at the level of genus. Some researchers (and researchers from some cultures in particlular) are apt to ascribe order status to their fossil finds, but it is very possible that nearly every genus discovered in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, at least, merits order status. Therefore I have avoided dividing genera into families and orders, and mentioned only the number of genera that have been described. Among modern birds, Neornithes, the vast majority of fossil and subfossil finds are thought to be consistent with contemporary orders; thus only four extinct orders are listed here, each designated by a dagger (†). Two of them (Lithornithiformes and Gastornithiformes) went extinct before the historical period, so are listed in the introductory ancient lineage; the other two (Dinornithiformes and Aepyornithiformes) went extinct in the historical period (because of humans), and so are in the main list.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Phylogenomics, a Stepping Stone for Bird Biodiversity Studies
    diversity Review Comparative Phylogenomics, a Stepping Stone for Bird Biodiversity Studies Josefin Stiller 1,* and Guojie Zhang 1,2,3,4,* 1 Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 2 China National GeneBank, BGI–Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China 3 Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China 4 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China * Correspondence: josefi[email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (G.Z.) Received: 8 June 2019; Accepted: 15 July 2019; Published: 18 July 2019 Abstract: Birds are a group with immense availability of genomic resources, and hundreds of forthcoming genomes at the doorstep. We review recent developments in whole genome sequencing, phylogenomics, and comparative genomics of birds. Short read based genome assemblies are common, largely due to efforts of the Bird 10K genome project (B10K). Chromosome-level assemblies are expected to increase due to improved long-read sequencing. The available genomic data has enabled the reconstruction of the bird tree of life with increasing confidence and resolution, but challenges remain in the early splits of Neoaves due to their explosive diversification after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) event. Continued genomic sampling of the bird tree of life will not just better reflect their evolutionary history but also shine new light onto the organization of phylogenetic signal and conflict across the genome. The comparatively simple architecture of avian genomes makes them a powerful system to study the molecular foundation of bird specific traits.
    [Show full text]