DOCSLIB.ORG

Prum Et Al. 2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prum Et Al. 2015 LETTER doi:10.1038/nature15697 A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing Richard O. Prum1,2*, Jacob S. Berv3*, Alex Dornburg1,2,4, Daniel J. Field2,5, Jeffrey P. Townsend1,6, Emily Moriarty Lemmon7 & Alan R. Lemmon8 Although reconstruction of the phylogeny of living birds has pro- It has long been recognized that phylogenetic confidence depends gressed tremendously in the last decade, the evolutionary history of not only on the number of characters analysed and their rate of evolu- Neoaves—a clade that encompasses nearly all living bird species— tion, but also on the number and relationships of the taxa sampled remains the greatest unresolved challenge in dinosaur systematics. relative to the nodes of interest9–11. Theory predicts that sampling a Here we investigate avian phylogeny with an unprecedented scale single taxon that diverges close to a node of interest will have a far of data: .390,000 bases of genomic sequence data from each of greater effect on phylogenetic resolution than will adding more char- 198 species of living birds, representing all major avian lineages, acters11. Despite using an alignment of .40 million base pairs, sparse and two crocodilian outgroups. Sequence data were collected using sampling of 48 species in the recent avian genomic analysis may not anchored hybrid enrichment, yielding 259 nuclear loci with an have been sufficient to confidently resolve the deep divergences among average length of 1,523 bases for a total data set of over 7.8 3 107 major lineages of Neoaves. Thus, expanded taxon sampling is required bases. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses yielded highly to test the monophyly of neoavian clades, and to further resolve the supported and nearly identical phylogenetic trees for all major phylogenetic relationships within Neoaves. avian lineages. Five major clades form successive sister groups to Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of 198 bird species and the rest of Neoaves: (1) a clade including nightjars, other caprimul- 2 crocodilians (Supplementary Table 1) based on loci captured using giforms, swifts, and hummingbirds; (2) a clade uniting cuckoos, anchored enrichment12. Our sample includes species of 122 avian bustards, and turacos with pigeons, mesites, and sandgrouse; (3) families in all 40 extant avian orders2, with denser representation of cranes and their relatives; (4) a comprehensive waterbird clade, non-oscine birds (108 families) than of oscine songbirds (14 families). including all diving, wading, and shorebirds; and (5) a compre- Effort was made to include taxa that would break up long phylogenetic hensive landbird clade with the enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomus branches, and provide the highest likelihood of resolving short inter- hoazin) as the sister group to the rest. Neither of the two main, nodes at the base of Neoaves11. We also sampled multiple species recently proposed Neoavian clades—Columbea and Passerea1— within groups whose monophyly or phylogenetic interrelationships were supported as monophyletic. The results of our divergence have been controversial—that is, tinamous, nightjars, hummingbirds, time analyses are congruent with the palaeontological record, sup- turacos, cuckoos, pigeons, sandgrouse, mesites, rails, storm petrels, porting a major radiation of crown birds in the wake of the petrels, storks, herons, hawks, hornbills, mousebirds, trogons, king- Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) mass extinction. fishers, barbets, seriemas, falcons, parrots, and suboscine passerines. Birds (Aves) are the most diverse lineage of extant tetrapod verte- We targeted 394 loci centred on conserved anchor regions of the brates. They comprise over 10,000 living species2, and exhibit an extra- genome that are flanked by more variable regions12. We performed all ordinary diversity in morphology, ecology, and behaviour3. Substantial phylogenetic analyses on a data set of 259 genes with the highest progress has been made in resolving the phylogenetic history of birds. quality assemblies. The average locus was 1,524 bases in length Phylogenetic analyses of both molecular and morphological data sup- (361–2,316 base pairs (bp)), and the total percentage of missing data port the monophyletic Palaeognathae (the tinamous and flightless was 1.84%. The concatenated alignment contained 394,684 sites. To ratites) and Galloanserae (gamebirds and waterfowl) as successive, minimize overall model complexity while accurately accounting for monophyletic sister groups to the Neoaves—a diverse clade including substitution processes, we performed a partition model sensitivity all other living birds4. Resolving neoavian phylogeny has proven to be a analysis with PartitionFinder13,14, and compared a complex partition difficult challenge because this radiation was very rapid and deep in model (one partition per locus) to a heuristically optimized (rclust) time, resulting in very short internodes4. partition model. Phylogenetic informativeness (PI) approaches15,16 In the last decade, phylogenetic analyses of large, multilocus data provided strong evidence that the phylogenetic utility of our data set sets have resulted in the proposal of numerous, novel neoavian rela- was high, with low declines in PI profiles for individual loci, data set tionships. For example, a clade consisting of diving and wading birds partitions, and the concatenated matrix (Supplementary Fig. 4). We has been consistently recovered, as well as a large landbird clade in estimated concatenated trees in ExaBayes17 and RAxML18 using a 75 which falcons and parrots are successive sister groups to the perching partition model. Coalescent species trees were estimated with the gene birds4–8. Recently, phylogenetic analyses of 48 whole avian genomes tree summation methods in STAR19, NJst20, and ASTRAL21 from gene resulted in the proposal of a novel phylogenetic resolution of the initial trees estimated with RAxML (see Methods.) branching sequence within Neoaves1. Although this genomic study Our concatenated Bayesian analyses resulted in a completely provided much needed corroboration of many neoavian clades, the resolved, well supported phylogeny. All clades had a posterior prob- limited taxon sampling precluded further insights into the evolution- ability (PP) of 1, except for a single clade including shoebill ary history of birds. (Balaeniceps) and pelican (PP 5 0.54) (Fig. 1). The concatenated 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. 2Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell University, and Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. 4North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina 27601, USA. 5Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. 6Department of Biostatistics, and Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. 7Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA. 8Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA. *These authors contributed equally to this work. 22 OCTOBER 2015 | VOL 526 | NATURE | 569 G2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved RESEARCH LETTER Aves 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ma Struthio Palaeognathae 190 Rhea 191 Apteryx 192 197 Casuarius Dromaius 193 Tinam. Tina 195 Eudromia 194 Nothoprocta am. 196 Crypturellus Tinamus Leipoa Galliformes 176 183 Ortalis Crax 177 Numida Galloanserae 178 182 Odontophorus Colinus 175 179 1 Rollulus 180 181 Bonasa Gallus Chauna Anseriform. 184 Anseranas 185 Dendrocygna 186 Oxyura 187 Anser 188 189 Anas Aythya Eurostopodus 173 174 Caprimulgus Chordeiles 163 Steatornis 172 Strisores Columbaves Gruiformes Aequorlitornithes 2 Nyctibius 164 Podargus 165 Aegotheles Hemiprocne Apodiform. 166 168 169 Streptoprocne 167 Chaetura 171 Topaza 170 Phaethornis Archilochus Otidimorph. 162 Tauraco Corythaeola 157 Ardeotis 158 Tapera 159 Centropus 160 161 Cuculus 3 148 Coccyzus 156 Monias Columbimorph. 154 Mesitornis 155 Syrrhaptes Pterocles 149 153 Ptilinopus Treron 150 Columbina 151 152 Leptotila Columba Heliornis 144 Neoaves Sarothrura 141 Rallus 142 143 Micropygia 140 Porphyrio Psophia 4 145 Aramus 146 147 Balearica Grus 139 Phoenicopterus Rollandia Burhinus 136 Charadrius 123 137 138 Haematopus Recurvirostra Pedionomus 124 132 133 Jacana 131 Rostratula Limosa 134 135 Arenaria 125 Tringa 98 Turnix 5 126 Glareola 127 Uria 128 Chroicocephalus 129 quorlitorn 130 Sterna Rynchops 122 Eurypyga Phaethon Gavia n nithes 99 Spheniscus 114 Phoebastria 115 121 Oceanites 100 Pelagodroma 116 Oceanodroma 117 Fulmarus 118 Puffinus 101 119 120 Pterodroma Pelecanoides 113 Ciconia 6 Leptoptilos Fregata 102 110 Morus 111 112 Anhinga 103 Phalacrocorax Theristicus Tigrisoma 104 106 107 Ardea 105 Ixobrychus Scopus 108 109 Balaeniceps Pelecanus Upper Palaeocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pli. Ple. Cretaceous Palaeogene Neogene Q. Figure 1 | Phylogeny of birds. Time-calibrated phylogeny of 198 species of sister clades are: Strisores (brown), Columbaves (purple), Gruiformes (yellow), birds inferred from a concatenated, Bayesian analysis of 259 anchored Aequorlitornithes (blue), and Inopinaves (green). Background colours mark phylogenomic loci using ExaBayes17. Figure continues on the opposite page geological periods. Ma, million years ago;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bakalářská Práce
    Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Bakalářská práce Olomouc 2018 Monika Klaclová Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra botaniky Cross-species amplifikace mikrosatelitů z řádu tučňáci a konzervovaných ptačích mikrosatelitů u plameňáka růžového (Phoenicopterus roseus) Bakalářská práce Monika Klaclová Studijní program: Matematika Studijní obor: Matematika-Biologie Forma studia: Prezenční Olomouc 2018 Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Petr Nádvorník, Ph.D. Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně pod vedením RNDr. Petra Nádvorníka, Ph.D. za použití uvedených literárních zdrojů. V Olomouci dne 27. 07. 2018 podpis: ............................ Monika Klaclová ii Srdečně děkuji vedoucímu bakalářské práce RNDr. Petru Nádvorníkovi, Ph.D. za věnovaný čas a odborné rady, které mi poskytl při zpracování této bakalářské práce. Dále děkuji kolektivu Laboratoře populační genetiky na Katedře buněčné biologie a genetiky Přírodovědecké fakulty Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci za zpříjemnění pracovního prostředí. iii Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a příjmení: Monika Klaclová Název práce: Cross-species amplifikace mikrosatelitů z řádu tučňáci a konzervovaných ptačích mikrosatelitů u plameňáka růžového (Phoenicopterus roseus) Typ práce: Bakalářská práce Pracoviště: Katedra buněčné biologie a genetiky, Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Petr Nádvorník, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby: 2018 Abstrakt V této bakalářské práci jsem se zabývala hledáním polymorfních mikrosatelitů u plameňáka růžového
    [Show full text]
  • The Tarsometatarsus of the Middle Eocene Loon Colymbiculus Udovichenkoi
    – 17 – Paleornithological Research 2013 Proceed. 8th Inter nat. Meeting Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution Ursula B. Göhlich & Andreas Kroh (Eds) The tarsometatarsus of the Middle Eocene loon Colymbiculus udovichenkoi GERALD MAYR1, LEONID GOROBETS2 & EVGENIJ ZVONOK3 1 Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Kiev, Ukraine 3 Institute of Geological Sciences of NAS of Ukraine, Branch of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Kiev, Ukraine Abstract — We describe the previously unknown tarsometatarsus of the earliest unambiguously identified loon, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, from the Middle Eocene of the Ukraine. Except for being more elongate and apart from details of the hypotarsus morphology, the bone resembles the tarsometatarsus of the Early Miocene Colym- boides minutus. We consider the hypotarsus morphology of Colymbiculus to be plesiomorphic for Gaviiformes. Colymboides and crown group Gaviiformes are each characterized by an autapomorphic hypotarsus morphology, which precludes the former from being directly ancestral to the latter. The similarities shared by C. udovichenkoi and C. minutus, including their small size, are likely to be plesiomorphic for Gaviiformes. Although the disap- pearance of small stem group Gaviiformes may be related to the retreat of loons to cold Northern latitudes, more data are needed to firmly establish this hypothesis. We finally note that early Paleogene stem group Gaviiformes markedly differ from putative Late Cretaceous loons, whose identification needs to be verified by further fossil specimens. Key words: Colymbiculus, Colymboides, fossil birds, Gaviiformes, Eocene, Lutetian, Ukraine Introduction 1982 from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic (ŠVEC 1982), the earliest stem line- Loons (Gaviiformes) have a fairly comprehen- age representative, being distinctly smaller than sive Neogene fossil record (OLSON 1985; MAYR its modern congeners.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Building Blocks of Avian Complex Cognition : The
    Understanding the building blocks of avian complex cognition: the executive caudal nidopallium and the neuronal energy budget by Kaya von Eugen A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophiae Doctoris (PhD) in Neuroscience From the International Graduate School of Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum September 30th 2020 This research was conducted at the Department of Biopsychology, within the Faculty of Psychology at the Ruhr University under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Onur Güntürkün Printed with the permission of the International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum Statement I certify herewith that the dissertation included here was completed and written independently by me and without outside assistance. References to the work and theories of others have been cited and acknowledged completely and correctly. The “Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice” according to § 9, Sec. 3 of the PhD regulations of the International Graduate School of Neuroscience were adhered to. This work has never been submitted in this, or a similar form, at this or any other domestic or foreign institution of higher learning as a dissertation. The abovementioned statement was made as a solemn declaration. I conscientiously believe and state it to be true and declare that it is of the same legal significance and value as if it were made under oath. Bochum, 30.09.2020 Kaya von Eugen PhD Commission Chair: PD Dr. Dirk Jancke 1st Internal Examiner: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Onur Güntürkün 2nd Internal Examiner: Prof. Dr. Carsten Theiß External Examiner: Prof. Dr. Andrew Iwaniuk Non-Specialist: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor How They Arise, Modify and Vanish
    Fascinating Life Sciences Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthusiasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Editor Dieter Thomas Tietze Natural History Museum Basel Basel, Switzerland ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-91688-0 ISBN 978-3-319-91689-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91689-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Birds Classification System Tinamiformes
    6.1.2011 Classification system • Subclass: Neornites (modern birds) – Superorder: Paleognathae, Neognathae Modern Birds • Paleognathae – two orders, 49 species • Struthioniformes—ostriches, emus, kiwis, and allies • Tinamiformes—tinamous Ing. Jakub Hlava Department of Zoology and Fisheries CULS Tinamiformes • flightless • Dwarf Tinamou • consists of about 47 species in 9 genera • Dwarf Tinamou ‐ 43 g (1.5 oz) and 20 cm (7.9 in) • Gray Tinamou ‐ 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) 53 cm (21 in) • small fruits and seeds, leaves, larvae, worms, and mollusks • Gray Tinamou 1 6.1.2011 Struthioniformes Struthioniformes • large, flightless birds • Ostrich • most of them now extinct • Cassowary • chicks • Emu • adults more omnivorous or insectivorous • • adults are primarily vegetarian (digestive tracts) Kiwi • Emus have a more omnivorous diet, including insects and other small animals • kiwis eat earthworms, insects, and other similar creatures Neognathae Galloanserae • comprises 27 orders • Anseriformes ‐ waterfowl (150) • 10,000 species • Galliformes ‐ wildfowl/landfowl (250+) • Superorder Galloanserae (fowl) • Superorder Neoaves (higher neognaths) 2 6.1.2011 Anseriformes (screamers) Anatidae (dablling ducks) • includes ducks, geese and swans • South America • cosmopolitan distribution • Small group • domestication • Large, bulky • hunted animals‐ food and recreation • Small head, large feet • biggest genus (40‐50sp.) ‐ Anas Anas shoveler • mallards (wild ducks) • pintails • shlhovelers • wigeons • teals northern pintail wigeon male (Eurasian) 3 6.1.2011 Tadorninae‐
    [Show full text]
  • AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America
    AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2016-C No. Page Title 01 02 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark 02 06 Recognize Lilian’s Meadowlark Sturnella lilianae as a separate species from S. magna 03 20 Change the English name of Euplectes franciscanus to Northern Red Bishop 04 25 Transfer Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis to Antigone 05 29 Add Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris to the U.S. list 06 31 Revise our higher-level linear sequence as follows: (a) Move Strigiformes to precede Trogoniformes; (b) Move Accipitriformes to precede Strigiformes; (c) Move Gaviiformes to precede Procellariiformes; (d) Move Eurypygiformes and Phaethontiformes to precede Gaviiformes; (e) Reverse the linear sequence of Podicipediformes and Phoenicopteriformes; (f) Move Pterocliformes and Columbiformes to follow Podicipediformes; (g) Move Cuculiformes, Caprimulgiformes, and Apodiformes to follow Columbiformes; and (h) Move Charadriiformes and Gruiformes to precede Eurypygiformes 07 45 Transfer Neocrex to Mustelirallus 08 48 (a) Split Ardenna from Puffinus, and (b) Revise the linear sequence of species of Ardenna 09 51 Separate Cathartiformes from Accipitriformes 10 58 Recognize Colibri cyanotus as a separate species from C. thalassinus 11 61 Change the English name “Brush-Finch” to “Brushfinch” 12 62 Change the English name of Ramphastos ambiguus 13 63 Split Plain Wren Cantorchilus modestus into three species 14 71 Recognize the genus Cercomacroides (Thamnophilidae) 15 74 Split Oceanodroma cheimomnestes and O. socorroensis from Leach’s Storm- Petrel O. leucorhoa 2016-C-1 N&MA Classification Committee p. 453 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark There are a dizzying number of larks (Alaudidae) worldwide and a first-time visitor to Africa or Mongolia might confront 10 or more species across several genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Leptosomiformes ~ Trogoniformes ~ Bucerotiformes ~ Piciformes
    Birds of the World part 6 Afroaves The core landbirds originating in Africa TELLURAVES: AFROAVES – core landbirds originating in Africa (8 orders) • ORDER ACCIPITRIFORMES – hawks and allies (4 families, 265 species) – Family Cathartidae – New World vultures (7 species) – Family Sagittariidae – secretarybird (1 species) – Family Pandionidae – ospreys (2 species) – Family Accipitridae – kites, hawks, and eagles (255 species) • ORDER STRIGIFORMES – owls (2 families, 241 species) – Family Tytonidae – barn owls (19 species) – Family Strigidae – owls (222 species) • ORDER COLIIFORMES (1 family, 6 species) – Family Coliidae – mousebirds (6 species) • ORDER LEPTOSOMIFORMES (1 family, 1 species) – Family Leptosomidae – cuckoo-roller (1 species) • ORDER TROGONIFORMES (1 family, 43 species) – Family Trogonidae – trogons (43 species) • ORDER BUCEROTIFORMES – hornbills and hoopoes (4 families, 74 species) – Family Upupidae – hoopoes (4 species) – Family Phoeniculidae – wood hoopoes (9 species) – Family Bucorvidae – ground hornbills (2 species) – Family Bucerotidae – hornbills (59 species) • ORDER PICIFORMES – woodpeckers and allies (9 families, 443 species) – Family Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species) – Family Bucconidae – puffbirds (37 species) – Family Capitonidae – New World barbets (15 species) – Family Semnornithidae – toucan barbets (2 species) – Family Ramphastidae – toucans (46 species) – Family Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (32 species) – Family Lybiidae – African barbets (42 species) – Family Indicatoridae – honeyguides (17 species) – Family
    [Show full text]
  • Wqfm: Statistically Consistent Genome-Scale Species Tree Estimation from Weighted Quartets
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.30.403352; this version posted December 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. wQFM: Statistically Consistent Genome-scale Species Tree Estimation from Weighted Quartets Mahim Mahbub1;y, Zahin Wahab1;y, Rezwana Reaz1;y, M. Saifur Rahman1, and Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid1,* 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh yThese authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author: shams [email protected] Abstract Motivation: Species tree estimation from genes sampled from throughout the whole genome is complicated due to the gene tree-species tree discordance. Incom- plete lineage sorting (ILS) is one of the most frequent causes for this discordance, where alleles can coexist in populations for periods that may span several speciation events. Quartet-based summary methods for estimating species trees from a collec- tion of gene trees are becoming popular due to their high accuracy and statistical guarantee under ILS. Generating quartets with appropriate weights, where weights correspond to the relative importance of quartets, and subsequently amalgamating the weighted quartets to infer a single coherent species tree allows for a statistically consistent way of estimating species trees. However, handling weighted quartets is challenging. Results: We propose wQFM, a highly accurate method for species tree es- timation from multi-locus data, by extending the quartet FM (QFM) algorithm to a weighted setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Asynchronous Evolution of Interdependent Nest Characters Across the Avian Phylogeny
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04265-x OPEN Asynchronous evolution of interdependent nest characters across the avian phylogeny Yi-Ting Fang1, Mao-Ning Tuanmu 2 & Chih-Ming Hung 2 Nest building is a widespread behavior among birds that reflects their adaptation to the environment and evolutionary history. However, it remains unclear how nests evolve and how their evolution relates to the bird phylogeny. Here, by examining the evolution of three nest — — 1234567890():,; characters structure, site, and attachment across all bird families, we reveal that nest characters did not change synchronically across the avian phylogeny but had disparate evolutionary trajectories. Nest structure shows stronger phylogenetic signal than nest site, while nest attachment has little variation. Nevertheless, the three characters evolved inter- dependently. For example, the ability of birds to explore new nest sites might depend on the emergence of novel nest structure and/or attachment. Our results also reveal labile nest characters in passerines compared with other birds. This study provides important insights into avian nest evolution and suggests potential associations between nest diversification and the adaptive radiations that generated modern bird lineages. 1 Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. 2 Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.-N.T. (email: [email protected]) or to C.-M.H. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2018) 9:1863 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04265-x | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04265-x lmost all birds build nests, ranging from a simple scratch attachment.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2 Book with NUMBER 1-402
    FLORA OF KARNATAKA A Checklist Volume - 2 : Gymnosperms & Angiosperms CITATION Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019. FLORA OF KARNATAKA, A Checklist, Volume – 2: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. 1 - 1002 (Published by Karnataka Biodiversity Board) Published: December, 2019. ISBN - 978-81-939228-1-1 © Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this book, or plates therein, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. DISCLAIMER • THE CONTENTS INCLUDING TEXT, PLATES AND OTHER INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE BOOK ARE SOLELY THE AUTHOR’S RESPONSIBILITY AND BOARD DOES NOT HOLD ANY LIABILITY. PRICE: ` 2000/- (Two thousand rupees only). Printed by : Peacock Advertising India Pvt Ltd. # 158 & 159, 3rd Main, 7th Cross, Chamarajpet, Bengaluru – 560 018 | Ph: 080 - 2662 0566 Web: www.peacockgroup.in FOREWORD About 60% of the Western Ghats is present in Karnataka State, with this large part of the peninsular green cover coupled with inland forest plateau enriched by the seven river systems, the State of Karnataka showcases a wider floral wealth harboring highest number of apex predators all of which is conserved by a framework of various statutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Verbalizing Phylogenomic Conflict: Representation of Node Congruence Across Competing Reconstructions of the Neoavian Explosion
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/233973; this version posted December 14, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Tempe, December 12, 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE (1st submission) Verbalizing phylogenomic conflict: Representation of node congruence across competing reconstructions of the neoavian explosion Nico M. Franz1*, Lukas J. Musher2, Joseph W. Brown3, Shizhuo Yu4, Bertram Ludäscher5 1 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America 2 Richard Gilder Graduate School and Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America 3 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom 4 Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America 5 School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America * Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Short title: Verbalizing phylogenomic conflict Abstract Phylogenomic research is accelerating the publication of landmark studies that aim to resolve deep divergences of major organismal groups. Meanwhile, systems for identifying and integrating the novel products of phylogenomic inference – such as newly supported clade concepts – have not kept pace. However, the ability to verbalize both node concept congruence and conflict across multiple, (in effect) simultaneously endorsed phylogenomic hypotheses, is a critical prerequisite for building synthetic data environments for biological systematics, thereby also benefitting other domains impacted by these (conflicting) inferences.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaurs Free Download
    DINOSAURS FREE DOWNLOAD Jenna Winterberg,Diana Fisher | 24 pages | 27 Jan 2006 | Walter Foster Publishing | 9781560109518 | English | Laguna Hills, CA, United States A Complete A to Z List of Dinosaurs Othniel Charles Marsh. Silvisaurus - This primitive Dinosaurs was discovered in Kansas. Some of the other interesting dinosaurs in this list include the tiny Pravicursor, the four-winged Microraptor, and the Parasaurolophus which is thought to be the loudest of all dinosaurs. Balaur - This "stocky dragon" was recently discovered in Romania. Despite their unrefined methods, the contributions of Cope and Marsh to paleontology were vast: Marsh unearthed 86 Dinosaurs species of dinosaur and Cope discovered 56, a total of new species. Cambridge : University of Cambridge Press. The entry of the word "dinosaur" into the common vernacular reflects the animals' cultural importance: in English, "dinosaur" is Dinosaurs used to describe anything that is impractically large, obsolete, or bound for extinction. InDinosaurs estimated number of dinosaur species that existed in the Mesozoic was estimated to be 1,—2, Phenomena - A Science Salon. Main article: Chicxulub crater. Dinosaurs Mantell recognized similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern iguanas. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Tianyuraptor - A small, long-legged raptor from eastern Asia. Company Credits. Tornieria - This Dinosaurs has a complicated taxonomic history. Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes doves and pigeons Mesitornithiformes mesites Pterocliformes sandgrouse. This was a revolutionary discovery as, until that point, most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet, like other lizards. Perseus 4. Autumn Dinosaurs of the longer sections of our dinosaur collection, you'll discover a number of interesting finds here.
    [Show full text]