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Nā Pōhaku Ola Kapaemāhū a Kapuni: Performing for Stones at Tupuna Crossings in Hawaiʻi

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Nā Pōhaku Ola Kapaemāhū a Kapuni: Performing for Stones at Tupuna Crossings in Hawaiʻi NĀ PŌHAKU OLA KAPAEMĀHŪ A KAPUNI: PERFORMING FOR STONES AT TUPUNA CROSSINGS IN HAWAIʻI A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PACIFIC ISLANDS STUDIES MAY 2019 By Teoratuuaarii Morris Thesis Committee: Alexander D. Mawyer, Chairperson Terence A. Wesley-Smith Noenoe K. Silva Keywords: place, stones, Waikīkī, Hawaiʻi, Kahiki, history, Pacific, protocol, solidarity © 2019 Teoratuuaarii Morris ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not be possible without the many ears and hands that lifted it (and lifted me) over its development. I would like to thank Dr. Alexander Mawyer for being the Committee Chair of this thesis and giving me endless support and guidance. Thank you for being gracious with your time and energy and pushing me to try new things. Thank you to Dr. Noenoe K. Silva. Discussions from your course in indigenous politics significantly added to my perspectives and your direct support in revisions were thoroughly appreciated. Thank you as well to Dr. Terence Wesley-Smith for being a kind role model since my start in Pacific scholarship and for offering important feedback from the earliest imaginings of this work to its final form. Māuruuru roa to Dr. Jane Moulin for years of instruction in ‘ori Tahiti. These hours in the dance studio gave me a greater appreciation and a hands-on understanding of embodied knowledges. Mahalo nui to Dr. Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa for offering critical perspectives in Oceanic connections through the study of mythology. These in-depth explorations helped craft this work, especially in the context of Waikīkī and sacred sites. Māuruuru roa to Dr. Keao NeSmith for his guidance in reo Tahiti and offering suggestions and expertise, and mahalo nui to Dr. Marie Alohalani Brown for discussions that helped guide me early on. This work is also indebted to my co-panelists at the 2018 “(Re)mapping Indigenous and Settler Geographies in the Pacific” Conference, Katherine Achacoso, Trish Tupou, and Dr. Katerina Teaiwa. Our early “diaspo-rock” conversations contributed to this thesis’ motivations and sentiments in important ways. I would also like to thank the Center of Pacific Islands Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa for I am endlessly in debt to all the educators, staff, and peers that have made up the hall of this department over the years. It is these people that have shaped me since the ii beginning of my undergraduate studies and through the completion of my graduate work. I also send a special thank you to my fellow CPIS and Mā’ohi world scholars Terava Casey, Mililani Ganivet, Vehia Wheeler, and Elizabeth Bennett for our conversations, shared struggles, and sisterhood. I owe an enormous thank you to those that assisted in the location of primary documents and other resources that form the bulk of this thesis. This includes the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Archives, the Hawaiʻi State Archives, and Hamilton Library’s Hawaiian and Pacific Collections and staff. In particular, I would like to thank librarian Stuart Dawrs for generously sharing his expertise in the early stages of this project. Further, I would like to acknowledge the funding and support I received from the Foreign Language & Area Studies Fellowship and the Jack H. Ward Tahitian Language Scholarship. To my constantly supportive mother, Lisa Hīnano Rey, thank you so much for being a great listener and mentor. Thank you to my sister, Tiana, who inspires me to be the best version of myself. Thank you to my amazing husband, Kevin, who helped me smile through the trials and successes of this thesis. Thank you to all the other siblings and family members near and far. It is through our aloha and the vast distances we overcome, in space and languages, that has made the field of Pacific Islands Studies tangible and deeply meaningful for me. I also owe a great thanks to the aunties, including Hiʻinani Blakesley, that hold me in the ʻupena (net) of this diaspora space. These graceful and full-of-life figures encouraged me to pursue this specific project, and it’s their words that made me probe further. Last but not least, I would like to thank my grandmother, Ariimihi, for seeding the inspiration that led me to this work. Thank for making stones speak, names of the ancestors speak – for making the ocean itself speak. Above all the iii roles that I am as a student and a scholar, I am through you a mo’otua (grandchild) of this vast region. Finally, I would like to raise appreciation to the stones that this thesis is dedicated to for they endure to inspire and have taught me so many things on this journey. I have only begun to sift through the store of histories you contain, and I am humbled by the many meanings you hold for me and others in the everyday. Māuruuru roa ’e te aroha ia rahi... iv ABSTRACT Nā Pōhaku Ola Kapaemāhū a Kapuni is a Kanaka Maoli cultural monument in the heart of the world famous Waikīkī, on the island of Oʻahu. While this site plays a vital role in the preservation of indigenous knowledge systems and navigational histories, these stones have not always been visible and tell a dynamic story through how they have been valued and interacted with differently across time. By weaving a genealogy of this culture keystone place, this thesis reveals the complex and complicated “life” of this site through its the legendary, historical, and contemporary histories. In looking at its legendary traditions within a cultural and regional comparative of stone sites, this site is shown to have multidimensional meanings encoding epistemological and geographical knowledges and connects to other sacred sites in Hawaiʻi and the wider Pacific. Yet, looking at the newspaper archives and how these stones were physically displaced in the 20th century, Nā Pōhaku Ola also reveals histories of a contested and changing landscape and how various social and historical processes shaped discourses regarding their value. These sacred stones document a story of colonial forces but also a story of revitalization and the perdurance of Hawaiian history in the unlikeliest of places. Finally, this thesis investigates the contemporary meanings of this site by looking beyond the archive to intercultural protocol moments. This focus on performed histories and site engagement reveals how Nā Pōhaku Ola’s various meanings are performed and remembered in the present. Further, it shows that this cultural site is mediating the space between Maoli and Mā’ohi worlds by revealing longstanding mobilities and the building of contemporary solidarities. Thus, this thesis aims to show that Nā Pōhaku Ola Kapaemāhū is dynamic and a living piece of Hawaiian history. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 A New History of Stones .................................................................................................... 4 Charting the Skies: Conceptual Contexts & Interdisciplinary Approaches to Place .......... 6 Cultural Landscape ..................................................................................................... 6 Wahi Pana ................................................................................................................... 7 Material Culture ......................................................................................................... 9 Language and Culture .............................................................................................. 10 History and Memory of Place ................................................................................... 11 Cultural Protocol: A “performance cartography”................................................... 14 Cultural Politics ........................................................................................................ 16 Mobilities: “Kahiki” and Hawaiʻi ............................................................................ 18 Summary ................................................................................................................... 22 Methodologies & S/Pacific Approaches .......................................................................... 22 The Kakala Framework ............................................................................................ 23 Space for Critical Theories ....................................................................................... 25 Genealogy as Metaphor and Methodology ............................................................... 26 Chapter Overview ............................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER 2. A GENEALOGY OF STONE ............................................................................... 31 vi Stones in Oceania .............................................................................................................. 31 Living
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