DOCSLIB.ORG

Remembering Past Atrocities: the Duty of Memory in International Law

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Remembering Past Atrocities: the Duty of Memory in International Law Remembering Past Atrocities: The Duty of Memory in International Law Maria Chiara Campisi Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Laws of the European University Institute Florence, 11 June 2015 European University Institute Department of Law Remembering Past Atrocities: The Duty of Memory in International Law Maria Chiara Campisi Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Laws of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Ruth Rubio Marin, EUI (Supervisor) Prof. Francesco Francioni, EUI Prof. Paolo Benvenuti, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre Judge Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, International Court of Justice © Maria Chiara Campisi, 2015 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author This thesis has been submitted for language correction. Thesis Summary From serious violations of human rights, international law derives a set of consequences that fall to the responsible states. These consequences take the form of secondary obligations arising from primary rules and standards, which guide governments in the process of coming to terms with a violent past. This thesis argues that some of these legal constraints, because of the manner in which they have been developed in practice, may affect the way wrongdoing states choose to deal with their past. As a result, they influence the processes of memory-making within societies. Through the legal analysis of international norms and their application to, and implementation in, situations of gross and systematic human rights abuses, this research develops the concept of a duty of memory under international law. In so doing, it offers a critical assessment of the ways international law may affect official representations of the past in the present, playing the role of vector of memory. i ii Acknowledgments This thesis is the result of a long journey which lead me through various landscapes, places, cultures, institutions, people, and learning experiences. This journey has been intense, meaningful, and rich; yet, sometimes tough, windy, and full of hindrances, and side roads. Throughout this journey, however, I have been fortunate to receive the constant intellectual and emotional support and encouragement by a number of outstanding individuals, to whom my deepest gratitude goes. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Ruth Rubio Marín, for her enthusiastic mentoring, the constant encouragement, and the rigorous intellectual guidance during this journey. Thank you for believing in this project, and for helping me to see it through till the end. Thank you for all the lessons that I have learnt from you, both at the professional and personal level. I would also like to thank Professor Francesco Francioni, for his generosity in sharing his vast knowledge and experience, and for the great deal of inspiration and wise advice that I have received from our conversations since the very beginning of this project. I am especially indebted to Professor Paolo Benvenuti, who has been a mentor to me throughout all these years. I owe him much for initiating me into the study of International Law, and for transmitting his passion for research to me. I am immensely grateful for his generosity, for having trusted my abilities since the outset of my studies, and for his unfailing, invaluable support along the way. My sincere thanks also go to Judge Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, who graciously accepted to read and comment this work, as well as to sit on the jury for my oral defence. It has been a real honour for me. It has been a privilege for me to complete my doctoral studies in the rich and stimulating environment of the European University Institute. My research greatly benefited from the ongoing intellectual engagement and exchanges with professors, friends, and colleagues, both inside and outside the Law Department. I would like to acknowledge, in particular, Professor Carlos Closa Montero, Professor Dirk Moses, and the bright scholars from the EUI Working Groups on International Law, on Human Rights, and the Memory Reading Group. I am particularly indebted to my academic writing teachers and friends, Nicola Hargreaves and Nicola Owtram, and to the members of the “Talkative Group”. iii Outside the EUI, I was fortunate to spend some of my time as a PhD researcher at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. There, I wish to thank the great team of lawyers whom I had the privilege to work with, in particular Pablo Saavedra Alessandri, Gabriela Pacheco, Auxiliadora Solano, Jorge Calderon Gamboa, and Olger Ignacio González, as well as the group of pasantes y visitantes de la Corte. My gratitude also goes to Professor Klaus Neumann, Dan Anderson, and all the participants of the 2012 Emerging Scholars Workshop on Historical Memory and Justice, held at the Swinburne University in Melbourne, for their thorough insights, comments, and feedback on my ideas. In Florence, I was lucky enough to find a group of amazing friends that very soon became “family”: Mateja, Emilie, Lisa, Neja, Gonçalo, Fernando, Tamara, Mislav, Dorothy, Jorge, Teimur, and Maia. I thank you all for this journey together and for making it great. Thank you also to Alice, Sandra, Dario, Benedetta, Laura, Janine, Susanna, Antonella, Ferdinand and all the wonderful persons whom I have met on the way. This thesis could not have come to light without the unconditional support and love of my family. To my dad, my mum, my best friends since forever, Edmondo and Masetta. You have always been my safe harbour and shelter. To you, I owe the person I am and the desire to become a better one, and the drive to make a difference. Last, but by no means least, to Mauro. In nessuna lingua le parole potrebbero esprimere la mia gratitudine per tutto l’amore incondizionato, la fiducia, la pazienza infinita, l’assidua presenza e sostegno durante tutti questi anni. A te, e alla mia famiglia, dedico questa tesi. iv List of Abbreviations ACHPR - African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights ACHR - American Convention on Human Rights ACommHPR - African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights CAT - Convention Against Torture CEDAW - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CERD – United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CESCR – United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CHR – United Nations Commission on Human Rights CoE – Council of Europe ECHR - European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ECommHR – European Commission of Human Rights ECtHR - European Court of Human Rights ESC - United Nations Economic and Social Council EU – European Union HRC – Human Rights Committee HRCBiH - Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina HRCouncil – United Nations Human Rights Council IACommHR – Inter-American Commission on Human Rights IACtHR – Inter-American Court of Human Rights ICA - International Council on Archives ICC - International Criminal Court ICCPR - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICJ – International Court of Justice CRC – International Convention on the Rights of the Child ICRC – International Committee of the Red Cross ICTJ – International Center for Transitional Justice ILA - International Law Association ILC - International Law Commission v OAS – Organization of American States PACE - Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PCIJ – Permanent Court of International Justice UDHR - Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN DoPA – United Nations Department of Political Affair VCLT - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties WG EID – United Nations Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances vi Table of Contents List of Abbreviations v Introduction 1 The Duty of Memory 1 The Demand for Memory and the Relevance of this Research 2 Approach and Methodology 8 Synopsis 10 Chapter I On Memory 15 Introduction 15 1. Identifying Differentiating Markers 16 1.1 The Multiplicity of Memory. Defining the Concept 16 1.2 Collective memory 20 1.2.1 Critiques on Collective Memory 21 1.2.1.1 Collective v. Individual memories 21 1.2.1.2 Collective Memory and the Unitary Past 23 1.3 Memory and Identity 23 1.4 The Presentist Approach 25 2. Interdisciplinarity of Memory 32 2.1 Memory and Law 32 2.2 Memory and Transitional Justice 38 Concluding remarks 44 Chapter II The Duty to Ascertain the Truth 47 Introduction 47 1. Memory and the Duty to Investigate 48 2. The Obligation to Investigate Gross Human Rights Violations under Human Rights Law 51 2.1 Legal Foundation 51 2.1.1 “Ensure and protect” clause 52 2.1.2 Right to an effective remedy 58 2.1.3 Right to truth 63 2.1.4 Right to reparation 69 2.1.5 Rationalizing the duty to investigate 72 2.2 Standards 74 vii 3. Implementing the Duty to Ascertain the Truth - Modalities for Investigations 79 3.1 Judicial investigations 80 3.2 Truth Commissions 86 Concluding remarks 90 Chapter III The Duty to Disclose 95 Introduction 95 1. Memory and the Duty to Disclose Information 96 2. The legal basis to the Duty to Disclose: The Right to Access to Information 99 2.1 Legal Foundation 99 2.1.1 Beneficiaries and Rationales of the Right to Access to Information. Different Conceptualizations. 100 3. Inferring a State Duty to Disclose from the Public Right to Access to Information?: The State of the Art 104 3.1 The Duty to Disclose in the case law 105 3.1.1 Assessing the case law 110 3.2 The Duty to Disclose in Soft Law 111 4. Standards and Principles of the Duty to Disclose 114 4.1 The Principle of maximum disclosure 114 4.2 Limits and exceptions 116 4.3 Principle of public interest override 116 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Srebrenica Genocide and the Denial Narrative
    DISCUSSION PAPER The Srebrenica Genocide and the Denial Narrative H. N. Keskin DISCUSSION PAPER The Srebrenica Genocide and the Denial Narrative H. N. Keskin The Srebrenica Genocide and the Denial Narrative © TRT WORLD RESEARCH CENTRE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WRITTEN BY H. N. Keskin PUBLISHER TRT WORLD RESEARCH CENTRE July 2021 TRT WORLD İSTANBUL AHMET ADNAN SAYGUN STREET NO:83 34347 ULUS, BEŞİKTAŞ İSTANBUL / TURKEY TRT WORLD LONDON PORTLAND HOUSE 4 GREAT PORTLAND STREET NO:4 LONDON / UNITED KINGDOM TRT WORLD WASHINGTON D.C. 1819 L STREET NW SUITE 700 20036 WASHINGTON DC www.trtworld.com researchcentre.trtworld.com The opinions expressed in this discussion paper represent the views of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the TRT World Research Centre. 4 The Srebrenica Genocide and the Denial Narrative Introduction he Srebrenica Genocide (also attribute genocidal intent to a particular official referred to as the Srebrenica within the Main Staff may have been motivated Massacre), in which Serbian by a desire not to assign individual culpability soldiers massacred more than to persons not on trial here. This, however, does eight thousand Bosniak civilians not undermine the conclusion that Bosnian Serb Tduring the Bosnian war (1992-1995), has been forces carried out genocide against the Bosnian affirmed as the worst incident of mass murder in Muslims. (United Nations, 2004:12) Europe since World War II. Furthermore, despite the UN’s “safe area” declaration prior to the Further prosecutions were pursued against the genocide in the region, the Bosnian Serb Army of Dutch state in the Dutch Supreme Court for not Republika Srpska (VRS) under the command of preventing the deaths of Bosniak men, women and Ratko Mladić executed more than 8,000 Bosniak children that took refuge in their zone located in 2 (Bosnian Muslims) men and boys and deported Potocari.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial Struggles and Power Strategies of the Rights in Latin America Today
    http://doi.org/10.17163/uni.n31.2019.01 Memorial struggles and power strategies of the rights in Latin America today Luchas memoriales y estrategias de poder de las derechas en América Latina hoy Verónica Giordano Teacher and Researcher UBA and CONICET [email protected] Orcid code: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-6984 Gina Paola Rodríguez Teacher and Researcher UNLPam and UBA [email protected] Orcid code: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1702-3386 Abstract Recently, right-wing forces of different origins and types have sprung up in Latin America. In this article, four countries are studied: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. The first two correspond to cases in which the right-wing groups stand in opposition to the so-called progressive governments. The other two correspond to cases in which they stand in a political system with a strong continuity of predominance of right-wing forces. Since there are few studies with an overall perspective, this article seeks to make a contribution in that direction. The objective is to analyze the non-electoral strategies of construction and/ or exercise of power implemented by the right-wing groups around the memorial struggles. Based on the review of journalistic sources and speeches of the national right-wing referents, this article analyzes how current right-wing groups have proceeded to the institution of languages and the definition of a field of meanings that dispute the meaning of the recent past. From a comparative perspective, it is argued that in all four cases negationism offers an effective repertoire for these groups, which is used in their non- electoral (as well as electoral) strategies for building hegemony at the cultural level.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Croatian Wikipedia: Encyclopaedia of Knowledge Or Encyclopaedia for the Nation?
    The Case of Croatian Wikipedia: Encyclopaedia of Knowledge or Encyclopaedia for the Nation? 1 Authorial statement: This report represents the evaluation of the Croatian disinformation case by an external expert on the subject matter, who after conducting a thorough analysis of the Croatian community setting, provides three recommendations to address the ongoing challenges. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Wikimedia Foundation. The Wikimedia Foundation is publishing the report for transparency. Executive Summary Croatian Wikipedia (Hr.WP) has been struggling with content and conduct-related challenges, causing repeated concerns in the global volunteer community for more than a decade. With support of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, the Foundation retained an external expert to evaluate the challenges faced by the project. The evaluation, conducted between February and May 2021, sought to assess whether there have been organized attempts to introduce disinformation into Croatian Wikipedia and whether the project has been captured by ideologically driven users who are structurally misaligned with Wikipedia’s five pillars guiding the traditional editorial project setup of the Wikipedia projects. Croatian Wikipedia represents the Croatian standard variant of the Serbo-Croatian language. Unlike other pluricentric Wikipedia language projects, such as English, French, German, and Spanish, Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia’s community was split up into Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, and the original Serbo-Croatian wikis starting in 2003. The report concludes that this structure enabled local language communities to sort by points of view on each project, often falling along political party lines in the respective regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Zbrodnie Międzynarodowe
    Responsibility for negation of international crimes edited by Patrycja Grzebyk Responsibility for negation of international crimes YEARS INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE IN WARSAW Responsibility for negation of international crimes edited by Patrycja Grzebyk WYDAWNICTWO INSTYTUTU WYMIARU SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI | Warszawa 2020 Współfinansowano ze środków Funduszu Sprawiedliwości, którego dysponentem jest Minister Sprawiedliwości RECENZENCI dr hab. Leszek Wieczorek, prof. Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach dr hab. Mariusz Nawrocki, prof. Uniwersytet Szczeciński TRANSLATED BY Mateusz Matuszczak EDITING Marta Mazur TYPESETTING AND COVER DESIGN Tomasz Smołka Photo by Philippe Ramakers (Unsplash) Copyright © by Instytut Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, Warszawa 2020 ISBN 978-83-66344-43-3 WYDAWNICTWO INSTYTUTU WYMIARU SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 25, 00-071 Warszawa SEKRETARIAT tel.: (22) 630-94-53, fax: (22) 630-99-24, e-mail: [email protected] BOUND AND PRINTED BY elpil, ul. Artyleryjska 11, 08-110 Siedlce Table of Contents Introduction 13 Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala The Causes and Consequences of Negationism 19 Causes 20 Consequences 24 Charis Papacharalambous Incrimination of Negationism: Doctrinal and Law-Philosophical Implications 31 1. Introduction 31 2. Criminal Law Theory 32 3. Law-philosophical implications 35 3.1. On criminal law meta-theory 35 3.2. Theorizing on ethics and justice 37 Piergiuseppe Parisi The Obligation to Criminalise Historical Denialism in a Multilevel Human Rights System 41 Introduction 41 1. Does general international law provide for an obligation to criminalise denialism? 42 1.1. Freedom of speech and possible limitations under international human rights law 42 1.2. The case law of the UN Human Rights Committee 45 6 · Table of Contents 2. Regional Level 46 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • COURSES 2021/22 Fall Term Courses
    NOVA COURSES 2021/22 Fall term courses • Western European Empires – from colonial past to postcolonial world Jorge Pedreira, Pedro Aires Oliveira, José Neves, Pedro Cardim, Alexandra Pelúcia • The History of Politics and the Politics of History José Neves • Filming the Past – the case of Portuguese Documentary Film Catarina Alves Costa • History in the Media: contesting, commemorating, resignificating Carla Baptista, Paulo J. Fernandes and Pedro A. Oliveira • Oral History: theories and methods Paula Godinho e Maria Alice Samara • Digital and Spatial Humanities for Historians Daniel Ribeiro Alves • The Essentials of Archival Research Maria de Lurdes Rosa and Maria João da Câmara 2021/22 Spring term courses • Museums as spaces of memory, identity and activism Alexandra Curvelo COURSE DESCRIPTIONS Western European Empires – from colonial past to postcolonial world Jorge Pedreira, Pedro Aires Oliveira, José Neves, Pedro Cardim, Alexandra Pelúcia Fall Term, AY 2021-2022 Mandatory Credit value: 8 ECTS Module: Histories of inclusion and exclusion; Entanglements between national, regional, and global frameworks of history Consultation: during office hours or by appointment at [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected] BRIEF INTRODUCTION: This course is devoted to the history of the Western European colonial empires, with a particular focus in the case of Portugal and its empire, combining global and national perspectives. It covers the period between the early sixteenth century and the late twentieth century. The course will provide students with key insights on the historical development of the Western European colonial empires and will highlight the social construction of their memories.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Holocaust Denial, Distortion and Trivialization
    Addressing Holocaust Denial, Distortion and Trivialization Teaching Aid 6 1. Increasing Knowledge about Jews and Judaism 2. Overcoming Unconscious Biases 3. Addressing Anti-Semitic Stereotypes and Prejudice 4. Challenging Conspiracy Theories 5. Teaching about Anti-Semitism through Holocaust Education 6. Addressing Holocaust Denial, Distortion and Trivialization 7. Anti-Semitism and National Memory Discourse 8. Dealing with Anti-Semitic Incidents 9. Dealing with Online Anti-Semitism 10. Anti-Semitism and the Situation in the Middle East Addressing Holocaust Denial, Distortion and Trivialization Teachers in the OSCE region Sometimes, for example, where The purpose of this teaching aid is have reported encountering the Holocaust is not explored to provide a better understanding anti-Semitic ideas when teaching fully as part of the school cur- of these expressions of anti-Sem- about the Holocaust.1 Anti-Semi- riculum, young people may dis- itism and to support teachers in tism exists today as prejudice in tort the Holocaust in ignorance countering the following: which Jews are confronted with of the historical facts, or they hostility and treated as inhu- may deny it as a form of ado- • resistance to lessons about and man, or as an out-group. It can lescent provocation or rejec- from the Holocaust; be manifested in individuals as tion of an established narra- attitudes, in culture and various tive. Whatever lies behind • misinformation about the Hol- forms of expression.2 Anti-Se- Holocaust denial and distor- ocaust among students; and mitic sentiments can fuel resist- tion, it is often accompanied by ance to the topic of the Holocaust or promotes classic anti-Semit- • incongruous or flawed parallels and may manifest as denial, dis- ic themes, such as accusations made between what the Jews tortion or trivialization of his- of greed, power, deceptiveness experienced during the Holo- torical facts.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Translatability
    Historical Translatability Primo Levi Amongst the Snares of European History 1938– 1987 By Domenico S c a r p a (Turin) Taking his cue from the groundbreaking English translation of ›The Complete Works‹ of Primo Levi (recently published in America by Liveright) and focusing on Levi’s early writing, the author argues for the necessity of re-reading Primo Levi today, pleading for a new historical and chronological approach to his work. 1. I would like to begin with an explanation of the two dates in my subtitle, 1938 and 1987. 1938 is the year when the Fascist regime led by Mussolini passed rac- ist laws against Jews. This event not only put on Italian Jews the burden of an increasing self-consciousness, but it also marked the beginning of their “search for roots,” the construction of a cultural identity for the many of them who were not particularly religious or aware of their heritage or tradition. Primo Levi was himself such a secular Jew. More importantly, the racist laws of 1938 made Italian Jews aware of an im- pending catastrophe. 1938 brought about the recognition of a further dimen- sion in national and European history. Metaphorically speaking, 1938 broke the back of Italian historical continuity. Shattering Italian identity, it was the first of many fractures that were to occur in the decade to follow. There was the entry of Italy into World War II on June 10, 1940, the fall of the Fascist regime on July 25, 1943, the complete collapse and dissolution of the Italian state after the armistice with the Allies on September 8, 1943, the liberation and the victory of the Italian Resistance on April 25, 1945, the institution of the republic in 1946 and, finally, the writing and promulgation of the new constitution of the Repubblica Italiana in 1948.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download the Past As History : National Identity and Historical
    THE PAST AS HISTORY : NATIONAL IDENTITY AND HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN MODERN EUROPE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK S. Berger | 570 pages | 10 Dec 2014 | Palgrave MacMillan | 9781137414090 | English | Basingstoke, United Kingdom The Past as History : National Identity and Historical Consciousness in Modern Europe PDF Book Figures 35, 36, 37, 38, and In the first step, the analysis sought to understand the extent to which the narratives communicated at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights challenge or legitimize current constructions of Canadian national identity and position the CMHR as a site of historical consciousness. More Filters. The credibility of this study is further bolstered though direct quotations from the interviews. We are interested, in particular, in re-considering the terminology and narrative that intellectual and political actors from North America and Asian countries used in their effort to define the path of development taken by their nations and communities during a time of rapid change. As mentioned earlier, the EA has enclosed the entire focal area on both sides with wooden slat walls suggestive of the crates popular for transporting produce. Ethnicity, religion, and national identity in modern Chinese thought and the discipline of ethnic minority philosophies - Imagining the medical body in early modern Japan, - An intellectual genealogy of islam in modern China. She details that American themes like individualism, freedom, and power are indebted to the presence of the black other who, in the conditions of slavery, was neither free nor powerful. Bal has asserted that the expository agent or museum denotes not only curators or directors but also the entire institution, including its origins, goals, politics, financial status, staff, and collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Economic Battle Plan
    Arguing with Socialists: Glenn Beck 3.86 CLEARED FOR RELEASE 05/07/2020 [Economic Battle PlanTM points: 93) The Socialist Threat Against American Liberty and What You Need to be Doing About it. In 2018, Economic War Room featured the 7 Deadly Sins of Socialism in Episodes 11 and 12. You mission was focused on the importance of protecting western civilization and liberty. Unfortunately, the Bernie Sanders, Ocasio Cortez’s and the radical left continue to march down the path of Socialism for America. The Communist have had a long-term plan to overthrow America’s democracy and it has been executed for decades with success. Remember, they said not one shot will need to be fired. All this as America’s boomer generation assumes America will always be America. With a crisis like the pandemic, however, there’s a power grab and accelerant toward tyranny. Howard Zinn has rewritten America’s history books (see Episode 83) and much of the entertainment business is giving America’s youth a false history of America (see Episode 81). The greatness of America (free markets and individual liberty) is not being communicated. At the same time crony “capitalists” have broken the golden rule of free markets for their own monetary gain. The socialist/communist plan to change America is being executed perfectly. Now with a COVID-19 pandemic, the Government is experimenting with tools to protect citizens by shutting down the economy, and then applying extreme stimulus tools to restart the economy. The last time the Government experimented with the economy this much was during the Great Depression.
    [Show full text]
  • German Television : Historical and Theoretical Perspectives Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    GERMAN TELEVISION : HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Larson Powell | 242 pages | 19 Feb 2018 | Berghahn Books | 9781785338373 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom German Television : Historical and Theoretical Perspectives PDF Book History as "historical social science" as Wehler described it has mainly been explored in the context of studies of German society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Alfred Radcliff-Brown — defined the function of any recurrent activity as the part it played in social life as a whole, and therefore the contribution it makes to social stability and continuity Radcliff-Brown Chapter 1. Herman, Nancy J. They also look at how media typically give voice to the most powerful, and how new media might offer tools to help those who are disenfranchised. Historical fiction Historical revisionism Historical negationism Historiography and nationalism Historical marker List of historians. New York: Routledge. The Five Pillars of Islam guide Muslim life: a the acceptance of Allah as God and Muhammad as his messenger; b ritual worship, including daily prayers facing Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad; c observing Ramadan, a month of prayer and fasting; d giving alms to the poor; and e making a holy pilgrimage to Mecca at least once before one dies. Diarium Europaeum was a journal on the history of the German-speaking lands founded by Martin Meyer Philemerus Irenicus Elisius and published between and in 45 volumes. Historians used his approach to rebuff arguments that history was not fully "scientific. Theories vary in scope depending on the scale of the issues that they are meant to explain. For Your Review Although church and state were not separate in many of the American colonies, the new nation soon provided for the separation of church and state and the free exercise of religion in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Islamization in Higher Education from Above and Below: the Niu Versity of South Florida and Its Global Contexts Terri K
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-16-2008 Re-Islamization in Higher Education from Above and Below: The niU versity of South Florida and Its Global Contexts Terri K. Wonder University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Wonder, Terri K., "Re-Islamization in Higher Education from Above and Below: The nivU ersity of South Florida and Its Global Contexts" (2008). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/571 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Re-Islamization in Higher Education from Above and Below: The University of South Florida and Its Global Contexts by Terri K. Wonder A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychological and Social Foundations College of Education University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Arthur Shapiro, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Stephen B. Permuth, Ed.D Abdelwahab Hechiche, Ph.D W. Steve Lang, Ph.D. Date of Approval: January 16, 2008 Keywords: Islamism, Muslim Brotherhood, censorship, academic freedom, human rights © Copyright 2008, Terri K. Wonder Dedication This work is dedicated to the memory of the late Dr. George H. Mayer, USF Professor of History who died in 1999 at the age of 78.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionary Marxism 2020
    Revolutionary Marxism 2020 Revolutionary Marxism 2020 Revolutionary Marxism 2020 Revolutionary Marxism 2020 When one remembers under what conditions the working-people live, when one thinks how crow- A JOURNAL OF THEORY AND POLITICS When one remembers under what conditions the working-people live, when one thinks how crow- A JOURNAL OF THEORY AND POLITICS ded their dwellings are, how every nook and corner swarms with human beings, how sick and ded their dwellings are, how every nook and corner swarms with human beings, how sick and well sleep in the same room, in the same bed, the only wonder is that a contagious disease like well sleep in the same room, in the same bed, the only wonder is that a contagious disease like this fever does not spread yet farther. And when one reflects how little medical assistance the this fever does not spread yet farther. And when one reflects how little medical assistance the sick have at command, how many are without any medical advice whatsoever, and ignorant of the sick have at command, how many are without any medical advice whatsoever, and ignorant of the most ordinary precautionary measures, the mortality seems actually small. most ordinary precautionary measures, the mortality seems actually small. Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) Comrades, it is impossible to imagine the dreadful situation in the typhus regions, where the Comrades, it is impossible to imagine the dreadful situation in the typhus regions, where the population is broken, weakened, without material resources, where all life, all public life ceases.
    [Show full text]