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5 Brackish-Water Shrimp Cultivation Threatens Permanent Damage to Coastal Agriculture in Bangladesh

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5 Brackish-Water Shrimp Cultivation Threatens Permanent Damage to Coastal Agriculture in Bangladesh 5 Brackish-water Shrimp Cultivation Threatens Permanent Damage to Coastal Agriculture in Bangladesh Md. Rezaul Karim Urban and Rural Planning Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Over the past 20 years, brackish-water shrimp cultivation in the coastal zone of Bangladesh has con- tributed increasingly to the national economy, but there is a lack of quantitative data on the effects of shrimp farming at the household and community levels. This chapter investigates the impact of shrimp cultivation on the environment and farmers’ livelihood in a typical subdistrict of the coastal zone in Bangladesh. The variables involved with shrimp cultivation and their impact on the land are also taken into consideration and an attempt is made to analyse the patterns of land-use change that occurred between 1975 and 1999. The extensive pattern of shrimp cultivation is achieved by expansion of area rather than by intensification. The expansion of shrimp farming has resulted in decreases in crop produc- tion and many environmental problems in the form of a shortage of livestock fodder, fuel scarcity and decreases in traditional labour forces. Under the present circumstances, shrimp cultivation is no doubt beneficial for a selected group of people, but it has negatively affected the livelihoods of landless and marginal farmers, making it difficult for them to survive in the area. Introduction Bagerhat), is one of the most promising areas for shrimp cultivation for two major reasons The Bangladesh coastal zone (Fig. 5.1) is a sig- (MOFL, 1997; Karim and Shah, 2001): first, its nificant maritime habitat of ecologically rich fresh- and saltwater resources are abundant and economically important natural resources. in almost all seasons; second, the world’s The area is situated along the largest river sys- largest continuous mangrove forest, the tem running below the Himalayan Mountains. Sundarbans, provides a food source and In this zone, the rivers discharge an enormous nursery for the offshore fishery. The man- quantity of fresh water and maintain a level of grove forests provide a critical habitat for salinity both on land and in sea that favours shrimp and other fish. Most of the shrimp the rapid growth of a wide variety of vegeta- culture being practised is by the extensive tion and aquatic life. and improved extensive methods, known as The coastal region, especially the south- gher culture. Gher means an enclosed area western portion (Satkhira, Khulna and characterized by an encirclement of land © CAB International 2006. Environment and Livelihoods in Tropical Coastal Zones (eds C.T. Hoanh, T.P. Tuong, J.W. Gowing and B. Hardy) 61 62 Md. Rezaul Karim along the banks of tidal rivers. Dwarf the Passur River. The area is close to the earthen dykes and small wooden sluice Sundarbans mangrove forest. The study area boxes control the free entrance of saline was selected on the basis of the following cri- water into the enclosed areas. In the gher, the teria: (i) the area should have extensive sluice gates are opened from February to shrimp culture; (ii) shrimp farming should April to allow the entry of saline water, con- have been going on for at least 10 years in taining a wide variety of fish fry and shrimp the area; (iii) the change in the physical envi- postlarvae that have grown naturally to the ronment should be homogeneous and repre- juvenile stage in the adjacent sea and estuar- sentative of the situation in the coastal areas; ine waters. This practice of natural stocking and (iv) shrimp should be the main crop and is being progressively replaced by artificial provide the major share of income of the stocking of the ghers with only the young of farmers of the area. specific, desired species of shrimp. Information was collected from 373 It is estimated that about 250,000 ha of respondents belonging to five landowner land has good potential for coastal aquacul- categories using land-use survey and ques- ture (Ahmed, 1995). Of that, about 180,000 ha tionnaire survey techniques. Field observa- is suitable for shrimp culture (Khan and tion based on the perception of local people Hossain, 1996). Coastal aquaculture was carried out and recorded documents of increased from 20,000 ha in 1994/1995 to relevant studies were examined. Changes in 135,000 ha in 1996/1997, and production the land-use pattern, socio-economic condi- from 4000 to 35,000 metric tons in the same tions and the environmental situation of the period (MOFL, 1997). The rapid expansion of area were recorded for three time periods: shrimp farm development during the last 1975, 1985 and 1999. Information relating to decade, along with the adoption of extensive the landscape ecology in the past was col- and improved extensive culture techniques, lected with Retrospective Inquiry System has caused growing concern as to its adverse (RIS) techniques and ground truthing was effect on the coastal environment and dam- performed with the help of aerial photogra- age to the traditional agricultural systems. phy and satellite images. The socio-economic scenarios have changed rapidly. This chapter aims to assess the effects of the Results and Discussion past and current situation as regards shrimp cultivation methods in relation to the coastal The percentages of major land-use categories environment. In particular, the research aims for 1975, 1985 and 1999 are presented in Fig. to identify the inherent potentials and prob- 5.2. This shows that more than 80% of the lems, as well as the emerging trends in the land in Rampal Upazila was under rice culti- causes and extent of land-use changes over a vation in 1975, whereas in 1999 it decreased period of time, with a view to understanding to less than 20%. Over this period, most of the implications for land-use planning and the the rice land was replaced by rice–shrimp development of more environmentally accept- farming (rice in the rainy season and shrimp able shrimp cultivation methods. in the dry season), indicating a sharp increase in shrimp cultivation. Land occu- pied by other uses has not changed signifi- Methods cantly during the study period. The study was conducted in 43 selected vil- lages of Rampal Upazila (subdistrict), Shrimp farms Bagerhat District, Khulna Division (Fig. 5.1), in 1999. Rampal Upazila covers 33,546 ha of Table 5.1 describes the size of shrimp ghers land and is located in the centre of the west- according to the household respondents. ern region of the coastal zone. It is situated Before 1970, there was no shrimp cultivation on the Mongla River and is well connected to in the study area. Most shrimp ghers in 1975 Brackish-Water Shrimp Cultivation Threatens Coastal Agriculture 63 89° 90° 91° 92° Bangladesh key map 23° 23° 22° 22° District boundary Bay of Bengal International boundary Coastal area Study area (Rampal Upazila) 50 0 50 21° 21° km 89° 90° 91° 92° Fig. 5.1. The coastal area of Bangladesh. were from 0.2 to 1 ha. A large number of ever, the cropping intensity in the study area pocket ghers (less than 0.2 ha) were intro- was 100%. Shrimp cultivation was the only duced during 1975–1985 and 1985–1999 reason for the decrease in cropping intensity (accounting for 66.2% and 70% of the total reported by respondents in the study area. shrimp ghers area, respectively). Farm areas Yields of most of the field crops in the of more than 6.47 ha represented 2.9% in study area have also declined (Fig. 5.3) fol- 1985 and increased to 4% of the total shrimp lowing the start of shrimp cultivation. ghers in 1999. Table 5.2 shows the size of Production of wheat, jute and sugarcane has shrimp ghers followed by paddy cultivation. been affected seriously, and now it is not The concentration of shrimp–rice farms was possible to grow these crops because of soil within the group of 0.2–1.0- and 1.0–3.0-ha salinization. The yield of the aman rice crop categories. The percentage of farms greater also declined quickly and, during the field than 3 ha increased during 1975–1999. survey in 1999, it appeared that farmers were not interested in harvesting transplanted rice crops from fields because of the very poor Field crops yield. Farmers in the study area attributed the decrease in rice yield to salinization. Transplanted aman rice (rainy season) is the Though we did not have any quantitative dominant crop in the study area. Mostly, tra- data to support the farmers’ claims, other ditional tall varieties with low yields (rang- studies mention that brackish-water shrimp ing from 1 to 3 t/ha) are cultivated. The farming (Rahman et al., 1992) and salinity cropping intensity of the study area was present in the soil are the major factors 113% in 1975 and decreased to 105% in 1985, restricting crop production (BARC, 1990; which is much lower than the country’s Flowers, 1999). The soil characteristics sur- average (151%) (BBS, 1986a). In 1999, how- rounding the study area have deteriorated 64 Md. Rezaul Karim 90 80 70 60 Agriculture only Gher 50 Agriculture + gher 40 Pond Settlement 30 Household garden Fallow land Percentage of total area 20 10 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Fig. 5.2. Land uses over different years in Rampal Upazila. Table 5.1. Size of shrimp ghers according to the household respondents in Rampal Upazila from 1975 to 1999 (from field survey, 1999). Land area (ha) Percentage of gher households 1975 1985 1999 <0.2 0 66.2 70.0 0.21–1.0 66.7 16.2 11.6 1.1–3.0 16.7 10.3 8.6 3.1–6.47 16.7 4.4 5.9 >6.47 0 2.9 4.0 Total 100 100 100 Table 5.2.
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