DOCSLIB.ORG

ZULFAQAR Journal of Defence Management, Social Science & Humanities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ZULFAQAR Journal of Defence Management, Social Science & Humanities Teh / Zulfaqar J. Def. Mgt. Soc. Sci. Hum. 2 (2) 2019 Zulfaqar J. Def. Mgt. Soc. Sci. Hum. Vol.2 Issue 2 (2019) 86-95 ZULFAQAR Journal of Defence Management, Social Science & Humanities Journal homepage: https://zulfaqar.upnm.edu.my/ RISE AND FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF MALACCA IN THE CONTEXT OF IBN KHALDUN’S CYLICAL THEORY Wan Hashim Wan Teha a Faculty of Defence Studies & Management, National Defense University of Malaysia, Sg. Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Malacca which had a humble beginning as a fishing village of a mixed population of Received local Malays and ‘orang laut’ was transformed to become the most significant 01-11-2018 trading emporium and entreport after the arrival of a ‘fugitive prince’ Received in revised Parameswara or ‘Permai-Suara’ later re-named as Iskandar Shah from Temasik 28-10-2019 (Singapore) having his origins from Palembang. This had attracted not only Accepted regional traders of the Malay world but also those engaged in long distance trade 30-11-2019 like the Indians, Arabs, Chinese and especially the European powers. Under the Available online capable leadership of Tun Perak, also known as Bendahara Seri Maharaja during 31-12-2019 Sultan Muzaffar, Sultan Mansur and Alauddin Riayat Shah, it became a regional centre to supply products from the spice islands as well as iron and gold from the Keywords: hinterland that were in great demand in Europe, the Middle East, India and China. Parameswara, entreport The capability of its defence was further enhanced with the protection it received trade, Ibn Khaldun’s from the Ming dynasty of China which had a symbiotic and affective diplomatic relationship with Malacca. The coming of Portuguese fleet in 1509 lead by Diego cyclical theory, Ming Lopez de Sequira had radically changed its fate and future. Two years later, a dynasty, Alfonso de Portuguese Admiral Allfonso de Albuquerque arrived with a bigger fleet with a Albuquerque determination to crush the trading monopoly of the Muslims in the East, and finally able to take over control of Malacca which led to its final downfall as an Empire and e-ISSN: Kingdom that had the image as the centre of world trading activities which lasted Type: Article for approximately 110 years. The paper will analyse both the beginning of Malacca and its rise as well as its final downfall in the context of Ibn Khaldun cyclical theory on the rise and fall of civilizations. © 2020 UPNM Press. All rights reserved. Introduction Malacca has been widely acknowledged as founded by a Prince from Palembang Parameswara or Permai-Suara (lit. a pleasant voice) who migrated to Temasik (modern Singapore) after his revolt to obtain independence from the Majapahit empire failed as Palembang was then a tributary of the Majapahit Empire centred in Java (Muhammad, 2008). Some sources suggest that Parameswara who was married to the daughter of a Majapahit ruller had a problem with his father in-law and decided to vacate his position as a local ruler in Palembang to migrate to Temasik (Mohd Yusoff, 2014). While in Temasik, he managed to declare himself as the ruler after killing a Siamese representative, Temagi. Some three or five years later, he had to flee northwards because of problem with the Siamese state in the north that wanted to take revenge against him for killing her representative. 86 Teh / Zulfaqar J. Def. Mgt. Soc. Sci. Hum. 2 (2) 2019 It was partly Permai-Suara’s wisdom and partly his fortune that he decided to settle down among the Orang Laut villagers at the estuary of the Bertam, later re-named as Malacca river which some years later became among the busiest port in the world handling a huge activity of entreport trade, and being well known as the largest seaport in the East. After approximately five years establishing the Kingdom of Malacca, Permai-Suara was converted from Buddhism (but not Hinduism as claimed by some writers) to Islam and adopted the little Sultan Iskandar Shah. Also during this early years, he was able to establish a strong diplomatic ties with China which became the protector of Malacca Sultanate at least in the first half of the 15th century. The world famous Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He) or his Muslim name Ma Sam Poh in all his seven voyages overseas had each time stopped at Malacca to pay homage to the Sultan as well as to obtain fresh water and replenish food items for the long journey into the Indian Ocean and sometimes reaching the Middle Eastern ports of the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt which were then under the Uthmaniyyah. This special diplomatic ties between Malacca Sultanate and the Ming dynasty has been well documented in Liang Liji’s work, Lembaran Sejarah Gemilang – Hubungan Melaka Dinasti Ming Pada Abad Ke-15 (Liang, 1996). Under a tributary relationship between the two kingdoms, Malacca was able to develop peacefully without threats and interference from her neighbours, especially the Siamese Kingdom in the north who was envious of Malacca’s prosperity. This lasted for more than a hundred years until the arrival of the first colonial power in the Malay world, the Portuguese in the first decade of the 16th century. By the end of the 15th century, Malacca had grown to become an empire which controlled the whole of Malay Peninsula and most of the Malay States and Kingdoms on the Island of Sumatera. Theories on the Rise and Fall of Empires There are several theories on the rise and fall of empayers or civilizations (Wan Hashim, 1996). But the two that interest us most and also relevant to this discourse are that by an Arab scholar of the 15th century, Ibn Khaldun, and another by a renowned British historian, Arnold Toynbee. Ibnu Khaldun had studied on the rise and fall of empires or civilizations like Rome, Turkey, Constantinople and some others including research on the social and economic life of people living in the city. He finally produced what is now known as a cyclical theory on the rise and fall of civilizations which can be divided into three phases (Dawood, 1978). First is the early stage or its Birth where the spirit of assabiyah which can be literally translated as ‘solidarity’, ‘esprit d’corps’ or integration, which is akin to the concept of ‘organic solidarity’ by Emile Durkheim, is high. The society lives in harmony in an organization led by the elite class who are also united. The situation makes it possible to enter into the second phase that gives rise to the Development of Cities which is characterised by division of labour and the high possibility of producing surplus goods for the larger community, both rural and urban. Unlike the theories proposed by others, Ibn Khaldun proposes the importance of religion that binds the people together. This second phase is strengthened by the establishment of a governing body or political system headed by the elites of that particular society. But unfortunately, argued Ibn Khaldun, the powerful elite class will not be able to sustain it if they are indulged in pleasures and worldly affairs and began to distance themselves from religion. This will be followed by disintegration or the erosion of the spirit of assabiyah or ‘social solidary’ among both the ruling class and the subject class. The civilization will then enter the third phase which is Weakening and the Fall. Members of the elite class are still indulging themselves with pleasures and worldly affairs, while political and economic foundation are weakened and plagued by divisiveness. People will be downgraded into poverty while corruption will be rampant. The key factor in this situation is the total erosion of assabiyah or social integration and solidarity. That will result in the down fall of an empire or a civilization. The renowned British historian Arnold Toynbee who was a great admirer of Ibn Khaldun and his work seemed to have a total agreement with Ibn Khaldun’s cyclical theory and ideas. Being a scholar who was religious himself, and through his work in Toynbee (1954), he proposed the role of a group of creative elites who were capable of developing its society to a higher stage of its development. To Toynbee, religion played a very important part in the development of a civilisation. A religion which was born among the community which was weak would be capable to act as a catalyst for the development of a civilisation. 87 Teh / Zulfaqar J. Def. Mgt. Soc. Sci. Hum. 2 (2) 2019 Likewise, a civilization would ultimately fall when the society began to move away from religion and discarded religious values. This was what was termed as ‘civilizational crisis’. In the theory above, both scholars seem to be emphasising on the importance of internal factors that are crucial in bringing down a civilization. In so far as this paper is concerned, we shall put forward an argument on the importance of both the internal and external factors that brings down a civilization or the down fall of an empire and in our case study, the Malacca empire of the 15th century. Parameswara and the Rise of Malacca Kingdom Parameswara or Sri Tri Buana or Iskandar Shah in Sejarah Melayu deserves to be credited for selecting the estuary of the Bertam or Malacca river as his final abode after a long, arduous and adventurous journey from his original homeland Palembang. As a prince from the declining empire of Sriwijaya, he was forced to abdicate and migrate to avoid an unnecessary war with the uncle of his consort who was the ruler of the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit (Mohd Yusoff, 2014a).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE LEGACY of COLONIAL REFORMATION of SYARIAH in NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES and BRITISH MALAYA: a COMPARATIVE ESSAY ©2001 Charleston C
    THE LEGACY OF COLONIAL REFORMATION OF SYARIAH IN NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES AND BRITISH MALAYA: A COMPARATIVE ESSAY ©2001 Charleston C. K. Wang I. Introduction The Federation of Malaya became independent from Great Britain on August 31, 1957. Indonesia attained statehood from the Netherlands on December 27, 1949 after having already proclaimed independence on August 17, 1945. Centuries before, both the British and Dutch came to Southeast Asia with the same objective – to set-up colonies that benefited themselves. Indeed, the British and Dutch were rivals in the race for colonies, two among other European nations in the age of colonialism. (a) The Indonesian Archipelago The Dutch were not the first Europeans to arrive in the archipelago: the Portuguese came in 1511, after their conquest of the Islamic sultanate of Malacca on the eastern Malay Peninsula. The Portuguese were followed by the Spaniards.1 Created in 1602, the Dutch East India Company or V.O.C. (for Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), founded Batavia on Java in 1609. It should be no surprise that the Europeans found themselves amongst ancient civilizations. When the Europeans first arrived, the archipelago was under Islamic dominance. However, Islam was also a late comer – before the advent of Islam, kingdoms with a high degree of organization were thriving under Hindu or Buddhist rulers. Indian culture and customs had been introduced, including the monarchy, the ancestry system, literature, music, architecture, religious practices and rituals, and also division into castes. Great Hindu literary works such as Vedas and the Mahabharata and Ramayana epics were also introduced through the wayang or the shadow-play, a form of popular entertainment that can be seen in present day Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Hubungan Luar Kesultanan Melayu Melaka Dengan Kawasan Sekitar Dan Antarabangsa
    HUBUNGAN LUAR KESULTANAN MELAYU MELAKA DENGAN KAWASAN SEKITAR DAN ANTARABANGSA Ramlah Adam Universiti Malaysia Perlis [email protected] Abstrak Kesultanan Melayu Melaka (KMM) adalah sebuah kerajaan dan empayar yang tersohor. Pengetahuan mengenainya banyak telah diketahui. Sejarah Melayu atau Sulatatus Salatin, telah menjadi sumber penting tempatan yag telah digunakan untuk kajian bahasa, kesusasteraan, histriograpi dan sejarah. Namun, tidak semua sarjana berpendapat Sejarah Melayu itu sebagai satu sumber sejarah yang dapat diterima sepenuhnya. Sumber-sumber Portugis, China dan Arab lebih dipercayai. Namun, pada pandangan saya Sejarah Melayu memang boleh dijadikan sumber sejarah; kerana pemerintahan raja-raja Melaka itu diiktiraf oleh sejarah kecuali jurai keturunan raja Bukit Seguntang Mahameru yang dilihat luar daripada kebiasaan. Namun penceritaan dilain-lain tempat dalam sejarah itu adalah cerita manusia yang biasa. Ketiadaan tarikh mungkin juga satu sebab mengapa ia diragui. Namun setiap masyarakat mempunyai tradisi pensejarahannya; bagi masyarakat Melayu ketiadaan tarikh itu adalah kerana cerita itu ditulis semula oleh banyak penulis. Oleh timbul isu samada Tun Seri Lanang itu penulisnya atau penyusunnya. Namun, itu bukanlah persoalannya disini. Sebagai seorang pengkaji sejarah, tulisan dalam Sejarah Melayu dapat dijadikan bahan sejarah bagi mengkaji Kesultanan Melayu Melaka yang tersohor itu. Nama-nama tempat yang disebut masih kekal sehingga kehari ini. Oleh itu, dalam mengkaji hubungan luar KMM yang terjalin dengan kawasan sekitarnya dan negara-negara luar disepanjang pemerintahan raja-rajanya, dapat dilihat kedinamikan hubungan itu. Hubungan itu berlaku diperingkat kerajaan dan juga peribadi pemerintah Melaka dengan dunia luar. Hubungan luar yang bersifat peperangan, penaklukan, pernaungan, perkahwinan diraja dan pengembangan Agama Islam , telah menjadi dasar dan pendekatan setiap pemerintah Melaka.
    [Show full text]
  • The Malay Sultanates As the Impetus for the Formation of Malaysia
    PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 5820-5827 ISSN: 00333077 The Malay Sultanates as the Impetus for the Formation of Malaysia Wan Ahmad Fauzi Wan Husain1, Od. M. Anwar2, Zulayti Zakaria3, Intan Maizura Abd Rashid4, Najuwa Mohd Nasir5, Irza Hanie Abu Samah6 1Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. 2Pertubuhan Seni Gayong Serantau Malaysia, Malaysia. 3Pertubuhan Seni Gayong Serantau Malaysia, Malaysia. 4Universiti Teknologi Mara, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected] 5Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. 6Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. ABSTRACT This paper investigates the history of the Malay Sultanates. The study on the Malay Sultanates will effectively assist us in understanding the concept of Federation because it served as the impetus for the emergence of the Malay States which constitute what Malaysia is today. It is found that Malaysia was not a creation from the alleged social contract established by the so called `forefathers’ in many popular writings but it was the Malay Sultanates who had delegated some of their powers and executive rights for the formation of a strong central government. Keywords Sovereignty, Confederacy, Dissolution, Affiliations and Federation. Article Received: 10 August 2020, Revised: 25 October 2020, Accepted: 18 November 2020 Introduction pillars of the Federation of Malaysia as they are today. Since the advent of the Melaka Empire or Sultanate in the fifteenth-century, the Malay Peninsula has The Indigenous Malay Confederacy been regarded as the stronghold of the Malay sultanates. They had been the backbone of With its strategic position at the southern-most tip Malaysian history. In fact, there is no single major of the Asian mainland, at the center of the East- historical event, either before the coming of British, West ancient maritime commercial route, there can during the British administration or at present be no doubt that there had been a great civilization moment, that does not involve the Malay Sultans.
    [Show full text]
  • George Yeo, Minister
    National Archives of Release No.: 23/NOV 03B-l/94/11/09 SPEECH BY BG (NS) GEORGE YEO, MINISTER (INFORMATION AND THE ARTS) AND (HEALTH), AT THE OPENING OF THE LEGACY OF MAJAPAHIT AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ON WEDNESDAY, 9 NOVEMBER 1994 AT 6.00 PM To many Singaporeans, Majapahit is an ancient empire we read of only in the pages of a history textbook. The Kingdom of Majapahit ruled by Hindu Kings was the largest empire ever established in Southeast Asia from the 13th century to the 16th century. It was founded in East Java in 1294, exactly 700 years at the end of Kublai Khan's invasion. In the 14th century, Majapahit became a great centre of power in the entire Malay Archipelago. Its sway spread over much Administratively the empire was loosely bound by tribute paid in products and services to the centre by small states in the region including old Singapore, then known as Temasek. In the 15th century it was gradually torn apart by civil war. The trading ports of Java's north coast, where Islam was becoming popular, came into conflict with the traditional centre of power in the rice-growing interior. Majapahit authority in the Malacca Straits was increasingly contested by an emergent Malacca. By the time the Portuguese conquered Malacca in 1511, only a shell was left of Majapahit. Through archaeology and historical writings, we know that Majapahit had a major influence on the politics and culture of old Singapore. Both the 14th Century poem, Nagarakertagama and the 17th century Pararaton (Book of Kings) mentioned Temasek as part of the Majapahit empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Colonialism on Shariah: the Malacca and Sokoto Experiences
    Jurnal Syariah, Jil. 23, Bil. 1 (2015) 167-188 Shariah Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2015) 167-188 THE EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM ON SHARIAH: THE MALACCA AND SOKOTO EXPERIENCES Alhaji Umar Alkali1 Kamal Alhaji Daud2 ABSTRACT Muslims around the world have made a full attempt to ensure that the law of Allah the Most High and Exalted becomes their guidance in all their affairs. Malacca Sultanate and Sokoto Caliphate implemented Shariah before the coming of the colonial masters. When the colonial masters came, they introduced the doctrine of validity to make Islamic law a secondary law especially in criminal matters. Islamic law was made applicable to Muslims only on matters of Muslim personal law such as marriage, divorce and custody of children. Even after independence, not much was seen of Islamic criminal law in these territories. However, a new awakening amongst Muslims has resulted in the implementation of some aspects of Islamic criminal law in Malaysia and Nigeria. Since democracy advocates that the voice of the majority must always be reckoned with, it will therefore not be out of place to have Islamic law in these territories. But that is supposed to hold when machineries for its implementation 1 PhD Candidate, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University of Malaysia, and Lecturer Faculty of Law, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, [email protected] 2 Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, [email protected] 167 Jurnal Syariah, Jil. 23, Bil. 1 (2015) 167-188 are put in place, sincerity on the part of Muslims is achieved and awareness is created.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam As a Constructive Power
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 11 [Special Issue – August 2011] The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam As A Constructive Power Mehmet Ozay1 1Faculty of Education Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Phone: +60 12 64 77 125 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract This paper argues that the Sultanate of Aceh had commenced a watershed apparently in its relation with the centre of Islamic world to construct a new political concept of Pan-Islamism in the very early decades of the 16th century and as its succession in the 19th century. The mutual relationship between the center and its periphery shares substantive responsibility in a manner of being constructive. Concerning the inter-relational approach between the centre and its periphery of Islamic world, the relation of Aceh with the Ottoman State became one of the hallmarks of the development of Pan-Islamism. Thus this article reexamines the ways in which Acehnese sultans’ promoting Pan-Islamist ideology in relation with the Ottoman State on the basis of contemporary news and commentaries in the journal of Basiret which was published for about 60 news commencing before the appalling Dutch war until June 1874 in Constantinople. Key Words: Pan-Islamism, Basiret, Ottoman, Indian Ocean, Aceh 1.Introduction This paper revisits not only the relationships between the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam and the Ottoman State but also and the conceptual development of the Pan-Islamic world view in the context of the center and the periphery of Islamic world. The writer employs an approach that is an alternative view to the conventional understanding of center-periphery relations in terms of Islamic states, and the relations between the Ottoman State and the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Concerning Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) JUDGMENT OF 23 MAY 2008 2008 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE RECUEIL DES ARRE|TS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES AFFAIRE RELATIVE Av LA SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) ARRE|T DU 23 MAI 2008 Official citation: Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,p.12 Mode officiel de citation: Souveraineté sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks et South Ledge (Malaisie/Singapour), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008,p.12 Sales number ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente: 937 ISBN 978-92-1-071046-6 23 MAY 2008 JUDGMENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) 23 MAI 2008 ARRE|T 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs 1. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-15 2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS 16-19 3. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 20-29 4. HISTORY OF THE DISPUTE 30-36 5. SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH 37-277 5.1. Arguments of the Parties 37-42 5.2. The question of the burden of proof 43-45 5.3. Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh before the 1840s 46-117 5.3.1. Original title to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 46-80 5.3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Malacca Guide
    MALACCA GUIDE YOUR FREE MALACCA GUIDE FROM THE ASIA TRAVEL SPECIALISTS www.asiawebdirect.com Thanks to a rich colonial past, thriving Peranakan heritage and excellent Nyonya fare, Malacca is Malaysia’s historical pride. Also spelt Melaka, the state is one of the country’s tourism industry’s trump cards. First established in the fourteenth century, it quickly gained fame under the auspices of founder Parameswara, a Sumatran prince. Conquered by the Portuguese, Dutch and British, remnants of their rule can be seen throughout the well-preserved town centre, from Porta de Santiago (the remaining gate of the Portuguese-built A’Famosa fort) to the nearby Dutch-constructed Stadhuys. Malacca’s a small town so exploring it is fairly easy on foot as you’re never too far from tourist-worthy sights. WEATHER SIM CARDS AND DIALING PREFIXES Hot and humid throughout the year with occasional rainfall, Malacca is perfect for year-round travel. Temperatures range between 30°C - Malaysia’s three main cell phone service providers are Celcom, Digi and 35°C during the day and 27°C - 29°C at night, though after rainfall it Maxis. You can obtain prepaid SIM cards almost anywhere – especially could be cooler. Rainfall occurs mostly between October and March inside large-scale shopping malls. Digi and Maxis are the most popular while May to July remains the state’s drier months. Wear light clothing, services, although Celcom has the most widespread coverage in Sabah good walking shoes and sunglasses; and you’d be remiss to forget your and Sarawak. Each state has its own area code; to make a call to a sun block – the higher the SPF the better! landline in KL, dial 03 followed by the eight-digit number.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamics of Inland and Maritime Cultures Relations in the History of Java Island, Indonesia
    Journal of Marine and Island Cultures (2013) 2, 115–127 Journal of Marine and Island Cultures www.sciencedirect.com Contest for hegemony: The dynamics of inland and maritime cultures relations in the history of Java island, Indonesia Singgih Tri Sulistiyono *, Yety Rochwulaningsih Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Received 22 May 2013; accepted 10 October 2013 Available online 5 December 2013 KEYWORDS Abstract The main purpose of this article is to analyze the dynamics of relation between inland Inland culture; and maritime cultures in an insular region by taking Java island, Indonesia, as an object of study. Maritime culture; Java island is located in the midst of Indonesian archipelago which is geographically recognized as Insular region; the ‘‘maritime continent’’ and the widest insular region in the world. During the history, Java has Maritime continent been one of the most important islands not only in the Indonesian archipelago but also in Southeast Asian region. It is interesting that Java has not only varied maritime cultures but also feudalistic inland culture. Moreover, during the course of history there has been a latent contesting relation- ship among the two different types of culture, which has been coloring the history of Indonesia at large till the present day. ª 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institution for Marine and Island Cultures, Mokpo National University. Introduction ognized as the widest insular region in the world (Lapian, 1996; Tangsubkul, 1984). 1 Many people possibly think that By taking Java island as the focus of the study, this article tries the culture which develops in Indonesian islands must have to construct a reality of cultural plurality developing in the 1 The Southeast Asian archipelagic state: Con- Indonesian archipelago as an area which is geographically rec- See P.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Malay-China Trade Relations During the Malacca Sultanate on the Emergence of Chinese Peranakan Community
    World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 3 (4): 143-149, 2013 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjihc.2013.3.4.3401 Effect of Malay-China Trade Relations During the Malacca Sultanate on the Emergence of Chinese Peranakan Community Suhaila Abdullah School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Abstract: Malacca historical development of civilization resulting from interactions with other civilizations was brought by foreigners who came to Malacca since the time of the Malacca Sultanate. This is because at that time, Malacca was an entrepot trading centre visited by traders and merchants, representing different civilizations and various groups from all over the world including traders from China, India, Arabs, Persia and also traders from Europe. Busy port of Malacca at that time was described by Sulalatus Salatin: "... then all the commerce and trade winds windward all are coming to Malacca ...". Malacca’s fame as a famous trade center at that time led to a close relationship between Malacca with other countries, including China. In the initial stages of its development and growth, Malacca had been seeking the protection from China in particular from the Emperor Yung-Lo of the Ming Dynasty. Malacca trade relations with China can be seen clearly through the responses of Ming government when they changed their trade policy to eliminate the closed-door policy of the previous run. Chinese-Melaka close relationship became stronger when the ruler of Malacca visited China several times and so a visit from China to Malacca. Clearly, the initial contact between Malacca and China had occurred since the establishment of the Malacca-China diplomatic relations and also with the arrival of traders from China to Malacca.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing the Relationship of Spatial Configuration of Street Networks
    PLANNING MALAYSIA: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners VOLUME 18 ISSUE 4 (2020), Page 92 – 113 PUBLIC SPACES AND GENDER: TESTING THE RELATIONSHIP OF SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF STREET NETWORKS Nurul Shakila Khalid1, Raja Norashekin Raja Othman2, and Marlyana Azyyati Marzukhi3 1,2,3Centre of Studies for Town and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, MALAYSIA Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial dominance in public spaces from a gendered and women perspectives and to analyse the relationship with the spatial configuration of street networks. In analysing the street networks in Space Syntax, the question arises; to what extent the movement and activity may explain street integration among gender-based pedestrians. The result found that there is a correlation between spatial configurative analyses and women present in the streets. In essence, the less integrated streets attract more women pedestrians and improve better quality of space. The research is relevant to spatial design interventions and policymaking to enhance gender-equal access to public space. Keywords: Spatial Dominance, Gender, Space Syntax, Public Space 1 Lecturer at UiTM. Email: [email protected] PLANNING MALAYSIA Journal of the Malaysia Institute of Planners (2020) INTRODUCTION A shared vision in the New Urban Agenda (NUA) for a sustainable future that emphasizing all people have equal rights, opportunities, and access to the benefits that cities can offer. In other words, the shared vision of NUA refers to the inclusivity. It ensures that all inhabitants, without discrimination of any kind, can produce safe, accessible, healthy, resilient, affordable, and sustainable cities and people to foster quality of life for all.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of South East Asia
    1 A Short History of South East Asia Foreword. ........................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1. Early Movements of PeopIes : Indian Influence:The First States on the Mainland....................................................................... 4 Cambodia (Funan)...................................................................... 4 Malaya...................................................................................... 4 Vietnam. ................................................................................... 4 Burma. ..................................................................................... 4 Thailand and Laos. ..................................................................... 5 Cambodia (Chen-La and Angkor). ................................................. 5 Chapter 2. The "Indianised" Empires of Sumatra and Java. ........................ 6 Chapter 3. The Repercussions of the Mongol Conquest of China. ................. 8 Thailand (Siam). ........................................................................ 8 Cambodia.................................................................................. 8 Laos. ........................................................................................ 8 Vietnam. ................................................................................... 8 Burma. ..................................................................................... 9 Chapter 4. The Coming of Islam. ...........................................................10
    [Show full text]