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Lithostratigraphy, Palynostratigraphy, and Sedimentology of the Northern Skeena Mountains and Their Implications to the Tectonic

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Lithostratigraphy, Palynostratigraphy, and Sedimentology of the Northern Skeena Mountains and Their Implications to the Tectonic LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN SKEENA MOUNTAINS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO THE TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN CORDILLERA By HARRISON OWEN COOKENBOO B.Sc. Duke University 1981 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER;? OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Geological Sciences We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1989 Harrison Owen Cookenboo, 1989 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT: The Skeena Mountains of north-central British Columbia contain exposures of more than 4500 m of Jura-Cretaceous strata deposited in the Bowser Basin. These strata were deposited as a result of tectonism that formed the Canadian Cordillera, and serve as a record of the tectonic history of the Cordillera. The strata of the north-central Bowser Basin have been the subject of an integrated lithostratigraphic, palynostratigraphic and sedimentologic study in order to better understand the depositional history of the basin and the tectonic history of the Cordillera. The study area is in the northern Skeena Mountains, approximately coincident with boundaries of the Groundhog coalfield. Four hthostratigraphic units are exposed in the study area. The upper three units, consisting of over 2000 m of strata, are well exposed, and are formally named herein, from oldest to youngest, the Currier, McEvoy and Devils Claw Formations. Underlying the Currier Formation is the informally named Jackson unit, which comprises the oldest exposed strata in the study area. Together, the Jackson unit and Currier Formation comprise the Bowser Lake Group. The McEvoy and Devils Claw Formations unconformably overlie the Bowser Lake Group and correlate with the Skeena Group. Palynostratigraphy has been used successfully to correlate and date the sediments. Marine macrofossils are rare above the Jackson unit, necessitating use of palynomorphs to date the strata. Recovery of palynomorphs from anthracite rank coal measures has proven possible by extended treatment in Shulze's solution. The Currier Formation is suggested to be Late Jurassic (Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian or Tithonian) in age. The overlying McEvoy and Devils Claw Formations are entirely Cretaceous in age. The McEvoy Formation extends from the late Barremian or Aptian to the middle or late Albian, and the Devils Claw Formation spans the middle or late Albian to the Cenomanian. iii Two sedimentologically distinct deltaic sequences have been interpreted from the lithofacies associations. Both delta sequences probably accumulated in relatively shallow water, suggesting shallow shelf deposition. The older deltaic sequence occurs in the Currier Formation, and is analogous to facies of the modern Mississippi delta. The younger deltaic sequence encompasses strata of the McEvoy and Devils Claw Formation, and is more analogous to the coarse grained delta of the Copper River. The two delta sequences are separated by a hiatus of 20 to 35 million years. Sediment provenance, interpreted from paleocurrent data and clast lithologies, appears to have remained the same during deposition of both deltaic sequences. Paleocurrent indicators point to a source to the east-northeast, and the dominance of chert suggests a dominantly sedimentary source terrane, likely the Cache Creek Group. North American provenance is consistent with paleocurrent indicators and clast lithologies. The tectonic history of the Cordillera is related to the depositional history of the Bowser Basin. Subsidence, as indicated by sediment accumulation, occurred during the Middle and Late Jurassic and probably decreased near the end of the Jurassic, leading to a period of tectonic quiescence in the Cordillera. Subsidence resumed near the end of the early Cretaceous, leading to another period of deltaic sedimentation. This second deltaic sequence, represented by strata of the McEvoy and Devils Claw Formations, is coarser than the Late Jurassic delta, which suggests a more rugged and proximal source area. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii LIST OF FIGURES viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY 1 INTRODUCTION 1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 2 Canadian Cordillera 2 Suspect terranes 4 Bowser Basin 6 Sustut Group 8 REFERENCES CITED 10 CHAPTER II: LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY 13 ABSTRACT 13 INTRODUCTION 14 FORMATIONS 18 Currier Formation 18 Definition 18 Type section 19 Lithology 23 Age 24 McEvoy Formation 25 Definition 25 Type section 26 Lithology 28 Age 29 V Devils Claw Formation 30 Definition 30 Type section 31 Lithology 31 Age 33 RELATIONSHIP TO STRATA IN SOUTHERN BOWSER BASIN 33 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 36 REFERENCES CITED 37 CHAPTER III: PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY 40 ABSTRACT 40 INTRODUCTION 41 PREVIOUS STUDIES 43 TECHNIQUES 44 STRATIGRAPHY 45 PALYNOASSEMBLAGES AND CHRONOLOGY 47 ASSEMBLAGES 47 Assemblage #1 47 Assemblage #2 49 Assemblage #3 50 Assemblage #4 50 Assemblage #5 51 DISCUSSION 53 Marine influence 53 Depositional sequences 53 Hiatus 55 Tectonic implications 56 CONCLUSIONS 58 vi REFERENCES CITED 60 CHAPTER IV: SEDIMENTOLOGY 63 ABSTRACT 63 INTRODUCTION 64 STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE 66 Setting 66 Stratigraphy 68 Structure 69 LITHOFACIES 71 Currier Formation 74 Lithofacies associations 75 Transitional deltaic lithofacies association 76 Interpretation 81 McEvoy Formation 83 Lithofacies associations 83 Siltstone lithofacies association 85 Coarse conglomerate lithofacies association 89 Basal conglomerate lithofacies 90 Interpretation 91 Devils Claw Formation 92 Lithofacies associations 93 Channelized conglomerate lithofacies association 95 Stacked fining-upward conglomerate lithofacies association 96 Interpretation 99 PROVENANCE 100 vii DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM 103 Currier Formation 103 Skeena Group 104 TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS 106 REFERENCES CITED 109 REFERENCES CITED 113 APPENDIX I 120 Sample 9-1 120 Sample 12-5 120 Sample 19-6 122 Sample 19-4 122 Sample 19-1 124 Sample 10-8 124 Sample 16-7 125 Sample 8-2 126 Sample 8-3 126 Sample 8-7 127 Sample 8-9 127 Sample 8-14 128 Sample C-l 129 Sample C-3 130 viii LIST OF FIGURES 1. The five tectonic provinces of the Canadian Cordillera. 3 2. Jura-Cretaceous sedimentary basins. 3 3. Locations of different stratigraphic studies in the Bowser and adjacent Sustut Basins. 9 4. Index map to study area. 4 5. Groundhog coalfield. 15 6. Composite stratigraphic column. 17 7. Lithologies and stratigraphic correlations of measured sections. 20 8. Lithologies and stratigraphic correlations of measured sections. 21 9. Laterally extensive shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals and ironstones of the Currier Formation . 22 10. Shales, siltstones, and minor sandstones of the McEvoy Formation. 27 11. Lens shaped massive arenites of the upper McEvoy Formation. 27 12. Interbedded limestones, siltstones, shales, and fine-grained sandstones in the McEvoy Formation. 28 13. Type section of the Devils Claw Formation. 32 14. Locator map of the Bowser Basin. 42 15. Lithostratigraphic units •. 46 16. Palynoassemblages. 48 17. Regional lithostratigraphic correlations. 52 ix 18. Location map. 19. Locator map for the study area in the Skeena Mountains of northern British Columbia. 20. Jura-Cretaceous basins of the Intermontane Belt. 21. Stratigraphic units of the Bowser Basin. On the left are widely recognized groups, and on the right are the lithostratigraphic units within the study area. 22. Looking northwest along the southwestern limb of the Beirnes Synclinorium. 23. Cartoon of approximate outcrop extents for the four lithostratigraphic units in the study area. 24. Yellow brown concretionary layer in shale bed. 25. Typical strata of the transitional deltaic lithofacies association of the Currier Formation. Arrows point upward in direction of repeated but poorly defined coarsening trends. 26. Thick recessive siltstones of the McEvoy Formation. Resistant cliff to the right is the lowermost Devils Claw Formation. 27. Tree trunk in life position in the McEvoy Formation. 28. Typical well defined coarsening upward sequences from the siltstone lithofacies of the McEvoy Formation. Arrows point in the direction of coarsening trend. A single fining upward sandstone that breaks up the middle of this section may represent crevasse splay channel. 29. High ridge of exposed Devils Claw Formation on the northeast limb of the Beirnes Synclinorium. 30. Stacked examples of typical fining upward conglomerate units in the upper Devils Formation. 31. Chert pebble-cobble conglomerate of the Devils Claw Formation, with typically poorly sorted clasts. X 32. Large scale scour on the overturned base of a massive conglomerate 33. Rose diagrams of paleocurrent direction indicators measured from planar cross- beds, a) The entire data set showing a general southwest orientation; b) The Bowser Lake Group Measures; c) The Skeena Group measures. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by NSERC grant A7337 (Bustin). The support and advice of Dr. R.M. Bustin made this project possible.
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