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Home , Kirov Oblast, Mari El, Penza Oblast, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Volga Federal District

Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 162 Proceedings of the XV International Conference "Russian Regions in the Focus of Changes" (ICRRFC 2020)

Volga Federal District: Trends in Technological Development Natalia Kuzminykh1,*, Oxana Kazakova1, Liliya Valinurova1, Venera Timiryanova1

1 Bashkir State University, Russian Federation *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This paper aims to investigate trends in the technological development of Russian regions using a combined approach that integrates resource-, process- and efficiency-based views. The proposed approach can be used to characterise regional development both in its static and dynamic aspects, in particular to identify specific features of regional technological development and patterns of implementing the potential of technological development, as well as to determine trends in the technological development of regions. Using this approach, statistical data for the Federal District of the Russian Federation for 2010-2018 were processed. As a result, groups of regions were distinguished and management decisions were justified. The conducted study proved a high level of differentiation between the regions of the in terms of technological development. In addition, foci requiring managerial attention were identified, and guidelines for the development of regional development strategies were formulated.

Keywords: Regional technological development, R&D, Technologies, Facilities, Staff acquisition, Innovation, Resource-based view, Process-based approach, Efficiency-based approach.

1. INTRODUCTION appropriate one, which consists in a combination of resource-, process- and efficiency-based views. The dominant feature of regional development in the modern economy is the focus on innovative 2. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT development. At the same time, technological OF REGIONS: METHODOLOGY OF development is increasingly determining progressive ANALYSIS transformations in regional economies. In this regard, the current trends in technological development Within the framework of this study, a methodology should be studied, on the one hand, in the context of for studying trends in the technological development identifying transformations in the structure of the of regions was largely based on the approach of economy, and, on the other, in terms of forecasting and E. Mazilov [12-16]. Based on the essential adjusting regional socio-economic policies. characteristics of technological development, 5 basic blocks were designated as key indicators: research and At the moment, there are various approaches to the development, technologies, the state of the facilities of study of technological processes in the economy [1- technological development, staff acquisition, 11]. All of them can be combined into three groups: innovation. These blocks are complementary to resource-based, which involve the study of resources E. Mazilov's approach regarding the state of the main and determination of the potential for technological production assets and determining their ability to development; process-based, which reveal the features ensure the technological development of the territory. of transforming resources into a result; and efficiency- To characterise each of the blocks, specific indicators based, which focus on analysis of the results of were determined on the basis of official statistics, technological development. Regarding the advantages which ensures the reliability, comparability and and disadvantages of each of the selected groups, the relevance of the results obtained. authors consider the combined approach as the most

Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press B.V. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 106 Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 162

Any developmental process implies an access to development in terms of the indicators presented in resources that is a potential, providing "entrance" to Table 1. the system. "Exit" from the system is considered Table 1. Indicators of technological development of regions Approach / Research and Technologies Facilities Staff acquisition Innovations Block Development Resource- Share of local Share of Share of The number of The share of based expenditures for organisations capital personnel expenditures for research and using information investments engaged in technological development, as and in GRP, % research and innovations, as a percentage of communication development in a percentage of the gross regional technologies in the the total the total amount product (GRP),% total number of population,% of delivered observed goods, works, organisations,% services Process- Share of local The ratio of the Depreciation Increase in Innovative based operating costs applied and the rate of fixed high- activity of for the equipment developed assets, % productivity jobs organisations, % in the total advanced in the region amount of local technologies,% expenditures, % Efficiency- Ratio of the Share of high-tech Fixed assets Increase in Share of based issued patents and knowledge- renewal labour delivered and the received intensive industries ratio, % productivity, % innovative patent in the gross products in applications,% regional GRP, % product, %

according to the results obtained for each of the In general, the Volga Federal District is selected blocks. The very process of transforming characterised by the share of local expenditures on resources into a result is considered as a certain "black research and development in the amount of 1.46% of box" and can be studied under the process-based the gross regional product, which is 1.07 times higher approach. Thus, the study of trends in technological than the national average of (1.36%). development can be carried out in the context of five Regarding investments in the district, the leaders in identified blocks under the resource-, process- and financing research and development are efficiency-based approaches (Table 1). Novgorod with 6.05%, Oblast – 4.02% and Oblast – 1.5%. The highest average Of note is the specific character of technological annual growth of research and development development indicators: being a result in one expenditures in the GRP since 2010 has been distinguished period, they can be considered as a demonstrated by such regions as the Udmurt Republic resource in subsequent periods. (11.84%), the Chuvash Republic (9.81%), Ulyanovsk Based on the proposed approach, the authors Oblast (6.43%) and (6.39%). The analyse the prerequisites and indicators of negative growth rates of the indicator under technological development for the data of the regions consideration is observed in Oblast of the Volga Federal District for 2010-2018, presented (-5.58%), the Republic of (-2.51%) and the in the "Official statistics" page on the Rosstat website. Republic (-0.9%). The negative dynamics is considered to be caused by a significant decrease in the 3. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT amount of research and development funding in 2014- IN THE REGIONS OF THE VOLGA 2016. The rest of the regions show a steady trend in FEDERAL DISTRICT providing research and development with local costs with a slight positive growth from 1.05% to 4.05%. 3.1. Potential for technological development Taking into account the rapidly growing demand for financing research and development, triggered by the Perspectives for technological development of sanctions the need to switch to import substitution regions are determined by the region's potential. using domestic technologies and equipment, only a Within the framework of this study, it seems stable dynamics of financing can provide a solution to appropriate to consider the potential for technological

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this problem. At the same time, it should be noted that number of people engaged in research and a low growth or even a decrease in the research and development in Oblast (0.05%) and in the development expenditures cannot be regarded as a Mari El Republic (0.04%). As a matter of fact, it is in negative factor, the very existence of this funding this segment of the employed where the intellectual indicates the prerequisites for technological capital is concentrated, providing the ideas generation development. In addition, industry specialisation and for the formation of prerequisites and determining the the spatial location of research centres determine the vector of technological development not only of speciality of the territory and focus on certain stages separate regions, but also of the country and the world of the innovation process: some regions can be community as a whole. It should be noted that since considered as idea generators, while others as 2010 this indicator has increased by 83% in Samara conductors and main drivers for the development of Oblast due to the support of the scientific sector and innovations in the real economy. the formation of prerequisites for conducting research. At the same time, this indicator has decreased by The proportion of organisations using information almost 2 times in the Udmurt Republic. Changes in the and communication technologies in the total number structure of the employed serve as an indicator of the of observed organisations is one of the indicators of distribution of territories at a certain stage of the creation of conditions for the technological innovation process, determining the possibilities of development of territories. In Russia as a whole, this their comprehensive, interregional interaction in indicator increased from 43.4% in 2003 to 91.1% in ensuring technological development. A comparative 2018. Such dynamics is typical for all regions of the analysis of the indicators demonstrates a direct Volga Federal District. In general, a certain relationship between the number of employees and the homogeneity of territories in the use of information level of expenditures for research and development. and communication technologies can be noted, which The identification of this correlation determines the indicates the formation of a single information space – exclusive focus on the resource and process-based necessary to ensure progressive development in the principles of ensuring technological development, context of the economy digitalisation. rather than on the principles of target performance. In terms of capacity building for technological This fact is partly explained by the need to conduct development, the facilities occupy one of the key fundamental research with uncertain character of their positions. The issue of dynamic technological specific results, however, the prevalence of resources development correlates with a matter of capital allocated to the financing of applied studies investments. In terms of capital investments, the determines the need to finance research and Republic of is in the lead, investing 30.2% development per capita as well as the correalation of the GRP in the development of the facilities of the between the achieving certain results and launching region. The Republic of Mordovia (27.4%) and motivational tools to stimulate inventive activity. (24.7%) are dominating. The lowest A share of expenditures for technological positions in terms of capital investment are occupied innovations of the total amount of delivered goods, by the Mari El Republic (14.2%) and the Udmurt works, services in the Volga Federal District Republic (15%). In other regions, the share of capital comprises 3% which is 1.4 times higher than the investments in GRP ranges from 18.8% to 22.5%. national average. At the same time, among the regions Capital investments contribute to the formation of of the Volga Federal District, facilities, serving as a platform for technological Oblast is in the lead with an indicator value of 6.1%, development. However, not all kinds of capital significantly ahead of the Republic of Tatarstan with investments provide conditions for technological 4.5%. The Mari El Republic demonstrates 0.6% – the development. Of great importance is the lowest share of expenditures on technological correspondence of investment objects to advanced innovation in the total volume of delivered goods, technologies and the correlation of their realisation works, services. It is technological innovations that with the dynamics of scientific and technological form the basis for the technological development of progress. the economy and create the prerequisites for further In terms of the number of personnel engaged in progress. The high level of differentiation of territories research and development in the total population, by this indicator testifies the presence of gaps and Nizhny is the leader (1.27%), problem points in the aspect of implementation of outperforming the closest "pursuers" (Penza and technological transformations. Ulyanovsk ) by almost 3 times. The specific Summarising the results of analyses of the location of research centres determines the low territories according to the selected indicators of the

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potential for technological development, the authors technological development of the Mari El Republic come to the conclusion that, despite the general can be identified as low. patterns in the formation of the prerequisites for technological development, there is also a significant 3.2. Process-based characteristics of imbalance that hinders cooperation-based technological development of regions interregional integration. The analysis of the technological development of To synthesise the results of the analysis, it is territories in terms of the process-based approach proposed to position the regions of the Volga Federal involves diagnostics of transforming resources into a District by the potential of technological development result, the key indicator of which is the availability of based on the ranking by particular indicators (Table 2). appropriate technical and technological support. Since Given the relativity of the indicators in use, the 2010, there has been a decrease in the share of local additional rate settings are considered unnecessary. operating costs for the equipment in the total amount Thus, considering the potential for technological of internal expenditures both in Russia as a whole development of the Volga Federal District, all regions (from 3.45% to 1.91%) and in the regions of the Volga could be distributed into several groups. The group of Federal District (from 5.48% to 1.66%). The Mari El leaders consists of two regions: Nizhny Novgorod Republic (6.51%), the Chuvash Republic (3.85%) and Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan. They are (3.39%) are the leaders in terms of the specifically distinguished by their active formation of share of local operating costs for equipment in the total the platform and prerequisites for technological amount of internal expenditures among the regions of development. High potential for the technological the Volga Federal District. According to the results of development is indicated in these regions. The second the analysis, the share of costs for equipment is less group is represented by Ulyanovsk Oblast, Penza than 3% in the regions of the Volga Federal District, Table 2. Ranking of the regions in the Volga Federal District according to their potential for technological development Research Technologies Facilities Staff Innovations Sum of the Final ranking and acquisition ranking according to the Development places potential for technological development Nizhny Novgorod 1 2 9 1 1 14 1 Oblast Republic of 6 1 1 5 2 15 2 Tatarstan Ulyanovsk Oblast 2 12 3 3 4 24 3 3 8 8 2 3 24 4 7 6 4 7 28 4 Chuvash Republic 7 5 10 9 5 36 5 Samara Oblast 5 14 11 6 6 42 6 Republic of 10 6 7 8 11 42 13 3 4 13 9 42 Republic of 11 10 2 11 12 46 7 Mordovia Kirov Oblast 8 9 12 10 8 47 8 Oblast 9 13 5 7 13 47 Udmurt Republic 12 4 13 12 10 51 9 Mari El Republic 14 11 14 14 14 67 10

Oblast and Perm Krai, the potential of their which demonstrates negative dynamics for the period technological development is assessed above average. under review. The group with an average potential for technological At the same time, positive growth rates over 9 development includes the Chuvash Republic, Samara years are observed in four regions: the Chuvash Oblast, the Republic of Bashkortostan and Orenburg Republic (by almost 3 times), the Udmurt Republic Oblast. The Udmurt Republic is characterised by a (by more than 1.5 times), Orenburg Oblast (30.26%), potential below the average, and the potential for Ulyanovsk Oblast (2.68%). High growth rates, on the

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one hand, can be explained by a low initial level, and, used advanced technologies are 289 times more than on the other hand, allow drawing a conclusion about the number of developed technologies being). the focus on improving the quality of research and Notably, this dependence is based on intercountry development, which ensures a positive direction of interaction and does not contribute to the development technological development. The indicator under of interregional integration. In the context of the fourth consideration has almost halved in Nizhny Novgorod technological revolution, this fact should be Oblast, Penza Oblast and the Republic of Mordovia. considered as constraining the technological The negative dynamics of the share of local operating development. costs for equipment in the total amount of internal Technological development is directly related to expenditures is associated with the renewal of fixed the acceleration of the labour productivity growth rate; assets in the period 2010-2014 and a decline in overall therefore, the increase in highly productive jobs in the funding for research and development. region should be considered as one of the process At the same time, the degree of depreciation of characteristics. In 2018, 2383.7 thousand high- fixed assets in the regions of the Volga Federal District productivity jobs were created in the Russian is more than 51%. In the Republic of Tatarstan, Kirov Federation, therefore, an increase accounted for Oblast, Penza Oblast and Ulyanovsk Oblast, the 13.9%. In the regions of the Volga Federal District, the Table 3. Ranking of the regions in the Volga Federal District according to process characteristics of technological development Research and Technologies Facilities Staff Innovations Sum of the Final ranking Development acquisition ranking according to the places potential for technological development Chuvash Republic 2 1 7 3 1 14 1 Republic of Tatarstan 6 12 1 5 2 26 2 Penza Oblast 12 11 3 1 3 30 3 4 4 9 2 12 31 4 Mari El Republic 1 10 10 4 8 33 5 Nizhny Novgorod 8 5 6 12 5 36 6 Oblast Republic of 11 3 5 10 7 36 7 Bashkortostan Samara Oblast 3 8 8 6 13 38 8 Republic of Mordovia 9 7 11 8 4 39 9 Orenburg oblast 5 2 13 11 11 42 10 Ulyanovsk Oblast 7 13 2 7 14 43 11 Kirov Oblast 13 14 4 13 6 50 12 Udmurt Republic 10 6 12 14 9 51 13 Perm Krai 14 9 14 9 10 56 14 degree of depreciation has decreased, which indicates increase was 15.1%. At the same time, certain positive the timely replacement of the facilities in use. The dynamics is observed in the context of individual most depreciated is the facilities of Perm Krai (63.5%) regions. The leader in creating highly productive jobs and Orenburg Oblast (56.5%). It should be noted that is Penza Oblast with 24.1%. The average for the region statistical data reflect the level of physical and Russia as a whole is exceeded in Saratov Oblast, depreciation, while for technological development, the Chuvash Republic, the Mari El Republic, the obsolescence is of greater importance and rapidity Republic of Tatarstan, Samara Oblast, Ulyanovsk than physical depreciation. Therefore, in terms of the Oblast, the Republic of Mordovia, and Perm Krai. In state of the facilities, technological development the Republic of Bashkortostan, the increase in highly processes in the regions of the Volga Federal District productive jobs is equal to the average Russian level. cannot be considered adequately provided. In other regions, the increase in high-productivity jobs is lower than the national average, however, its An analysis of the proportion of the advanced positive dynamics reflects the formation of technologies used and the advanced technologies preconditions for accelerating the technological developed reveals a certain technological dependence development in the regions. It should be noted that the in all the regions under consideration (The number of growth of the indicator under consideration is

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characterised by unstable dynamics. Both positive and Federal District, this indicator reached almost 100% in negative bursts are determined by the diffusion of 2018. It should be noted, however, that there are technological innovations in the real economy. rolling applications where an application is filed in December and a patent is issued in January of the Innovative activity in the District, determined on following year. Taking into account such a shift in the basis of the share of organisations that carried out 2018, the indicator of the ratio between issued patents innovations, showed an increase until 2012, and then and received patent applications turned out to be only a decline, amounting to 9.1% at the end of 2017, slightly lower and amounted to 95.58% in the Volga which exceeded the average Russian level (8.5%). In Federal District. The noteworthy feature here is the the context of regions, only a positive trend was general dynamics of a decrease in the effectiveness of observed in Penza Oblast (an increase of more than 2 intellectual activity, which is manifested in a decline times), the Chuvash Republic (an increase of more in the number of applications filed. The only region to than 1.5 times), the Republic of Tatarstan (from 14.9% post an increase was Orenburg Oblast, with an 11% in 2010 to 22.2% in 2017). Kirov Oblast and the increase in the number of applications filed from 2010 Republic of Mordovia managed to maintain the to 2018. The number of issued applications showed a positive dynamics of innovation activity. In other fluctuating trend in all regions, which in 2018 regions, the main reason for the decline in innovation provided the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk Oblast, activity was investment outflow. Innovative activity in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Mari El Republic Perm Krai, Samara Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, and and Kirov Oblast with a positive increase. Ulyanovsk Oblast decreased by more than half. The leader among the regions of the Volga Federal Thus, the analysis of the process characteristics of District in terms of capital renewals is the Republic of technological development showed a high level of Tatarstan (the share of annually renewed fixed assets territorial differentiation, which necessitates ranking is about 10%), which has recently slowed down the to generalise the position of the region (Table 3). renewal rate. The processes of modernisation of the The generalised positioning of regions according technical and technological park have become more to the rating of process characteristics of technological active in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Kirov Oblast development confirmed the conclusion about a high and Samara Oblast. In the other regions, the rate of level of differentiation of technological development. capital renewals has slowed down, which is primarily The formed groups turned out to be heterogeneous in due to a decrease in the volume of investments in fixed terms of their quantitative composition. So, the leader assets. in the ranking is the Chuvash Republic with an overall The main result of technological development position above the average, outpacing the Republic of should be considered an increase in labour Tatarstan. The most numerous is the group of productivity. According to the Rosstat data from "mediocre" regions, the development indicators of 15/03/2019, the labour productivity index for the which fit into the general trends but do not mean the Russian Federation as a whole was 101.9; the increase outperformance. Among the regions with low process is marginal and shows a significant lag behind the characteristics of technological development, there are world leaders in technological development. However, three territories: Kirov Oblast, the Udmurt Republic the rate of increase in labour productivity implies an and Perm Krai. opportunity not only to maintain positions, but also to provide a significant breakthrough through the active 3.3. Effectiveness of technological use of advanced technological solutions. The development of regions consequences of the 2008 crisis manifested themselves with a certain time lag and revealed a The potential and the active course of processes are decrease in the growth rate of labour productivity in not yet indicators of technological development; the the regions of the Volga Federal District in 2009-2010. achievement of the set goals or a certain state can only The average annual growth rates of labour be judged from the standpoint of effective productivity are higher than the national average in characteristics. almost all regions of the Volga Federal District, which In the field of research and development, the ratio is an indicator of incremental technological between issued patents and received patent development. The undisputed leader in terms of labour applications is considered as an indicator of the productivity growth is the Mari El Republic, where the achieved result within the framework of this study. In average annual rate has been slightly less than 5% over the Russian Federation, this indicator grew from the past 10 years. Saratov Oblast, the Republic of 79.03% in 2010 to 87.57% in 2018. In the Volga Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mordovia, and Penza

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Oblast, where the average annual growth rate of labour other industries, which entailed a decrease in the share productivity ranges from 3.42% to 3.93%, are slightly of high-tech industries. inferior to it. In 2017, the highest growth rate of labour An important effective indicator of technological productivity was demonstrated by Perm Krai (6.3%) development is the share of delivered innovative and Saratov Oblast (5.6%), which stems from the products in the GRP. Analysis of the values of this creation of high-tech industries and a significant indicator for 2010-2018 reveals a high differentiation increase in highly productive jobs in these regions and between the regions of the Volga Federal District and their effective use. unstable dynamics due to both the specifics of In terms of the share of high-tech and knowledge- statistical accounting and the lack of incentives to intensive industries in the gross regional product, master innovative products, the discrepancies between Ulyanovsk Oblast, with 34.8% in 2017, is the leader consumer preferences and advanced technological among the regions of the Volga Federal District. The trends. The Republic of Mordovia (24.3%) and the Chuvash Republic (31.2%) and Nizhny Novgorod Republic of Tatarstan (20.9%) take the lead in this Oblast (30.8%) slightly lag behind the leader. The indicator among the regions of the Volga Federal highest rates of increase in the share of products of District, significantly exceeding the average Russian high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in GRP indicator of 6.5%. In 2018, 10 out of 14 regions of the since 2010 have been demonstrated by the Mari El District exceeded the national average, and only four Republic (23.58%), Ulyanovsk Oblast (20.83%) and regions – the Republic of Bashkortostan (6.3%), the Republic of Bashkortostan (19.02%). Of note is a Orenburg Oblast (3.2%), the Mari El Republic (2.8%), relationship between the share of products of high-tech Saratov Oblast (2.4%) – have not reached the average and knowledge-intensive industries in the GRP and the level in the Russian Federation. The largest increase in industry specialisation of territories. Noting the overall the indicator since 2010, from 4.0% to 12.6%, has positive dynamics, one should pay attention to a slight been observed in the Udmurt Republic, significantly decrease in the growth rate of the share of high-tech outnumbering Perm Krai with an average annual and knowledge-intensive industries in such regions as growth rate of 7.6%. the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Tatarstan, The general conclusion about the effectiveness of the Udmurt Republic, Orenburg Oblast, Penza Oblast the technological development of the regions may be and Samara Oblast. On the one hand, this may be due drawn from the rating of the territories according to the to the limited production capacity in high-tech indicators under consideration, presented in Table 4. industries and the saturation of the domestic market, and, on the other hand, to an increase in production in In terms of the effectiveness of technological development, the regions were arranged into 4 groups,

Table 4. Ranking of the regions in the Volga Federal District according to process characteristics of technological development Research and Technologies Facilities Staff Innovations Sum of the Final ranking Development acquisition ranking according to the places potential for technological development Ulyanovsk Oblast 1 1 5 10 6 23 1 Samara Oblast 3 7 3 7 5 25 2 Perm Krai 7 5 9 1 3 25 3 Chuvash Republic 4 2 13 4 8 31 4 Republic of 2 9 2 8 11 32 5 Bashkortostan Nizhny Novgorod 8 3 7 14 4 36 6 Oblast Republic of Tatarstan 9 13 1 12 2 37 7 Saratov Oblast 5 8 10 2 14 39 8 Penza Oblast 6 10 8 5 10 39 9 Republic of Mordovia 11 11 11 6 1 40 10 Kirov Oblast 12 6 4 13 9 44 11 Mari El Republic 13 4 14 3 13 47 12 Udmurt Republic 10 12 12 11 7 52 13 Orenburg Oblast 14 14 6 9 12 55 14

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while none of the regions demonstrated absolute regions should primarily pay attention to leadership. Three regions were among the regions with strengthening the potential for technological above average results: Ulyanovsk Oblast, Samara development. Oblast and Perm Krai. The group with average It should be noted that there are no regions with a indicators consists of 6 regions. The group of outsider high level of potential development, high regions in terms of the effectiveness of technological characteristics of its use and the achieved results in the development in the Volga Federal District includes Volga Federal District. two regions: the Udmurt Republic and Orenburg Oblast. In general, it should be noted that the regions The study has proved a high level of differentiation are close in their effectiveness, which indicates a between the regions of the Volga Federal District in reduction in the imbalance between them. terms of technological development, identified controversial points and key guidelines for the strategy 4. CONCLUSIONS of regional development. At the same time, the The analysis of technological development from the noteworthy feature here is the boundedness of the standpoint of the proposed approach enables us to conducted analysis since the presented ranking does draw the following conclusions and distinguish not allow assessing the level of technological several groups of regions. The first group is made up development of the territory from the standpoint of of the regions with high results of technological resource-, process- and efficiency-based approaches. development through the use of the existing potential, In this regard, the study is to be continued with despite the low level of process characteristics. Their developing an approach to determining the level of effectiveness is explained by the synergies emerging technological development of the region, taking into when determining the key points of growth, which act account the proposed research methodology. as locomotives of the technological development of the territory. This group includes Ulyanovsk Oblast, AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS Perm Krai and Samara Oblast. Development of a methodology for analysing The next group consists of regions with a technological development of regions – Oxana sufficiently developed potential for technological Kazakova, Natalia Kuzminykh; literature review – development. However, the use of this potential is Natalia Kuzminykh; collection and primary ineffective. Such regions should adjust the strategic processing of information data for the regions of the directions of using capacity at hand to achieve better Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation for results of technological development. This group 2010-2018 – Liliya Valinurova; evaluation of includes , the Republic of indicators and rate setting – Venera Timiryanova; Tatarstan, Penza Oblast and the Chuvash Republic. interpretation of the results obtained – Oxana Kazakova. It is reasonable to set a separate group of regions with an average level of potential development, REFERENCES indicators of its use and achieved results. This group includes the Republic of Bashkortostan and Saratov [1] G.P. Belyakov, A.N. Kochemaskin, Nauchno- Oblast. To increase the effectiveness of technological tehnologicheskoye razvitiye kak osnovnoi vektor development, these regions should intensify using the sovremennogo razvitiya Rissii (Scientific and potential at hand for technological development, technological development as the main vector of adjust the priorities for applying efforts to improve modern development of Russia), Aktualniye performance indicators. voprosi ekonomicheskikh nauk (Topical issues of Orenburg Oblast, Kirov Oblast and the Republic of the economic issues) 33 (2013) 206-209. (In Mordovia represent a group in which the result of Rus.) using the potential at hand is incomparable with its [2] G.P. Belyakov, A.N. Kochemaskin, Nauchno- level due to insufficient efforts. tehnologicheskoye razvitiye kak osnova In the Mari El Republic, despite the active formirovaniya strategii innovatcionnogo application of efforts, the insufficient level of potential razvitiya regiona (Scientific and technological development did not result in significant effectiveness development as the basis for the formation of a of technological development. The Udmurt Republic strategy for innovative development of the is characterised by a low potential, its inactive use and region), Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian low indicators of technological development. These University 12(87) (2013) 39-42.

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