Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from the Courish Spit (Russia) with Notes on Its Distribution and Imaginal Morphology

Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2014) 38: 631-636 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1401-1

The northernmost European record of Parasetodes respersellus (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from the Courish Spit (Russia) with notes on its distribution and imaginal morphology

1, 2 3 Edyta BUCZYŃSKA *, Anatoly P. SHAPOVAL , Paweł BUCZYŃSKI 1 Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland 2 Zoological Institute, Biological Station Rybachy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia 3 Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland

Received: 01.01.2014 Accepted: 17.03.2014 Published Online: 14.07.2014 Printed: 13.08.2014

Abstract: Parasetodes respersellus (Rambur, 1842) is the only representative of its genus in Europe. So far, it has been reported in 6 countries (24 sites), and 3 of the reports come from the 1960s and from earlier historical references. Between 24 and 28 August 2011 a male and a female of this species were attracted to a light trap in the Courish Spit (Russia). The paper presents the following topics concerning this species: the distribution area and the status of existing records in particular countries, considerations about the potential breeding site of the collected specimens, remarks on the origins of a reliable picture of male genitalia, and a comparison between the obtained Russian male and the modern description of this species in the literature.

Key words: Parasetodes respersellus, Trichoptera, Russia, distribution, morphology

1. Introduction rare species (Valle, 2001; Malicky, 2006b; Ito and Kuhara, The Courish Spit is a long and narrow peninsula that 2007) is also given. separates the Couronian Lagoon from the open Baltic Sea. Due to its location as well as its very specific type 2. Materials and methods of landscape, it has been regarded over the centuries as The Courish Spit is a peninsula of length 94 km and width a great place for observing mass migrations of birds. between 380 m and 4 km that separates the Couronian However, the other large group of winged creatures from Lagoon from the open Baltic Sea (Armaitienė et al., 2007). this significant spot—insects—has been recognized to a Its northern part belongs to Lithuania (52 km) and the much lesser degree (Shapoval and Shapoval, 2005, 2006, southern part (42 km) (the Kaliningrad Oblast region) 2007, 2008; Alekseev, 2012; Shapoval and Buczyński, to Russia. The most characteristic feature of its landscape 2012). It was for this reason that, in 2010, the project is drifting sand dunes; however, there are also wetlands, concerning the identification of caddisflies in the Russian meadows, and forests. Due to severe deforestation of the part of the Courish Spit (in the vicinity of the Biological area, which began in the 18th century, the vegetation of Station Rybachy) was started. During the almost 3-year the spit has been significantly transformed and in order study on adult caddisflies attracted to passive light traps, to prevent wind erosion many tree species have been in the period between 24 and 28 August 2011, 2 specimens introduced (Pinus spp., Betula spp., Salix spp.). The climate (a male and a female) of Parasetodes respersellus (Rambur, of the spit lies between marine and continental and is quite 1842) were collected. This is a particularly important variable. It is mild in winter, cooler in summer, and warmer record of this species due to its northernmost location as in autumn than on the neighboring mainland; mean air well as for the rarity of its occurrence on the European temperatures in May, July, and September are 12.0, 17.3, scale. Some remarks on the existing records of this species and 12.4 °C and the average annual precipitation is 660 in Europe, in light of the origins of the descriptions of mm (Payevsky, 1999; Shapoval and Buczyński, 2012). this species in literature, are provided. On the basis of Adult caddisflies were caught at the Biological Station the obtained male specimen, a comparison between its “Fringilla” (55°05′N, 20°44′E), a field station of the genital structures and available up-to-date figures of this Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, * Correspondence: [email protected] 631 BUCZYŃSKA et al. / Turk J Zool situated 12 km south of the Rybachy settlement. They were color was clear yellow, the central part was light brown, and collected using passive light traps that consisted of a plastic the characteristic arrangement of spots dark brown. Wing container connected to a funnel attached to an electric light venation was orange-brownish. The genital structures of a bulb (“Leuci LMF” type). A funnel was attached to a yellow male, in lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, are presented in plastic sheet and the whole construction was covered at Figures 2 and 3. The comparison of particular elements of the top by a hood. Light traps were set at a height of ca. 2 m the male genitalia between literature data and the collected above the ground. Every light trap was moved from time specimen is given in the discussion. to time during the study period, but only short distances, The geographical position of the new site of P. about 80–100 m. In the 2011 season, a light trap was respersellus is presented on the map in Figure 4 against all placed at the edge of a pine forest and a sandy road. The of the other currently known sites in Europe. capturing of imaginal stages of caddisflies was continuous, conducted from 26 May until 17 September. A light trap 4. Discussion was emptied every 5 days. Parasetodes respersellus belongs to the caddisfly species The examination, as well as the photographic and that seem to have wide distribution areas on a global drawing documentation of the described species, were scale but at the same time are rarely recorded, at least at performed under an OLYMPUS SZX12 stereo microscope particular parts of their geographic ranges; therefore it is with camera. Terminology used in comparing male hard to distinguish their distribution patterns as well as genitalia follows that of Holzenthal (1982) and Malm and estimate the numbers of populations. Johanson (2011). The voucher specimens were deposited in the collection of caddisflies of the Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology and Wildlife Management at the University of Life Sciences in Poland.

3. Results The project of capturing adult Trichoptera on the Courish Spit lasted almost 2.5 years: 2010 (31 July–13 October), 2011 (26 May–17 September), and 2012 (16 April–17 October). During this study period 4521 specimens representing 42 species of Trichoptera were recorded of which the family Leptoceridae was the most numerous (ca. 55% of all individuals) and the most rich in species (14). During the study, P. respersellus, a male and a female Figure 2. Parasetodes respersellus, male genitalia, lateral view. collected between 24 and 28 August 2011, appeared only once. The pair of this species was accompanied in this sample by Ecnomus tenellus (Rambur, 1842) (89.9% of all specimens), Oecetis ochracea (Curtis, 1825) (8.2%), Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum Malicky, 1977 (0.8%), Psychomyia pusilla (Fabricius, 1781) (0.4%), and Limnephilus flavicornis (Fabricius, 1787) (0.2%). The total body length of the male and female of P. respersellus is 10.5 mm and 13 mm, respectively; the total lengths of the forewings of the male and female are 9.8 mm (Figure 1) and 12.2 mm, respectively. The coloration of the forewing is very distinctive in both sexes: the predominant

Figure 3. Parasetodes respersellus, male genitalia, A: dorsal view; Figure 1. Parasetodes respersellus, male forewing. B: ventral view; C: phallus, lateral view.

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Figure 4. The distribution of Parasetodes respersellus in Europe. Asterisk: new site; triangle: data from the 1960s; circles: data from the 21st century.

In the trichopterological literature from the 19th Hungary, due to the fact that P. respersellus has not been century, the information from records of this species is very found since 1969, it is included in the category “extinct scarce. In the following century, in Limnofauna Europaea or vanished” (Uherkovich and Nógrádi, 1991; Nógrádi (Botosaneanu and Malicky, 1978), the distribution of this and Uherkovich, 1999). In Romania, the last decade species is as follows (regions as in the text): North Africa, that this species was collected was 1962–1972 (Ciubuc, the Hungarian Lowlands, Pontic Province (Danube 2004). There are 2 possible explanations for this situation, Regions), the Western Plains, and the Carpathians (Matra mentioned by the authors given above. The first refers to Mountains). Moreover, in this paper there is a brief remark the incorrect identification of this species; however, this on the occurrence of this species in Asia. So far it has been problem can be resolved by checking out the collections reported on that continent from Russia (the Caucasus, (e.g., the materials of Murgoci (1969) from Romania that, Predcaucasia) and the Far East (Khabarovsk Province and according to Ciubuc (2004), are in good condition). The South Primorye) (Levanidova et al., 1995; Ivanov, 2011), second matter is the vanishing and drastic changes of Japan (Uenishi, 1993), China (Yang and Morse, 1991), habitats of P. respersellus in both countries. Nevertheless, Nepal, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Bali, the latest records from Europe come from only 3 countries: Indonesia (Malicky, 2006b, 2006c, 2008), Cambodia, Italy, Greece, and Ukraine. The site described in this paper India, and the Philippines (Ito and Kuhara, 2007). is the ninth modern site (and the fourth country) of P. In Europe, P. respersellus has already been found in the respersellus; the distance between the Courish Spit and 6 following countries (Figure 4): France, in the vicinities the closest sites are as follows: 760 km to the site in the of Paris (Rambur, 1842); Italy, 6 sites situated within the Matra Mountains (data from the 1960s) (Ujhelyi, 1974), northern part of the country (Bertuetti et al., 2001; Valle, 1300 km to the closest site in Italy, and 1400 km to the 2001); Hungary, 1 site from the Mátra Mountains (Ujhelyi, Ukrainian site (the newest findings) (Bertuetti et al., 2001; 1974) and 11 from the Great Hungarian Plain (Uherkovich Valle, 2001; Stibeltsov and Martynov, 2012). Despite these and Nógrádi, 1990), data according to the map in this distances, the record from Russia confirms the idea that paper; Romania, 3 sites from Banat, the Romanian Plain, this species belongs to very widely distributed caddisflies and the Danube Delta (Ciubuc, 1993); Greece, 1 site in (from Western Europe to Bali) (Malicky, 2006b). the northern part of the country (Malicky, 2005); and P. respersellus belongs to the species group associated Ukraine, data from Holy Mountains National Park and with rivers, probably the stretches with slow or moderate others without precise location (perhaps the same as the currents (Valle, 2001). The Courish Spit itself is a river- first) (Stibeltsov and Martynov, 2012; Stibeltsov, 2013). free area, and in the vicinity of the place where the light Worth emphasizing is the fact that all of the records from trap was set (with a radius of 10 km) only some very small Hungary and Romania are relatively old (they date back permanent or astatic water bodies and astatic ditches to the 1960s). Later attempts at rediscovery of this species appear. Therefore, both collected specimens must have in those countries and suitable habitats were in vain. In developed outside the peninsula, probably in the nearest

633 BUCZYŃSKA et al. / Turk J Zool rivers on the continent. The same may apply to Hydropsyche 2006b). The shape of the phallus corresponds with this bulgaromanorum, which was found in the same sample structure presented by Malicky (2006b). It has a light as P. respersellus. Taking into account the location of the constriction near the apical part, in contrast to the figure described area, the possibility of insect migration can be of Valle (2001) in which it has a clear club form. However, also considered. For instance, the Courish Spit is a place in the Russian specimen, the tip of the phallus is evenly where many Mediterranean dragonfly species (sensu St. bluntly rounded (Figure 3C). The shape of lower branches Quentin, 1960) were found. For some of them, this is the of inferior appendages (Figure 3B) is very similar to those northernmost site of their occurrence in Europe or even in the figures of Ito and Kuhara (2007) and, to a lesser in the whole distribution area (Bertram and Haacks, 1999; degree, of Malicky (2006b). The arrangement of their Shapoval and Buczyński; 2012, Buczyński et al., in press). setae also corresponds the most with the figure from It has been suggested that the Courish Spit is situated Cambodia. The upper branches of inferior appendages within a migration corridor, through which certain species of the Russian specimen (Figures 2B and 3B) are longer arrive from the south of Europe to Scandinavia (Shapoval than the lower ones, not almost the same length as shown and Buczyński, 2012). In the case of such a rare species in the figures of Malicky (2006b). In Valle’s (2001) figure as P. respersellus, it is hard to draw any firm conclusions the lower branches of inferior appendages are wider in about its dispersion with respect to distance and direction. the basal parts in lateral view, which does not occur in Nevertheless, one cannot rule out the possibility that P. the figures of Malicky (2006b), Ito and Kuhara (2007) or respersellus belongs to a strong-flying caddisfly species that in Figure 2 in this paper. Moreover, the shape of upper has been found among the family Leptoceridae (Wiggins, branches of inferior appendages (ventral and lateral 1984). views) differs the most in all of the discussed figures. Although the discussed species was described long All of the mentioned differences could indicate high species variability or even the possibility of the existence ago, in 1842 (previously as Setodes respersella), the of different subspecies. However, to consider the second identification and description of male individuals has hypothesis, large numbers of specimens from different remained problematic for a long time. Typically, the sites and genetic analyses are required. first figures (McLachlan, 1880; Martynov, 1935) were Taking into consideration the long history of simplified and too general; nevertheless the picture establishing an authentic picture of the male genitalia of the forewing, provided by the second author, with of P. respersellus in Europe, a question arises: how characteristic spots and obscuration, was aptly presented many older records are incorrectly identified? This when comparing it to Figure 1 in this paper. Later images possibility was suggested for the material from Romania in both editions of the atlas of Malicky (1983, 2004) and (Ciubuc, 2004). Today it is hard to find what was used the elaboration of Kumansky (1988) were drawn on the in distinguishing, genitalia, or wings. In this situation basis of one individual from Egypt (Malicky, 2006a). With the only recommendation would be a revision of older one specimen from Africa it was easy to find inaccuracies collections. In this way, the obstacles with potential in the pictures. However, in 2006, on the basis of European extinction (if any) of the species or misidentification will material (from Greece), the suitable figure, which also be solved. Many problems with P. respersellus in Europe corresponds in large part to Figures 2 and 3 in this paper, result from the extreme rarity of finding the individuals. was published in 2 articles by Malicky (2006a, 2006b). In For this species the only available material are imagines; the first paper the author provided 3 figures (lateral, dorsal, the larval stage is unknown. In this case 2 main questions and ventral views); in the second paper he also added, in remain unanswered: the first concerns the breeding site the same arrangement, the specimen from Asian material. of the imagines from the Courish Spit and their potential A year later, this species was also re-illustrated by Ito and dispersion and the second refers to the possibility of Kuhara (2007) on the basis of Cambodian material, given establishing the borders of the previously mentioned as Parasetodes maculatus (Banks, 1911). In 2001, Valle morphological variability. The easiest example, using a (2001) also presented 4 pictures of Parasetodes respersellus forewing pattern and coloration in quick identification, is from Italy. enticing, but this feature should be checked against larger From the 3 newest figures drawn from Greek, Italian, numbers of specimens. Perhaps future studies will resolve and Cambodian specimens referring to the male from these dilemmas. the Courish Spit, the following can be highlighted: the shape of preanal appendages (Figure 3A) is similar to the Acknowledgments figure of Valle (2001), but their apical setae are longer and The authors are grateful to the referee for improving the exceed the length of X segment, which is twice as long manuscript with respect to the contents and language, as as appendages (in dorsal view, exactly as in the second well as to Dr Tomiko Ito for help in providing the paper figure representing P. respersellus from Bali, Malicky, with Asian records of the described species.

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