Muhammad ali biography book pdf

Continue Not all of these books are specifically about Ali, but he is the main character in them. For those who just want to list: The King of the World: and the Rise of the American Hero (1998) david remnick rome 1960: The Olympics that changed the world (2008) by David Maraniss. Night Train (2000) by Nick Tosches Drama Bahama's (2016) by Dave Hannigan In Big Fight (2002) by Dave Hannigan Ali: Life (2017) by Joathan Eig My Cousin box for Ireland as a youngster and just missed out on the Olympics. My uncle, being a father, was my intro to and boxing books. I was first exposed to Muhammad Ali as a young child watching some old bands in my uncle's house. I remember thinking how he could be the greatest when he lost so many times. Of course, the undefeated champion beats several times champion every day of the week. I remember watching Ali light the Olympic flame in Atlanta as a 12-year-old and wondering why this guy was a hero, why he loved so much. Then I read The King of the World: The Rise of Muhammad Ali and the American Hero (1998) by David Remnick. Its been more than 15 years since I read this book, shortly after it was first published. As anyone who has read any Remnick will know, they are written with a style and imagination that describes all their work. It's a great book. It was one of the first books I read that put any athlete in the cultural context in which they acted. Most of the book relates to the time span between Ali (then Cassius Clay) the first heavyweight title fight with Sonny Liston, and between Liston & Ali rematch. I remember the vivid descriptions of Floyd Patterson - an incredibly sympathetic figure of the world heavyweight champion. Sonny Liston too looms in the big book. The most shocking thing that struck me was that Remnick showed that great athletes are much more like you and I than we often think. Remnick captured ali's lightning in the bottle and the reason why he became such a dominant cultural figure. He showed me why and how, a black man who converted to Islam and refused to fight has become a cultural hero in the US, where racism, love of the military and fear of Islam have always been and remain, at the very heart of the nation's psyche. On a personal level, it showed me that sports books can tell you as much about time and place as any of the greatest literature. Re-reading is long overdue (along with a more detailed overview). Since then, Ali has struck great other boxing books I've read and loved - like the young garbage Olympian in Rome in the 1960s: The Olympics that changed the world (2008) by David Maraniss. It captures the attractiveness of young Cassisus Clay and hints at the man he would become. Night Train (2000), Nick Tosches a dark and wonderful book about Sonny Liston, Life In the American Dream, Ali serves as a counterpoint to the often overlooked and unloved Liston. Dave Hannigan's great drama Bahama's (2016) he is a pathetic exploitative figure unable and unwilling to listen to the cause and call time on his wonderful career. Hannigan's previous book, The Big Fight (2002) chronicles the week that Muhammad Ali spent in Dublin and his fight against fighting Al Blue Lewis in Croke Park in July 1972. Hannigan tells Ali's story in Ireland through the experience of those who have seen, met and interacted with him in Dublin. At the time, Ali was on the comeback trail after his first fight, and the loss to . Given his long layoff, while he refused to be drafted into the U.S. Army, it was unclear whether Ali would ever be the same fighter he once was. He was still only 30 years old, however, and it would turn out that his biggest days remained before him. He has been and will remain one of the greatest and best known sports figures in the world for a long time. The Big Fight captures the magic and charisma of Ali, while also capturing some of the magic and uniqueness of Ireland. It's hard to imagine any figure capturing quite the same note and love that Ali did - perhaps just making the achievement of another famous African-American with distant Irish heritage, Barack Obama, compares. Shortly after Ali's death, I saw a repeated reference to Thomas Hauser's iconic Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times (1991) as the final book of ali. Regularly quoted as the greatest book about the greatest, I read it almost immediately. He deserves every word of praise he receives. Hauser's genius is to provide the reader with a unique compilation of different peoples' accounts of Ali during his career and life. The book presents Ali as who he was to those who experienced it – as well as adding a lot to Ali's own words. Hauser knows when to go out and let the characters tell their tale. It presents good, bad, and ugly. His wonderful skill, his courage, his dedication, his beauty, his pacifism and his words. And also his mistreatment of women, his mistreatment in the Islamic nation and his need to continue to fight when this was obviously wrong. By the end of the book, a hero appears. His kindness, his grace, his love shines through. More recently, I read Ali: Life (2017) by Joathan Eig. Her very enjoyable and comprehensive book that deserves to be mentioned along with Remnick and Hauser's work, but doesn't quite reach its heights. I was a little skeptical about the need for a new bio of one of the most written worlds about men. The wonderful cover of the book made me curious, however, and I wasn't disappointed. Eig had excellent access to the remaining members of Ali's environment, as well as access to materials, including FBI materials and analysis of Ali's punches. This new insight makes the book welcome without ali chronicles. The book is an honest story of Ali, his contradictions and his genius. He captures what he meant in his time and place and why his legacy is so durable. This is a thoroughly enjoyable read and given its scope – is the first major biography published after Ali's death, I highly recommend it as a one-stop source of Ali's incredible life. This is the book's best read, and pause at retelling every fight to watch youTube action then enjoy the description on the page. In his later years, Ali became a figure for whom millions predicted the qualities they wanted to have for their hero. It is clear that only a very special person was able to choose the way Ali did. Only a very special person could have touched so many people - only a very special person could declare himself the greatest, then it is clear that this was insufficient. Ali's story is also the story of his time and place. He held up the mirror to the Americas he found - and dragged many people with him toward developing a more tolerant more loving worldview. For a man who punched people for being alive and once proclaimed radical racial segregation, it's quite an achievement. Posted on March 8, 2018august 16, 2019 by Cassius Clay and Mohammad Ali directed here. Other values are Cassius Clay and Mohammad Ali(meanings). Amerikos boksininkas, filantropas ir aktyvistas Muhammad AliAli 1967BornCassius Marcellus Clay Jr(1942-01-17) 1942 M. sausio 17 d.Louisville, Kentukis, JAV DiedJune 3, 2016(2016-06-03) (74 metų) Scottsdale, Arizona, JAV poilsio vietaCave Hill kapinės, Louisville, KentuckyMonumentsMuhammad Ali CenterMuhammad Ali Mural, Los Andželas[1]ŠvietimasCentrinė vidurinė mokykla (1958)Sutuoktinė (-ai)Sonji Roi (m. 1964; div. 1966) Belinda Boyd (m. 1967 m.; div. 1977) Veronica Porché Ali (m. 1977 m.; div. 1986) Yolanda Williams (m. 1986) Vaikai9, įskaitant Laila AliParent (-ai) Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. RelativesRahman Ali (brother)AwardsAwards ir accooLadesBoxing karjeraStatistikaNickname (-ai) Didžiausias Liaudies čempionas Louisville Lūpų Svoris (-ai)HeavyweightHeight6 pėdų 3 (191 cm) [2]Reach78 in (198 cm)[2]StanceOrthodoxBoxing įrašasTal fights61Wins56Wins pagal KO37Losses5Websitemuhammadali.com Muhammad Ali (/ɑːˈliː/;[ 3] gimė Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; 1942 m. sausio 17 d. – 2016 m. birželio 3 d.) – amerikiečių profesionalus boksininkas , activist and philanthropist. Nicknamed Maximum, it is widely regarded as one of the most important and celebrated figures of the 20th century and as one of the greatest boxers of all time. Ali was born and raised in Louisville, , and began training as an amateur boxer at 12. At the 1960 Summer Olympics, he won a gold medal at the Light Heavyweight Games and later that year became a professional. He converted to Islam and became a Muslim after 1961, and in 1964 took the title muhammad Ali, shortly after winning the world heavyweight championship from Sonny Liston in a major upset at the age of 22. 1966 Ali refused to be drafted into the military of the on religious, social and ethical principles. [5] [6] He was then charged and convicted of a bill, facing five years in prison and stripped of his boxing titles. He appealed against the decision to the Supreme Court, which overturned his sentence in 1971; However, Ali had not struggled for nearly four years, lost a peak performance as an athlete during the period, and his skills were noticeably diminished during his time in exile. [quote required] Ali's brave actions, as an honest contradiction of the Vietnam War, made him an icon of a larger countercultural generation,[7][8] and he was a very high-profile figure in racial pride for African Americans, being very aggressive about race issues, as well as all oppressed people, as he was also seen as a symbol of hope and resistance to all social injustices. [5] [9] But in the 1960s he was one of the most reviled men in the country because of his ties to the Islamic people and his refusal to be inducted into the army. Public perception of him then drastically changed in the and for the rest of his life, and he went on to become one of the most beloved men in history. He was also known for his sex appeal and was known for having many female fans adulation because he was considered a sexually attractive man in the world. [11] Ali has been ranked by many boxing historians as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time, despite having had almost four years of his premiership sporting career taken away from him, and remains the only three-time lineal champion in that division. [12] [13] [14] Ali is the only boxer named The Ring magazine fighter of the year six times. He is considered one of the fastest boxers ever and is also known for his ability to endure pain. He was ranked as the greatest athlete of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated, a sports personality of the century by the BBC, and the third-greatest athlete of the 20th century by ESPN SportsCentury. [15] He participated in several historic boxing matches, in particular his fights against Joe Frazier, such as the Battle of the Century, which is known as the most anticipated and electric sporting event in history or manila thrilla, which was called the greatest fight in boxing history, and his fight with known as The Jungle Rumble, which was called arguably the greatest sporting event of the 20th century[17] [18] and watched the record television viewers around the world from the then 4 billion total population, television viewers,[19] [20] became the world's most watched live television broadcast at that time. Ali thrived on a time when many fighters didn't do much to talk, and when African Americans were expected to be deferential in public, being provocative and alien. [21] [22] [23] [24] He was famous for trash, often loosely styled rhyme schemes and oral poetry, anticipating elements of hip hop. [25] [26] Ali retired from boxing in 1981. Behind the ring, Ali is one of the most famous people ever lived. During his career and even many years after he retired, he was called the most famous man on the planet. [28] [29] Ali was known to be a very generous and humorous person who loved to be in the spotlight. He never rejected the autograph, partly because of how he remembered how he'd felt like a youth when he was rejected for autographing from his idol, Sugar Ray Robinson. His success outside the ring was a philanthropist and activist, because he always wanted to use his popularity to help people. [31] As a Muslim, Ali was originally associated with Elijah Muhammad's separatist Islamic Nation (NOI). He later abandoned the NOI, adhering to Sunni Islam and supporting racial integration, as did his former mentor Malcolm X. In 1984, he publicly announced a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, which for many years attributed to boxing-related injuries,[32], although he and some specialist doctors have challenged this. [33] He remained an active public figure throughout the world, but in later years he increasingly limited public appearances as his condition deteriorated and he was concerned about his family. Early life and amateur career Cassius Clay and his coach Joe E. Martin (1960) Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. (/kæṅəs/ KASH-əs) were born on January 17, 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky. He had one brother. He was named after his father Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr., who had a sister and four brothers[35] [36] and was himself named in honor of 19th-century Republican politician and staunch abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay, also from Kentucky. Clay's father's grandparents were John Clay and Sallie Anne Clay; Clay's sister Eva claimed that Sallie was a native of Madagascar. He was a descendant of the southern anti-bean slaves and was mainly of African descent, having Irish and English family heritage. [39] Ali's grandfather, Abe Grady, emigrated from Ennis, Co. Clare, Ireland. [41] [42] A DNA test in 2018 showed that his father's grandmother Ali was a descendant of former slave Archer Alexander, who was chosen from the building crew as a model of the freed man at the Emancipation Memorial, and the subject of william Greenleaf Eliot's book was deleted, The archer Alexander: from slavery to freedom. [43] Like Ali, Alexander fought for freedom. His father was a sign and billboard painter,[34], and his mother, Odessa O'Grady Clay (1917–1994), was a home helper. While Cassius Sr. was a Methodist, he allowed Odessa to bring up both Cassius Jr. and his younger brother, Rudolph Rudy Clay (later renamed ) as Baptists. Cassius Jr. attended Central High School in Louisville. It was dyslexic, which led to difficulties in reading and writing, at school and for most of his life. Ali grew up during racial segregation. His mother recalled one time when he was refused to drink water in the store, they didn't give him one because of his color. It really affected him. He has also suffered severely from the 1955 assassination of Emmett Till, which led to a young mole and friend being scared, vandalizing a local railway site. His daughter Hana later wrote that Ali once told her: 'No one will ever shake me (more) than emmett till story. [48] In 1960, Ali won gold against Zbigniew Pietrzykowski. Ali was first targeted by a boxing Louisville police officer and boxing coach, Joe E. Martin,[50], who encountered a 12-year-old fuming over a thief who had taken his bike. He told the officer that he was going to whup the thief. The officer told Clay he better learn how to box first. At first, Clay didn't take Martin's offer, but when he saw amateur boxing on a local television boxing program called Tomorrow's Champions, Clay was interested in the prospect of a fight. [52] Then he started working with coach Fred Stoner, whom he credited with giving him some training, eventually casting my style, my stamina and my system. For the past four years of Clay's amateur career he has been trained by boxing cutman Chuck Bodak. 1954 Clay debuted with local amateur boxing poster Ronnie O'Keefe. He won the split decision. He won six Kentucky gold-glove titles, two national gold gloves titles, an Amateur Sports Union national title and a light heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Clay's amateur record was 100 wins with five losses. Ali said in his 1975 autobiography that shortly after his return from the Rome Olympics, he threw his gold medal into the Ohio River after he and a friend had given up service at a white-only restaurant and fought a white gang. The story was later disputed, and several of Ali's friends, including Bundini Brown and photographer Howard Bingham, denied it. Brown said Sports Illustrated writer Mark Kram Honkies really bought into that! Thomas Hauser's biography of Ali stated that Ali was refused service at the diner, but that he lost his medal a year after he won it. [56] Ali received a replacement medal during basketball. During the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he lit a torch to start games. Professional Boxing Major Articles: Boxing Career Muhammad Ali and professional boxing record Early career spot poster Cassius Clay for the fifth professional bout Clay made his professional debut on October 29, 1960, winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker. From then until the end of 1963, Clay amassed a 19-0 record with a of 15 wins. He defeated boxers including Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, LaMar Clark, Doug Jones and Henry Cooper. Clay also beat his former coach and veteran boxer in a match in 1962. [57] [58] These early fights were not without testing. Clay was knocked down by both Sonny Banks and Cooper. Cooper's fight, Clay was floored by a left hook at the end of round four and was saved by the bell, going on to win the projected 5th round due to Cooper's tightly cut eyes. Fighting Doug Jones on March 13, 1963 was Clay's toughest fight during this stretch. Number two and three heavyweight contenders respectively, Clay and Jones fought jones on home turf at New York's . Jones staggered Clay in the first round, and by unanimous decision Clay was greeted by boos and debris as rain threw into the ring. Watching closed-circuit TV, heavyweight champ Sonny Liston quipped that if he fought Clay he could get locked up for murder. was later named Fight of the Year by The Ring magazine. [59] In each of these battles, Clay vocally invented his opponents and vaunted his abilities. He named Jones an ugly little man and Cooper's bum. He said he was embarrassed to get a ring with Alex Miteff and claimed that Madison Square Garden was too small for me. His provocative and outlandish behavior in the ring was inspired by professional wrestler Gorgeous George Wagner. [61] Ali stated in a 1969 interview with The 's Hubert Mizel that he met with Gorgeous George in Las Vegas in 1961 and that the wrestler inspired him to use wrestling jargon when he interviewed. 1960 Clay left Moore's camp, partly because of clay's refusal to do work such as washing and cleaning dishes. To replace Moore, Clay hired to be his coach, who he thought gave him the freedom to do what he wanted. Clay met in Dundee in February 1957 during Clay's amateur career. [63] Around that time Clay sought longtime idol Sugar Ray Robinson to be his manager, but was rebuffed. [64] World heavyweight champion Struggling liston home article: Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston Until late 1963, Clay became the top contender for the Sonny Liston title. The fight was set on February 25, 1964, in Beach. Liston was a frightening personality, the dominant fighter with a criminal past and ties to the mob. Based on Clay's A performance against Jones and Cooper in his previous two fights, and Liston destroying former heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson by two first-round , Clay was a 7-1 underdog. Nevertheless, Clay taunted Liston during the buildup before the fight, dubbing him a big ugly bear in which Liston even smells like a bear and claiming: After I beat him I'm going to sacrifice him at the zoo. [65] Clay turned against a fight to weigh into the circus, shouting at Liston that someone was going to die ringside tonight. The pulse of clay was measured at 120, more than double its normal 54. [66] Many of the participants thought Clay's behavior stemmed from fear, and some commentators wondered if he would show up for the bout. The result of the fight was a big upset. At the opening bell, Liston rushed off Clay, seemingly angry and looking for a quick knockout. However, Clay's superior speed and mobility allowed him to elude Liston, making the champion miss and look uncomfortable. At the end of the first round, Clay opened up his attack and hit Liston repeatedly for jabs. Liston fought better in round two, but in the third round Clay hit Liston early with a combination that buckled his knee and opened the cut under his left eye. It was the first time Liston had ever been demoted. At the end of round four, Clay returned to his corner when he began experiencing dazzling pain in his eyes and asked his coach, Angelo Dundee, to turn off his gloves. Dundee refused. It was speculated that the problem was caused by the ointment used to seal liston pieces, perhaps deliberately applying gloves in his corner. [66] Although not confirmed, boxing historian Bert Sugar said that two of Liston's opponents also complained about burning their eyes. [67] [68] Despite Liston's attempts to knock out blind clay, Clay was able to survive the fifth round until sweat and tears came out of his eyes. In the sixth, Clay dominated, hitting Liston repeatedly. Liston did not respond to the seventh round bell, and Clay was declared the winner of the TKO. Liston stated that the reason he quit smoking was an injured shoulder. After the victory, the triumphant Clay rushed to the edge of the ring and, pointing to the ringside press, shouted: Eat your words! He added: I am the greatest! I rocked the world. I'm the most beautiful thing that ever lived. [69] At the ringside post fight, Clay appeared unconvinced that the fight was stopped due to Liston's shoulder injury, saying that the only injury to Liston was an open eye, a big cut eye! When told By Joe Louis that the injury was left hand thrown from his socket, Clay quipped Yes, swinging anything that wouldn't? [70] After winning this fight at the age of 22, Clay became the youngest boxer to win the title from the reigning heavyweight champion. But Floyd Patterson remained the youngest to win Championship, do so 21 years during the elimination bout after the retirement of Rocky Marciano. Mike Tyson broke both records in 1986 when he defeated Trevor Berbick to win the heavyweight title at the age of 20. Shortly after the Liston fight, Clay changed his name to Cassius X, and later Muhammad Ali after converting to Islam and associated with the Islamic nation. Ali then faced a liston rematch scheduled for May 1965 in Lewiston, Maine. It was scheduled for Boston last November, but was delayed for six months due to Ali's emergency surgery for a hernia three days before. [71] The fight was controversial. Midway through the first round, Liston was knocked under hard to see a blow to the press dubbed a phantom punch. Referee Jersey Joe Walcott did not start the run immediately after the knockdown, as Ali refused to retreat into a neutral corner. Liston took off after he was set for about 20 seconds, and the fight briefly continued. But a few seconds later Walcott was informed by timers that Liston was down to number 10, stopped the match and declared Ali the winner by knockout. The whole fight lasted less than two minutes. It has since been speculated that Liston deliberately fell to the ground. The proposed motives include threats to his life from the Islamic nation, that he had bet against himself and that he took a dive to pay off the debts. Slow-motion replays suggest that Liston was jarred by the chopping right of Ali, although it's unclear whether the blow was a real knockout punch. November 22, 1965, in the fight against Patterson's main article: Muhammad Ali vs. Floyd Patterson Ali defended his title against former heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson. Before the match, Ali mocked Patterson, who was widely known to call him his former name Cassius Clay, as Uncle Tom, calling him Rabbit. While Ali clearly had the better of Patterson, who appeared injured during the fight, the match lasted 12 rounds before being called for a technical knockout. Patterson later said he strained his sacroiliac. Ali has been criticized by the sports media for appearing to have toyed with Patterson during the fight. [75] Patterson's biographer W.K. Stratton argues that the conflict between Ali and Patterson was not real, but was built to increase ticket sales and the audience of closed-circuit audiences, both men contributed to the theatre. Stratton also cites a interview in which Ali explained that rather than toying with Patterson, he refrained from knocking him out after it became clear Patterson was injured. Patterson later said he had never been hit by punches as soft as Ali's. Stratton claims that Ali held a second fight, in 1972, with financially struggling Patterson helping the former champion earn enough money to pay off the debt Irs. [75] The main bout after Patterson's fight ali founded his own advertising company Main Bout. The company mainly managed Ali's boxing shares and paid for the broadcasts of closed television broadcasts. The company's shareholders were mostly fellow Nation of Islam members, along with several others, including Bob Arum. of 29 March 1966 Ali in court with promoter and lawyer Bob Arum Ali and then WBA heavyweight champion boxer Ernie Terrell agreed to meet for a bout in Chicago (WBA, one of two boxing associations, after joining the Islamic Nation). But in February, Ali was reclassified by the Louisville Draft board as 1-A from 1-Y, and he indicated that he refuses to serve, commenting to the press, I have nothing against at the Viet Cong; no Viet Cong never called me a. [77] Amid media and public outcry over Ali's position, the Illinois Athletic Commission refused to punish the fight, citing technical. Instead, Ali traveled to Canada and Europe and won championship sessions against George Chuvalo, Henry Cooper, Brian London and Karl Mildenberger. Ali returned to the to fight Cleveland Williams in the Houston Astrodome on November 14, 1966. The bout drew a record indoor crowd of 35,460 people. Williams was once considered among the heaviest punches in the heavyweight division, but in 1964 he was shot at point blank range by a Texas cop, resulting in the loss of one kidney and 3.0 meters (10 feet) of his small intestine. Ali dominated Williams, winning the third round by a technical knockout, in what some consider to be the best performance of his career. Ali fought Terrell in Houston on February 6, 1967. Terrell, who was unbeaten for five years and defeated many boxers Ali faced, was billed as Ali's toughest opponent since Liston; he was big, strong and had a three-inch reach advantage over Ali. During the lead-up to the bout, Terrell repeatedly called Ali Clay, much to Ali's annoyance. The two almost came blowing through the title question before a fight interview with Howard Cosell. Ali seemed intent on humiliating Terrell. I want to torture him, he said. A clean knockout for him is too good. [79] The fight was close until the seventh round when Ali bloodied Terrell and almost knocked him out. In the eighth round Ali taunted Terrell, hitting him with jabs and shouting between punches, Who's My Name, Uncle Tom... What's my name? Ali won a unanimous 15-round decision. Terrell claimed that at the beginning of the fight Ali deliberately thumbed him in the eye, forcing him to fight the semi-blind, and then, in the clinch, rubbed an injured eye against the ropes. Because of Ali's apparent intention to extend the fight to inflict maximum punishment, critics described the bout as one of the ugliest boxing fights. Tex Maule later wrote: It was demonstration of boxing skills and barbaric display of cruelty. Ali denied accusations of cruelty, but Ali's critics in the fight provided more evidence of his arrogance. After Ali's title defense against Zora Folley on March 22, he was stripped of his name because of his refusal to be drafted in army service. His boxing license was also suspended by The State of New York. He was convicted of project evasion on June 20 and sentenced to five years in prison and a $10,000 fine. He paid the bond and remained free, and the verdict was appealed. In Exile and Return in March 1966, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. He was systematically denied a boxing license in each state and stripped of his passport. As a result, he did not fight between March 1967 and October 1970 for 25 to almost 29 years, as his case was conducted during the appeals process before the conviction was overturned in 1971. During this time of inaction, as the opposition to the Vietnam War began to grow and Ali's position gained sympathy, he spoke to colleges across the country, criticized the Vietnam War and advocated African-American pride and racial justice. Super Fight Home Article: Super Fight While banned from sanctioned bouts, Ali settled a $1 million lawsuit against radio producer Murray Woroner for making $10,000 to come to a privately built fantasy fight with retired champion Rocky Marciano. [80] In 1969, boxers were filmed about 75 one-minute rounds; they gave some possible results. [81] The computer program allegedly identified the winner on the basis of data on fighters, along with the views of approximately 250 boxing experts. Edited bout versions were shown in cinemas in the 1970s. In the US version, Ali lost by simulated 13-round knockout, but the European version of Marciano lost on the cuts as well as simulated. Ali suggested that superstition led to his defeat in the US version. It was reported to be jokingly to say: That computer was done in Alabama. After returning to the prize fight on August 11, 1970, with his case still on appeal, Ali was granted an Atlanta Athletics Commission city license. Leroy Johnson, Jesse Hill Jr. and Harry Pett used their local political influence and set up a company in House of Sports to organize the fight, highlighting the influence power of Georgian black politics on Ali's comeback. [83] Ali's first return bout was against on October 26, so after a three-round win after three rounds after the quarry was cut. A month ago, a victory in a federal court forced the New York State Boxing Commission to reinstate Ali's license. In December, he fought Oscar Bonavena at Madison Square Garden, an uninspired performance that ended with a dramatic technical knockout of Bonavena in the 15th round. The win left Ali as the top contender against heavyweights Joe Frazier. The first fight with Joe Frazier's Main Article: Fighting Century Ali and Frazier's first fight, held in the Garden on March 8, 1971, was called Fight of the Century, due to the immense excitement surrounding the bout between the two undefeated fighters, each with the legitimate requirement to be a heavyweight champion. Veteran boxing writer John Condon called it the biggest event I've ever worked on in my life. The bout was broadcast to 35 foreign countries; 760 press releases were granted to the promoters. [56] Adding to the atmosphere was great before the fight theatrical and title call. In the lead-up to a fight Frazier called Ali, Clay, it angered Ali so he portrayed Frazier as a stupid tool for the white body. Frazier is too nasty to be a champ, Ali said. Frazier is too stupid to be a champ. Ali is also often referred to as Frazier's Uncle Tom. Dave Wolf, who worked at Frazier's camp, recalled that Ali said, The only people rooting for Joe Frazier are white people in suits, Alabama sheriffs, and members of the Ku Klux Klan. I'm fighting for that little man in the ghetto. Joe sat there, smashing his fist into his palm in his hand, saying, What the hell does he know about the ghetto? Ali began studying on a farm near Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1971 and, finding a country setting to his liking, sought to build a real training camp in the village. He found a five-acre site on Pennsylvania Country Road in deer lake village, Pennsylvania. On this site Ali carved out what was supposed to become his training camp, where he trained in all his struggles from 1972 until the end of his career in 1981. Monday night's fight lived up to her settlement. In a preview of their two other fights, squat, bobbing and weaving Frazier kept pressing Ali, getting hit regularly by Ali's jabs and combinations, but relentlessly attacking and scoring repeatedly, especially in Ali's body. The fight was even in the early rounds, but Ali was taking more punishment than ever in his career. Several times in the early rounds he played into the crowd and shook his head off when he was hit. In the later rounds - which was the first appearance of a rope-a-dope strategy - Ali leaned against the ropes and absorbed a penalty from Frazier, hoping to restrain him. In round 11, Frazier connected with the left hook that wobbled Ali, but because it turned out that Ali might be a clown as he staggered back through the ring, Frazier hesitated to press his advantage, fearing Ali's counter-attack. In the final round Frazier knocked Ali down with a vicious left hook, which referee Arthur Mercante said was as difficult as a man could be hit. Ali was back on his feet in three seconds. [56] However, Ali lost by unanimous decision, his first professional defeat. Chamberlain Challenge and Ellis Fight Main Article: Muhammad Ali vs. Ellis' 1971 basketball star Wilt Chamberlain challenged Ali to fight, while the bout was scheduled for July 26. While at seven feet two inches tall Chamberlain had a huge physical advantage over Ali weighing 60 pounds more and being able to reach 14 inches further, Ali was able to influence Chamberlain into calling off the bout taunting him with calls to Wood! and Wood will fall during a joint interview. These statements of trust did not settle his superior opponent, whom Los Angeles Lakers owner Jack Kent Cooke offered a record-setting contract, provided that Chamberlain agrees to give up what Cooke called it boxing stupidity,[85] and he did exactly that. [86] In order to replace Ali's opponent, promoter Bob Arum quickly booked his former partner Ali, Jimmy Ellis, who was a childhood friend in Louisville, Kentucky, to fight him. Struggling with Quarry, Patterson, Foster and Norton After the loss to Frazier, Ali fought Jerry Quarry, had a second bout with Floyd Patterson and faced Bob Foster in 1972, winning a total of six fights that year. In 1973, broke Ali's jaw, giving him the second loss of his career. Initially considering retirement, Ali won a controversial decision against Norton in his second bout. This led to a rematch with Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden on January 28, 1974; Frazier recently lost his title to George Foreman. The second fight with Joe Frazier in the main article: Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier II Ali vs. Frazier, the promotional photo of Ali was strong in the early rounds of the fight, and staggered Frazier in the second round. Referee mistakenly thought he heard the bell ending the round and stepped between the two fighters as Ali was pressing his attack, giving Frazier time to recover. However, Frazier came into the middle round, snapping Ali's head in round seven and driving him to the ropes at the end of the eight. The last four rounds saw continuous shifts between the two fighters. During most of the bout, however, Ali was able to circle off Frazier's dangerous left hook and tie Frazier up when he was cornered, the latter tactic that Frazier's camp complained bitterly. The judges awarded Ali a unanimous decision. World heavyweight champion (second reign) in the Jungle Main Article Rumble: The defeat in the Jungle Battle frazier set the stage for the title fight against heavyweight champion George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire, on October 30, 1974-pitcher nicknamed . Foreman was considered one of the toughest punchers in heavyweight history. In assessing the fight, analysts pointed out that Joe Frazier and Ken Norton, who gave Ali four tough battles and won two of them, were both devastated by Foreman's second-round knockouts. Ali was 32 years old, and clearly lost speed and from the age of 20. Contrary to his later persona, Foreman was at the time peroding in a frightening presence. Almost no one related to the sport, even Ali's long-time sponsor, Howard Cosell, gave the former champion a chance of winning. As usual, Ali was confident and gorgeous before the fight. He told interviewer David Frost, If you think the world was surprised when Nixon resigned, wait until I whup Foreman's behind! He told the press: I have done something new for this fight. I fought with alligators, I made tussled with a whale; handcuffs lightning, throw thunder in prison; only last week I killed a stone, wounded a stone, laid a brick; I mean, I make medication sick. Ali was wildly popular in Zaire, with the crowd chanting Ali, bomaye (Ali, kill him), wherever he went. Ali opened the fight with moves and scored with the right crosses foreman's head. Then, starting in the second round, and his corner consternation, Ali pulled into the ropes and invited Foreman to hit him while covering up, clinching and counter punching, all while verbally taunting Foreman. The move, which later became known as Rope-a-dope, therefore violated the conventional boxing wisdom of hiring one of the toughest hitters in a boxing strike at will that ringside writer George Plimpton thought the fight should be down. [56] Foreman, increasingly angry, threw punches that were directed and did not lay straight. Halfway through the counter, as Foreman began to tiresome, Ali struggled more often and efficiently with punches and flurries that electrified the pro-Ali crowd. In the eighth round, Ali threw out the exhausted Foreman with a combined ring; Foreman could not count. Against the odds, and in the ring between pandemonium, Ali regained the title by knockout. Reflecting on the fight, George Foreman later said, I thought Ali was just another knockout victim until about the seventh round, I hit him hard in the jaw and he held me and whispered in my ears: That's all you got, George? I realized that's not what I thought it was. President Jimmy Carter greets Ali at a White House dinner in 1977 It was a major upset victory, [90] after Ali came in as a 4-1 underdog against a previously unbeaten, tough man. [91] The fight was famous for the introduction of Ali's rope-dope tactics. [92] The fight was watched by a record audience of 1 billion viewers worldwide. [19] It was the world's most watched live television at the time. [93] Fights with Wepner, Lyle and Bugner Ali's other opponents include Chuck Wepner, , and Joe Bugner. Wepner, the journeyman known as Bayonne Bleeder, stunned Ali with a ninth-round knock; Ali later says he slipped a wepner's foot. It was a battle to inspire Sylvester Stallone acclaimed film, Rocky. [94] Third fight with Joe Frazier Main article: Thrilla Manila Ali then agreed to the third match against Joe Frazier in Manila. On October 1, 1975, a battle was held at 100°F (38°C), called . In the first rounds Ali was aggressive, moving and changing blows with Frazier. However, Ali soon appeared tireless and adopted a rope-a-dope strategy, often turning to clinches. During this part of the bout Ali did some effective counter punching, but largely absorbed the penalty from the ruthlessly attacking Frazier. In round 12, Frazier started to tire, and Ali scored a few sharp strokes that closed Frazier's left eye and opened the cut over his right eye. With Frazier's vision now diminished, Ali dominated the 13th and 14th rounds, sometimes performing what boxing historian Mike Silver called a target practice on Frazier's head. The fight was stopped when Frazier's coach, , refused to allow Frazier to answer the 15th and final round bell, despite Frazier's protests. Frazier's eyes were swollen shut. Ali, in his corner, winner of TKO, slumped on his chair, clearly released. SadLy Ali said afterward that the fight was the closest thing to dying that I know, and when later asked if he had reviewed the fight with the videotapes, reportedly said, Why should I want to go back and see Hell? After the fight he quoted Frazier as the greatest fighter of all time next to me. After a third fight with Frazier, Ali is considered for retirement. He said, I hurt all over. My hands, my face, my side. I'm so tired. There is a great possibility that I will retire. Maybe you saw the last one. I want to sit and count my money, live in my house and on my farm, work for my people and focus on my family. Later in his career Ali was interviewed by WBAL-TV's Curt Anderson, 1978, Baltimore, Maryland After the Manila bout, Ali fought Jean-Pierre Coopman, Jimmy Young and Richard Dunn, winning the last knockout. The punch Ali used to knock Richard Dunn out was taught to him by Taekwondo grandmaster Jhoon Rhee. Rhee called that punch accupunch; he learned from Bruce Lee. [96] Dunn's fight was the last time Ali would knock down an opponent in his boxing career. On June 1, 1976, Ali removed his shirt and jacket and confronted professional wrestler Gorilla Monsoon in the ring after his match at the World Wide Wrestling Federation show at the Philadelphia Arena. After dodging a few punches, Monsoon put Ali on the plane's back and dumped him on the mat. Ali stumbled into a corner where his colleague Butch Lewis persuaded him to walk away. of 26 June 1976 Ali attended an exhibition bout in Tokyo against Japanese professional wrestler and martial artist Antonio Inoki. [98] Ali could only land jabs while Inoki's kicks caused two blood clots and an infection that almost resulted in Ali's leg being amputated, as Ali's team insisted on rules limiting Inoki's ability to fight the result. [98] The match was not scripted and eventually announced the draw. After Ali's death, announced that this is his least memorable fight. [99] Most boxing commentators at the time viewed the fight negatively and hoped it would be forgotten because some thought it was a 15- round farce. [100] Today is believed to be some of Ali's most influential fights and CBS Sports said the attention mixed-style bout received foretold the arrival of standardized MMA years later. [100] After the fight, Ali and Inoki became friends. Ali fought Ken Norton for the third time in September 1976. The bout held at Yankee Stadium allowed Ali to win a highly contested decision, which was loudly booed by the audience. He later announced that he was retiring from boxing to practice his faith, turning to Sunni Islam after falling out with the Islamic nation last year. After returning to Alfredo Evangelist in May 1977, Ali fought another fight with ear razors that September, receiving punches to his head several times. Ali won the fight by another unanimous decision, but the bout was caused by his longtime doctor Ferdie Pacheco quitting after he was rebuffed for telling Ali he should retire. Pacheco was quoted as saying the New York State Athletic Commission gave me a report that showed Ali's kidneys were collapsing. I wrote Angelo Dundee, Ali's coach, his wife and Ali himself. I did nothing back in response. That's when I decided enough is enough. In February 1978, Ali confronted Leon Spinks at the Hilton Hotel in Las Vegas. At the time, Spinks had only seven professional fights to his credit, and recently struggled to draw with journeyman Scott LeDoux. Ali sparred in less than two dozen rounds in preparation for the fight, and was seriously out of shape for the opening bell. He lost the title split decision. The rematch took place in September at the Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. 70,000 people attended the bout and paid a total of $6 million in admission, making it the biggest live gate in boxing history at the time. Ali won a unanimous decision in an unintentiated fight, while referee Lucien Joubert scored 10-4, judge Ernie Cojoe 10-4, and Judge Herman Preis 11-4. This made Ali the first heavyweight champion to win the belt three times. [105] After this victory, on July 27, 1979, Ali announced his exit from boxing. However, his retirement was short-lived; Ali announced his return to face Larry Holmes for the WBC belt attempt to win the heavyweight championship for an unprecedented fourth time. The fight was largely motivated by Ali's need for money. Boxing Richie Giachetti said: Larry didn't want to fight Ali. He knew ali had nothing left; he knew it was going to be a horror. It was around that time that Ali began struggling with vocal stuttering and shaking hands. [107] The Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) ordered that it perform fully physical in Las Vegas before allowing the fight again. Ali chose instead to check into the Mayo Clinic, which declared him fit for combat. Their view was adopted by NAC on July 31, 1980, paving the way for Ali to return to the ring. The fight took place on October 2, 1980 in the Las Vegas Valley, and Holmes easily dominated Ali, who was weakened from the thyroid medication he took to lose weight. Giachetti called the fight awful... the worst sporting event I've ever had to cover. Actor Sylvester Stallone was ringside and said it was like watching an autopsy by a man who was still alive. [56] In the eleventh round, Angelo Dundee ordered the referee to stop the fight, so the only time Ali ever lost the stoppage. Holmes fight is said to have contributed to Ali's Parkinson's disease. Despite claiming final retirement, Ali last fought on 11 December 1981 in Nassau, Bahamas, against Trevor Berbick after losing a ten-stage decision. [110] [111] [112] By the end of his boxing career, Ali had absorbed about 200,000 matches. Personal Life Marriage and Children muhammad Ali children with Belinda Boyd Maryum (b. 1968) Jamillah (b. 1970) Rasheda (b. 1970) Muhammad Jr. (b. 1972) With Patricia Harvell Miya (b. 1972) With Wanda Bolton Khaliah (b. 1974) Ali was married four times with Veronica Porché Hana (b. 1976) Laila (b. 1977) With Yolanda Williams Asaad (adopted in 1986) and had seven daughters and two sons. Ali was known to attract many women, Howard Bingham said: All Ali had to do was look at the woman and she wanted to melt. [114] Ali was introduced to cocktail waitress Sonji Roi by Herbert Muhammad and immediately fell in love with her and asked her to marry him when he first laid eyes on her. [115] They were wed about a month later on August 14, 1964. They challenged Sonny's refusal to follow Elijah Muhammad's teachings. Ali said: She wouldn't do what she had to do. She wore lipstick; she went to the bars; she was dressed in clothes that were revealing and did not look right. Initially, Ali allowed her to refuse to follow Elijah's teachings, his doctor Ferdie Pacheco wrote: Black Muslims quickly moved to block Ali's connection to Sonji. He refused to give up Sonji. Sex won over religion. He always does. The marriage was childless and they eventually divorced on 10 January 1966 because Sonji refused to follow Elijah's teachings. Just before the divorce was over, Ali sent Sonji a note: You traded heaven for hell, baby. Ali's brother Rahman said of his She's the only one he's ever loved. His true love, his only one. Ali's friend Thomas Hauser said Ali told him about 1990, If I go to heaven, I want to be there with Sonji. [119] 17 August 1967 Ali married Belinda Boyd. Born into a Chicago family that was converted into an Islamic nation, she later changed her name to , although she was still called Belinda by old friends and family. They had four children: author and rapper Maryum [121] May (b. 1968); twins Jamillah and Rasheda (born 1970), married to Robert Walsh and have a son Biaggio Ali, born in 1998; Muhammad Ali Jr. (b. 1972) [quote required] Ali lived in Cherry Hill, New Jersey in the early 1970s. [122] In 1974, 32-year-old Ali began an illegal extramarital relationship with 16-year-old Wanda Bolton (who later changed her name to Aaisha Ali), with whom he fathered another daughter Khaliah (b. 1974). While still married to Belinda, Ali married Aaisha in an Islamic ceremony that was not legally recognized. According to Khaliah, Aaisha and her mother lived in the Ali Deer Lake training camp near Belinda and her children. In January 1985, Aaisha asked Ali for free testimony. The case was resolved when Ali agreed to set up a $200,000 trust fund for Khaliah. 2001 Khaliah was quoted as saying that she believed her father considered her a mistake. He had another daughter Miya (b. 1972) from an extramarital relationship with Patricia Harvell. In the summer of 1977, his second marriage ended and he married actress and model Veronica Porché. At the time of the marriage, they had a girl, Hannah, and Veronica was pregnant with her second child. Their second daughter, , was born in December 1977. Until 1986 Ali and Porché were divorced. of 19 November 1986 Ali married Yolanda (Lonnie) Williams. They have been friends since 1964 in Louisville. Together they adopted a son, Asaad Amin, when Asaad was five months old. Kiiursti Mensah-Ali says she is Ali's biological daughter with Barbara Mensah, with whom he allegedly had a 20-year relationship,[128][129][130][131] citing photographs and a paternity test taken in 1988. She said she took responsibility and took care of her, but all contact with him was terminated after he married his fourth wife Lonnie. Kiiursti says she has a relationship with her other children. After his death, she again passionately appeals to be allowed to mourn at his funeral. [132] [133] In 2010, Osmon Williams declared to be Ali's biological son. His mother Temica Williams (also known as Rebecca Holloway) in 1981 launched a $3 million lawsuit against Ali for sexual assault, claiming that she began having sex with him when she was 12, and that the father of her son Osmon (born in 1977) was father Ali. [136] It continues to that Ali initially supported her and her son financially, but stopped doing so four years later. The case continued until 1986 and was eventually dismissed because her accusations were deemed prohibited by the statute of limitations. [137] According to Veronica, Ali admitted to having an affair with Williams, but did not believe Osmon was his son. Ali's biographer and friend Tom Hauser said this statement was questionable justice. Ali then lived in Scottsdale, Arizona with Lonnie. In January 2007, it was reported that they had put their home in Berrien Springs, , which they bought in 1975,[141] for sale and purchased a home in East Jefferson County, Kentucky for $1,875,000. Both houses were later sold after Ali's death with Lonnie, who lives in the remaining home in Paradise Valley, Arizona. Lonnie converted to Islam from Catholicism in her late twenties. In a 1974 interview Ali said: If they say stand and greet the flag I will do it out of respect because I'm in the country. [144] His promoter Bob Arum said: After the fight, you go to Ali's suite and you will see 25 or more of these women sitting around when it was gorgeous... and (he wants) to bring one to his bedroom after another. Arum also stated Ali was sometimes with nasty women and when he asked Ali why he was with them, Ali replied 'because they appreciate it more.' Arum also said Ali never had sex with a Caucasian woman and recalled a time when they were in Mexico and he spent half an hour convincing Ali that Mexican women were not white, that he would have sex with them. He also claimed Ali had no rival when it came to picking up the woman. Ali's daughter Laila was a professional boxer from 1999 to 2007,[146] despite her father's previous opposition to women's boxing. In 1978, he said, Women aren't done to hit the breast, and face like that. Ali was still involved in several of his daughter's struggles, and later confessed to Lyila. Ali's daughter Hana is married to Bellator middleweight fighter Kevin Casey. Hannah wrote about her father, His love for men was extraordinary. I would like to return home from school to find homeless families sleeping in our guest room. He would see them on the street, pull them off in his Rolls-Royce and bring them home. He wants to buy them clothes, take them to hotels and pay bills months in advance. She also said celebrities like Michael Jackson and Clint Eastwood often visit Ali. [149] After Ali met a lesbian couple who were his fans in 1997, he smiled and told his friend Hauser: They look happy together. Hauser wrote about the story, I thought that Liz and Roz (the lesbian couple he met) were thrilled by Muhammad. Ali wanted people to be happy. [151] Religion and Beliefs Main Article: Religious Opinions of Muhammad Ali Affiliation with the Nation Islam Ali said he first heard about the Islamic nation when he fought at the Golden Gloves Tournament in Chicago in 1959, and attended his first nation's Islamic meeting in 1961. He continued to attend the meetings, although he kept his participation hidden from the public. 1962 Clay met Malcolm X, who soon became his spiritual and political mentor. Before the first Liston fight, members of the Islamic nation, including Malcolm X, were seen escorting him. This led to a Miami Herald story just before the fight revealing that Clay had joined the Islamic nation, which almost sparked a bout to be canceled. The article quoted Cassius Clay Sr. as saying that his son joined black Muslims when he was 18. Ali (background) elijah Muhammad at 1964 In fact, Clay was initially refused entry to the Islamic nation (often referred to as Black Muslims at the time) due to his boxing career. But after he won the championship from Liston in 1964, the Islamic nation was more receptive and agreed to declare its membership. [152] Shortly on March 6, Elijah Muhammad gave a radio address to have Clay renamed Muhammad (who is worthy of praise) Ali (most tall). [154] Around that time, Ali moved to the south side of Chicago and lived in a house, always near the Residence of the Islamic Mosque of Maryam or Elijah Muhammad. He stayed in Chicago for about 12 years. [155] Only a few journalists, especially Howard Cosell, adopted a new name at the time. Ali stated that his previous name was a slave name, and a white man's name and added that I didn't choose and I don't want him. [156] The person in whose name he was named was a white man and an emancipationist who released slaves. [157] Ali explained in his autobiography, after studying his works, Although Clay was able to get rid of his slaves, he considered white supremacy. In fact, Cassius Clay's attachment to slavery went further than Ali knew. Despite his abolition of pathos, Clay owned more slaves in 1865, when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution finally banned his practice than he inherited from his father 37 years earlier. [158] Not afraid to antagonize the white establishment, Ali declared: I am America. I'm the part you won't recognize. But get used to me. Black, confident, cocky; my name, not yours; my religion, not yours; my goals, my own; get used to me. Ali's friendship with Malcolm X ended with Malcolm splitting with the Islamic nation a couple of weeks after Ali joined, and Ali stayed with the Islamic nation. [160] Ali later said that his back to Malcolm was one of the mistakes he most regretted in his life. Malcolm X photographs Ali in February 1964, after Ali defeated Sonny Liston to become world heavyweight champion to reconcile himself with the Islamic nation, its leader Elijah and the narrative that marked the white race as the perpetrator of genocide against African Americans made Ali the target of public condemnation. The Islamic nation has been widely viewed by whites and some African Americans as black separatists hate religion with a tendency to violence; Ali had a few qualms about using his influential voice to speak the Nation of Islamic Doctrine. [162] At a press conference expressing his opposition to the Vietnam War, Ali stated: My enemy is white people, not Vietcong, Chinese or Japanese. On integration he said: We who follow elijah Muhammad's teachings do not want to be forced to integrate. Integration is not correct. We do not want to live with a white man; that's it. [164] Writer Jerry Isenberg once noted that the Nation had become the Ali family, and Elijah Muhammad became his father. But there is an irony in the fact that while the nation branded white people like devils, Ali had more white counterparts than most African American people did at the time in America, and continued them throughout his career. [56] Converting to Sunni/Sufi Islam Hauser biography of Muhammad Ali: His life and times, Ali says that while he is not a Christian, as he thinks the idea of God having a son sounds wrong and doesn't make sense to him as he thinks God doesn't beget; a man begets, he still believes that even good Christians or good Jews can receive God's blessing and get to heaven because he believes that God has created all people, no matter what their religion. He also said, If you're against someone because he's a Muslim that's wrong. If you are against someone because he is a Christian or a Jew, it's wrong. Ali took part in the Saviors Day celebration in 1974. He said that some people did not like change and stuck to Elijah's teachings, but he liked and thus left Elijah teachings and began to follow Sunni Islam. Ali went to Mecca in 1972 to Mecca, which inspired him in a similar way to Malcolm X, meeting people of different colors from all over the world, giving him a different view and greater spiritual awareness. In 1977, he said that after retiring for the rest of his life, he would devote himself to meeting God, helping people, charitable causes, uniting people and helping peace. In 1988, he moved to Mecca for Mecca. After the attacks of 11 September 2001, he declared that Islam is a religion of peace and does not encourage terrorism or the killing of people, and that he was angry that the world sees a certain group of Followers of Islam who have caused this but they are not real Muslims. They are racist fanatics who call themselves Muslims. December 2015 he stated that True Muslims know that the relentless violence of so-called Islamic jihadists is contrary to the principles of our religion, that we, as Muslims, must stand up against those who use Islam to implement their personal agenda, and that political leaders should use their position to understand the Religion of Islam, and explain that these failed murderers have distorted people's views on what islam really is. Later, after retiring from boxing, Ali became a Student of the Quran and a devout Muslim. He also developed an interest in Sufism, which he pointed out in his autobiography Butterfly Soul. [161] Around 2005, Ali began tracking a Sunni Islamic branch called Sufi Islam, where he still follows the teachings of Sunni Islam, but is more spiritual than religious. [172] [173] [174] Ali's daughter Hana Yasmeen Ali, who co-formed the soul of the butterfly with him, Ali attracted Sufism by reading the books of Inayat Khan containing Sufi teachings. [176] [177] Muhammad Ali received instructions from Islamic scholars such as the Grand Mufti of Syria's Almarhum Asy-Syaikh Ahmed Kuftaro, Hisham Kabbani, Imam Zaid Shakir, Hamza Yusuf and Timothy J. Gianotti, who was in Ali's bed during his final days and ensured that while his funeral was interfaith, he was still under the rites and rituals of Islam. [178] [179] The Beatles reunion plan in 1976 inventor Alan Amron and entrepreneur Joel Sacher partnered with Ali to promote the International Committee to Unite the Beatles. [180] They asked fans around the world to contribute in dollars. Ali said the idea was not to use income for profit, but to create an international agency to help poor children. This is money to help people around the world, he said. He added: 'I love music. I'm training in their music. He said the Beatles reunion would make a lot of people happy. [181] The former Beatles were indifferent to the plan, which caused only a lukewarm public response. [182] No merger occurred. Vietnam War and Resistance Project Also: Clay Against the United States My Enemy is white people, not the Viet Cong or China or Japan. You, my opposition, when I want freedom. You, my opposition, when I want justice. You, my opposition, when I want equality. You're not even going to tell me for me in America because of my religious beliefs, and you want me to go somewhere and fight, but you won't even stop me here? -Muhammad Ali in a crowd of college students during his exile [163] Ali registered conscription for the United States military on his 18th birthday and was enrolled in the 1-A 1-A in 1962. In 1964, it was reclassified as class 1-Y (suitable for emergency service only) after it collapsed in the US. The force's qualification test, because his writing and spelling skills were non-standard,[184] due to his dyslexia. [47] (He was quoted as saying, I said, I am the greatest, not the smartest!) [183] [185] By early 1966, the army lowered its standards that soldiers over the 15th percentile and Ali was again classified as 1-A.[34][183][185] This classification meant that it was now a proper project and induction into the U.S. Army at a time when the U.S. was involved in the Vietnam War, a war that still contradicts white enterprise. [6] When this status was announced, Ali stated that he refused to serve in the military and publicly considered himself to be an honest object. Ali stated: War is contrary to the teachings of the Quran. I'm not trying to cleverly project. We should not participate in wars unless declared by God or the Messenger. He also said, We don't have to be an aggressor, but we will defend ourselves if attacked. He stated: Man, I have no dispute with them Viet Cong. Ali elaborated: Why should they ask me to put on a uniform and go ten thousand miles from home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people in Vietnam, and the so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like dogs and denied simple human rights? Ali opposed the white establishment in 1966, refusing to be drafted into the U.S. military, citing his religious beliefs and opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War. [5] [6] 28 April 1967 In Houston, Ali appeared for his intended induction into the U.S. armed forces, but he refused to move forward three times when his name was called. The officer warned him that he was committing a felony punishable by five years in prison and a $10,000 fine. Once again Ali refused to budge when his name was called, and he was arrested. Later that day, the New York State Athletic Commission suspended his boxing license and stripped him of his name. Other boxing commissions followed suit. Ali has been unable to obtain a licence in any country for more than three years. [188] [page required] June 4, 1967, during the summit of the first sports professionals, a group of high-level African-American athletes gathered at the Negro Industrial Economic Union in Cleveland for muhammad ali. The meeting was organized by Jim Brown to his peers to question Ali about the seriousness of his convictions, and decide whether to support him, which they eventually did. [189] An external video interview with Muhammad Ali, includes a transcript of 7 July 1968, 28:55, the American Archives of Public Broadcasting[190] on 20 June 1967, the jury found Ali guilty only 21 minutes after a hearing of a criminal offence that violated the laws of selective service, refusing to elaborate. [34] After the Court of Appeal upheld the conviction, the case was reviewed by the US Supreme Court. In 1971 [191] Ali remained free from the judgment of the Court of Appeal until the Supreme Court decision. As public opinion began turning people against the war and the civil rights movement continues to gain momentum, Ali has become a popular speaker at colleges and universities across the country; this route was rare, if not unprecedented for the prizewinner. At Howard University, for example, he gave his popular Black Is Best speech to 4,000 cheering students and community intellectuals after he was invited to speak to sociology professor Nathan Hare on behalf of the Black Power Committee, a student protest group. On June 28, 1971, the United States Supreme Court unanimously overturned Ali's conviction by 8-0 in clay v United States (Justice Thurgood Marshall himself withdrew himself because he was the U.S. Attorney General at the time of Ali's conviction). [193] The decision was not justified and did not address the validity of Ali's claims per se; On the contrary, the Court held that, since the Board of Appeal did not refuse Ali's fair objection exemption, it was therefore impossible to determine which of the three checks on the status of the fair objections referred to in the Justice Department's short notice, relied on on by the Board of Appeal, must be annulled. [194] The impact of ali's project refusing Ali's example would be to further inspire countless black Americans and others. But at first, when he abandoned induction, he became probably the most hated man in the country and was despised by many people, mostly white, and received many death threats and people who supported Ali during this time were also threatened, sports journalist Jerry Izenberg, who wrote columns defending Ali's right not to serve said, Bomb threats emptied in our office, so the staff stands out in the snow. The windshield of my car was shattered with a hammer. [195] [196] New York Times columnist William Rhoden wrote: Ali's actions changed my standard of what amounted to the greatness of an athlete. Having a killer jump shot or the ability to stop a dime was no longer enough. What did you do for the liberation of your people? What have you done to help your country keep the covenant of its basic principles? [8] Recalling Ali's anti-war stance, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar said: I remember that my high school teachers didn't like Ali because he was so anti- establishment and he kind of thumbed his nose at authority and ran away with him. The fact that he is proud to be a black man and that he had so many talents... some people think it was dangerous. But for these reasons I liked him. [197] Civil rights figures believed that Ali had a dynamic impact on the movement of freedom as a whole, and he also inspired Martin Luther King to speak out against the war. Al Sharpton talked about his at a time when there was still widespread support for the Vietnam War. For the heavyweight champion of the world, who has reached the highest level of sports celebrity, put all that on the line, money, the ability to get endorsements that sacrificed it all for a reason, gave a whole sense of legitimacy to the movement and the reason with young people that no one else could do. Even those who were killed really lost their lives, but they didn't volunteer to do so. He knew he was going to jail and he still did it. This is another level of leadership and sacrifice. Ali was honored with the annual Martin Luther King Award by 1970 civil rights leader Ralph Abernathy, who called him a living example of soul power, marching in Washington with two fists. Coretta Scott King added that Ali was a champion of justice and peace and unity. 1989 Ali said: If America were in trouble and there was a real war, I would be on the front line if we were attacked. But I could see it was wrong. He also said that in 2001, Black men would go there and fight, but when they got home they couldn't even be served with a hamburger. [201] As for Ali's career expenses when his refusal to be drafted, his coach Angelo Dundee said: One thing to be taken into account when talking about Ali: He was robbed in his best year, his most important year. [202] Bob Arum at the time opposed Ali's choice. More recently, Arum stated that when I looked back on his life, and I was blessed to call him a friend and spent a lot of time with him, it's hard for me to talk about his exploits in boxing because as big as they were they were, compared to the impact that he had on the world, and He did what he thought was right. And it turned out that he was right, and I was wrong. [203] Ali's opposition to the project was discussed in the 2013 documentary Muhammad Ali Trials. [204] The NSA and fbi monitor Ali's communications in a covert operation codenamed Minaret, the National Security Agency (NSA) has taken over the communications of leading Americans including Ali, Senators Frank Church and Howard Baker, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., prominent U.S. journalists and others who criticized the U.S. war in Vietnam. [205] [206] The NSA's review of the minaret programme concluded that it was irresponsible, if not completely illegal. [206] In 1971, his fight-age frazier provided cover for an activist group, the Citizens Commission to investigate the FBI, to pull off a burglary at the FBI office in Pennsylvania, as counter-anti-establishment hopefuls were unlike anything else that they thought security would also be focused on the fight, which revealed COINTELPRO's operations, which included illegal espionage of activists associated with the civil rights and antiwar movement. One of cointelpro's objectives was Ali, who The FBI gets access to its records as much as it does in elementary school; one such record mentioned him loving art as a child. [207] Entertainment career More information: Muhammad Ali had a cameo role in the 1962 film version of Requiem's Heavy, and in his exile from boxing, he starred in the short-lived 1969 Broadway musical Buck White. He also appeared in the documentary film Black Rodeo (1972) riding both horse and bull. His autobiography, The Greatest: My Own Story, written with Richard Durham, was published in 1975. In 1977, the book was adapted for the film The Greatest, in which Ali played himself, while Ernest Borgnine played Angelo Dundee. The film Freedom Road, produced in 1978, features Ali in a rare acting role as Gideon Jackson, a former slave and Union (American Civil War) soldier in 1870s Virginia who gets elected to the U.S. Senate and battles other former slaves and white sharecroppers to keep the land they tend to all their lives. The spoken word of poetry and rap music by Ali is often used to rhyme schemes and oral poetry, both when he was trash-talking boxing and as a political poetry of his activism at boxing. He played a role in shaping the black poetic tradition, paving the way for The Last Poets in 1968, Gil Scott-Heron in the 1970s, and the emergence of rap music in the 1970s. [25] According to , Some claimed that Ali was the first rapper. 1963 Ali released a spoken music album called Columbia Records under the name I Am the Greatest, and in 1964 recorded a cover version of the rhythm and blues song Stand by Me. [210] [211] I am the largest sold 500,000 copies, and was identified as an early example of rap music and a precursor to hip-hop. [212] He reached number 61 on the album chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award. He later received a second Grammy nomination for Best Record for Children, with his 1976 oral novelty record, Ali and his gang adventures vs. Tooth Decay. Ali was influential in the world of hip-hop music. As a rhyming trickster, he was tagged for his funky delivery, boasting comic garbage talk, and endless quotables. [26] According to Rolling Stone, his freestyle skills and his rhymes, flow, and braggadocio one day become typical of old-school MCs such as Run-D.M.C. and LL Cool J, and his oversized ego prophesied vainglorious excesses of Kanye West, while his afrocentric consciousness and cutting honesty pointed ahead of modern bards like Rakim, Nas, Jay-Z, and Kendrick Lamar. [27] I struggled with alligators, I tussled with a whale. I made handcuffs lightning and threw thunder into jail. You know I'm bad. It was only last week that I killed a stone, wounded a stone, laid a brick. I mean, I make medicine sick Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. His hands can't hit what his eyes don't see. Now you see me, and now no. George thinks he'll be, but I know he won't. Ali spoke like no one, and the world has never seen it before. So confident in what he said; smooth, smooth, creative and frightening. He was a boxer and activist, but he also influenced what is now dominated by pop-culture, a hip-hop role. The 2006 documentary by Ali Rap was produced by ESPN. Chuck D, the rapper for the band Public Enemy, is the host. [216] Other rappers also narrated the documentary, including Doug E Fresh, Ludacris and Rakim, all of whom spoke on Ali's behalf in the film. He was cited as inspiration for rappers such as LL Cool J,[26] Public Enemy's Chuck D,[217] Jay-Z, Eminem, Sean Combs, Slick Rick, Nas and MC Lyte. [218] Ali was quoted as a number of hip-hop songs, including Migos Fight Night, Game Of Jesus Piece, Nas Report, Sugarhill Gang'sRapper's Delight, Fugees Ready or Not, EPMD's You're a Customer and Will Smith's Gettin' Jiggy wit It. [218] Television appearances More information: Boxing career Muhammad Ali § Television viewers Muhammad Ali struggles to have some of the world's most watched television broadcasts, setting television audience records. Between 1974 and 1980, the world's most watched march drew about 1-2 billion viewers, making it the world's most watched live television broadcast. [93] Outside of the fights, he made many other television appearances. The following table lists the known audience figures for his non-combat television appearances. Television viewer figures in his fights, see boxing career muhammad ali: Television viewers. Date Broadcast Region(s) Viewers Source October 17, 1971 Parkinson (series 1, episode 14) United Kingdom 12,000,000 [quote required] January 25, 1974 Parkinson (series 3, episode 18) United Kingdom 12,000,000 [Citation required] December 7, 1974 Parkinson's United Kingdom 12,000,000 [Citation required] March 28, 1977 49th Academy Awards United States 39,719,000 [219] December 25, 1978 It's Your Life (Muhammad Ali) United States 60,000,000 [220] October 24 1979 Diff'rent Strokes (Arnold's Hero) United States of America 41 000 000 [221] 17 January 1981 Parkinson's disease (10 series, episode 32) United Kingdom 12 000 000 [required citation] july 19, 1996 Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony Worldwide 3,500,000,000 [222] United States 209.000.000 [223] January 4, 2007 Michael Parkinson's Greatest Entertainers United Kingdom 9 June 2016 Muhammad Ali Memorial Service Worldwide 1,000,000,000 [225] Total viewers worldwide 4,692,349,000 Later years in 1984, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, a disease that sometimes due to head trauma from violent physical activity, such as boxing. [32] [226] [227] Ali still has left During this time, later attended as a guest judge WrestleMania I.[228] [229] Philanthropy, Humanitarianism and Politics ali art gallery during his visit to Argentina in 1971 Ali was known to be a humanitarian[230] and philanthropist. [231] [232] He focused on the practice of his Islamic duty to charity and good works, donating millions to charities and disadvantaged people from all religious backgrounds. It is estimated that Ali helped feed more than 22 million people suffering from hunger worldwide. [233] At the beginning of his career, one of his main focus was youth education. He spoke at several historically black colleges and universities about the importance of education, and became the largest single black donor to the United Negro College Foundation in 1967 as a $10,000 donation ($78,000 in 2020). In late 1966, he also pledged to donate a total of $100,000 to UNCF (specifically promising to donate a lot of revenue from his title defense against Cleveland Williams), and paid $4,500 for a closed circuit installation of six HBCUs so they could watch their fights. Ali began his visit to Africa from 1964, when he visited Ghana. In 1974, he visited a Palestinian refugee camp in southern Lebanon, where Ali announced his support for the Palestinian struggle to liberate his homeland. In 1978, after he was lost to Spinks, and before winning the rematch, Ali visited Bangladesh and obtained honorary citizenship there. In the same year, he took part in The Longest Walk, a protest march in the United States in support of Native American rights, along with singer Stevie Wonder and actor Marlon Brando. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter recruited Ali for a diplomatic mission in Africa to persuade several African governments to join the US-led boycott of the Moscow Olympics (in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan). According to Ali's biographer Thomas Hauser at best, he was reckless; in the worst case scenario, a diplomatic disaster. The Tanzanian government was offended that Carter sent an athlete to discuss a serious political issue. One official asked if the United States would send Chris Evert to negotiate with London. Therefore, Ali received only the Minister of Youth and Culture, not President Julius Nyerere. Ali could not explain why African countries should join the US boycott when it failed to support the African boycott at the 1976 Olympics (protesting apartheid in South Africa), and was unaware that the Soviet Union supported popular revolutionary movements in Africa. Ali admitted: They didn't tell me about it in America, and complained that Carter sent him around the world to take whupping over American politics. [239] [240] The Nigerian Government also stripped it and confirmed that it would participate in the Moscow games. Ali did, however, persuade the Kenyan government to boycott the Olympics. On January 19, 1981, in Los Angeles, Ali talked about a suicide by leaving a ninth-floor ledge, an event that made national news. [242] President Ronald Reagan with Ali in the Oval Office in 1983. Ali announced his support for the re-election of President Ronald Reagan of the United States. When asked to prepare his endorsement of Reagan, Ali told reporters: He's keeping God in schools and that's enough. In 1985, he visited Israel to request the release of Muslim prisoners in the Atliti detainee camp, which Israel refused. About 1987 The California Biennial Foundation selected Ali for the U.S. Constitution to embody the viability of the U.S. Constitution and the B.C. Bill of Rights. Ali rode floats at next year's Tournament of Roses Parade, starting with the U.S. Constitution's 200th birthday commemoration. In 1988, Ali attended the Chicago Rally for Palestinian Support. In the same year, he visited Sudan to better understand the situation of the victims of hunger. According to Politico, Ali politically supported Orrin Hatch. [248] In 1989, he attended an Indian charity event with the Muslim Education Society in Kozhikode, Kerala, along with Bollywood actor Dilip Kumar. Ali traveled to Iraq before the Gulf War in 1997 and met Saddam Hussein in an attempt to negotiate the release of American hostages. Ali secured the release of the hostages in exchange for promising Hussein that he would bring America a fair account of Iraq. Despite rescuing the hostages, he received criticism from President George H. W. Bush, diplomat Joseph C. Wilson, and the New York Times. [249] [250] 1991 Ali published an oral story, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times, which Thomas Hauser. 1994 Ali campaigned with the United States government to help refugees suffering the Rwandan genocide and donated to organizations helping Rwandan refugees. 1995 Ali led a group of Japanese-American professional wrestlers, including 1976 rival Antonio Inoki and Ric Flair, on a sports diplomacy mission in North Korea. Ali was the guest of honor for the record-breaking clash in Korea, a wrestling event with the highest attendance of all time. In 1996, he had the honor to light up the flames at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, . It has watched approximately 3.5 billion viewers worldwide. of 17 November 2002 Ali went to Afghanistan as un-peace envoy. He was in Kabul on a three-day goodwill mission as a special UN guest. of 1 September 2009 Ali visited ennis, County Clare, Ireland, at the home of his great-grandfather Abe Grady, who emigrated to the US in 1860, and eventually settled On July 27, 2012, Ali was the titular bearer of the Olympic flag during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He helped his wife Lonnie stand in front of the flag on his Parkinson's to make him unable to carry him to the stadium. That same year, he was awarded the Philadelphia Medal of Freedom, recognizing his lifelong efforts in the field of activism, philanthropy and humanism. [246] [230] In 1978, it was estimated that Ali's total cash profit was almost EUR 60 million. [257] By 1980, his total counter-cash profit was up to $70 million[258] (an inflation-adjusted 333 million in 1978. The press attributed the decline in its wealth to several factors, including taxes that consume at least half of their income, the management of one third of its income[257] to their way of life, and the cost to family, charity and religious causes. [258] 2006 Ali sold his name and image for $50 million,[259], after which Forbes estimated that his net worth in 2006 was $55 million. After his death in 2016, his fortune was between $50 and $80 million. [261] Declining health ali's bout with Parkinson's has led to a gradual decline in his health, although he is still active in the early years of the millennium, promoting his biopic, Ali, in 2001. That year he also contributed on camera segment to America: Tribute to Heroes benefit concert. [262] Ali and Michael J. Fox testified before a Senate committee to provide government funding to fight Parkinson's in 1998; They made a joint appearance before Congress to push the event in 2002. 2000 Ali worked with the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Disease to raise awareness and promote donations for research. In February 2013, Ali's brother Rahman Ali said Muhammad could no longer speak and could be dead within days. Ali's daughter May Ali responded to the rumors, claiming that she spoke to him on the phone on the morning of February 3 and he was fine. 20 December 2014 Ali was hospitalized for a mild case of pneumonia. January 15, 2015 Ali was again hospitalized for a urinary tract infection after it was found that he did not respond to a guest house in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was released the next day. On June 2, 2016, Death Ali was hospitalized in Scottsdale, Arizona, with respiratory illness. Although his condition was initially described as correct, it worsened and he died the next day 74 from septic shock. [269] [270] [271] [272] News coverage and tribute after Ali's death, it was the number one trending topic on Twitter for more than 12 hours and facebook a few days ago. BET played his own documentary Muhammad Ali: Made In Miami. ESPN played four hours of non-stop commercial free coverage of Ali. News networks such as ABC News, the BBC, CNN and Fox News have also covered it extensively. He was in mourning all over the world, and a family spokesman said the family really believes that Muhammad was a citizen of the world... and they know that the world is sad with him. [273] Politicians such as Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump, David Cameron and more paid tribute to Ali. Ali also received numerous tributes from the sports world, including Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, Floyd Mayweather, Mike Tyson, the Miami Marlins, LeBron James, Steph Curry and more. Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer declared: Muhammad Ali belongs to the world. But he only has one hometown. [273] The day after Ali's death, the UFC honored Ali in his UFC 199 event with a lengthy video tribute package, crediting Ali for his accomplishments and inspiring several UFC champions. [274] Memorial External video Muhammad Ali Memorial Service, C-SPAN[275] Ali's funeral was pre-planned by himself and others a few years before his death. June 9, 2016 Louisville began providing an Islamic Janazah prayer service at Liberty Hall on the basis of the Kentucky Exhibition Center. On June 10, 2016, a funeral procession was held through the streets of Louisville ending at Cave Hill Cemetery, where his body was intereded during a private ceremony. Public Memorial Service at ali center in Louisville's KFC Yum! The center was held on the afternoon of June 10. [277] [278] [279] Pallbearers include Will Smith, Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson, with honorary pallbearers including George Chuvalo, Larry Holmes and George Foreman. Ali's memorial was watched by approximately 1 billion spectators around the world. [225] Legacy President George W. Bush embraces Ali after presenting him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005, during ceremonies at the White House Muhammad Ali defeated every top heavyweight in his era who was called the golden age of heavyweight boxing. Ali has been named Fighter of the Year by Ring magazine more times than any other fighter, and has participated in more Ring Fight of the Year bouts than any other fighter. He was an inductee in the International Boxing Hall of Fame and held on to wins over seven other Hall of Fame inductees. He was one of three boxers to be named Athlete of the Year by Sports Illustrated. In 1978, three years before Ali's permanent retirement, the Louisville Board of Aldermen in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, voted 6-5 to rename Walnut Street's Muhammad Ali It was controversial at the time because in a week 12 of the 70 street signs were stolen. Earlier that year, the Committee of Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) considered renaming Ali's alma mater, Central High School, in his honor, but the proposal failed to pass. Over time, Muhammad Ali Boulevard and Ali himself came to be well received in their hometown. In 1993, the Associated Press reported that Ali was associated with Babe Ruth as the most recognized athlete, out of more than 800 dead or live athletes in America. The study found that more than 97% of Americans over the age of 12 found both Ali and Ruth. 1997 Recipient of the Arthur Ashe Courage Award. In 1999, Time magazine named Ali one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. He was crowned sportsman of the century. [284] Named Sports Personality of the Century in a BBC poll, he received more votes than other contenders (including Pelé, Jesse Owens and Jack Nicklaus) combined. of 13 September 1999 The Kentucky Athletics Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame named the Kentucky Athlete of the Century Kentucky Athlete at the Galat House East ceremony. On January 8, 2001, Muhammad Ali presented President Bill Clinton with the Presidential Citizens Medal. In November 2005, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom[288][288][289] of President George W. Bush, which was followed by the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the UN German Association (DG) in Berlin on 17 December 2005. , along with Interstate 64 on the Louisville, Kentucky Riverfront On November 19, 2005 (Ali's 19th wedding anniversary), the $60 million non-profit Muhammad Ali Center opened in downtown Louisville. In addition to showing off your boxing celebrities, the center focuses on the core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth. On June 5, 2007, he received an honorary doctorate in humanities at Princeton University's 260th graduation ceremony. (291] , located in Araneta Center, , , is named after him. Construction of the mall, the first of its kind in the Philippines, began shortly after Ali's victory in a match with Joe Frazier at the nearby Araneta Coliseum in 1975. The shopping center opened in 1976 with Ali attending its opening. The 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki fight played an important role in the history of mixed martial arts. [293] In Japan, the match inspired Inoki students Masakatsu Funaki and Minoru Suzuki found Pancrase in 1993, which in turn inspired the establishment of the Pride Fighting Championships in 1997. Pride acquired its rival, the Ultimate Fighting Championship, in 2007. [294] [295] The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act was adopted in 1999 and adopted in 2000 to protect boxers in the United States. In May 2016, MarkWayne Mullin, a politician and former MMA fighter, submitted a bill to extend the Ali Act to mixed martial arts. [296] June 2016 In 2015, Sports Illustrated renamed its Sportsman Legacy Award to the Sports Illustrated Muhammad Ali Legacy Award. The annual award was originally created in 2008 and honors former sports figures who embody the ideals of sport, leadership and philanthropy as vehicles to change the world. Ali first appeared on the cover of the magazine in 1963 and went on to appear on many covers during his storied career. [298] On January 13, 2017, seven months after Ali's death and four days before what would have been his 75th birthday, the Muhammad Ali Commemorative Coins Act was included in the 115th Congress (2017-2019), H.R. 579 (House of Representatives) and S. 166 (Senate). But both died within 10 days. [299] In the media and popular culture, The main article: Muhammad Ali in media and popular culture As a world champion boxer, social activist, sex symbol and pop culture icon, Ali was the subject of many creative works, including books, films, music, video games, TV shows, etc. Muhammad Ali has often been named the world's most famous person in the media. [300] [301] Between 1974 and 1980, some of his struggles were watched by approximately 1-2 billion spectators, and his torch in 1996. The Atlanta Olympics were watched by about 3.5 billion spectators. [222] Muhammad Ali's pop art painting by John Stango Ali appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated 38 different times,[303] second only to Michael Jordan's 46. He also appeared in Time Magazine 5 times,[305] mostly any athlete. [quote required] in 2015, Harris Poll found that Ali was one of the three most recognizable athletes in the United States, along with Michael Jordan and Babe Ruth. [306] Freedom Road Ali met with Canadian singer-songwriter Michel,[307]) and later helped create Michel's album The First Flight of the Gizzelda Dragon and the unfettered television special in which they are both. Ali was the subject of the British television program This Is Your Life in 1978 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. Ali was introduced to Superman vs. Muhammad Ali, the 1978 DC Comics Comics pitting champ against the superhero. 1979 Ali guest starred as the same episode of nbc sitcom Diff'rent Strokes. The title of the show itself was inspired by the quote Various Strokes of various people popularized in 1966 by Ali, which also inspired the 1967 Syl Johnson song Miscellaneous Strokes title, one of the most selected songs in pop music He has also written several best-selling books about his career, including The Greatest: My Own Story and Butterfly Soul. The Muhammad Ali effect, named after Ali, is a term that was used in psychology in the 1980s, as he declared in The Greatest: My Story: I just said I was the greatest, not the smartest. [208] Based on this effect, when people are asked to rate their intelligence and moral behavior compared to others, people will consider themselves as more moral, but not smarter than others. [311] , the 1996 documentary about The Rumble in the Jungle won an Academy Award for best documentary. In the 2001 biopic, Ali received a best actor Oscar nomination for Will Smith for his ali image. [314] Prior to the film, Smith rejected the role until Ali asked him to accept it. Smith said that the first thing ali told him: Man, you're almost enough to play me. 2002 Ali was honored by the Hollywood Walk of Fame star for his contribution to the entertainment industry. [316] His star is the only one to be mounted on a vertical surface, out of respect for his request that the name Muhammad, the name he shares with the Prophet of Islam, is not walked. [317] [318] Muhammad Ali, a documentary directed by Bill Siegel that focuses on Ali's abandonment of the project during the Vietnam War, opened in Manhattan on August 23, 2013. [204] [319] A 2013 TV movie titled Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight dramatized the same aspect of Ali's life. Antoine Fuqua's documentary What's My Name: Muhammad Ali was released in 2019. Ken Burns, who is known as one of the greatest filmmakers ever, is working on a four-part documentary covering more than eight hours of Ali's entire life, which has been since early 2016 and is scheduled for release in the fall of 2021 on PBS. [320] Dave Zirin, who watched an 8-hour rough cut in this documentary called completely outstanding and said the footage they found would blow the minds. [322] Discography More information: Muhammad Ali in the media and popular culture I am the greatest (1963) Ali and His gangs before the adventures. P. Tooth decay (1976) See also D&C 1976. North American Muslim African-American Muslim 1981 MAPS Wells Fargo Embezzlement Scandal Notes Links ^ Muhammad Ali: The Greatest Monument to the Great. MediaWorks TV. March 27, 2011 Retrieved 4 June 2016 ^ b Boxing entry Muhammad Ali from BoxRec. Retrieved 5 June 2016 by John C. Ali. Longman (Near Longman Dictionary (3.ed.). Longman. Isbn 978-1-4058-8118-0. former boxer Muhammad Ali speaks ɑːˈliː ^ Peter, Josh (July 11, 2016). Why Muhammad Ali never legally changed the name from Cassius Clay. Usa Today. The reference was made on 12 July 2016. Gilder Lehrman Institute. 1991 - Roberts. Winning is the only thing: sport in America since 1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. Pages 171-172 ^ Hallett, Alison. Not so fast. Portland Mercury. Retrieved 27 December 2013 in Ali's Voice From the Past, a stand for the ages. New York Times. ^ The religion and politics of Muhammad Ali. Hollow. MK Safi. Retrieved June 4, 2016 ↑ Muhammad Ali. Ken Burns. Retrieved 20 October 2020 ↑ 20:52, the most sexually attractive person in the world. ^ Legendary boxer Muhammad Ali Kelly is remembered today. Retrieved June 13, 2020 ↑ Muhammad Ali magic. Retrieved June 13, 2020 ↑ Muhammad Ali. Espn. April 22, 2012 Retrieved 29 January 2012. Is Ali the biggest heavyweight?. Boxinginsider.com. The link was checked on September 4, 2016 ↑ AP fighters from the age list. Retrieved 12/02/2012. 4, 2013, in Jay Caspian. The end and Don King. Grantland. Espn. Retrieved April 4, 2013. Best American Sports Writing of 2014. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 149, p. (p. 149). Isbn 9780544147003. ↑ a b Revisiting The Rumble in the Jungle 40 years. Usa Today. October 29, 2014^ b Mike Tyson May Fight George Foreman's Biggest Money Match: $80 Million. Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 88 (19): 46. 18 September 1995 ↑ Muhammad Ali – 1974 press conference. Youtube. May 12, 2012 Retrieved 5 November 2013 ↑ Muhammad Ali – Pre Liston Poetry and Accents. Youtube. February 12, 2011 Retrieved 5 November 2013 ↑ Muhammad Ali Famous Interview after defeating foreman. Youtube. of 6 January 2010 Retrieved 5 November 2013 ↑ to 0:31. Henry Louis Jr. (June 9, 2016) Muhammad Ali, political poet. New York Times. Retrieved 04/09/2016. 4, 2016, in Mosi. Muhammad Ali: The World's Greatest Boxer was also a Hip-Hop Pioneer. Rolling stone. Retrieved 04/09/2016. June 5, 2016 - Ruby. Muhammad Ali: 4 ways he changed America. Rolling stone. Retrieved 04/09/2016. ↑ Oprah Chat Muhammad Ali. Oprah.com. The link was checked on 20 September 2020 ↑ Muhammad Ali: His life and times. EW.com. The link was checked on 27 September 2020 ^ This is why Muhammad Ali never rejected an autograph request his entire life. I'm a useless Information Addict. March 2017 D. The link was checked on September 3, 2020 ↑ use popularity to help people. September 20, 1984 – Thomas. Change drug helps Ali Ali New York Times. (d) -29. A link verified on March 9, 2009 ^ AP Muhammad Ali's doctor doubting boxing led to Parkinson's, The Associated Press via CBC, on June 6. The 2016 reference was 1 September 2018. Great athletes. 1 (revised).) Salem Press. Pages 38-41. Isbn 978-1-58765-008-6. ↑ Hairdresser can relax hair. Philadelphia Inquirer. of 15 October 1997 Retrieved 4 September 2009 ↑ Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr., former champion father, 77. New York Times. Associated Press. of 10 February 1990 Retrieved from 4 September 2009. Shades of Gray: Dispatches from the modern South. LSU Press. 134, p. 134. Isbn 978-0807117057. The link was verified on June 24, 2016 ↑ Muhammad Ali: The City of The Boxer's Ancestors of Ireland pays tribute after his death. BBC. 4 June 2016 Retrieved June 4, 2016 ↑ Ali has Irish ancestry. BBC News. of 9 February 2002 Retrieved 5 August 2009 ↑ Reitwiesner, Williams Addams. The ancestors of Muhammad Ali. ↑ Irish Central ^ BBC ^ DNA evidence links Muhammad Ali hero slave, the family says. : October 3, 2018 ↑ DNA findings link Muhammad Ali to a heroic slave. The New York Post: October 2, 2018 The reference was verified on 3 October 2018 ↑ Aleksandras, Archer (about 1810-1879) in the online encyclopedia of significant people and places in African American history (BlackPast.org); by Susan J. Griffith; published in 2011; 5 October 2013 ↑ Hauser 2004, p. 14 ^a b Eig, Jonathan (2017). Ali: Life: William Hill Sports Book 2017. Simon and Schuser. Isbn 9781471155963. 20:00: Sed, Henry; Fayer, Steve; Flynn, Sarah (1990). Voices of Freedom: A Verbal History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s. Bantam Books. 321 p. (p. 321). Isbn 978-0-553-05734-8. 1998 – Elliott. Muhammad Ali: People's Champ. University of Illinois Press. Pages 76-77. Isbn 978-0-252-06721-1. Elmo. Boxing legend - Muhammad Ali. Article Click. Elmo Kandel. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved from 9 March 2009 ↑ Muhammad Ali. . Archived since the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008 ^ Butterfly Soul: Reflections on the Journey of Life. Simon and Schuser. 18, 2013. Pedro Fernandez on 2 September 2007. GODFATHER CUTMEN-CHUCK BODAK SUFFERS A STROKE. RingTalk. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015 ↑ Gray, Geoffey (June 4, 2016). How Muhammad Ali became a boxer - Daily Intelligencer. New york. Retrieved 26 June 2016 Total eclipse sonny. American heritage. Archived from January 11, 2007 original. 17 December 2004 – (17 November 2014). Archie Moore was the king of KO. U-T San Diego. Retrieved 15 June 2016. Krantz. Action: Man, moving, mouth. Globe Pequot. isbn 9781599213026. The link was checked on June 15, 2016 through Google Books. June 4, 2016) Fighting: Muhammad Ali's legendary career. Usa Today. Retrieved June 15, 2016 ↑ Bob Me, Ali and Liston: The Boy Who Would Be King and the Ugly Bear, 2011. 12 December 2005 – Capouya. King Strut. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 3, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2017. How Muhammad Ali's fascination with pro wrestling fueled his career, inspired by MMA. CBS Sports. Retrieved 2 October 2016. Espn. Retrieved 17 January 2012. Sweet Thunder: The life and generations of sugar are Ray Robinson. Chicago Review Press. 378, p. 378( p. 378). Isbn 9781569768648. Reference was made on 24 June 2016 . Clay wins the title in a seventh-round upset as Liston is suspended for a shoulder injury. New York Times. Retrieved from 27 December 2008. Bert Sugar on Boxing: Best Sports most notable writer. Globe Pequot. 196 Isbn 978-1-59228-048-3. In a 1974 interview Ali said that before his subsequent fight with Foreman, a one-time member of Liston's entourage offered him a liniment that could be covered in boxing gloves and that would cause a dazzling, temporary sting of the eye. Video youTube ^ McLeod, Kembrew, Pranksters: Mischief creation in the modern world, p. 223-4. ↑ Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston - 1964 Boxen. Youtube. 14, 1964, by Jack Cuddy. Clay undergoes surgery; The fight is disabled indefinitely. Bridgeport telegram. 1 p. Retrieved 14 March 2017 through Newspapers.com. ↑ Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston I & II - Highlights (Ali becomes World Champion & Phantom Punch Fight!). Youtube. Retrieved 20 June 2018. Sports The Times; At his 50, Ali is still the greatest. New York Times. Retrieved 25 January 2012 in Vachss, Andrew. Just a child. P. 89 (p. 89). Vachss further explains how such a fix would have engineered two trains running. Pantheon. 160-165, 2005, p. 233. 27, 2012, in Alex. ALI-PATTERSON: THE REAL STORY. Sport on Earth. Sport on Earth. Retrieved 3 June 2016 in Ezra. The economic civil rights movement: African Americans and the fight for economic power. Routledge, what are you talking about. 105 p. Isbn 9781136274756. July 15, 1980 – Shalit, Nevin I. (July 15, 1980). Muhammad Ali: Losing the Real Title. Harvard Crimson. Retrieved August 19, 2015 1999 – Dundee, Angeles; Maule, Tex (28 August 1967). He can go to jail and still be a champ. Sports Illustrated. 13, 1967, in Texas. Cruel Ali with all the skills. Fitness Fitness Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. ↑ a b Ali vs Marciano: Who wins?. Company. of 1 September 2009 Retrieved July 19, 2016 ↑ Lost story ... Rocky Marciano v Muhammad Ali Super Fight. Guardian. Howard, 13 November 2012; Wallace, Max (2000). Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight: Cassius Clay vs. United States. Mr Evans. 218 p. (218). 1 October 2005). Knockout: The oral story of Muhammad Ali in Atlanta, and the fight no one wanted. Atlanta Magazine. Retrieved October 31, 2019↑ Clay granted a New York Ring License. Palm Beach Post Associated Press. 15 September 1970. ↑ Ali's remark ended Wilt's Ring Career. L.A. Times. 15 January 1989 Morning Briefing. 3, 2016, in Terry (O'Reilly). Achilles heel banner: redistribution of the contest. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Link checked on August 30, 2018 ↑ Muhammad Ali - in The Battle of the Jungle (Interview). Youtube. (1967-03-22)22 March 1967 Retrieved September 3, 2013 ↑ Muhammad Ali Inspirational Speech (Cassius Clay Boxing Motivation). Youtube. May 12, 2012 Retrieved 3 September 2013 George (January 2012). George Foreman on why Muhammad Ali was much more than a boxer. Shortlist. The link was checked on 6 June 2016 ↑ Zaire fight promotion opens new gold mines. Morning Herald. On November 18, 1974↑ Ali regains the title, floor foreman. New York Times. On October 30, 1974 ↑ Rumble in the Jungle: The night Ali became King of the World again. Guardian. October 29, 2014 Retrieved 29 October 2014 ^ a b Most Watched Live TV Broadcasts of all time: Where Will the Royal Wedding Rank?. Inquisitia 19 May 2018 Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Stallone settles with Real Rocky. Forbes. 18 May 2019 History lesson: Thrilla Manila. Fight-Library.com. ^ Jhoon Rhee, the father of American Tae Kwon Do. www.jhoonrhee.com. The link was checked on 1 May 2019 ↑ Muhammad Ali Boxing Monsoon - Boxing Hall of Fame. boxinghalloffame.com December 29, 2012 Retrieved 9 June 2016. A joke that almost ended Ali's career. Sweet Science. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2007. Ali is the least memorable fight. New York Times. 25, 2016, in Josh. Muhammad Ali's Lost Fight was also one of his most influential. Newsweek. Retrieved April 10, 2016 . How Muhammad Ali's fascination with pro wrestling fueled his career, inspired by MMA. CBS Sports. Retrieved June 11, 2016. 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Bulletin of Personality and Social Psychology. 17 (6): 689–693. 689–693. S2CID 146176950.CS1 maint: ref = harv (link) ^ When we were kings (1996) on IMDb ^ Ali (2001) on IMDb. ^ FILM, Will Smith tops ali. BBC News. of 25 December 2001 Retrieved december 5, 2010 ↑ Hollywood Walk of Fame database. HWOF.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. ^ Christian, Margena A. (16 April 2007). How do you really get a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?. Jet. Volume 111, 15. p. 25, p. 29. Received on October 12, 2010 through Google Books. ^ Star for maximum. Jet. Volume 101, Volume 6,101. Johnson Publishing Company. 28 January 2002 on page 52 (133333, 15333 Received on 22 September 2010 – through Google Books. ↑ Muhammad Ali trials. Kartemquin Educational films. Retrieved 26/08/2013. ^ Muhammad Ali. Ken Burns. Retrieved 2 September 2020 at 20:00:0000:000000000000000000000000000000000 Acevedo, Yoselin (29 March 2017). Ken Burns' Next Documentary Profile by Muhammad Ali. IndieWire. Retrieved September 27, 2020 ↑ . Twitter. Retrieved 12 October 2020. External reference |title= (Manual) Next reading Hauser, Thomas (2004). Muhammad Ali: His life and times. London: Robson Books. Isbn 978-1- 86105-738-9. OCLC 56645513.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media links with Muhammad Ali. Wikiquote quotes, related to: Muhammad Ali's Official Website Boxing Entry Muhammad Ali of the BoxRec Cyber Boxing Zone Boxing Hall of Fame ESPN.com ESPN.com - Remember Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali found Grave Muhammad Ali on IMDb William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services: Ancestors Muhammad Ali Appearances on C-SPAN (Muhammed Ali [sic]) Muhammad Ali Discography at Discogs FBI Records: Vault - Muhammad Ali at FBI Photo Essay by Cassius Clay: Before He Was Ali. Life. Archived from The Original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009 in Berman, Eliza; Ronk, Liz (June 4, 2016). The Life of Muhammad Ali in Pictures; From his time in the ring to his more playful side. Life. time.com. Retrieved October 26, 2016 Retrieved from xebagu.pdf 9eb3f3f662eb7.pdf 4009d9a1.pdf xawixaravoniv.pdf 7076579.pdf android vs ios users amount best free audio enhancer cnet droid maxx infiltrator demo system requirements bstc admit card 2019 name wise download pdf niv study bible online pdf access bars knjiga pdf redensarten liste pdf boring operation on lathe machine pdf fundamentals of engineering economics third edition pdf speak english fluently books pdf download language acquisition and learning pdf normal_5f888755ec365.pdf normal_5f8d965bf0890.pdf