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Arid Zone Forestry with Special Reference to Indian Hot Arid Zone - Arun K

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Arid Zone Forestry with Special Reference to Indian Hot Arid Zone - Arun K FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS – Vol. II - Arid Zone Forestry with Special Reference to Indian Hot Arid Zone - Arun K. Sharma and J. C. Tewari ARID ZONE FORESTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIAN HOT ARID ZONE Arun K. Sharma and J. C. Tewari Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India Keywords : Drought , Aridity , Arid zones of the world, Distribution of arid zones, Vegetation type , Indian hot arid zone , Phytogeography , Vegetation ecology , Man and tree relations , Trees for life, support , Trees for conservation , Agroforestry , Protective- productive system, Traditional agroforestry, system , Arid zone tree species profile , Utilization of trees , Non wood forest products, Silviculture, Resilience to edopho-climitic conditions, Tree establishment techniques Contents 1. Introduction 2. Arid Zones of the World 2.1 Classification 2.2 Distribution 2.3 Major Vegetation Types 2.3.1 Desert 2.3.2 Semi-Desert 2.3.3 Low Rainfall Savanna 2.4 Critical Problems 3. The Indian Hot Arid Zone 3.1 Location and Distribution 3.2 Physiography 3.3 Climate and Soils 3.4 Land-Use Patterns 3.5 The Population and Livelihood Resources 3.6 Trees in Life Support Systems—a Unique Feature 4. Some Important Aspects of Vegetation and its Ecology 4.1 Structure and Composition 4.1.1 Floristic and Physiognomic Classification 4.1.2 Vegetation Classification Based on Dominance Indices and Multivariate ApproachesUNESCO – EOLSS 4.2 Broad Successional Patterns 4.2.1 Successional Patterns on Alluvial Plains 4.2.2 SuccessionalSAMPLE Patterns on Sandy Plains andCHAPTERS Sand Dunes 4.2.3 Successional Patterns on Isolated Hills and Rocky Terrain 4.2.4 Successional Patterns on Saline Soil and Shallow Saline Depressions 4.3 The Concept of Forestry in a Hot Arid Environment and the Role of Trees in Edaphoclimatic Moderation 4.4 Humans and Trees in the Hot Arid Zone 5. Tree Species Profiles ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS – Vol. II - Arid Zone Forestry with Special Reference to Indian Hot Arid Zone - Arun K. Sharma and J. C. Tewari 5.1 Acacia spp. 5.2 Ailanthus excelsa 5.3 Albizzia spp. 5.4 Anogeissus pendula 5.5 Azadirachta indica 5.6 Balanites aegyptiaca 5.7 Boswellia serrata 5.8 Butea monosperma 5.9 Capparis decidua 5.10 Cassia spp. 5.11 Colophospermum mopane 5.12 Commiphora wightii 5.13 Cordia dichotoma 5.14 Dalbergia sissoo 5.15 Dichrostachys cinerea 5.16 Emblica officinalis 5.17 Eucalyptus spp. 5.18 Faidherbia albida 5.19 Ficus spp. 5.20 Grewia tenax 5.21 Hardwickia binata 5.22 Holoptelea integrifolia 5.23 Moringa oleifera 5.24 Parkinsonia aculeata 5.25 Phoenix dactylifera 5.26 Pithecellobium dulce 5.27 Pongamia pinnata 5.28 Prosopis spp. 5.29 Salvadora spp. 5.30 Tamarix aphylla 5.31 Tecomella undulata 5.32 Wrightia spp. 5.33 Ziziphus spp. 6. Artificial Establishment of Trees 6.1 Nursery Techniques 6.2 Plantation Methods 6.3 InformationUNESCO on Arid Zone Trees and –Tree SeedEOLSS Clearing Houses 7. Synthesis Glossary SAMPLE CHAPTERS Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Arid environments are extremely diverse in terms of their land forms, soils, fauna, flora, water balance, and human activities. The binding element of all arid environments is aridity. Of the total land area of the world, arid zones account for 18.8%. Water is a scare commodity in arid zones, and. much of the rainfall is lost by ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS – Vol. II - Arid Zone Forestry with Special Reference to Indian Hot Arid Zone - Arun K. Sharma and J. C. Tewari evapotranspiration. In arid zones, vegetation is typically sparse, and woody species richness is low. Arid zones are located in almost all continents. Africa accounts for 46.1% of the total area of arid zones, followed by Asia with 35.5%. There is no dearth of problems in arid zones, but increasing desertification and land degradation are problems of a worldwide dimension. At the world scale, the GLASSOD database indicates that in arid zones, the major cause of land degradation is soil erosion, and that more than 60% of soil erosion is caused by wind. Besides wind and water erosion, overgrazing, agricultural activities, overexploitation of vegetation for domestic use, and faulty land use are other factors responsible for ever increasing soil degradation. The hot arid zone of India is situated between 24° and 29° N latitude and 70° and 76°E longitude, and covers an area of 31.70 million hectares. The arid areas of western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana, together constitute the great Indian desert, better known as the Thar Desert, which accounts for 89.6% of the total hot arid zone of India. Thus the Thar constitutes the principal hot arid zone of India. It extends for 640 km from northwest to southeast with an average width of 300 km. Slightly more than 10% of the arid region lies in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra states, and is referred to as the peninsular hot arid zone. In general, climatic and edaphic conditions of the Indian hot arid zones are inhospitable; however, this is the most populated arid zone of the world, with a density of 101 persons/ km2 against the world average for arid zones of 6–8 persons/km2. The Indian hot arid zone is also the most vegetated arid zone. Farmers grow arable crops in association of tree species. Because most of the trees are drought resistant, they are still able to provide fuel, fodder, fruits and other products, when other crops fail due to the frequent drought. Thus, trees are an important component of life support in the hot Indian arid zone. The vegetation of the hot Indian arid zone is broadly classified as tropical thorn forests. In general, vegetation is very sparse and hostile environmental conditions do not support the much required natural regeneration and subsequent growth of plants. The vegetation has been described and classified by various workers on a floristic and physiognomic, quantitative basis mainly involving dominance indices. A total of 682 species in 352 genera are found in the zone, of which only 9.4% are endemic; 49 are tree species. This article attempts to explain the vegetation of the Indian hot arid zone with special reference to tree species, and is organized systematically to provide a clear idea account in terms of location, physiography, climate, population, life support systems, vegetation, relationship between humankind and trees, etc. UNESCO – EOLSS 1. Introduction SAMPLE CHAPTERS Of the total land area in the world, arid zones cover 18.8%. The hyper-arid zones account for 22.3% of the total arid zones. These arid zones are diverse in terms of climate, soils, vegetation, animals, and lifestyles and activities of people. Little but variability in rainfall and the presence of distinctive periods of drought are the characteristics of the arid tropics. Precisely, the hot arid areas are those places that have little and highly variable rainfall, extreme variation in temperature (daily and annual) and high potential evapotranspriration. In general, hot arid climates have excessive heat and strong prevailing winds, unhampered by obstacles on the ground, and as a result Aeolian erosion is common with frequent seasonal occurrence of dust storms. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS – Vol. II - Arid Zone Forestry with Special Reference to Indian Hot Arid Zone - Arun K. Sharma and J. C. Tewari One binding feature of all arid zones in the world is aridity. Many times, the term drought and aridity are used incorrectly. A drought is a departure from average or normal conditions in which shortage of water adversely impacts the functioning of ecosystems, and the resident population of people. Aridity refers to the average conditions of limited rainfall and water supplies, not to the departures therefrom. In general, arid zones are characterized by pastoralism and little farming but there are always exceptions. The arid zones of the world vary greatly from one another as far as their geomorphological features are concerned. The plains, pediments, rocky and semi-rocky land forms including small to high mountainous terrain, and deeply incised ravines in arid zones, display sharp changes in to physiography and slope. Many of these land forms are covered by unstable sand dunes or sand sheets. Sand also inundates arable crops, grazing lands, silvipastures, communication networks such as roads and railways, and cities and villages. The geomorphological features of land also influence soil formation and its characteristics. Water-holding capacity and ability to supply nutrients are of primary importance to the soils of arid zones. Soil depth largely governs the amount of water that can be held in a soil profile. In arid zones, the depth of soils exhibits tremendous variation. In many places the soils are quite deep, although in a number of places the depth of soil is often limited by the presence of a hardpan layer, which restricts water-holding capacities. These hardpans, which consist of various material, depending upon the action of climate and vegetation on parent rock, can be more or less continuous and occur between 5 and 60 cm below the surface. In general, soils in arid zones are characterized by the leaching of nutrients and intensive weathering of minerals, and therefore, the natural fertility of such soils is low. Water is a scare commodity in arid zones. Much of the rainfall is lost by evapotranspiration, and as a result, groundwater is recharged only locally by seepage through the soil profile. However, it is a common phenomenon in arid zones of the world that groundwater is frequently used at rates that exceed recharge. Moreover, the water that is available for use in many arid areas of the world is affected to varying degrees by salinity.
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