Published by Dr. K. Anilkumar Organising Secretary XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur-680651, Kerala, India

Compiled and Edited by

Dr K Anilkumar Dr Bindya Liz Abraham Dr T R Sreekumar

Typesetting, Layot & Printing Lumiere Printing Works Thrissur 680 020 Ph: 0487 2331056

KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY DIRECTORATE OF ACADEMICS & RESEARCH POOKODE, LAKKIDI P. O., WAYANAD - 673 576

Dr. K. Devada, Ph.D. Phone : 04936 209260 Director (Academics& Research) (M) 9446062400 Fax : 04936 209275 E-mail : [email protected]

Message

It is a great honour and privilege to know that theXIV Annual Convention of the Societyfor Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity (SOCDAB) is being organised at College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur during February 2017, with a National seminar on the theme “Biodynamic Animal Farming for Management of Livestock Diversity under the Changing Global Scenario” . The Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University is indeed fortunate to host the same.

India has the distinction of having very large livestock population in the world (512.05 million as per 2012 census). Though India stands first in milk production in the world and there has been quantum increase of 6-7 times in the last four decades, yet low average productivity of our livestock is a cause of concern. It is necessary to strengthen this sector in order to augment agriculture GDP in the country. India is a rich source of domestic animal diversity. Various tools of genetic resource management and exploration of unique sources of renewable energy will definitely help to accomplish the mission of biodynamic animal farming and indigenous livestock resources which is the focus of the National Seminar. It is also high time to take up studies on interactions between weather factors in surrounding environment of animal agriculture, to cope up with climate variability, adaptation and mitigation.

I hope this conference will provide an opportunity to assess the status of research, the latest discoveries and new tools and approaches that promise technological breakthroughs.

I wish the event a great success and look forward to the recommendations of the symposium as the guide line for future research and action in this field. Further I take this opportunity to congratulate the organising team who have worked tirelessly over the past few months to make this a memorable and informational experience to all.

Sd/- Director (Academics and Research) KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680 651

Message

College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy is proud to be a partner of the Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity (SOCDAB) in organising the Symposium on “Biodynamic Animal Farming for Management of Livestock Diversity under the Changing Global Scenario” in connection with the XIV Annual Convention of the Society.

Indian subcontinent is a treasure house for a wide variety of fauna and flora. Among the different States, Kerala’sposition in holding the biodiversity is remarkable. The state owns one of the smallest breeds of cattle, the Vechur cattle renowned for its disease resistance and sturdiness. There are several other livestock and poultry breeds native to the land which possesses highly desirable characteristics such as disease resistance and heat tolerance. Scientific community should remain cautious to see that these valuable germplasm remains unadulterated. The idea of biodynamic farming is commendable in that it aims touse earth’s resources in a sustainable manner. Hope the deliberations during the conference should come up with valuable recommendations that would preserve our treasured resources.

College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthyhas more than sixty years of ancient heritage in Veterinary Education. The College came into existence in 1955 and it became a constituent college of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in 2011. Since then, eventful years have added glory to the College at both national and international levels and over the years, a new breed of skilled human resource have been developed that is instrumental in not only generating new technologies but also in their assessment, refinement and dissemination to the farming community.

The College and its premises had been venue for the successful conduct of several national and international conferences. I welcome all the delegates to this beautiful campus and sincerely wish that this event would be a memorable one.

Sisilamma George DEAN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Pookode, Lakkidi, Wayanad 673576

Message

It gives me immense pleasure to note thatDepartment of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy is organising the 13thNational Symposium on “Biodynamic animal farming for the management of livestock diversity under changing global scenario” of the Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity (SOCDAB). Biological diversity forms the fundamental basis to agriculture and food production. In spite of varied genetic base of animals existing, human beings depend on about 14 mammals as well as bird species for 90% of their food supply from animals. As time progressed and intensification advanced, farmers adopted high yielding breeds of animals throughout the world. The decline in native breeds was aggravated by the anthropogenic factors like rapid urbanisation, changing life styles especially eating habits and emergence of new trends in biology, notably biotechnology and genetic engineering.

Of late, it is well evident that growing number of sustainable farmers are protecting animal biodiversity by raising ‘heritage’ or ‘heirloom’ breeds.Heritage breeds of animals were bred over time to develop traits that made them particularly well-adapted to the local environmental conditions. Heritage breeds are generally better adapted to withstand disease and survive in harsh environmental conditions.It could therefore be inferred that preserving this germ poolforms an integral part of food security and the preservation of wide range of germ poolis the hallmark of a sustainable breeding programme. It is in this context that the role of SOCDAB as a professional body accomplishes its goal.

I understand that this symposiumhas been designed to provide ample exposure to the participants in disseminating the concept of heritage biodiversityand applying this doctrine in their respective domains of expertise. Let me congratulate the Dr.Anilkumar K., the Organising Secretary of the symposium as well as his dynamic team for making this symposiuma reality.I wish the symposium all success.

Prof. (Dr.) K. Vijayakumar M.V.Sc., Ph.D., P.G.D.B.M., P.G.D.I.B., P.G.D.A.G.M. Dean, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala E-mail: [email protected]

01.02.2017 01.02.2017 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

Patron : Shri. Adv. V. S. Sunilkumar, Minister for Agriculture, Kerala State Co-Patron : Shri. Anil Xavier IAS, Hon’ble.Vice Chancellor, KVASU Vice Patrons : Shri. Adv. K. Rajan, Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly. Dr. Joseph Mathew, Registrar, KVASU Dr. K .M. Syam Mohan, Finance Officer (i/c), KVASU Dr. Devada K., DirectorAcademics and Research, KVASU Dr. T. P. Sethumadhavan, Director Entrepreneurship, KVASU Dr. Sisilamma George, Dean, CVAS, Mannuthy Dr. K.Vijayakumar, Dean, CVAS, Pookode Dr. GirishVarma, Dean, CDST, Mannuthy Advisors : Dr. Sabin George, Member, Board of Management, KVASU Dr. M.K.Narayanan, Member, Board of Management Dr. P. SudheerBabu, Member, Board of Management Dr. K.P. Sreekumar, Member, Management Council Dr. Lucy K .M., Member, Management Council Dr. Sujith S., Member, Academic Council

Organising committee Chairperson : Dr. A.P. Usha, Director of Farms, Professor & Head, Centre for Pig Production and Research, Mannuthy. Co- Chairman : Dr. T.V. Aravindakshan, Director, Centre for Advanced Studies on Animal Genetics & Breeding, Mannuthy. Secretary : Dr. K. Anilkumar, Associate Dean, CV&AS, Mannuthy. Jt. Organising secretaries : Dr. Thirupathy Venkitachalapathy, Associate Professor & Head, Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy. Dr. G. Radhika, Asst.Professor, Centre for Advanced Studies on Animal Genetics & Breeding, Mannuthy. Dr. Bindya Liz Abraham, Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, CVAS, Mannuthy.

Programme committee Chairman : Dr. Usha P.T.A., Professor & Head, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology Co- Chairman : Dr. Lucy K. M., Professor (Academics), Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology Convener : Dr. Indu V. Raj, Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Members : Dr. Sindhu K. Rajan, Asst. Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Jurisprudence Dr. Manju Sasidharan, Asst. Professor, Department of LPM Dr. Biya Ann Joseph, Asst. Professor, Department of LPM Dr. Ambily R., Asst. Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine Dr. Bibu John Kariyil, Asst. Professor,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Dr. Haririshnan S., Asst. Professor, Department of Poultry Science for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Dr. Irshad, Asst. Professor, Department of LPT : Dr. Varuna Panicker, Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry

Finance Committee Chairman : Dr. N. Ashok, Professor & Head, Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology Co- Chairman : Dr. Shynu M., Asst. Professor, Dept. Of Veterinary Biochemistry Convener : Dr. G. Radhika, Asst.Professor, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics

I Members : Dr. Laly F. Anand, Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics : Dr. Tina Sadan, M.V.Sc. scholar, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics : Dr. Shalu Elizabeth Simon, M.V.Sc. scholar, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics

Reception Committee Chairman : Dr. C. Latha, Professor, Department of VeterinaryPublic Health Co- Chairman : Dr. K. Ally Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, CVAS Convener : Dr. Priya P. M., Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Microbiology Members : Dr. Baby Salini, Asst. Professor, Department of Physical Education Dr. Shilpa M.V., M.V.Sc. Scholar, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics Dr. Charlotte Rodricks, M.V.Sc. Scholar, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics

Accommodation Committee Chairman : Dr. Ajith Jacob George, Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Pathology Co- Chairman : Dr. Madhavan Unny, Asst. Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence Convener : Dr. Bimal C.B., Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics Member Dr. Justin Davis, Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine

Food Committee Chairman : Dr. K.S. Anil, Professor & Head University Livestock Farm & Fodder Research Development Scheme, KVASU, Mannuthy Co- Chairman : Dr. C.N. Dinesh, Asst. Professor Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, CVAS, Pookode Convener : Dr. M. Manoj, Asst. Professor Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding Member : Dr. Justin Davis, Asst. Professor, Department of LPM, CVAS, Mannuthy

Transportation Committee Chairman : Dr. C. B. Devanand, Professor& Head, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Co- Chairman : Dr. Binu K. Mani, Asst. Professor, Department ofVeterinary Microbiology Convener : Dr. Rojan K. M., Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding Members : Dr. Dileepkumar, Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology Dr. Prakash G., M.V.Sc. Scholar, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics Dr. Ananda Kumar Ponnala, M.V.Sc. Scholar, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics Dr. Changchup Dorje, M.V.Sc. scholar, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics

Publications Committee Chairman : Dr. Thirupathy Venkitachalapathy, Associate Professor and Head, Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Co- Chairman : Dr. R. S. Jiji, Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, CVAS, Mannuthy Convener : Dr. Sreekumar T. R., Department of Physiology, CVAS, Mannuthy Member : Dr. Pratheesh M.D., Department of Physiology, CVAS, Mannuthy

Farmers Sessions Chairman : Dr. C.T. Sathian, Professor& Head, Department of Dairy Science, CVAS, Mannuthy NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Co- Chairman : Dr. Shyama K., Asst. Professor(SS), Department of Animal Nutrition, CVAS, Mannuthy Convener : Dr. Naicy Thomas, Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, CVAS, Pookode Members : Dr. Muhammed E. M., Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, CVAS, Pookode Dr. K. Raji, Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Physiology, CVAS, Mannuthy Dr. Surej Joseph Bunglavan, Asst. Professor, ULF, Mannuthy Dr. Harikumar, Asst. Professor, Department of LPM, CVAS, Mannuthy Dr. Suraj P.T., Asst. Professor, CPPR, Mannuthy

II Poster Sessions Chairman : Dr. Gangadevi P., Professor& Head, Department of Animal Nutrition CVAS, Mannuthy Co- Chairman : Dr. Beena V., Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Physiology CVAS, Mannuthy Convener : Dr. Muhasin Asaf V.N., Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding CVAS, Pookode Members : Dr. Justin Davis, Asst. Professor, Department of LPM, CVAS, Mannuthy

Exhibition Commitee Chairman : Dr. P.V. Tresamol, Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, CVAS, Mannuthy Co- Chairman : Dr. Rajeev T.S., Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary& AH Extension CVAS, Mannuthy Convener : Dr. Elizebeth Kurian, Asst. Professor, Department of AnimalBreeding & Genetics Members : Dr. S.Sulficar, Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Entertainment Committee Chairman : Dr. Ajithkumar S., Professor & Head, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Co- Chairman : Dr. Syam K. Venugopal, Professor & Head, Veterinary Hospital Kokkalai Convener : Dr. Jamuna Valsalan, Asst. Professor, Centre for Advanced Studies on AnimalBreeding& Genetics, Mannuthy Member : Dr. Devi S.S., Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Pathology, CVAS, Mannuthy

Tours Committee Chairman : Dr. B Sunil, Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health Co- Chairman : Dr. Sajith Purushothaman, Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition Convener : Dr. Joe Joseph, Asst. Professor, Department of Physical Education Member : Dr. K. Vinodkumar, Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Invitation Committee Chairman : Dr. M. Mini, Professor & Head, Department of Veterinary Microbiology Co- Chairman : Dr. Karthiayani, Associate Professor and Head l/C, Department of VeterinaryPhysiology Convener : Dr. Uma R., Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, CVAS, Mannuthy Member : Dr. Deepa Ananth, Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition

Awards and Mementoes Committee Chairman : Dr. Usha N. P., Professor & Head, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, CVAS, Mannuthy Co- Chairman : Dr. S. Maya, Professor & Head, Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, CVAS, Pookode Convener : Dr. Marykutty Thomas, Asst. Professor, CASAGB, Mannuthy Members : Dr. E.D. Benjamin, Asst. Professor, Centre for Pig Production and Research, Mannuthy Dr. Jasmine Rani, Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Dr. Syamala K., Asst. Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, CVAS, Mannuthy Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

III

Contents

TECHNICAL SESSION I

DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY: STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE AGENDA

LEAD PAPERS

Status, Trends and Future Prospects of Animal Genetic Resources in Western India G.C. Gahlot and Vjay Agarwal 1 Status, Trends and Future Prospects of Animal Genetic Resources in Central India S.N.S. Parmar and M. S. Thakur 11 Status of Biodiversity in The Livestock Sector A. P. Usha 18 ORAL Appraisal of Type, Growth and Wool Parameters of Munjal Sheep S.P. Dahiya, Z.S. Malik and B.l. Pander 23 Laccadive Goat- A Unique Genetic Resource of Lakshadweep R. Thirupathy Venkatachalapathy, Sankaralingam, S., Radha, K. and Kabeer, M 23 Conservation and Improvement of Sahiwal Breed in It’s Native Tract Simarjeet Kaur, M. S. Sekhon, R. S. Grewal, H. K. Verma, Narinder Singh and B. K. Bansal 24

Conservation and Genetic Improvement of Kankrej Cattle Through Associated Herd Progeny Testing Programme Umesh Singh, T. V. Raja, R. R. Alyethodi, B. S. Rathod and B. Prakash 24 Assessment of Phenotypic Variability and Management of Indigenous Cattle of Meghalaya State Pundir R. K., Singh P. K., Dangi P. S., Kumar A., Borah, S., Mahanta N. And Mettei, S. L. 25 Phenotypic Characterization of Unexplored Cattle Population of Konkan Region of Maharashtra P.K. Singh, R.K. Pundir, P.S. Dangi, B.G. Desai, D.J. Bhagat, Shalu Kumar and Lovey Sharma 25

Growth Potential of Avikalin Sheep Under Farm Conditions in Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan L. Leslie Leo Prince, Indrasen Chauhan, Ved Prakash, R.C. Sharma and Arun Kumar 26 POSTER Meat and Milk Production of Osmanabadi Goats S.S. Kamble and V.S. Lawar 29 Relative Assessment of Morphometric Traits of Yalaga With Kenguri and Bannur Sheep Breeds M. S.Hussain, Appannavar, M.,Yathish, H. M., Asharani A D, Suranagi M. D. and U S Biradar 29 Relationship Among Different Body Measurements in Different Age Group of Animals in Endangered Bargur Cattle XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

P. Ganapathi and N. Kumaravelu 30 Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Phenotypic Characterization and Conservation of Chaugarkha Goat Breed in Uttarakhand Hilly Tracts P. Satheesh Kumar, Amod Kumar, A.K. Sharma,C. Jana, M. Shankar, Amol and Chandra Prakash 30 Performance Evaluation of Magra Sheep in Farmers’ Flock at Arid Region of Rajasthan A. K. Patel, H.K. Narula, Ashish Chopra and K.S. Gurao 31 Study on Moprhometry and Growth of Hassan Sheep Breed in Farmer Flocks

Naveen Kumar,G.S., Basavaraj Inamdhar., Srikanth Dodamani and Sunil Kumar.M.A. 31 for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Cytogenetic Analysis of Breeding Bucks of Osmanabadi Breed yy Using QFQ Banding Kokani S.C., Pawar V. D., Sawane M. P., Chopade M. M., Khade S. B., Komatwar S.J., Deshmukh R.S. and Nimbkar C.B. 32 Rate of Inbreeding in Vechur Cattle Conservation Unit Manoj M., Ponnala A. K., Bimal C. B. And Aravindakshan T. V. 32 Microsatellite Markers Based Genetic Characterization in Chhattisgarhi Buffalo Vikas Vohra, Ramendra Das, Mohan Singh, M S Tantia and R S Kataria 33

V Genetic Profile of Nagaland Long Hair Goats Pushp Raj Shivahre, Rak Aggarwal, N. Savino, R Sharma, S Ahlawat and N K Verma 33 Genetic Characterization of Brown Type Donkeys of Andhra Pradesh Using Microsatellite Markers Rahul Behl, S.K. Niranjan, Jyotsnabehl, M.S. Tantia, Reenaarora, M.V. Dharma Rao, P. Panduranga Reddy and R.K. Vijh 34

Morpho - Metric Characteristics of Chitarangi Sheep of North India A K Mishra, Anand Jain, S Singh and V Vohra 35 Mitochondrial D-loop Analysis of Bargur Buffalo Raja, K N, Vikas Vohra, A K Mishra and P Ganapathy 35 Environmental Factors Affecting Some Production And Reproductive Traits in Jaffrabadi Buffalo B.D. Savaliya, S.S. Parikh, P.M. Gamit, R.B. Makawana and P.U. Gajbhiye 36 Morphometric and Milk Quality Traits of Tamen M. Kakki, S. Sarmah, G. Zaman, A. Aziz And G.C. Das 37 Banni Buffalo: The Way to Transform and Revitalize Maldharis Economy K P Singh 37 Studies on Morphometric Measurements of Nellore Palla Sheep Under Field Conditions B. Punyakumari and G.Bharathi 38 Non- Genetic Factors Affecting Body Weight in Marwari Goat H. Chouhan and G.C.gahlot 38 Comparative Cytogenetic Studies of Mithun And Mithun X Cattle Cross Morothung Ezung, U.D Umrikar, Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Anupama Mukherjee, Imsusosang Longkumer, M.P. Sawane, V.D. Pawar and S.J Komatwar 39 The Status of Kenkatha Breed of Cattle in its Breeding Tract S. S. Tomar, S.N.S. Parmar And Shrikant Joshi 39 Vechur Cattle Conservation Programme – A Model For Conservation of Indigenous Cattle Ponnala A. K., Prakash G., Manoj M. and Aravindakshan T. V. 40 Morphological Characterization of Indigenous Goats of Andhrapradesh U. Vinod, A. Lakshmiparvathi, B. Punyakumari and G. Bharathi 41 Evaluation of The Genetic Diversity of Two Camel Populations Rekha Sharma, Himani Sharma, Sonika Ahlawat, S. C. Mehta and M. S. Tantia 41 Chevaadu – A New Registered Sheep Breed Of Tamil Nadu T. Ravimurugan 42 A Report on Lakshadweep Desi Fowl and Their Management

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity S. Sankaralingam, R. Thirupathy Venkatachalapathy and M. Kabeer 42 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Studies on Badri Cattle in Almora District of Uttarakhand State D. Kumar and A.K. Gaur 43 Halari Donkey of Gujarat Strengthens Local Livelihoods Ramesh Bhatti, Shersinh Chauhan, Narendra Nandania, Sabyasachi Das, D.N. Rank and D. K. Sadana 43 Kahmi Goat of Gujarat: A Unique Resource Ramesh Bhatti, Narendra Nandania, Shersinh Chauhan, Sabyasachi Das, D.n. Rank And D. K. Sadana 44 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Kachchhi Donkey of Gujarat: A Potential New Resource Ramesh Bhatti, Shersinh Chauhan,Narendra Nandania, Sabyasachi Das, D.N. Rank, D. K. Sadana 44 Study of Diversity In Bundelkhandi Goat Breed Population Sonawane, D. R. and Gokhale, S.B. 45 An Unexplored Ovine Genetic Resource of Tamil Nadu, India - Tiruchy Black Sheep P. Gopu, N.murali, R, Saravanan, R, Annal Villi and M.Malarmathi 45

VI TECHNICAL SESSION II GENOMICS AND BEYOND FOR DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY

LEAD PAPERS

Genome Editing Technologies: A New Revolution in Molecular Biology Prof (Dr.) T. V. Aravindakshan 47

Use of Bioinformatics for Improving Indian Livestock and Poultry Prof. Dr. P. Kumarasamy 54

Genome Analysis for Enhancing Productivity of Livestock M.S. Tantia and Manishi Mukesh 62 ORAL PRESENTATIONS Molecular Characterization and Polymorphism Detection of PPP1R11 Gene in Karan Fries Cattle Shabahat Mumtaz, Anupama Mukherjee, Abdul Rahim, Pooja Joshi, Alok Kumar Yadav, Archana Verm and I. D. Gupta 71 Unravelling New Variants of Beta Casein Gene in Different Cattle Types and Genotype Specific Expression Pattern Across Lactation Stages Monika Sodhi, Pravesh Kumari, Shelesh Swami, Nikita Goyal, Swati Kesari, Meena Shri, RS Kataria, SK Niranjan, AK Mohanty and Manishi Mukesh 71 Microsatellite Based Genetic Diversity Analysis to Redefine Population Structure of Goat Genetic Groups of Kerala Radhika G., Raghavan K. C., Aravindakshan T.V. and Usha A.P. 72 Molecular Characterization of ‘Gujarat Malvi’ Cattle a Lesser Known Population of Gujarat Using Microsatellite Markers Ashish C. Patel, Shefali Macwan, Pooja Mankad and D.N. Rank 73 Tissue mRNA Distribution and Expression Levels of Genes Relating to Reproduction in Prolific Malabari and Low- prolific Attappady Black Goats Naicy Thomas, R. T. Venkatachalapathy, Elizabeth Kurian and T.V. Aravindakshan 73 Next Generation Sequencing Confirms The Distinct Breed Identity of Birbhum Sheep – An Indigenous Breed of Sheep Identified From The Birbhum District of West Bengal Aruna Pal, Samiddha Banerjee, Paresh Nath Chatterjee, Subhashis Batobyal, Purnendu Biswas and Arjava Sharma 74 Investigation of The Association Between CD209 Gene and Paratuberculosis Infection in Cattle Satish Kumar, Subodh Kumar, Ran Vir Singh, Anuj Chauhan, Amit Kumar And Shoor Vir Singh 74 STR Markers Based Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Buffaloes from Odisha State Ravinder Singh, Shailendra Kumar Mishra, Changanamkandath Rajesh, Saket Kumar Niranjan, Vikas Vohra, Susant Kumar Dash, Sanat Mishra And Ranjit Singh Kataria 75

In-silico Comparative Analysis of The Promoter Regions of Ovine and Bovine Leptin (LEP) Gene XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Cauveri D., S.N. Sivaselvam, K.G. Tirumurugaan,S.M.K. Karthickeyan and K. Kumanan 77 Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of PPP1R11 Gene with Daughter Pregnancy Rate in Karan Fries Shabahat Mumtaz, Anupama Mukherjee, Abdul Rahim, Kaiser Praveen, Pooja Joshi, Alok Kumar Yadav and A. K Gupta 77 Expression Profile of ACVR2agene and Developing Novel Antibody Blocking Myostatin Binding Receptors (ACVR2A) Enhance the Myod Gene Expression in Chicken

P. Satheesh Kumar, T.K. Bhattacharya, S.k. Dhara Pushpendra Kumar, R.N. Chatterjee for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL and Chandan Paswan 78 Determination of Allelic Variants in Exon 4 of FCGRT Genein Murrah Buffaloes and Their Association with Colostral IGg Concentration Swati Agrawal, Subodh Kumar, Rajni Chaudhary, Yathish H.M., Nihar R. Sahoo and Anuj Chauhan 78 Polymorphism in TLR4 Gene and its Association with Milk Production Traits in Vrindavani Cattle Chinmoy Mishra, Subodh Kumar, Yathish H M, Rajni Choudhary, Anuj Chahuan and Amit Kumar 79

VII Identification of Variations in Growth Hormone Gene and its Association with Growth Traits in Kenguri Sheep Vaishali Hiremath, M.M. Appannavar, Yathish H.M., Sangamesh, S.M. Kartikesh, Vivek R Kasaralikar And Siddalingaswamy Hiremath 80 Assessing The Role of Bovine Transition Protein Gene Polymorphism in Seminal Parameters by PCR-SSCP and Quantitative Expression Analysis Yathish H.M., Subodh Kumar, Rajni Chaudhary, Chinmoy Mishra, Sivakumar A., Amit Kumar, Anuj Chauhan, S.K. Ghosh and Abhijit Mitra 80 Genetic Characterization of Bovine Transition Protein Gene and its Role in Sperm Motility Yathish H.m, Subodh Kumar, Chinmoy Mishra, Rajni Chaudhary, Sivakumar A., Amit Kumar, Anuj Chauhan, S.K. Ghosh and Abhijit Mitra 81 Polymorphism of Growth Hormone Gene and its Association with Growth Traits in Osmanabadi Goat Sangamesh, M.M. Appannavar, Yathish H.M., Vaishali Hiremath, Shrikant Kulkarni, Ramachandra B. and M.D. Suranagi 81 Association of Novel SNPS in the Candidate Genes Affecting Growth Traits in Madras Red Sheep Amiya Ranjan Sahu, V. Jeichitra, R. Rajendran and A. Raja 82 Analysis of Population Structure in Taurine and Indicine Breeds Sheikh Firdous Ahmad, Manjit Panigrahi, Soni Kumari, Satish Kumar and Bharat Bhushan 82 Sequence Characterization of Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 11 (PPP1R11) Gene in Murrah Bulls Varsha Jain, Archana Verma, I.D. Gupta and Brijesh Patel 83 Genetic Variability in Exon 40 of Bovine Fatty Acid Synthase Gene Associated with Test Day Fat Yield in Murrah Buffaloes Manoj Kumar, Vikas Vohra, Poonam Ratwan and Atish Kumar Chakravarty 83 Association of STAT5A Gene Polymorphism with Milk Production Traits in Murrah Buffaloes Pooja Joshi, A.K Gupta, Manvendra Singh, Shabahat Mumtaz And Meeti Punetha 84 Genetic Polymorphism of STAT5A, DGAT1 and CYP19 Genes in Murrah Buffaloes and Their Possible Association with Milk Production Traits Krovvidi Sudhakar, S.Panneerselvam, A.K. Thiruvenkadan, R. Saravanan and N. Murali 84 Genetic Diversity of  - Tubulin Isotype 1 Gene of Haemonchus Contortus Isolated From Sheep in Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh Chennuru Sreedevi, D. Amrutha, K. Srinivasa Rao and Krovvidi Sudhakar 85 Association of Growth Hormone (GH) Gene Variants with Some Growth and Type Traits of Ganjam Goats and Lesser Known Goats of Coastal Odisha Ankita Aradhana, Dillip Kumar Karna and Gangadhar Nayak 85 Molecular Genetic Characterization of Nellore Sheep J. Surekha, B. Punyakumari, M. Gnana Prakash and J. Suresh 86 Differential Expression of Prostaglandin F Synthase (PGFS), Prostaglandin E Synthase (PGES) and Prostaglandin

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Transporter (PGT) Genes During Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy In Buffalo Endometrium 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Ankita Dilipkumar Verma, Manjit Panigrahi, Naseer Ahmad Baba, Sourabh Sulabh, Abdul Sadam, Subhashree Parida and Bharat Bhushan 86 Relative Expression of Oxytocin Receptor (OTR) Gene in Buffalo Endometrium During Late Luteal Phase and Pregnancy Stages Ankita Dilipkumar Verma, Manjit Panigrahi, Naseer Ahmad Baba, Sourabh Sulabh, Abdul Sadam, Subhashree Parida And Bharat Bhushan 87 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Microsatellite Based Assessment of Genetic Structure of Macherla Brown Sheep Mohan Kishore M, B Punyakumari and J. Suresh 87 Study on Genetic Polymorphism of Prolactin Gene in Kankrej Cattle Vijay Kumar Agrawal, G.C. Gahlot, V.K. Chaudhary, Seetaram Gupta, Amitosh Kumar, Mohd. Ashraf 88 Effects of HSP70 Polymorphisms on Thermo-physiology of Vrindavani Cattle Sandip Bhat, Pushpendra Kumar, Neeraj Kashyap, Bharti Deshmukh, Diwesh Kumar Niraj, Amit Kumar, Anuj Chauhan, Bharat Bhushan, M. Sarkar And Gyanendra Singh 88

VIII Genetic Variants in Male Specific Region (MSY) of Zinc Finger Protein 280b Y- Linked (ZNF280BY) Gene and their Association with Semen Quality Traits in Murrah Buffaloes Deginal Revanasiddu, Kerekoppa P. Ramesha, Reen Jagish Kour, Ahirwar Maneesh Kumar, Palat Divya, Mukund A. Kataktalware, Marappa Basavaraju, Dayal N. Das, Nagaleekar Anand Kumar and Nath Sapna 89 Comparative Modeling of Beta Defensin 3 of Bos Indicus and It’s Docking Studies with Biofilm Forming Molecules of Pathogens Ankita Gurao, Sudhir Kumar Kashyap and Ravinder Singh 90 Screening of Kankrej and Crossbred Cattle Population for Β Casein A1/A2 Protein Gene Variants Using PCR-RFLP Ashish C. Patel, Tripti Dadheech, Yogita Patel, Dhruva Sharma and D.N. Rank 90

Annotation of Caprine Bactericidal/ Permeability Increasing Protein Gene on Goat Genome C.N. Dinesh and Arvind Sonawane 91 Nucleotide Variations in Leptin (LEP) Gene – A Comparison Between The Indigenous and Exotic Breeds of Sheep Cauveri D., S.N. Sivaselvam, K.G. Tirumurugaan, S.M.K. Karthickeyan and K. Kumanan 91 Characterization of Transmembrane Protein 95 Gene (Tmem95) in Murrah Buffalo Using Comparitive Genomic Approach S. Shireesha, Krovvidi Sudhakar, Ch. Venkata Seshaiah, R. Vinoo and M. Muralidhar 92 Genetic Polymorphism of Myostatin Gene (GDF8) in Nellore and Macherla Brown Sheep D.V. Praneeth, R. Vinoo, M. Muralidhar, S. Jagadeswara Rao and Krovvidi Sudhakar 92 Exploration of Variations in Coding Regions of INHα and INHβ a Genes and their Association with Semen Quality in Bulls Divya, P., K.P. Ramesha, Ragini Kumari, S. Jeyakumar, Mukund A. Kataktalware, D. N. Das and Revanasiddu Deginal 93 Differential Expression Profiling of IL1B Gene in Host Peripheralblood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCS) from Mastitis Tolerant and Susceptible Animals Muhasin Asaf, Bharat Bhushan, Manjit Panigrahi, Amod Kumar, Jay Prakash Gupta, Sanjeev Ranjan, Amit Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar and G.K. Gaur 93 In Silico Analysis of A Novel Snp (C.C880T) in Caprine SLC11A1 Gene Anu Bosewell, Naicy Thomas, T.V. Aravindakshan and Elizabeth Kurian 94 A Study on Genetic Polymorphism of DAZL Gene in Sheep Vageesh Pandith S., Nagaraja R., Naveen Kumar G.S. and Jayashankar M.R. 95 Tetra-arms PCR Based Genotyping of SNP Identified in 3’UTR of Buffalo Toll-like Receptor 2 Prem Kumar, Shailendra Kumar Mishra, Ravinder Singh, Saket Kumar Niranjan, Vikas Vohra and Ranjit Singh Kataria 95 Relative Gene Expression of Fatty Acid Synthesis Genes at 60 Day Postpartum in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells of Surti and Jafarabadi Buffaloes Mamta Janmeda, Vishnu Kharadi, Gaurav Pandya, Balkrishna Brahmkshtri, Umed Ramani and Kuldeep Tyagi 96 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity High Variability at MHC Class II Loci Indicates Genetic Fitness and Adaptability in Swamp Buffalo, Mithun and Yak Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Populations of North-east Region of India S. K. Mishra1, D. S. Gonge1, J. Behl, P. J. Das, T. K. Biswas, Jayakumar S., R. K. Singh, Subodh Kumar, R. S. Kataria1and S. K. Niranjan 96 PCR-RFLP Polymorphism at 3’UTR of TCR-ZETA Sub Unit (Cd247) Gene in Ongole Cattle Bhakthavatchalam S., Sakaram D., Gnana Prakash M. and Narasimha Reddy, Y. 97

Transcriptome Signature of Circulating PBMCS to Understand Mechanism of High Altitude Adaptation in Native Cattle for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL of Ladakh Region Preeti Verma, Ankita Sharma, Monika Sodhi, Vikay K Bharti, Prabhat Kumar, Arup Giri and Manishi Mukesh 97 Identification of SNP in HSP90AA1 Gene and their Association with Heat Tolerance Traits In Karan Fries (Bos Taurus X Bos Indicus) Cattle Rakesh Kumar, I. D. Gupta, Archana Verma, Ragini Kumari 98

IX Detection of SNPS in PLCZ1 gene and their association with semen quality parameters in Sahiwal bulls Santosh Kumari, Ishwar Dayal Gupta, Archana Verma, Vineeth M. R. and Ankit Magotra 99 Molecular characterization and Polymorphism Detection in Aquaporin 7 Gene of Surti Bulls Ragini Kumari, K.P. Ramesha, Rakesh Kumar, P. Divya and Beena Sinha 99 Association of SNPs in Growth Hormone and Leptin Genes with Reproduction Traits in Madras Red and Nilagiri Sheep Breeds of Tamil Nadu Kavitha A., Cauveri D., Venkataramanan R., Arthy V. and Sivaselvam S.N. 100 Nucleotide Sequence Variation in CRH Gene in Murrah Buffalo Gedamete, Archanaverma, I.D. Gupta, Ashwaniarya, Vineeta Singh, Aneetkour and Ektarana 100 Screening for a Structural Variant Associated with Fertility in Vechur and Crossbred Cattle of Kerala Bimal, C. B, Aravindakshan, T. V, Manoj, M. and Jinty, S. 101 Molecular Characterization and Detection of Two Novel SNPs of SIRTUIN3 (SIRT3) Genein Malabari and Attappady Black Goats Silpa M.V., Naicy Thomas., Radhika G., T. V Aravindakshan, Anu Bosewell and Charlotte Coretta Rodricks 101 Nucleotide Sequence Variations at Superoxide Dismutase2 (SOD 2) Gene Locus in Vechur Cattle, Crossbred Cattle and Murrah Buffaloes Pragathi K.S., Anilkumar K. , Radhika G., Lali F.A. 102 Computational Analysis of SNPs in BOLA-DRB3 Gene of Vechur Cattle and Comparison with Crossbred Cattle of Kerala Jinty Sukumaran, T.V. Aravindakshan, Anu Bosewell And Radhika,G. 103 Comparative Expression Analysis of Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD 2) Gene in Relation to Mastitis in CB Cattle Of Kerala Pragathi K.S., Anilkumar K. and Radhika G. 104 Comparative Modeling of Beta Defensin 3 of Bos Indicus and It’s Docking Studies with Biofilm Forming Molecules of Pathogens Ankita Gurao, Sudhir Kumar Kashyap and Ravinder Singh 104 Polymorphism of BOLA-DRB3 Gene and its Association with SCC in Crossbred and Indigenous Cattle R. Saravanan, S.Velusamy, N.murali and A.K.Thiruvenkadan 105 Expression Profile of Troponin C Type 1 and Myoglobin Genes in Different Tissues of Ghagus and Aseel Chicken A. Rajendra Prasad, T.K. Bhattacharya, R.N. Chatterjee, Kumar P., Bhushan B., N. Govardhana Sagar, P. Guru Vishnu, D. Divya 105

TECHNICAL SESSION III INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF BREEDING NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February LEAD PAPERS

Prospects of Carpet Wool Production Through Indigenous Sheep Breeds in Arid Zone of India A. K. Patel, H. K. Narula and S. M. K. Naqvi 107 Genetic Improvement and Utilization of Indigenous Cattle of India B. Prakash, T.V. Raja, Rani Alex, Rafeeque R. Alyethodi, Sushil Kumar and Umesh Singh 116 Buffalo: A Black Gold of Small Farmers of India NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL C.V. Singh, R.S. Barwa and B.N. Shahi 124 The Improvement of Pigs Through Breeding and Feeding in Assam R. N. Goswami and D. Kalita 133 Current Trends and Sustainable Utilization of Camel S. C. Mehta And S.S.Dahiya 137

X ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Performance of Crossbred Cattle in Uttrakhand Ravinder Kumar, A.K. Das, S. K. Rathee, Rani Alex and C.B. Singh 143 Analysis of Part Period Egg Production of IWI Layer Population Using Animal Model Chandan Paswan, R. N. Chatterjee, T. K. Bhattacharya, Santosh Haunshi, U. Rajkumar and M. Niranjan 143 Genetic Parameters of Test Day Records and Estimation of Direct and Correlated Responses in First Lactation Milk Yield in Indian Holstein Crossbred Dairy Herds Using Multitrait Animal Model Raja T .V., Rathee, S. K., Kumar, R., Prakash, B. and Singh, U 144 Status of Inbreeding in a Closed Flock of Magra Sheep in Arid Region of Rajasthan H. K. Narula, A. K. Patel, Ashish Chopra and Vimal Mehrotra 144 Genetic Improvement of HF-crossbred in Kerala Under Field Progeny Testing Project A. K. Das, Ravinder Kumar, S.K.Rathee, K. Anilkumar, G. Radhika and B. Prakesh 145 Mutton Quality Attributes of Bandur Sheep Vis A Vis Local Sheep of Karnataka Reena Arora, Naveen Kumar, S., Sudarshan, S., Suresh Devatkal, Mohamed Nadeem Fairoze, Anju Sharma, Yashila Girdhar, R.M. Sreesujatha, Sonika Ahlawat1 and Ramesh Kumar Vijh 145 Growth Potential of Muzaffarnagari Sheep Under Farm Conditions Gopal Dass, Y. K. Kushwah and Nitika Sharma 146

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

Comparision of Chromosomal Architecture of Sahiwal and Crossbred Sahiwal Cattle B.V.Subramanyam, P.Jaya Laxmi, B.Punyakumari and A.V.N.Sivakumar 147 Molecular Characterization by Next Generation Sequencing and Study of The Genetic Basis of Antiviral Resistance of Indigenous Ducks Aruna Pal 147 Inheritance of Lameness Score in Vrindavani Cows Chandra Prakash G.k. Gaur, N.R. Sahoo, Binoy Chandra Naha 148 Effect of Non-genetic Factors on Various Reproduction Traits in Murrah Buffaloes Ishfaq Jamal, Saleem Yousuf, Muzaffar Ahmad Naik and Naseer Ahmad Baba 149 Factors Affecting Growth Traits of Sirohi Goats S.S. Misra, Arun Kumar, I.S. Chauhan and G.R. Gowane 149 Effect of Bioxcell™ Medium on The Freezability of Buck Semen R. Ranjan, A. K. Goel, S. K. Jindal, S. D. Kharche and Satish Kumar 150 Study on Replacement Rate and its Components In Malpura Sheep In an Organized Farm in Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan Govind Mohan, G.r Gowane, N Anand Kumar and Saleem Yousuf 150 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Effect Of Non-genetic Factors Affecting Semen Characteristics of Murrah Buffalo Bulls Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February P.Ramajayan, S.N.Sivaselvam, S.M.K.Karthickeyan, K.Kulasekar, R.Venkataramanan and A.Gopinathan 151 A Study on Socio-economic Status of Bannur Sheep Rearing Farmers in Kolar District of Karnataka P.K. Mallick, R. Pourouchottamane, S.M.K. Thirumaran, G. Nagarajan, S. Rajapandi, G. Murali and A.S. Rajendiran 151 Estimates of Direct And Maternal (Co) Variance Components as well as Genetic Parameters of Growth Traits in Nellore Sheep I. Satish Kumar, G. Gangaraju, C. Vijaya Kumar, Sapna Nath and A.K.Thiruvenkadan 152 for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Comparative Evaluation of Carcass Traits in Yalaga, Kenguri and Bannur Sheep Breeds M. S. Hussain, Appannavar, M, M., Yathish, H. M., Asharani, A. D, Suranagi, M. D. and U. S. Biradar 152 Evaluation of Post-weaning Average Daily Gain and Kleiber Ratios in Muzaffarnagari Sheep Gopal Dass and M. S. Dige 153 Comparative Evaluation of Different Lactation Curve Models in Gir Cattle Using Weekly Milk Yields B.D. Savaliya, S.S. Parikh, R.B. Makawana, A.R. Ahlawat and P.U. Gajbhiye 153

XI Productive and Reproductive Performance of Goats Raised Under Traditional Management System in Mathura District of Uttar Pradesh Manali Baghel and Saket Bhusan 154 Estimating Genetic and Non-genetic Parameters of Grower and Layer Performance Traits in Cari-debendra Chicken Ananta Kumar Das, Sanjeev Kumar, Anil Kumar Mishra, Abdul Rahim And Laxmikant Sambhaji Kokate 154 Lifetime Performance of Phule Triveni Synthetic Cows in Intensive Management Conditions G.S. Ambhore, Avtar Singh, D.K. Deokar, Manvendra Singh and S.K. Sahoo 155 Relative Effectiveness of Different Sire Evaluation Methods Geeta Lodhi, C.V. Singh, R.S. Barwal and B.N. Shahi 155

Estimation of Factors for Standardizing Lactation Yield to Mature Equivalent Basis and Factors Affecting 305 Day Mature Equivalent Milk Yield in Frieswal Cattle Sushil Kumar, Rani Alex, Umesh Singh, T. V. Raja, Rajib Deb, Rafeeque R. Alyethodi and B. Prakash 156 Comparison of Persistency Coefficients in HFX Sahiwal Crossbred Cattle Nisha Sharma, Raman Narang and Neeraj Kashyap 157 Pellet Cryopreservation of Chicken Semen: Effect of Dimethylacetamide and Sucrose on Post Thaw Sperm Quality and Fertility Shanmugam M. and R.K.Mahapatra 158 Omparative Study on Milk Composition and Somatic Cell Count Between Healthy Kosali and Tharparkar Breed of Cattle Subrat Kumar Dash, Piyusha Bhainsare and Priyabrata Behera 158 Genetic Upgradation of Livestock for Higher Milk Production in Uttarakhand State C.V. Singh, R.S. Barwal and B.N. Shahi 159 Influence of Levels of Immunocompetence Traits on Layer Economic Traits in Rhode Island Red Chicken Under Long- term Selection Abdul Rahim, Sanjeev Kumar, Jowel Debnath, Ananta Kumar Das Ramji Yadav and Amiya Ranjan Sahu 159 Evaluation of Prediction of Milk Productivity From Fortnightly, Monthly and Test Day Milk Yields in Crossbred Cattle Factors Affecting MY305 Days and Test Day Milk Yield Soni Kumari, Raman Narang, Neeraj Kashyap, Nisha and Puneet Malhotra 160 Factors Affecting MY305 Days and Test Day Milk Yield Soni Kumari, Raman Narang*, Neeraj Kashyap, Nisha and Puneet Malhotra 161 Genetic Analysis of Production Performance of Frieswal Cattle S. K. Rathee, T.V. Raja, A. K. Gupta, Avtar Singh, A.K. Chakravarty and Sushil Kumar 161 Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone Gene Polymorphism and its Association with Milk Yield and Fat Content in Deoni Cows Anand Kumar Nagaleekar, Das D.N., Sukanta Mondal, Sapna Nath, Revanasiddu Deginal, Maneesh Kumar Ahirwar and Ramesha K.P. 162 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Genetic Variation in Fitness Traits Among Crossbred Broiler and Native Kuttanad Ducks of Kerala Tina Sadan, Shalu Elizabeth Simon and Marykutty Thomas 162 A Comparative Studyon Egg Quality Traits of Vanaraja And Giriraja Birds Kept In Intensive System under Konkan Region Of Maharashtra Shalu Kumar R.G., Burte B.G., Desai D.J., Bhagat A.J., Mayekar V.S., Dandekarand and J. S. Dhekale 163 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) on Growth Performance,

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Carcass Traits and Blood Profile of Broiler Chicken in Konkan Region of Maharashtra Sneharaskar D.J., Bhagat, Shalu Kumar, R.G. Burte, N.N. Prasade, B.G. Desai and J. S. Dhekale 163

Studies on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cattle under Organised Farm Management System V.S. Salunkhe, B.G. Desai, Shalu Kumar, R.G. Burte and D.J. Bhagat 164 Effect of Coriander (Coriander Sativum), Amla (Emblica Officinalis), Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) and Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) Fed Supplementation on Growth and Economic Return of Broilers Sheetalpedhavi, R.G. Burte, Shalu Kumar, B.G. Desai, H.M. Agare, D.J. Bhagat and J.S. Dhekale 165

XII Seasonal Variation in Scrotal Thermal Profile of Murrah Buffalo Bulls Maneesh Kumar Ahirwar, Mukund A. Kataktalware, Nazar, S., Heartwin P.A., Jash S., Jeyakumar, S. and K.P. Ramesha 165 Assessment of Semen Production Parameters and Effect of Non-genetic Factors in Umblachery Cattle of Tamil Nadu Gopinathan A., Sivaselvam, S. N., Karthickeyan S.M.K. and Venkataramanan, R. 166 Nutritional Status in Rural Buffalo of Eastern Uttar Pradesh Suresh B. Gokhale, Tejashree V. Shirsath and Manoj J. Aware 166 Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Trends for Performance Traits in Malabri Goats V. Jamuna, R.T. Venketachalapathy, Rojan P.M. and Bimal P. Bashir 167

Ovarian Expression Levels of GDF9 and RBP4 genes in Soviet Chinchilla and Grey Giant Rabbits Elizabeth Kurian, Naicy Thomas and T.V. Aravindakshan 167 Crossbred Progeny Production Performance in Rural Areas of Western Maharashtra S.B.Gokhale and R. L. Bhagat 168 Farmers’ Preference for Twinning under Field Conditions in Madras Red Sheep Kavirajan S., Venkataramanan R., Kumarasamy P., Gopi, H., Devendran P., Sivaselvam S. N. and Devi T 168 Relationship of Sire’s Evaluation for Different Production Traits and Daughter Pregnancy Rate in Crossbred Cattle Sunil Kumar, D.S.Dalal, C.S.Patil and Rakesh Verma 169 Factors Affecting Growth Traits of Sirohi Goats S.S. Misra, Arun Kumar, I.S. Chauhan and G.R. Gowane 169 Performance Evaluation of Cross Bred Bulls Using Milk Fat Percentage of Progenies Prakash G., Anil Kumar,K., Radhika G. and Mercey K.A 170 Genetic Studies on Growth and Production Traits in Rambouillet Sheep Vikas Bin Zaffer, R. K. Taggar, D. Chakraborty, Peer Mohd. Azhar, Anamika and D. Kumar 170 Sire Evaluation Based on First Lactation Production Efficiency Traits in Crossbred Cattle Simran Singh, Dibyendu Chakraborty, A. K. Das and R. K. Taggar 171 Averages and Correlations of Growth Traits in Rambouillet Sheep Anamika, Dibyendu Chakraborty, Peer Mohd Azhar, D. Kumar, R. K. Taggar And Aakriti Sudan 171 Cytogenetic Study of Leopard (Panthera Pardus) using Gtg –Banding Khade S.B., Sawane M.P., Pawar V.D., Chopade M.M., Deshmukh R.S. and Komatwar S.J. 172 Lifetime Fitness Performance of An Organised Flock of Chokla Sheep in Rajasthan Arnav Mehrotra, Urmila Pannu, Ashish Chopra, H.K. Narula and A.K. Patel 172 Effect of Supplementation of Chromium Propionate on Growth of Deoni Female Calves Maintained under Semi-intensive Management System Mukund A. Kataktalware, Nazar, S., Maneesh Ahirwar, D.n. Das, S. Jeyakumar, B. Srinivas,

Sohanvir Singh and K.P. Ramesha 173 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Non-genetic Factors Influencing Test Day Milk Yield (Tdmy) in Mehsana Buffaloes G. A. Parmar, J. P. Gupta, D. P. Pandey, J. D. Chaudhari, B. M. Prajapati, R. N. Sathvara, J. R. Patel and S. B. Patel 173 Evaluation of Non-genetic Factors Influencing Fat Corrected Energy Yield in Mehsana Buffaloes B. M. Prajapati, J. P. Gupta, D. P. Pandey, J. D. Chaudhari, G. A. Parmar, R. N. Sathvara, P. A. Patel and M. N. Prajapati 174 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Factors Affecting Production and Reproduction Performance of Mehsana Buffaloes under Field Conditions J. D. Chaudhari, D. P. Pandey, J. P. Gupta, G. A. Parmar, B. M. Prajapati, R. N. Sathvara and M. A. Patel 174 Phenotypic Correlations Between Some External and Internal Egg Quality Traits in Gramapriya And Vanaraja and their Crosses Beena Sinha, K.G. Mandal, Ragini Kumari and D.S. Gonge 175 Estimation of Reproductive and Fitness Traits in Nilagiri Breed of Sheep Arth Chaudhari, R. Rajendran, R. Venkataramanan, S.N. Sivaselvam and S. Meenakshi Sundaram 175

XIII Effect of Climate Change Over Years on Production and Reproduction Parameters of Sahiwal Cows Kaiser Parveen, A.K.gupta, Pooja Joshi and Shahabat Mumtaz 176 Augmentation of Folate Content in Malabari Goat Milk Yoghurt K.Radha, Anusha Kishore and C.T. Sathian 176 Establishment, Characterization and Cryopreservation of Double-humped Camel (Camelus Bactrianus) Fibroblast Cell Line Rekha Sharma, Himani Sharma, Sonika Ahlawat, R. A. K. Aggarwal, P. K. Vij and M. S. Tantia 177 In Situ Characterization of Chara Duck Ecotype of Kerala for Reproductive Traits Shalu Elizabeth Simon, Tina Sadan and Marykutty Thomas 177

Growth Performance of Garole Sheep Raised in Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan Ved Prakash, L.L.L. Prince, R. C. Sharma, Arun Kumar and S.M.K. Naqvi 178 Effect of Inbreeding on Individual and Sow Performance Traits in Large White Yorkshire Pigs Gowrimanokari K.V., Thiagarajan R., Venkataramanan R., H. Gopi And Balasubramanyam D. 178 Production and Sow Performance of Desi Pigs under North Eastern Agro Climatic Conditions of Tamil Nadu Sangli Vikram Kumar K., Balasubramanyam D.,Venkataramanan R., Jayasree, P., Manju G. and Ilavarasi R. 179 Morbidity Profile of Sangamneri Goat Maintained at Organised Farm Sanjay Mandakmale, Amruta More and Dinesh Birari 179 Prevalence of Haemoprotozoan Infections in Crossbred Cattle of Thrissur Region of Kerala State Dhanush Krishna B, Syamala K and Syam K Venugopal 180 Toxoplasmosis among Goats - A Seroprevalence Study Tresamol,P. V., Mery, R., Arsha R., Arthi, A., Andrea, L., Sukanya, S. and Amel Dev 180 Assessment of Different Indicators for Gastro Intestinal Worm Burden In Native Goat Population of Kerala Reared under Resource Poor Conditions Syamala. K and Marykutty Thomas 181 Autogenous Wart Vaccine in Vechur Cattle –A Case Report Sulficar, S., Shyma, V.H., Amal Dev, Manoj, M. and Tresamol, P.V. 181 Bone Marrow Cytology of Different Avian Species Remya. R. Nair, Shilpashree, C. S., Dhanush Krishna, B., Ajith Jacob George and N. Divakaran Nair 182 Association of GAPDH gene Expression and Heat Tolerance During Acute Heat Stress in Vechur, Kasargode (Dwarf Bos Indicus And Crossbred (Bos Indicus× Bos Taurus Cattle) Cattle Muhammed, E. M., Aravindakshan, T. V.., Mathew, J. and Sisilamma, G. 182 Assessment of Semen Quality, Fertility And Hatchability Among Four Lines of Chicken Azhaguraja, M., Ancy, M., Sanoodh Mohammed, A.V., Sreeveen, E.N., And Vaibhav, S. 183 Effect of Continuous Buck Exposure on Postpartum Oestrus Induction of Malabari Does XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Upasana Ratnakaran, Aravinda Ghosh, K.N., R. Thirupathy Venkatachalapathy, Metilda Joseph, and Hiron M. Harshan 183 Comparison of The Size of Milk Fat Globules in Three Different Genetic Groups of Goats in Kerala Changchup Dorjay, R. Thirupathy Venkatachalapathy, Bindya Liz Abraham, Sudharsan, M. and Silpa, M.V. 184 Effect of Days to Attain Peak Yield and Non- Genetic Factors on Persistency of Milk Yield in Crossbred Cattle (HFX

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Sahiwal) of Exotic Inheritance Nisha Sharma, Raman Narang, Neeraj Kashyap and Soni Kumari 184 Prediction of First Standard Lactationon The Basis of Test Day Milk Yield Using Multiple Linear Regression Model H. A. Sharma, P. U. Gajbhiye, A. R. Ahlawat, A. L. Ramani and V. B. Dongre 185 Host Resistance and Resilience to Natural Gastro-intestinal Parasitism in Goat Population of Humid Tropical Kerala: Comparison Between Malabari And Attappady Black Goat Breeds Marykutty Thomas and Syamala, K. 185

XIV TECHNICAL SESSION IV BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING

LEAD PAPERS

Biodynamic Farming as aTool for Sustainable Livestock Production Systems Ani S. Das Role of Lesser Known Buffalo Genotypes in Biodynamic Animal Farming K.P. Singh 190 Indigenous Cattle and Their Significance in Human Health and Environmental Protection K.P. Ramesha and Arun Pratap Singh 197 Community Based Conservation Approach for Indian Livestock D.K. Sadana 203 Biodynamic Farming: A Concept of Traditional, Organic and Alternative Farming Saket Bhusan 209

ORAL PRESENTATION Socio-economic and Technical Characteristics of Purgi Goat Farming In Selected Pockets of Kargil (J&K) Safeer Alam, Nazir Ahmad, Gurjeet Kaur and Maria Abbas 213 Socio-economic Study of Black Bengal Goat Rearing in Different Agro-climatic Zones of West Bengal Manoranjan Roy, Uttam Sarkar, Santanu Bera and P. K. Senapati 214 POSTER PRESENTATION Value Addition Strategies for The Sustainable Conservation and Management of Native Cattle Varieties and Their Habitats Bindya Liz Abraham 215 Mobile Base for M & E Activity – An Experience J.R.Khadse, Vinod Potdar and Yuvraj Gaundare 215 Role of Information Technology in Better Management of AnGR along with Enhanced Income of Farmers: New Initiatives P.S.PANWAR 216 Husbandry and Traditional Practices in Field Flocks of Madras Red Sheep Arthy V., Venkataramanan R., Sreekumar C., Manonnmani G and Gopi H 217 Impact of Trainings on Knowledge Level of Goat Keepers in Kerala Bimal.P.Bashir, Thirupathy Venkatachalapathy R, Jamuna Valsalan and P. K. Rout 217 Genetic Improvement Programme in Livestock B. L. Saini, Akansha Singh, Adesh Kumar, Vandana Yadav, Sheikh Firdous Ahmad and Sonu Kumar Jain 218 Improved Biogas Plants Vis A Vis Futuristic Energy Alternative for Rural India

S. S. Sooch and Simarjeet Kaur 218 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Strategy for Sustainable Economic Conservation of Indigenous Dairy Cattle Breeds Aneet Kour, A.k. Chakravarty, Ekta Rana, T. Karuthadurai and Gedam Ete 219

Cost of Unit Milk Production under Different Feeding Regimes in Kerala Aswani, P.A., Mercey, K.A., Saseendran, P.C., Unnikrishnan, T. and Gleeja, V.l. 220 A Study on The Morphology, Management Practices and Production Abilities of Malnad Gidda Cattle in Their Breeding

Tract for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL V.B. Shettar, Pragathi K.S and Rudresh B.H 220 Genetic Manipulation of Livestock for Control of Sex Ratio Sapna Nath, I. Satish Kumar, P. M. Nath 221 Importance of Genetic Merit for Conservation of Indigenous Dairy Cattle Ekta Rana A.K. Chakravarty, Aneet Kour, Gedam Ete and T. Karuthadurai 221 Role of Spectral Karyotyping in Clinical Investigations and Disease Diagnosis Priyabrata Behera, Subrat Kumar Dash and Simarjeet Kaur 222

XV Ext Generation Sequences in Current Genetic Research: A Comparative Approach Priyabrata Behera, Subrat Kumar Dash and Simarjeet Kaur 222 Physiogenomics and its Use In Livestock Improvement Shalu Kumari Pathak and Avinash Kumar 223 Impact of Climatic Changes on Animal Genetic Resources Adesh Kumar, Sheikh Firdous Ahmad, Vandana Yadav, Babu Lal Saini, Akansha Singh and Sonu Kumar Jain 223 Biotechnological Intervention through Transgenesis into The Livestock World Sheikh Firdous Ahmad, Adesh Kumar, Babu Lal Saini, Vandana Yadav, Sonu Kumar Jain and Akansha Singh 224 Marker Assisted Selection: An Alternative Method to Control Gastro-intestinal Nematodeinfestation in Goats Thirunavukkarasus B., Ilayakumar K. and Ravikumar D. 224 Genetic Improvement Programme In Livestock B. L. Saini, Akansha Singh, Adesh Kumar, Vandana Yadav, Sheikh Firdous Ahmad and Sonu Kumar Jain 225

Application of Reproductive Biotechnique in Animal Genetic Resources and Livelihood Security Vandana Yadav, Akansha Singh, Adesh Kumar, B.l Saini and Sheikh Firdous Ahmad 225 Nutrigenomics: An Approach to Promote Animal Health and Productions Akansha Singh, Rajni Chaudhary, Vandana Yadav, Lalrengpuii Sailo, Babu Lal Saini Adesh Kumar and Sheikh Firdous Ahmad 226 Community Based Conservation of Cattle and Buffaloes in India Sapna Nath, I. Satish Kumar, P. M. Nath, and D. N. Das 227 Comprehensive In Silico Analysis of SNPs in Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene of Cattle: An Approach to Predict their Functional Impact Manoj Kumar Singh, Rakesh Ranjan, Monika Sodhi, Avnish Kumar Bhatia, Ankita Sharma, RS Kataria, SaketKumar Niranjan and ManishiMukesh 228

Technical Session V Young Scientist Award

Evaluation and Standardization of Lactation Curve in Murrah Buffaloes V. Jamuna, A.K.Gupta, A.K.Chakravarty, Vikas Vohra and M.A.Mir 228 Rna Interference Mediated Silencing of Acetyl Co-ACarboxylase Gene in Chicken Hepatic Cells In Vitro A. Rajendra Prasad,T.K.Bhattacharya, R.N.Chatterjee, Kumar, P Bhushan, B, P.Guru Vishnu,N.govardhana Sagar and D. Divya 229 Phenotypic And Molecular Gentic Studies on Draughtability of Umblachery Breed of Cattle Kousalya Devi, M.,Karthickeyan, S.M.K., Sivaselvam S.N., Venkataramanan R.

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity and Tirumurugaan, K.G. 230 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Extensive Diversity At Immune Responsive MHC Class II Genes In Indian Water Buffaloes: An Evidence of Higher Disease Resistance Shailendra Kumar Mishra, Saket Kumar Niranjan, Bhaswati Banerjee And Ranjit Singh Kataria 231 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis and Molecular Breeding Value Estimation of Dairy Traits in Crossbred Cattle of Kerala Lali F.A., Anilkumar K. and Aravindakshan T.V. 231 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Antihypertensive Activity of Fermented Malabari Goat Milk P. Sathya, K. Radha and C.T. Sathian 232 Knockdown of Myostatin Binding Receptors (ACVR2A) Expression By Rnai Enhances Myod Gene in Chicken Myoblast Cells P. Satheesh Kumar, T.k. Bhattacharya, S.K. Dhara, Pushpendra Kumar, R.N. Chatterjee and Chandan Paswan 232

XVI NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION I

DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY: STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE AGENDA

Lead Papers

Lead paper STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN WESTERN INDIA

G.C. GAHLOT AND VJAY AGARWAL Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner (Rajasthan)-334001 Email : [email protected]

Livestock sector plays a crucial role in rural economy and livelihood. As per report of the working group on animal husbandry and dairying- 11th five year plan: 2007-12, the livestock sector employs eight percent of the countries labour force, including many small and marginal farmers, women and landless agricultural workers. Milk production alone involves more than 30 million small producers, each raising one or two cows or buffaloes. The organic fertilizer produced by the sector is an important input to crop production, and dung from livestock is widely used as fuel in rural areas. Livestock also serves as an insurance substitute, especially for poor rural households; it can easily be sold during time of distress. Biodiversity and sustainable use of animal resources is currently an issue of concern and will remain so for a long time. Genetic diversity is a requisite for the present and future livelihoods of the rural poor.The economic value of animal genetic resources is defined by their actual and potential value. The actual economic value consists of the contribution of animal genetic resources to the agricultural value chain and to the pre- (e.g. breeding programmes) and post-production sectors (e.g. processing industry, trade).

The total number of mammalian livestock species identified so far has been doubled from 5330 in December 1999 to 10512 in January 2006.However, with the increase in number of breeds recorded the percentage of breeds for which population data are available have been decreased significantly from 63 to 43 percent for mammalian livestock breeds(FAO, 2006). Out of thousands species of animals, only 40 species were found useful for domestication by different settlements. Fewer than 14 of these 40 species account for as much as 90 % of global livestock production, of which, the major domestic animals are seven mammalian species like cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, horse and ass and four avian species like chicken, duck, geese and turkey. About 7616 breeds have been reported globally of which 6536 are local breeds and 1080 are transboundary breeds. Among the transboundary breeds, 523 are regional transboundary breeds occurring only in one region and 557 are international transboundary breeds with a wider distribution.

Livestock diversity in India

A wide variety of agro-ecological zones (20 nos. and 60 sub-zones) existing in India has helped to develop these large number of breeds of various livestock species including poultry for the benefit of local people under different

farming systems. This genetic diversity of domesticated livestock and poultry breeds was the net result of the XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity evolution over millions of years in association with man’s intervention within specific ecological niche to suit the Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February local needs and they are well adapted to their native ecology.Livestock local breeds represent unique animal genetic resources. Their preservation and development are important to respond to major challenges such as consumer demand, climate change and production systems evolution

Approximately 6 % of the total domestic animal biodiversity exists in India.The share of India in terms of number of breeds is 8.89 per cent of the total world cattle breeds, 27.77 per cent of buffalo breeds and 9.67 per cent of goat NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL breeds (FAO, 1999), while the population size was to the tune of 16.25 percent of the total world cattle population, 56.88 percent of buffaloes, 16.69 per cent of goats and 5.71 per cent of sheep (FAO, 2002). Around 58.64 percent of total buffalo population, 46.83 per cent of cattle, 26.38 per cent of goat and 22.50 per cent of camel’s population of Asia are found in India (FAO, 2002).

The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) data base indicates that India has 70 cattle breed, 20 buffalo breeds, 62 sheep breeds, 34 goat breeds, 8 pig breeds, 3 ass breeds, 7 horse breeds, 9 camel breeds, and 30 poultry breeds. Out of theses breeds, 40 breeds of cattle, 13 buffalo breeds, 42 sheep, 26 goats, 9 camel, 7 horse, 6 breed of pig, 1

1 breed of ass and 17 poultry breeds were registered in National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources, Karnal. The domestic animal diversity found in India vis-a-vis other regions of the world for some of the important species has been presented below (Table1).

Table 1: Number of breeds of livestock species including poultry Species World Asia India India Western Western India (FAO) (FAO) (FAO) (ICAR) India (% of India ICAR) Cattle 1019 190 70 40 14 35.00 Buffalo 123 57 20 13 9 69.23 Sheep 1155 226 62 42 10 23.81 Goat 576 126 34 26 17 65.38 Pig 543 157 8 6 1 16.67 Ass 157 17 3 1 0 0.00 Horse 694 72 7 6 2 33.33 Camel 85 14 9 9 7 77.78 Chicken 606 72 30 17 3 17.65 Total 4958 931 243 160 63 39.38 (Source: World Watch List, FAO, 1995 and NBAGR, 2009 )

As per 19th Livestock census, 2012 (GOI, 2014) India’s livestock sector is one of the largest in the world with a holding of 11.6% of world livestock population which consists buffaloes (57.83%), cattle (15.06%), sheep (7.14%), goats (17.93%), camel (2.18%), equine (1.3%), pigs (1.2%), chickens (4.72%) and ducks (1.94%). India has huge livestock population of 512 million nos. which mainly includes cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs. The total livestock population in India has decreased by 3.33% over the previous census. Contribution of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and others in total livestock population is 37.28, 21.23, 12.71, 26.4, 2.01 and 0.5%, respectively. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

2 During the last inter-censual period, there was decrease in the population of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs by 4.1, 9.07, 3.82 and 7.54%, respectively while the population of buffalo and poultry increased by 3.19 and 19%, respectively. Population of exotic and crossbred cattle registered a significant increase of 20.18% while the indigenous cattle decreased by 8.94%. Total poultry population in India is 729.21 million, which includes 692.65, 23.54 and 13.02 million chickens, duck and turkeys & other poultry, respectively. It is observed that growth trend in total poultry population is quite more as compared to total livestock population (Fig 1). The detailed livestock and poultry population during first livestock census after independence (1951), 18th livestock census (2007) and 19th livestock census (2012) while the rank of countries in world livestock population and position of India is depicted in Fig. 1.

Livestock Diversity in Western India

Western India is the west part or region of India, which includes the states of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan along with the Union territory of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.Western India is bounded by the Thar Desert in the northwest, the Vindhya Range in the north and the Arabian Sea in the west. A major portion of Western India shares the Deccan Plateau with South India.It experiences an arid to dry sub humid eco climate, with aridity increasing from the east to the Great India desert or Thar desert in the west. The coastal regions experience little seasonal variations although the temperatures range between 20 °C to 38 °C. Mumbai and northern Konkan regions experience cooler winters with minimum temperatures hovering around 12 °C. Interior Maharashtra experiences hot summers with maximum temperatures averaging 40 °C and mild winters with minimum temperatures averaging about 10 °C. Pune, a city in the western region experiences temperatures around 40-42 °C in summers and 6-7 °C on winters. Gujarat also has a warm climate with hot summers and cool winters. Almost three-quarters of the area of western India are rain-fed and a large part of it is semi-arid. The majority of landowners of this region, irrespective of the community to which they belong, and about half of the landless, own some animals or poultry. During the years when rains fail or in semi-arid/arid areas, income from livestock accounts for about 60% of the farm income. In semi-arid and tribal areas, there is a shift towards small ruminants. In better rainfall areas, there is shift towards buffalo. The majority of tribal families and the underprivileged community in general own poultry which are managed in the traditional backyard system. These families (women) prefer coloured country fowl for specific and logical reasons. It is endowed with large variation in climatic conditions and vegetations XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

3 that have helped development of various livestock and poultry species with wide diversity. Some of the best indigenous breeds of livestock originate from this rainfed semi-arid areas. The animal genetic resources of indigenous livestock and poultry breeds, strains and populations found in Western India that have been developed by the communities is given here.

As per 19th Livestock census, 2012 (GOI, 2014) Western India’s livestock sector is holding of 22.95% of India livestock population which consists buffaloes (26.67%), cattle (20.35%), sheep (20.54%), goats (25.95%), donkey(46.85 %) (camel (89.02%), equine (25.73%), pigs (5.94%), rabbits (5.81%)and total poultry (13.87%) of Indian population.The total livestock population in western India has increased by 1.02% over the previous census. During the last inter-censual period, there was decrease in the population of camel, donkey, sheep, goats, camel and pigs by 22.61, 18.95, 16.97, 4.03 and 0.54%, respectively while the population of buffalo, cattle and poultry increased by 11.60, 6.88 and 21.01%, respectively. Population of exotic and crossbred cattle registered a significant increase of 43.83 % while the indigenous cattle increased by 0.85 %. Total poultry population in western India is 729.21 million, which includes 692.65, 23.54 and 13.02 million chickens, duck and turkeys & other poultry, respectively. It is observed that growth trend in total poultry population is quite more as compared to total livestock population (Fig 2).

Cattle

Out of 40 indigenous breed of cattle reported so far by ICAR, Western India has 14 breeds of cattle in addition to the vast cattle population which comes under the non-descript category and contain 20.35% of cattle population of India (table 2).Three major types of cattle breeds as per their utility are in the western region (i) Milch breeds – Sahiwal, Gir, Rathi and Tharparkar; (ii) Draft breeds – Dangi, Khillari, Malvi, Nagori, and Red Kandhari and (iii) Dual-purpose breeds– Deoni, Gaolao, Krishna valley, Hariana and Kankrej. The Nagori breed is a native of Jodhpur and is found in large parts of Rajasthan, Haryana, U.P. and M P.The population of Nagori breed is declining mainly

Table 2:Breed-wise estimated number of animals under Indigenous Cattle in the Westernregion of India. SN Breed State Regions Pure Graded Total %share Name (no.)% (no.)% (no.) tototal 1. Gir Gujarat Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot 27.74 72.26 4390209 9.41 2. Kankrej Rajasthan Barmer, Jodhpur, Ahmedabad, Banas Gujarat Kantha, Kheda, Mehsana, 64.23 35.77 3028162 6.49 Sabar Kantha, Kutchch 3. Hariana Rajasthan Alwar Bharatpur 77.60 22.40 1979432 4.24 4. Khillar Maharashtra Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, 54.87 45.13 1598098 3.43 Solapur, Osnmanabad 5. Rathi Rajasthan Ganganagar, Bikaner, Hanumangarh 70.58 29.42 1218294 2.61 6. Krishna Maharashtra Satara, Sangli, Solapur 70.96 29.04 670157 1.44

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Valley 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 7. Nagori Rajasthan Bikaner, Jodhpur, Nagaur 73.32 26.68 504193 1.08 8. TharparkarRajasthan Barmer, Jaiselmer, Jodhpur, Kutchchh 23.67 76.33 463734 0.99 Gujarat 9. Red Maharastra Parbhani, Bheed, Nanded, Latur 51.32 48.68 458040 0.98 Kandhari 10. Deoni Maharashtra Parbhani,Nanded, Osmanabad, Latur 34.67 65.33 203233 0.44

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 11. Dangi Gujarat, Dangs; Thane, Nasik, Ahmad Nagar 61.60 38.40 193780 0.42 Maharashtra 12. Gaolao Maharashtra Wardha, Nagpur 23.09 76.91 189549 0.41 13. Sahiwal Rajasthan Ganganagar 37.64 62.36 6786 0.01 14. Malvi Rajasthan Jhalawar 4,75,599 1,94,607 6,70,206 26833130 Non-Descript Western India 19810517 42.47 Total India 151172295

4 due to mechanization of agriculture. In addition to these, there exist some stable populations in different regions that significantly contribute to the food and agriculture securities of the region.

The cattle population of India constitutes about 37.28 % of the total livestock population of India (19th Livestock census). The Exotic and the crossbred animals contribute nearly 21% of the total cattle population of which Crossbred Jersey has the highest share with 57.77% as compared to 38.91% of crossbred Holstein Friesian. The nondescript cattle form a major chunk (74.9 %) of the total indigenous cattle (151.17 million). Out of the remaining, 25.1% are descript breeds, 4.2 % contribution is from Hariana Breed followed by Gir and Sahiwal contribute about 3.38 and 3.23 % of total indigenous cattle, respectively. Kankrej breed also contributes about 2% of indigenous cattle (The Breed Survey of 2012). The distribution of different native indigenous breed of cattle in Western India is

Buffalo West India possesses the richest source of germplasm of buffalo with the best dairy buffalo breeds are domesticated in this region of the country. There are 9 recognised breeds of riverine buffaloes (2N = 50) in India (Table 3). These include large sized breeds – Murrah, Nili-Ravi and Jaffarabadi; and medium sized – Mehsana, Marathwada, Nagpuri, Pandharpuri, Bhadawari and Surti. Murrah is the best dairy breed and is most sought after. A very small population of Bhadawari is found in the Rajasthan.Out of total buffaloes in India, 56.63% are belongs to breed (17.05 % pure breeds, 39.58 % graded)and 43.37 % are in Non-Descript category. Among the buffalo breeds in western India, Murrah breed of buffalo contributes 79.46% of population followed by Surti, Mehsana, Jaffarabadi and Bhadawari.All other recognised breed (Pandharpuri, Banni, Marathwadi and Nagpuri) individually has less than 1% contribution in their breed spectrum.

Table 3: Breed-wise distribution of animals under Indigenous Buffaloes. Sl. Breed State Regions Pure Graded Total % of Name total 1. Murrah Maharashtra, Ganaganagar, Alwar, Bharatpur, 31.20 68.80 7436826 25.39 Rajasthan Jaipur Daush 2. Surti Gujarat, Kheda, Surat, Bharuch, Vadodara; 52.09 47.91 2808947 9.59 Maharashtra, Udaipur, Rajasthan 3. Mehsana Gujarat Ahmedabad, Banas Kantha, Gandhi nagar, Mahesana, Sabar Kantha 75.07 24.93 3548842 12.12 4. Jaffarabadi Gujarat, Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Maharashtra JamnagarRajkot, Porbander, Rajasthan Udaipur 32.05 67.95 1556463 5.31 5. Bhadawari Rajasthan Dholpur 37.01 62.99 2610 0.01 6. Pandharpuri Maharashtra Sangli, Kolhapur, Solapur 60.63 39.37 466765 1.59 7. Banni Gujarat Kutchch 62.70 37.30 382122 1.30 8. Marathwadi Maharashtra Jalna, Parbhani, Beed, Nanded, Latur 73.95 26.05 376595 1.29 9. Nagpuri Maharashtra Akola, Amravati, Yavatmal, 44.30 55.70 134216 0.46 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Wardha, Nagpur Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Indigenous Breed 46.71 53.29 16,713,386 57.06 Non-descript - - 47142313 43.37 Total Buffaloes 18533185 43023385 108702122 —-

Goat

Diversity in goats, represented by 17 out of 26 breeds, is related with the geography and ecology of the region, for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL environmental variations, production system and genetic potential of the breed (Table 4).It is observed that among the indigenous breeds of this region, Marwari breed contribute highest in the category with 5.31 % followed by Barbari, Jamnapari, sirohi, Osmanabadi and Jakhrana contribute a major share. All other breeds have less than 1% contribution in their individual indigenous categories.

The goat breeds Jamunapari, Jhakrana,Marwari and Sirohi found in Rajasthan region;Chegu, Gohilwadi, Kutchi, Surti, Mehsana,Zalawadi in Gujarat region;Barbariin Maharastra and Rajasthan;Berari,Konkan Kanya,Sangamneri

5 and Osmanabadi in Maharashtra region. Theseare large in size and primarily used for meat and milk purpose. Goats of Chegu breed possess the finest quality under-coat called cashmere or pashmina.The breed of goat namely Attapadi Black whose breeding tract is Kerala, but some populations are also found in Gujarat and Rajasthan region.

Table 4: Breed-wise distribution of animals under Indigenous Goats. Sl. Breed Name State Pure Graded Total % share of total 1. Attapadi Black Gujarat, Rajasthan 2.56 97.44 5394 0.02 2. Barbari Maharasthra, Rajasthan 73.81 26.19 174140 4.65 3. Berari Maharashtra 95.76 4.24 181730 0.14 4. Chegu Gujarat 100.00 0.00 29894 0.03 5. Ganjam Maharashtra 100.00 0.00 1636 0.31 6. Gohilwadi Gujarat 64.75 35.25 260881 0.20 7. Jakhrana Rajasthan 68.17 31.83 1431802 1.07 8. Jamnapari Rajasthan 62.11 37.89 270939 2.89 9. Konkan Kanya Maharashtra 82.09 17.91 32295 0.02 10. Kutchi Gujarat 85.87 14.13 443375 0.33 11. Marwari Rajasthan 74.44 25.56 7179036 5.31 12. Mehsana Gujarat 85.28 14.72 609541 0.45 13. Osmanabadi Maharashtra 91.65 8.35 2156642 2.27 14. Sangamneri Maharashtra 87.90 12.10 185242 0.14 15. Sirohi Rajasthan 60.08 39.92 2985378 2.28 16. Surti Gujarat 66.60 33.40 406185 0.30 17. Zalawadi Gujarat 73.40 26.60 532438 0.3 Total Indigenous Breeds 16842397 11267362 28109759 38.74 Non-Descript - - 82810610 61.26 Total Indigenous Goat 36456323 15906160 135173093 —-

Sheep

Sheep are the major livestock category in the small ruminant section and contributes about 12.71% of total livestock population. The breed from Western region of India contributes about 23.68% of the total sheep population of India. There are 10 breeds of sheep in West India (Table 5). A sizeable population of sheep is nondescript due to inter-mixing of breeds. These breeds can be classified on the basis of major product i.e. apparel wool, carpet wool (Chokla, Magra, Nali, Patanwadi, Sonadi breeds), meat and carpet wool (Jasalmeri, Malpura, Marwari, Pugal breeds), and meat (Deccani breed). Some of the sheep breeds are known for their unique characteristics like Magra for lustrous wool; Chokla and Pattanwadi for best (fine) carpet quality wool; and Marwari, Decanni, Jaisalmeri for their hardiness and capability to travel long distances.The breed population of Malpura, Chokla, Pugal and Jaisalmeri is declining due to crossbreeding it with the fine wool breeds for improving the apparel wool production and quality. The other breeds of sheep viz; Marwari, Patanwadi are in the list of threatened breed of sheep. There is a

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity need to conserve the breed. 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February In the Gujarat region 67%, in the Rajasthan 86% and in Maharashtra region 80% sheep are stationary. Most of flock begin migration between October and February and return to their homestead by May to July, at or before the onset of monsoon.Some other population groups like Kheri and Munjal in Rajasthan and Dumba in Gujarat are also available. Bharat Merino, Avikalin, Avivastra, Avimanns, Nilgiri Synthetic, Patanwadi synthetic, and Indian Karakul are synthetic breeds developed in this region of India.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Bonpala sheep is native to the southern Sikkim but some of the population (1033) are reported in the Breed Survey of 2012.

Camel

For centuries, the Raika, a cast of camel breeders, have worshiped the hardy animals the way most Hindus revere the cow. The camels in India are single humped (Camelus dromedaries) although a very small number (about 100) of double-humped camel (Camelus bactrinus) are also present. But over the last ten years this domestic animal has

6 Table 5:Breed-wise distribution of animals under Indigenous Sheep in western India. SN Breed State Region Pure Graded Total % of share 1. Chokla Rajasthan Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu 70.51 29.49 3,57,385 2.42 2. Deccani Maharashtra Nashik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, 96.81 3.19 9,02,551 6.12 Satara, Sangli, Solapur, Kolhapur 3. Jaisalmeri Rajasthan Barmer, Bikaner, Jaiselmer, Jodhpur 58.06 41.94 16,77,761 11.37 4. Magra Rajasthan Bikaner, Nagour, Churu, Jaisalmer 95.07 4.93 5,25,549 3.56 5. Malpura Rajasthan Ajmer, Jaipur, Tonk, Bhilwara, 72.28 27.72 3,39,303 2.30 Bundi, Swi Madhopur 6. Marwari Rajasthan Ajmer, Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali, 74.93 25.07 4091216 27.73 Nagaur, Jeoria region of Gujarat 7. Nali Rajasthan Ganganagar, Jhunjhunu, Churu 100.00 0.00 1143033 7.75 8. Patanwadi Gujarat Mahesana, Surashtra, Kutch, Amreli, 61.96 38.04 7,63,363 5.17 Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot, Patan, Surendranagar 9. Pugal Rajasthan Bikaner, Jaisalmer 70.32 29.68 1,41,605 0.96 10. Sonadi Rajasthan Banswara, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Udaipur 72.66 27.34 2,17,032 1.47 Total Indigenous Breeds 9794048 4959725 14753773 58.92 Non-Descript 25175854 41.08 Total Indigenous Sheep 23782848 12329396 61288098 - experienced a decline in its population, estimated to be 50 %. Looking to this the current scenario, the Government of Rajasthan declared the camel as the ‘State Animal’ of Rajasthan. The Rajasthan Camel (Prohibition of Slaughter and Regulation of Temporary Migration or Export) Act, 2015, which came into effect in 2016, has been implemented to save the camel population in the Rajasthan State. Camel trading is common in Bengal, Bihar and UP. Animals taken from Rajasthan are sold in the markets of Itahar, Chanchal, Harishchandrapur, Ratua in West Bengal and some other areas. There is a huge demand for camel meat in Bangladesh as well.As per the act, illegal transportation of camels, without the permission from a competent authority, is a punishable crime with rigorous imprisonment of between six months and three years and attracts a fine of Rs 5,000 to 25,000.

According to the census, the population of camels in the Rajasthan state had fallen from 42,1836 in 2007 to 32,5713 in 2012, registering a drop of 22.79%. A little further down the years, camel population had witnessed a phenomenal drop of 25.6% in 2003 during the period between 16th and 17th livestock census.Camels are used for transportation and agricultural operations. There are a total of 9 breeds i.e. Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi, Marwari, Mewari, Sindhi, Shekhawati, Mewati and Malvi (Table 6). It contributes 0.08% of the total livestock population in India. As per NBAGR records, Double humps, Mewari, Mewati and Jalori are extinct breeds. Mainly three breeds of camel, viz., Bikaneri, Jaiselmeri and Kutchi represents the most of the camel population of India. Bikaneri camel of Rajasthan contributes about 2/5th of the total camel population. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Table 6: The distribution of different Camel breeds in Western India SN Breeds State Regions No. camels % share with total 1. Bikaneri Rajasthan Bikaner, Ganganagar, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Hanumangarh, 141701 38.74% 2. Jaiselmeri Rajasthan Barmer, Jaiselmer, Jodhpur 108066 27.35%

3 Jalori Rajasthan Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur 3 ——- for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 4. Kharai Gujarat Kutchchh 20653 5.16% 5. Kutchi Gujarat Banas Kantha, Mehsana, Patan, Kutchchh 1062 0.27% 6. Mewari Rajasthan Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, kota, Uaipur, Rajsamand 1073 0.27% 7. Mewati Rajasthan Alwar, Bharatpur 155058 38.74% Total Camel under Breed 287325 71.79% Nondescript 112949 28.21% Total Camel Population 400274

7 Horse

As per 19th Livestock census 0.12 % of the livestock population are contributed by horses and ponies. There are 6 important breeds of Indian horses namely Kathiawari, Marwari, Bhutia, Manipuri, Spiti and Zanskari. Kathiawari is well known for its pace and speed, and possesses good endurance power. The Marwari horses are longer and taller than Kathiawari horses.The Marwari horses are reared mainly for riding and sports and no attempts are being made to prepare them as thoroughbred race animals.The Spiti horses are distributed in Spiti valley and adjoining areas of Kullu and Kinnaur divisions of Himachal Pradesh , and are capable of thriving in cold regions under adverse conditions of scarcity of food, low temperature and long journeys at high altitude. The Spiti horses are used for riding and as pack animals. Zanskari horses are available in Leh and Laddakh area of Jammu and Kashmir, and are known for their ability to work, run adequately and carry loads at high altitude.Manipuri breed of ponies is one of the purest and prestigious breed of equines of India. It is a strong and hardy breed and has very good adaptability to extreme geo-climatic conditions. They are found in Manipur and Assam, and are similar to the south-east Asian type pony. Manipuri breed is used for polo, racing and military transport. Bhutia horses are distributed in Sikkim and Darjeeling. They are usually grey or bay coloured and similar to the Tibetan pony.

Out of 6 breeds, 2 breeds of Horses and Ponies are distributed to the western region of India mainly in Gujarat and Rajasthan state (table 7).

Table 7: Breed wise estimated number of animals under indigenous Horses & Ponies Sl. Name of States Regions Horses Ponies Total % of theBreed share 1. Kathiawari Gujarat, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Surendranagar Maharashtra, Junagarh and Amreli districts 13348 86 13434 12.11 Rajasthan 2 Marwari Rajasthan Udaipur, Jalore,Jodhpur, Rajasmand, Gujarat adjoin area of Gujarat 18148 33 18181 16.38 Maharashtra Total Breeds 95979 10083 110970 19.58 Non-descript 389087 113405 502492 80.43 Total Horses & Ponies 500686 124046 624732 —-

Donkey

Three distinct types of donkeys: Indian donkeys, Indian wild and Kiang are available in India. Grey colour predominates but black, white and even piebald colours are also seen. Indian wild donkeys are available in Rann of Kutch. Kiang is available in Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh, and is dark red brown with white underparts. Various types of donkeys have not been evaluated and characterized. The 46.85 % of total population of donkey and 2% of total mules are present in the western region of India (19th Livestock Census). Donkey and mule population XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February is highest in Rajasthan followed by Gujarat and Maharashtra (Table 8).

Table 8: Breed wise estimated number of animals under indigenous Donkey & Mules. SL Region of Western India Donkey Mule Total Donkey % of share Desi/ Spiti Italian and Mule Population 1. Gujarat 37607 1227 159 38993 7.57 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 2. Maharashtra 25517 3618 2005 31140 6.04 3. Rajasthan 72618 8850 3375 84843 16.47 Total indigenous population 291207 27580 196378 515165

Pig

As per the 19th Livestock census 2.01% of livestock population are contributed by Pigs. Pigs are divided into four

8 categories such as Exotic, Crossbred, Indigenous and Non-descriptive pigs. The 73.11 % of the pigs are of non- descriptive type followed by 21.53 % Crossbred and 3.03 % of Indigenous breed. There are 3 types of indigenous pigs – Deshi, Ghori and Ankamali. Some locally known populations are: Nicobari pigs and Andaman wild pigs (A & N Islands), Doom (Assam), and Ghungroo (West Bengal). The western India consists of 10.95% of exotic breed, 0.12% of crossbred, 0.54% non-descriptive and 1.32 % of Indigenous breed of total livestock population of India. The exotic breeds of pigs of this zone areDuroc, Hampshire, Landrace and Yorkshire.

Rabbit

India does not have indigenous rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and the Hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) is the nearest related species. There are three major types of Indian hare. The black napped hare (Lepus nigricollis nigricollis) is found in most parts of the country, major concentration being in Southern India. The other variety of Indian hare is rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus). Their distribution ranges from Himalayas to river Godavari. The desert hare (Lepus nigricollis dayanus) is found in Western desert zone of India. Rabbits have been imported from other countries and reared under various agro-climatic regions. The various rabbit breeds available in India are New Zealand White, Soviet Chinchilla, Grey Giant, and White Giant for meat and fur, and Russian, British and German Angora for hair. The 5.81% of the total rabbit population are present in the western region of Indiaas per the 19th Livestock census.

Yak and Mithun

For the species Yak and Mithun no breed is registeredunder NBAGR. Indian yaks can be classified into distinct types viz. Ladakhi, Himachal, Sikkim and Arunachal types. Wild yak (Bos mutus) is found in Changthang valley of Ladakh. There are three distinct types of mithuns viz. Nagami, Zosial and Arunachali. Nagami mithuns are mostly found in the Zunheboto district of Nagaland and the Ukhrul district of Manipur; Zosial are found in Mizoram and Arunachali in Arunachal Pradesh. Mithun is used primarily as a sacrificial animal and regarded as social status symbol. Wild Gaur (Bos gaurus) is present in wild life sanctuaries.

Poultry

Fowl:India and the neighbouring countries in the east are considered to be the original home of the well-known Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) from which the present day domestic birds have descended. The fowl population of India can be classified into two types - desi/indigenous and improved/exotic.The birds are raised mostly by the rural folks as a backyard enterprise. About 18 breeds of fowl have been documented. The status of most of these breeds except Aseel, Kadaknath, Kashmir Faverolla, Miri and Nicobari is not known. Most of the present day populations are commercial hybrids involving White Leghorn, Cornish, Barred Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red and Black Australorp. Some crossbred strains of fowl have been developed to use them for rural poultry production. Some of these are Giriraja, Vanaraja, Krishna–J, Yamuna, Kalinga Brown, Dhanraja, Mrityunjay, Cari Gold, Debendra, Nandanam-I, Girirani, Athula, Gramalakshmi, Gramapriya, Vanaraja.Indigenous poultry breed of Ankaleshwar is found in Gujarat, Busra in Gujarat and Maharashtra and Mewari in Rajasthan. These indigenous birds are primarily XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity reared as backyard poultry and have their utility in egg, meat and game. These indigenous birds are poor layers Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February producing 50-60 eggs per year.

Duck:Ducks are mainly reared for egg production and are concentrated in eastern and southern states of India. Indian breeds of ducks are Indian Runner, Nageshwari, Sythetemete, Kuttanadu Chara and Chemballi. Khaki Campbel – a synthetic breed is being used as an improver breed.

Quail:Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is the domesticated version of common wild quail (Coturnix for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL coturnix). Indian subspecies of quail, viz. Rain, Grey and Button quail collectively known as ‘Bater’ has distinct popularity as game bird. Quails are seen in diversified colour varieties. Commonly seen plumage is a mixture of different shades of brown with some black patterns. Besides the cultural and religious considerations for animal keeping, all the breeds of different domestic livestock and poultry species are contributing significantly to food and agriculture in terms of milk meat, wool, fibre, egg, manure, fuel and draft power. Variations in regional demand for animal products have influenced the use of different AnGR.

9 References:

Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics, 2014. Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi (http://www.Dahd. nic.in). Country report on Animal Genetic Resources of India, 2010.Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying Ministry of Agriculture Government of India. Estimated Livestock Population Breed Wise 2013: Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries (Animal Husbandry Statistics Division) Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi. FAOSTAT, 2013.FAO Statistics division, Rome, Italy. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

10 Lead paper STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN CENTRAL INDIA

S.N.S. PARMAR AND M. S. THAKUR Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, N.D.V.S.U., Jabalpur (M. P.) Email : [email protected]

Introduction

The animal genetic resources make a large contribution to food and agriculture production but this resource is now being threatened. Important diversity is being lost, thereby reducing the options for achieving sustainable agriculture and food security. Animal are intricate part of agro-ecosystems, providing food, fiber, manure and fuel. They provide 60% of draught power for the rural communities and can provide a critical safety net for farmers and communities when crops fail.

India is one among the few countries in the world, which has contributed richly to the international livestock gene pool and improvement of animal production in the world. India is bestowed with rich domestic animal biodiversity with 40 breeds of cattle, 13 breeds of buffalo, 42 breeds of sheep, 26 breeds of goat, 9 breeds of camel, 6 of horse and 17 breeds of poultry in addition to other species (NBAGR, 2016). However, recent decades have witnessed a loss of several breeds/populations due to neglect, urbanization and a host of other reasons. Livestock genetic diversity has been constantly neglected as well as threatened. Loss of livestock biodiversity puts in jeopardy the sustainability of animal agriculture and the ability of the sector to respond to changing environmental conditions. Livestock genetic resources with high diversity are essential for food security, to utilize environment unsuitable for crop agriculture and to respond to changes in production systems, impending climatic change, emergence of new diseases and market demand.

Biodiversity of farm animal genetic resources has been rapidly declining. As per FAO (2015), about 1000 of the 6400 recognized breeds have become extinct during the last 100 years. One-third of these became extinct between 1985 and 2000. Livestock species are unlikely at danger of extinction themselves. The level of biodiversity, which is of concern here, is that of breeds and even populations within breeds. In fact, within breed, diversity accounts for 50 to 70 per cent of total genetic variance. Many of the indigenous breeds of livestock in India face the threat of extinction. It is difficult to save them, unless they are economic under the prevailing production systems. For example, the dual-purpose breed Krishna Valley found in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka is on the verge of extinction due to change in the agricultural production system and lack of efforts to make the breed respond to the changing production system (Ramesh et al., 2011). It has been reported that over the past seven

years, atleast one livestock breed has become extinct each month and further that around 20 percent of the XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity world’s livestock breeds are at risk of extinction (FAO, 2007). Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

Livestock biodiversity in Central India:

Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh constitute of central India (Fig. 1) and are also known as the “Heart of India”. Madhya Pradesh is bordered by Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan; Chhattisgarh on the other hand has Madhya Pradesh to its northwest, Maharashtra to its west, Andhra Pradesh to its south, Orissa to NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL its east, Jharkhand to its northeast and Uttar Pradesh to its north. The registered breeds of livestock in central India includes 06 breeds of cattle, 01 breed of buffalo, 01 breed of sheep, 01 breed of goat, 01 breeds of camel and 02 breeds of poultry in addition to other species (Table 1).

Indigenous livestock are bestowed with many unique characteristics. Darwinian adaptations of indigenous cattle in relation to their ability to tolerate heat and parasites as well as their ability to survive and produce milk and capacity to work in harsh conditions under poor quality feed and fodder is yet to be fully understood, and exploited for further improvements. The genetic secrets of these breeds have commercial value in the IPR era.

11 Figure 1. Map of Central India (http://www.emapsworld.com/india-central-zone-map.html).

Table 1. Registered breeds of livestock and Poultry in Central India by NBAGR (ICAR). S.N. Breed Home Tract Accession number 1 Malvi Madhya Pradesh INDIA_CATTLE_1000_MALVI_03016 2 Nimari Madhya Pradesh INDIA_CATTLE_1000_NIMARI_03019 3 Kenkatha Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh INDIA_CATTLE_2010_KENKATHA_03012 4 Gaolao Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh INDIA_CATTLE_1110_GAOLAO_03006 5 Kosali Chhattisgarh INDIA_CATTLE_2600_KOSALI _03036 6 Motu Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh INDIA_CATTLE_1526_MOTU _03031 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 7 Bhadawari Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh INDIA_BUFFALO_2010_BHADAWARI_01003 8 Jamunapari Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh INDIA_GOAT_2000_JAMUNAPARI_06011 9 Jalauni Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh INDIA_SHEEP_2010_JALAUNI_14010 10 Malvi Madhya Pradesh INDIA_CAMEL_1000_MALVI_02008 11 Kadaknath Madhya Pradesh INDIA_CHICKEN_1000_KADAKNATH_12009 12 Aseel Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh INDIA_CHICKEN_2615_ASEEL_12002 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Source: http://www.nbagr.res.in Emerging diseases are a major problem in livestock and poultry production; the impact of bird flu on poultry production was quite significant. Identification of genes for unique characteristics in native breeds will go a long way not only in the advancement of science and livestock production, but also pave way for patenting of gene sequences for these traits. If a proper internationally accepted legal system is developed with respect to the use of animal genetic resources, patenting of novel genes will bring about economic benefit to the livestock keepers through benefit sharing (Ramesha et al., 2010). The natural resistance/susceptibility of various breeds will be highly useful in breeding for disease resistance.

12 Livestock population trend in Central India

Central India is one of the largest parts of the country having lot of livestock biodiversity; however most of the animals of different species belong to nondescript category. Although these breeds are well adopted to their natural habitat, the productivity in terms of animal produce like milk, meat and egg etc are quite low as compared to other developed states of the country. Livestock production in central India (Table 2) is by and large in the domain of smallholders and is subsistence oriented. The proposed livestock policy has a pro-poor focus and is equally committed for growth of private sector to meet the increasing demand for livestock products.

Table 2. Livestock Population in Thousands (19th Livestock Census, 2012) Species Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Livestock Livestock % Share of Population Population Central India Population % Population % of Central ofIndia in total (x103) Share (x103) Share India (x103) (x103 Livestock population of India Cattle 19602 53.95 9815 65.24 29417 190904 15.41 Buffaloes 8188 22.54 1391 9.25 9579 108702 8.81 Sheep 309 0.85 168 1.12 477 65069 0.73 Goats 8014 22.06 3225 21.44 11239 13573 82.80 Pigs 175 0.48 439 2.92 614 10294 5.96 Horses & Pony 19 0.05 3 0.02 22 625 3.52 Mules 7 0.02 1 0.01 8 196 4.08 Donkey 15 0.04 1 0.01 16 319 5.02 Camel 3 0.01 1 0.01 4 400 1.00 Total Livestock 36333 - 15044 - 51377 512057 10.03 Total poultry 11905 - 23102 - 35007 729209 4.80

Status of Livestock and Poultry Breeds in Madhya Pradesh: The state has a total of 36.33 million animals out of which cattle and buffaloes constitute 76.48%, goat 22.06 % and remaining 1.46 % animals include pig, sheep and other animals. Important recognized breeds of cattle considered as native breeds of Madhya Pradesh are “Malvi” and “Nimari”. “Gaolao” breed is found all over Vidarbh region of Maharashtra and adjoining areas of Madhya Pradesh (Chhindwara dist.) and “Kenkatha” breed of cattle in Panna district. Similarly, “Bhadawari” breed of buffalo is found in abundance at Bhind and Gwalior districts. “Jalauni” breed of sheep is found in Tikamgarh and Shivpuri which forms the border with Jhansi and Jalaun districts of Uttar Pradesh. “Jamnapari” breed of goat is found in various villages of Bhind district situated near Chambal river. Berari Goats are in the Nimar districts of M.P. “Malvi camel” is also found in Mandsaur district of Madhya pradesh. In the poultry sector, “Kadaknath” is the native breed of Madhya Pradesh found in Jhabua.

Status and trends of Livestock and Poultry Breeds in Chhattisgarh: XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

Agriculture (including crops, livestock, fisheries, forestry and mining) is the main source of livelihood for the rural people in the State. The sector contributes about one-third to the State’s gross domestic product (GDP), and engages over 70% of the labour force.

Chhattisgarh is rich in livestock wealth. In 2012 (19th Livestock Census) it had 98.15 lakh cattle, 13.91 lakh buffaloes,

32.25 lakh goats, 1.68 lakh sheep, 4.39 lakh pigs and 231.02 lakh poultry birds. Livestock sector contributes about for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 23 percent to the value of agricultural sector output. A majority of the rural households possesses one or another species of livestock. The distribution of livestock holdings is more equitable as compared to land, indicating that the poor have more opportunities in livestock production than in crop production. Livestock however are low- producing. There is an increase in livestock population over 2007 to 2012 from 14.41 million to 15.04 million (excluding 0.038 million stray cattle) registering a positive growth of 4.34% in the total number of animals of various species. Livestock population has increased substantially in Chhattisgarh (4.34%). Among the total livestock, Cattle contributes highest with 65.24% followed by Goat 21.44%, Buffalo 9.24% and Sheep 1.12% besides marginal contribution is attributed by other livestock species such as Camel, Mules, Donkeys, Horses and Ponies. The total

13 number of animals in milk in the C.G. State is 1.92 million numbers. The Indigenous cattle contribute 59.38% animals in milk in the state. Goat, buffalo and exotic/crossbred cattle are the next contributors of total animals in milk in the state with a share of 30.57%, 9.30% and 0.71% respectively.

Brief information of AnGR in Central India: The Animal Genetic Resources of Central India includes 6 well defined breeds of cattle, 1 buffalo, 1 Sheep, 1 Goat, 1 Camel and 2 Chicken breeds in addition to other species. The brief information (http://www.nbagr.res.in/ registeredbreed.html/agris/breed.aspx) is given below:

1. Nimari Cattle: The Nimar tract is famous for the dual purpose cattle breed “Nimari”. The breed was earlier found to be distributed in both East & West Nimar which includes Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani & part of Dhar districts. However, presently the breed is confined mainly to its native breeding tract i.e. Khargone & Barwani districts only. Originated from crossing of Gir and Khillari. Gir blood has contributed to its coat colour, massive body structure and convexity of forehead, and Khillari blood to its hardiness, agility and temper. Used for all agricultural operations as well as for transportation. 2. Malvi Cattle: The Malwa is known for the famous draught breed of cattle “Malvi”. Earlier the breed was distributed practically in whole of the Malwa tracts which include Indore, Dewas, Ujjain, Shajapur, Mandsore, Rajgarh, Guna, Ratlam, Bhopal, Sehore & Raisen of Madhya Pradesh and few districts of Rajasthan. However presently the breed is confined mainly to its naïve breeding tract i.e. Ujjain, Shajapur and Rajgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh. Malvi cattle are white or white greyish - darker in males, with neck, shoulders, hump and quarters almost black. Cows and bullocks become nearly pure white with age. Well known for quick transportation, endurance and ability to carry heavy load on rough roads. 3. Kenkatha Cattle: The Kenkatha is a draught breed of cattle distributed along with the bank of Ken river in Bundelkhan area comprising of Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Banda districts of Utter Pradesh and Panna, Tikamgarh & Chhaterpur districts of Madhya Pradesh. Colour varies from grey on the barrel to dark grey on the rest of body. Bullocks are very popular for light draught on road and for cultivation. They have strong feet and well adapted to the agro- climatic conditions of Bundelkhand region. 4. Gaolao Cattle: The Gaolao is a dual purpose breed reared mainly for fast transportation and milk production. The animals are reported to be distributed in Wardha & Nagpur district of Maharashtra and Balaghat, Chhindwara, Betul and Seoni districts of Madhya Pradesh and Rajnandgaon and Durg district of Chhattisgarh. This is a fast trotting type breed suitable for quick transportation in hilly areas. It resembles Ongole very much except that it is much lighter and has greater agility. Nanda Gawali community has developed this breed. In general their colour is blackish white in males and white in female. Males are generally grey over the neck. Documentation for geographical & demographical distribution of the breed has not been done so far in Madhya Pradesh. 5. Kosali Cattle: The Kosali cattle are predominately seen in the plain area of Chhattisgarh. The ancient name of this region XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February was ‘Kowshal’, named after the maternal uncle house of Lord Ram. Farmers particularly Yadava/Rawuth community are keeping this cattle generation after generation. Presently the its naïve breeding tract of Kosali breed is confined mainly to Raipur, Durg, Bilaspur and Janjgir districts of Chhattisgarh. The bullocks of this draught breed are very efficient for paddy field operation after sowing. This method is called “Beeashi” in local language. 6. Motu Cattle: The breeding tract of this breed is Southern part of Malkangiri district of Odisha and adjoining area of NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. Heavy concentration is in Motu, Kalimela, Podia and Malkangiri area of Malkangiri district in Orissa. Sandy and clay type soil is predominant. Most of the area is covered with forest. This breed is named after local area “Motu” of Malkangiri district in Odisha. Animals are mainly Brown (Reddish) sometimes Grey. Few animals are white in colour. Cow dung is considered as important product from rearing of these cattle among the Koya tribes. 7. Bhadawari Buffaloes: The Bhadawari buffaloes are known for high fat contents in the milk. The breeding tract and the natural habitat of this breed are Agra, Etawa & Jhansi district of Utter Pradesh and, Bhind, Morena & Gwalior districts

14 of Madhya Pradesh. These buffaloes were the proud possession of Bhadauria clan of the former Bhadawer state before independance and has possibly derived its name from that state. Bhadawari buffaloes survive and produce on low quality feed and fodder resources available in the ravines of Yaumna, Chambal and Utangan rivers. Colour is blackish copper to light copper. Colour of legs is usually like wheat straw. The population of Bhadawari buffaloes has declined at an alarming rate. 8. Jamunapari Goat: The origin of the breed is in the vicinity of the river Jamna and Chambal. Breed is named after natural habitat around river Yamuna. The Jamunapari goats are commonly found in Agra, Mathura and Etawah district of Utter Pradesh and Bhind & Morena districts of Madhya Pradesh. There is no record of this breed regarding its population size and other performance features in Madhya Pradesh. The breed is known to be best dairy goat of South East Asia and is tallest goat breed of the country. 9. Jalauni Sheep: Jalauni sheep are distributed in Jalaun, Jhansi & Lalitpur districts of U.P. The animals of this breed are also reported to be found in Gwalior, Bhind, Morena and Shivpuri districts of Madhya Pradesh. A total of approx. 0.179 million animals of this breed were reported in 1990. However, the actual present status of the breed in its breeding tract is not known. 10. Malvi Camel: Apart from the Malvi cattle, Malvi camels are also found in Mandsore district, which shares border with certain districts of Rajasthan. This breed of camel was reported by Kohler & Rathore (1998). Males are used mostly for carrying loads, while females are reared for milk. The Malvi camel is named after the name of its breeding tract i.e. Malwa region. The Most typical external charactertic of the Malvi camel is its very light or off- white colour. Malvi breeding herd show virtually no colour variation. Another typical phenomenon is its small body size and is probably the smallest of all India breeds.

11. Kadaknath Poultry: Kadaknath breed of poultry is reared by the tribals of Jhabua & Dhar districts of Western M.P. Previously the breed was also distributed in Dhar districts of M.P. and adjoining areas of Gujarat & Rajasthan. However at present the Kadaknath birds are only available in Jhabua districts of Western M.P. The black flesh is considered not only a delicacy but also of medicinal value. The tribals use Kadaknath blood in the treatment of chronic diseases in human beings and its meat as aphrodisiac. It is considered to be a sacred bird and offered to Goddess after Diwali. Most of the internal organs show the characteristic black pigmentation which is more pronounced in trachea, thorasic & abdominal air sacs, gonads, elastic arteries, at the base of the heart and mesentry. The black colour is due to the deposition of Melanin pigment. (Fibromelanosis). The meat and eggs are reckoned to be a rich source of protein and iron. Resistant to diseases in its natural habitat in free range but is more susceptible to Marek disease under intensive rearing conditions. 12. Aseel Poultry: Aseel breed of poultry is mainly reared by Tribals of Bastar and Dantawara districts of Chhattisgarh, Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh and Koraput and Malkanagari districts of Odisha. Though, Andhra Pradesh is the original home tract but found with cock-fighting lovers throughout the country. Provides recreation and source of income for the tribals. Bird are also known for plentiful delicious and flaovored meat. Eggs are generally XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

not consumed/sold but kept for hatching. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

Livestock production constraints and future prospects of AnGR in Central India: (i). Poor genetic potency to produce In general, the livestock and poultry in Central India are poor producers. There is a great need of producing and maintaining high quality animals with high genetic potency. As per the state breeding policy in cattle, cross- breeding with exotic animals (Jersey/Friesian) have been recommended with maintenance of 50% exotic inheritance. Buffaloes have to be graded with good Murrah buffaloes. Goats are to be up-graded/crossed with for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Beetal/Barbari/Toggen bergs/Boer etc. to improve their genetic quality. Poultry have to be replaced altogether with exotic ones and a system of crossing parent lines for commercial exploitation has to be followed. It is pertinent to mention that these programmes are included in our state breeding policy since long and large numbers of crossbreds have been produced too. But unfortunately those crossbreds have become genetic load to the population of livestock, particularly cattle and buffalo. In want of effective rigorous culling and disposal of sub-standard animals, unwarranted load over feeds and fodder resources have significantly increased. Resultantly, even potent animals are not getting their basic requirements of feeds & fodders. Lack of supply of

15 superior germplasm in field is also a potent constraint of quality animals. (ii). Shortage of feeds and fodders Animal production system, effectively complement food crop production as it uses the resources grown from available farm and pasturelands. It is estimated that hardly 4 per cent of the area is devoted for fodder production in India, where as the requirement is around 11 per cent. This is applicable for the Central part of India also which is a declared fodder deficient zone. (iii).Poor level of Livestock Management The cattle owner in the villages knows that these animals in Central India have low production potential and spending or offering better feed is not likely to give economic returns. This resulted in adoption of an inexpensive system of Animals production at nearly zero input cost. Whatever little milk, cow dung, progeny, skin and hide that they get out of non-descript animals is more or less net profit for them. Such situation can only be changed by crossbreeding of nondescript animals with elite breeds, so that the crossbreed milch cow becomes heavy producers in their neighborhood which would be an eye opener for them. Large human and cattle population and under-productive lands are considered liabilities. However, through proper approach these could be turned into assets. (iv). Lack of proper patronage in implementation of development of programmes Various development programmes have been launched time to time for improvement of livestock and poultry species by the Central and State Governments. But the technical programme of the scheme are not benefiting the farmers and the breeding, feeding, management & disease control of the animals remain up optimized. Therefore, there is a great need to have strong implementing system to maximize the benefit of development programmes launched in Central India in A.H. Sector. (v). Imbalanced livestock-environment interaction The trend towards rapidly increasing commercialization and intensification of livestock and poultry sectors is leading to increase in livestock-environment interactions. These interactions are not without social and environmental risks. It is generally agreed that the animals in natural habitats live in harmony with nature. The domesticated animals however, are at the mercy of their masters. The human actions in managing the livestock and not the livestock per se are therefore, mainly responsible for nay positive or negative effects on environment. (vi). Wrong conventional A.H. practices prevalent in field ™ Choice of breed/grade: Farmers owing crossbred cows prefer to breed their cows with purebred Friesian bulls. This is more due to the belief that a cow or heifer with higher Friesian inheritance yields more milk and fetches better price when sold. But the higher grades are more prone to climatic stress, high disease incidence and low reproductive and productive efficiency. ™ Delayed breeding after calving: Many farmers feel that a cow should not be bred until about 150 days after calving as early breeding is believed to adversely affect the milk yield in the current lactation. As a result, the cows have long service periods and subsequently prolonged calving intervals, thereby putting the farmers under easily avoidable losses. ™ The “anoestrus syndrome”: The incidence of “anoestrus” is quite high in this part of Central India particularly among crossbreds. It may be attributed in general to improper feeding and specially the mineral deficiency. Most of these animals could be brought into regular cycling with a single or a couple of doses of oral administration of long acting mineral supplementation. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February ™ Heat detection: Many times due to improper heat detection, the cows in heat go unobserved, and the cows are reported to suffer from anoestrus condition. Majority of farmers are aware of important heat symptoms such as bellowing, mounting over other animals, restlessness, off-fed, drop in production, etc. But the animals in heat may still go unnoticed as the farmers do not pay much attention to the heat detection because of their preoccupation with other activities and ignorance of losses due to missed heats.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Conservation of AnGR in Central India Many of agencies, institutes and government departments deal with diverse aspects of animal genetic resources. The major thrust in their programmes is to provide health services, management and breeding practices to increase production and to provide extension services to the farmers regarding new technologies. Therefore, these resources need to be tapped and coordinated in such a manner that the precious livestock germplasm can be prevented from extinction. The network approach has been developed by NBAGR for genetic characterization of different breeds with the help of SAUs, State Animal Husbandry Department, Non-Government Organization (NGO’s) and Progressive farmers etc. However, State Veterinary departments have great role in implementing breeding programme,

16 providing health coverage and maintaining A.I. network which critically helps conservation. State Veterinary departments have well established infrastructure facilities of officers/VAS/AVFO & Gopalaks who are in direct contact with the farmers for solving day to day problems of health, feed & fodder, arranging the subsidized loan for animal purchase and various livestock development and extension programmes. Thus they can become major actors for the conservation activities. Further large number of state owned animal breeding farms for different livestock & poultry breeds are being maintained in-situ for the supply of breeding bull and semen to the farmers. All of these channels need to be properly linked and directed under the mission, to meet the overall objectives of conservation programmes.

Reference: 19th Livestock Census (2012). Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying and Fisheries (DAHD), Ministry of Agriculture, Govt, of India. Online http://www.dahd.nic.in/. FAO (2007). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources held at Interlaken by the FAO, September 2007, Switzerland, online http://www.fao.org/ docrep/010/a1404e/a1404e00.html. FAO (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by B.D. Scherf & D. Pilling. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments, Rome, online http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4787e/index.html. NBAGR (2016). Annual Report (2015-16) of National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, online http://14.139.252.116/ annualreport/ annualreport16.pdf. Ramesha, K.P. (2011). Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Livestock Agriculture in India -Present Status and Future Prospects. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 16: 154-162. Ramesha, K.P., Pourouchottamane, M. and Bhattacharya, M. (2010). Intellectual Property Rights, Animal Genetic Resources options for India. Indian Dairyman, 61(4):50-57. Kohler, R.I. and Rathore, H.S. (1996). The Malvi camel: A newly discovered breed from India. Animal Genetic Resources Conservation, 18: 31-42. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

17 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 18 are thespecieswithhighest numberofbreedsreportedasextinct(209).Large numbersofextinctpig,sheep widely keptavianspecies,34 percent ofturkeybreedsand24duckare classified asatrisk.Cattle and cattle(16percent),arethemammalianspeciesthathave thehighestproportionsofat–riskbreeds. Among A comparisonatspecieslevelrevealsthathorses(23percent), followedbyrabbits(20percent),pigs(18percent) population sizeandstructure,ofotherbreed-relatedinformation. breeds lackpopulationdata. There isanurgent needforimprovedsurveyingandsubsequently reportingofbreed - 72percentofrabbitbreeds,66deer59 percentofassbreeds,and58dromedary prioritization andplanningofbreedconservationmeasures. The problemisparticularlysignificantinsomespecies population dataareunavailablefor36percentofbreeds. The lackofdata is aseriousconstrainttoeffective A totalof1491breeds(20percent)areclassifiedasbeing“atrisk”. The truefigurewillbeevenhigher, as Breed RiskStatus reviewed byNationalCoordinatorsfortheManagementof Animal GeneticResourcesfromtherelevant countries. should beconsideredasbelongingtoatrans-boundarybreedwastakenonthebasisofexpertjudgementand boundary and557areinternationaltrans-boundarybreeds. The decisionastowhichnational-levelbreedpopulations are localbreedsand1080trans-boundarybreeds. Among thetrans-boundarybreeds,523areregionaltrans- those thatoccurinmorethanoneregion. A totalof7616breedshave beenrecordedintheglobaldatabank;6536 breeds- thosethatoccurinmorethanonecountrywithinasingleregion,and“international”trans-boundary breeds. Within thetrans-boundarybreedcategory, afurtherdistinctionisdrawnbetween “regional”trans-boundary to as“local”breeds,andthosethatoccurinmorethanonecountry, whicharereferredto as“trans-boundary” Food and Agriculture, theprimarydistinctionisbetweenbreedsthatoccurinonlyonecountry, which arereferred Under thenewsystemofbreedclassificationdevelopedfor The State ofthe World’s Animal GeneticResourcesfor Suffolk sheepin40countries. Among otherlivestockspecies,Large White pigsarereportedin117 countries,Saanengoatsin81Countries, and research. Today, theworld’s mostwidespreadcattlebreed,theHolstein-Friesian,isfoundinatleast128countries. number ofbreeds. There isalsosomemovementofgeneticresourcesfromdevelopingtodevelopedregionsfor the developedworldandfromtodevelopingcountries. These geneflowsarefocusedonalimited international geneflows.Internationaltransferofgeneticmaterialnowoccursonaverylarge scale,bothwithin production environmentsindependentlyofthegeographicallocation–haveledtoanewphaseinhistory new reproductivebiotechnologiesthatfacilitatethemovementofgeneticmaterial,andfeasibilitytocontrol for animalproductsinthedevelopingworld,productiondifferentials betweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries, Developments inthelatetwentiethcentury–increasedcommercializationofbreedingindustry, risingdemand example istheintroductionofSouth Asian Zebucattle intoLatin America duringtheearlytwentiethcentury. diseases andparasites.Geneticresourceswerealsotransferredbetweendifferent tropicalregions. An important (except insomehighlandareas)becauseoftheirpooradaptiontotheheat,low-qualityforage,andlocal temperate zonesoftheSouthernHemisphereandinpartsdrytropics,butdidnotthrivehumidtropics from othercentresofdomesticationgaverisetogreatgeneticdiversity. Europeanbreedsbecameestablishedinthe cultures andnewtechnologies.Naturalselection,human-controlledbreedingcross-breedingwithpopulations and colonizationspreadlivestockfromtheiroriginalhomelands,exposingthemtonewagro-ecologicalzones, archaeological andmoleculargeneticresearch. Thousands ofyearshumanmigration,trade,militaryconquest domestication anddevelopment. At least12majorcentresofdomesticationhavebeenidentified,basedon The livestockspeciescontributingtotoday’s agricultureandfoodproductionareshapedbyalonghistoryof Lead Paper STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR Kerala Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity Email Director ofFarms : [email protected] A. P. USHA and horse breeds are also reported. This is probably not a complete picture of breed extinctions, as it is likely that numerous breeds have been lost without being documented.

Animal genetic resources and resistance to disease

Among the most potentially valuable characteristics of specific livestock breeds is resistance or tolerance to disease. Managing genetic diversity to enhance the resistance or tolerance found in livestock populations offers an additional tool for disease control. Options include choosing the appropriate breed for the production environment, cross- breeding to introduce resistance into breeds that are otherwise well adapted; and selective breeding based on the choice of individual animals that have high levels of disease resistance or tolerance.

Threats to animal genetic resources

The threats to livestock genetic resources are 1) marginalization of traditional production systems and the associated local breeds, driven mainly by the rapid spread of intensive livestock production and 2) major disease epidemics and disasters of various kinds (droughts, floods, military conflicts, etc.) particularly in the case of small, geographically concentrated breed populations. Policies and legal frameworks influencing the livestock sector are not always favourable to the sustainable utilization of animal genetic resources. Development and post-disaster rehabilitation programmes that involve livestock should assess their potential impacts on genetic diversity and ensure that the breeds used are appropriate to local production environments.

Clearly, it is neither possible nor desirable that the conservation of animal genetic resources should, in itself, take precedence over objectives such as food security, humanitarian response to disasters, or control of serious animal diseases. However, it is likely that many measures with the potential to reduce the risk of genetic erosion will also promote efficient utilization of existing animal genetic resources, and so be complementary to wider livestock development objectives.

Change in livestock production systems

Livestock sector responds to a series of change - increasing demand for food of animal origin, changing lifestyles, general dietary trends favouring consumption of processed and pre-prepared convenient foods and changing environmental conditions are few among them. Advances in transport and communication technologies have promoted the development of global markets, and have facilitated the establishment of livestock production units that are geographically separated from the crop lands that are the source of feed. Public policies that affect the livestock sector are additional drivers of change. Important policy measures affecting the livestock sector include: market regulation, frameworks affecting ownership, access to land and water, policies affecting the movement of populations, incentive and subsidy measures, sanitary and trade policies, and environmental regulations.

Conservation Programmes XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Conservation programmes are most urgently required where valuable genetic resources are in danger of being lost. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February A number of approaches to conservation are available, including in vivo methods (zoos, farm parks, protected areas, and payments or other support measures for livestock keepers who maintain animals in their normal production environments) as well as in vitro conservation of genetic material in liquid nitrogen. Assessing the effectiveness of such measures requires detailed information of the breeds included in the programmes, the size and structure of the populations involved, the mating schemes practised and in the case of in vitro programmes, the quantity and type of genetic material stored (semen, embryos, oocytes or tissue DNA). Information provided in the country reports provides a broad overview of the global distribution of conservation programmes. However, the data required for a for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL thorough assessment of conservation needs and priority actions remain largely unavailable established for in vitro conservation programmes that operate on an international scale.

Use of reproductive biotechnologies

Artificial insemination and embryo transfer have had a major impact on livestock breeding in developed countries. These technologies speed up genetic progress, reduce the risk of disease transmission and expand the number of animals that can be bred from a superior parent. The availability of these technologies varies greatly from country

19 to country and between regions. Where reproductive technologies are used in developing countries, it is often as a means of disseminating exotic genetic material.

Methods for conservation

Assessing the significance of a breed from the conservation perspective requires a synthesis of information from studies of trait diversity, i.e diversity in the recognizable combinations of phenotypic characteristics that define breed identity, molecular genetic studies, which provide objective measures of diversity within and between breeds, evidence for unique genetic attributes, evidence of past genetic isolation and evidence indicating cultural or historic importance. Risk status is a further important consideration. Optimizing conservation strategies also requires consideration of how the available resources should be divided among the breeds under consideration, and decisions as to which is the most efficient conservation strategy from among the options available. Further work is required to develop effective tools for optimizing resource allocation in conservation strategies.

Legal Frameworks

Animal genetic resources management is influenced by legal frameworks at both national and international levels. The main international framework for biodiversity is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The CBD recognizes the specific nature of agricultural biodiversity, and that it has specific problems that call for specific solutions. In this context, it should be noted that wild genetic resources and agricultural genetic resources require different and sometimes conflicting strategies. The field of animal health is generally the most highly regulated aspect of livestock production. At the international level, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures recognizes the World Organisation for Animal Health as the standard – setting authority for animal health matters in the context of international trade. The prospect of greater exertion of intellectual property rights in the field of animal breeding and genetics is attracting considerable interest and controversy. Patents covering genes and markers associated with a range of economically important traits have been granted in several livestock species.

Structured genetic improvement programmes require systems for animal identification, registration and performance recording. Identification and registration are also important for many other reasons (eg. disease control, traceability and administration of conservation programmes). Legal regulation can help to strengthen compliance with these requirements and ensure the availability of consistent and dependable information on which to base decisions. Many developing countries report the need for improved regulation in this field.

Methods for characterization of animal genetic resources

Characterization involves the identification, description and documentation of breed populations and the habitats and production systems in which they were developed and to which they are adapted. One aim is to provide an assessment of how well particular breeds will perform within the various production systems found in a country or region, and thus to guide farmers and development practitioners in their decision – making. Another objective is to XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February provide the information that is needed for planning conservation programmes. The latter requires information on the risk status of the breeds under consideration. Risk status is established primarily on the basis of population size and structure. Data on the extent of crossbreeding is important to assess the threat of genetic dilution, along with the information on breeds geographical distribution, and the extent of inbreeding within the population. Breeds that are identified as being at risk are candidates for inclusion in conservation programmes. Decisions may be based on the genetic distinctiveness, adaptive traits, relative value for food and agriculture, or historical and cultural values of the breeds in question. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Information on the breed’s specific attributes and adaptations, its genetic relationship to other breeds, its normal production environment and management practices, and any associated indigenous knowledge are all of great help in the design and implementation of conservation or breed development programmes. Characterization at the genomic level offers the opportunity to explore genetic diversity within and between livestock populations, and to determine genetic relationships among populations. Periodic monitoring of population size and structure is important, so that management strategies can be adapted if necessary.

20 Another important aspect of the characterization process is to make relevant data available to a wide range of stakeholders, including policy-makers, development practitioners, livestock keepers and researchers involved to local production conditions, and the availability of infrastructure, technical resources and trained personnel.

Methods for economic valuation of animal genetic resources

The large number of breeds that are at risk and the limited financial resources available for conservation and breed development imply on the economic analysis of the value of the genetic resources. Potential management interventions are necessary for decision-making based on the economic contribution of particular animal genetic resources to various sectors of society, the identification of cost – effective conservation measures and economic incentives and institutional arrangements for the promotion of conservation by individual farmers or communities. Adaptive traits and non- income functions are important components of the total value of indigenous breed animals. Conventional criteria used to evaluate livestock productivity are inadequate to evaluate subsistence production systems, and have tended to overestimate the benefits of replacing local breeds with exotic ones. The costs of implementing an in situ breed conservation programme may be relatively small, both when compared to the size of subsidies currently being provided to the commercial livestock sector and when compared to the benefits of conservation.

Needs and challenges in animal genetic resources management

The livestock sector has to balance a range of policy objectives vizsupporting rural development and the alleviation of hunger and poverty; meeting the increasing demand for livestock products and responding to changing consumer requirements; ensuring food safety and minimizing the threat posed by animal diseases; and maintaining biodiversity and environmental integrity. Meeting these challenges will involve mixing species, breeds and individual animals with the qualities needed to meet the specific requirements of particular production, social and market conditions. However, there are many constraints to seek the goal of matching genetic resources to development needs.

Inventory and characterization are fundamental to the management of animal genetic resources, but remain far from complete, particularly in developing countries. Addressing the knowledge gaps that impede decision- making should be a priority. The current rate of genetic erosion is of significant concern. Well – targeted conservation measures to address threats to particular breeds are essential. There is a need to establish principles and elements that underpin effective management, balance current and future use, and address economic, social and environmental concerns. Community – level programmes that both support the livelihoods of the livestock keepers involved and address global concerns about biodiversity are required. Initiatives of this type must be backed up by strengthened institutional and organizational structures, and policy and legal frameworks that support sustainable development. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

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NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION I

DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY: STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE AGENDA

Oral Presentations

MTY-192 APPRAISAL OF TYPE, GROWTH AND WOOL PARAMETERS OF MUNJAL SHEEP

S.P. DAHIYA, Z.S. MALIK AND B.L. PANDER Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana-125004

Sheep production provides a dependable source of income to the rural community particularly in the arid, semi arid and mountainous areas of the country. India is rich repository of sheep genetic resources in the form of many breeds. Munjal, a lesser known sheep breed, is popular among the farmers of Haryana for its big size and heavy weight. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of Munjal sheep at an organised farm. Data on 357 Munjal animals maintained at LUVAS farm between 2008 and 2016 were analysed for type, growth and wool traits. The body weights at birth, 3 month, 6 month and one year of age were estimated as 3.94+0.06, 16.20+0.51, 18.77+0.41 and 25.38+0.66 kg, respectively. The average body weights of breeding rams, ewes at mating and at lambing were estimated as 48.31+1.32, 32.40+0.74 and 33.60+0.89 kg, respectively. Staple length, fibre diameter and modulation of wool fibre were estimated as 7.03+0.16 cm, 37.15+0.16 u and 60.67+1.86 per cent, respectively. Mean first greasy fleece weight was found as 0.87+0.07 kg in female and 0.90+0.8 kg in male lambs where as the corresponding estimates of annual greasy fleece weight were 1.95+0.07 and 2.23+0.09 kg, respectively. The mean body height, length, heart girth and paunch girth in females were estimated as 71.07+0.34, 70.43+0.41, 80.29+0.43 and 81.93+0.55 cm, respectively. The corresponding estimates in males were obtained as 73.97+0.62, 74.08+0.73, 86.92+0.70 and 89.22+0.72 cm, respectively. It was observed that Munjal is a tall and heavy breed of sheep having coarse wool and the breed is suitable for mutton production under prevailing climatic conditions.

MTY 193 LACCADIVE GOAT- A UNIQUE GENETIC RESOURCE OF LAKSHADWEEP

R.THIRUPATHY VENKATACHALAPATHY1*, SANKARALINGAM, S.1 RADHA, K.1 AND KABEER, M2 1Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University 2Animal Husbandry Department, UTI Lakshadweep *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Laccadive goats are found in Lakshadweep, an enchanting group of islands in the Arabian Sea between North XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity latitude 80-120 30’ and between East longitude 710-740. The total geographical area of this Union Territory of India Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February is 32.20 Sq. km and encompasses 36 islands including 11 inhabited. Lakshadweep has tropical warm, humid with little variation in the diurnal or seasonal temperature range 23 o to 31o C. The rainfall is 1579mm with 121 wet days and wind speed is usually 10-12 km/h. As per the 2012 census, the population of goat is 46,497 and the annual growth rate is about 16%. Nearly 90% of total households are rearing 2-3 goats for meat purposes and also to meet their daily requirement of milk to some extent. The goats are reared mainly on low input tethering system and fed with coconut leaves, coconut oil cake, rice gruel, graze on shrubs and tree leaves. The white coat colour is predominant followed by brown. Black stripes are found on poll, top line, ears, around the eyes, nose, lower parts of the leg and for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL tail. The forehead is narrow and short. The horns are short, pointed backward and upward with 6-9cm in length. Ears are erect, horizontal in position and length varies from 7.5 to 12 cm. The average body length, chest girth and height at withers of adult male were 56.57±1.33, 63.72 ±1.09 and 57.71± 1.25cm, whereas in female it was 55.57±1.30, 61.72±1.10 and 55.71±1.2 cm, respectively. The average birth weights of adult male and female were 23.20±1.30kg and 19.40±1.10 Kg, respectively. Milk yield is reported to be about 200 to 250 ml. This unique genetic resource needs to be characterized for sustainable utilization.

23 MTY 194 CONSERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF SAHIWAL BREED IN IT’S NATIVE TRACT

SIMARJEET KAUR1, M. S. SEKHON2, R. S. GREWAL1, H. K. VERMA2, NARINDER SINGH1 AND B. K. BANSAL1 1Directorate of Livestock Farms, GADVASU, Ludhiana 2Directorate of Extension Education, GADVASU, Ludhiana

Sahiwal breed of cattle is a native breed of India and Pakistan and presently available in about 29 countries, therefore classified as international transboundary breed of cattle by FAO. The breeding tract in India includes part of Punjab and Rajasthan states. In this area, due to fast growth in milk production and productivity and commercialization of dairy units, more emphasis has been given to the crossbreeding of indigenous cattle with Holstein Friesian, resulting in to shrinkage of Sahiwal population. Therefore, it is imperative to take necessary step to increase the population and productivity of Sahiwal cattle in Punjab by promoting Sahiwal cattle rearing and conservation in a scientific manner, undertaking genetic improvement programme for Sahiwal cattle breed and also upgrading nondescript cattle using semen of elite Sahiwal bulls. Keeping this in view, a modern livestock farm consisting of 200 elite Sahiwal cows and 10 bulls has been established at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, a premier institution conducting research in all aspects of dairy production, processing and health care of animals. The farm is managed using modern technologies and infrastructure available in the country. These animals are provided with latest and most comfortable and environmentally controlled housing, incorporating the latest inventions and management techniques with emphasis on mechanization and automation of routine farm operations including cleaning, feeding, milking, animal waste management, fodder production, harvesting and chopping of green fodder and systematic health coverage through diagnosis of health problems and preventive vaccination of common diseases and day-to-day herd management. With only about 42000 cows of Sahiwal breed in the state, the University aims to provide superior/high genetic merit young bulls to farmers engaged in indigenous cow husbandry so as to upgrade and enhance milk production potential of their animals. The Animal Husbandry Department of Punjab also provides the AI services to farmers. This herd will make available superior genetic merit bulls of known pedigree to the Animal Husbandry Dept. for the production of semen in near future. This will enable the supply of superior quality germplasm of Sahiwal breed in the entire state and adjoining areas. Surplus elite bulls will also be provided to the gaushalas to upgrade their stock. The project will also facilitate conservation and improvement of Sahiwal breed in its breeding tract.

MTY-195 CONSERVATION AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF KANKREJ CATTLE THROUGH ASSOCIATED HERD PROGENY TESTING XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February PROGRAMME

UMESH SINGH, T. V. RAJA, R. R. ALYETHODI, B. S. RATHOD AND B. PRAKASH ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut Cantt. – 250 001, U.P. State Corresponding author: [email protected]

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL The ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerutis executing the AICRP on Indigenous Breed since 2010 for the genetic improvement of selected indigenous breeds viz, Gir,Kankrejand Sahiwal through selection of young bulls using field associated herd progeny testing programme. Under the programme the young male calves born out of nominated mating of elite cows at the germplasm (GP) centre are reared and progeny tested using animal and farm facilities existing at the Data Recording (DR) Units/ associated herds of farmers in their respective breeding tracts. The GP unit of Kankrej cattle is located at Livestock Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat and five DR units consisting of organized farms and farmers herd. Twenty six bulls in three sets have been inducted so far and a total of 142666 doses frozen since inception and presently 117943 frozen semen doses are available for future breeding and improvement. So far, 8787 inseminations

24 have been carried out resulting in 4059 conceptions and 1040 daughters’ births. The overall average estimates for age at first calving, first service period, first dry period and calving interval were 1246.61, 159.25, 124.60 and 441.24 days, respectively. The average estimates for first lactation 305 days milk yield, all lactation milk yield and first peak yield of elite cows at GP unit were 2509.96, 3063.16 and 11.74 kg, respectively. The average first lactation length of the herd was 338.73.More and more true to the breed animals in the farmers’ herds are identified and brought under the breed improvement programme which helps to conserve, propagate and improve this valuable germplasm in their native tract and the livelihood of the marginal and small dairy farmers. The only project on progeny testing of Kankrej cattle in the country has received positive response from farmers who are evincing keen interest in joining the project and are satisfied with the performance of the progenies born under the project.

MTY-196 ASSESSMENT OF PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE OF MEGHALAYA STATE

PUNDIR, R. K., SINGH, P. K., DANGI, P. S., KUMAR, A*, BORAH, S**, MAHANTA, N.*AND METTEI, S. L* ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) *ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Barapani, Meghalaya ** KVK, West Garo Hills, Tura, Meghalaya Corresponding author: [email protected]

In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the phenotypic variability and to know the management of indigenous cattle in the Meghalaya state. A total of 76 farmers from 17 villages of three districts (Ri-Bhoi, East- Khasi Hills and West-Garo Hills) were interviewed to record information on various management practices and 217 animals of different age and sex were recorded for morphometric and physical traits. It was observed that cattle were reared mainly for meat, milk, bullock power and manure. Animals were reared on extensive system of management i.e. grazing from morning to evening, free range during December to March. During April to December fields have crops so controlled grazing was there. Cattle were of small size, well built, hardy and in cylindrical shape. The body colour varies in different colours brown (53%), grey (38%) and black (9%). Bulls were darker in colour and have medium size hump. Horns were smaller in length (9-12 cm). The average body length, height at wither, heart girth, paunch girth, horn length, ear length, face length and tail length without switch in cows (95) were 97.64±1.08 cm, 100.90±0.95 cm, 128.90±1.53 cm, 128.60±1.77 cm, 9.94±0.63 cm, 18.91±0.22 cm, 38.08±0.47 cm and 68.61±0.97 cm, respectively. Males and females did not differ significantly at all stages of age for all the morphometric traits. The average daily milk yield and lactation length were 2.38+0.18 kg (1.50 to 4.0kg) and 138 days (120-180 days), respectively. It may be concluded that indigenous cattle of Meghalaya showed uniformity in physical and morphometric traits and differ in their proportion (type traits) with others cattle of the region. There is a need to enhance the productivity of indigenous cattle in the state through genetic improvement programs. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity MTY-197 Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF UNEXPLORED CATTLE POPULATION OF KONKAN REGION OF MAHARASHTRA

P.K. SINGH, R.K. PUNDIR, P.S. DANGI, B.G. DESAI*, D.J. BHAGAT*, SHALU KUMAR* AND LOVEY SHARMA for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL ICAR- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (Haryana) 132001 *DBS Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (Maharashtra) Corresponding author: [email protected]

For phenotypic characterization of Konkan cattle, two visits were taken up to 12 villages (in three talukas) of Sindhudurg district and 10 villages (in three talukas) of Raigad district of Maharshtra state. These cattle are distributed in Thane, Palghar, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan region of Maharashtra but presently

25 considered as non-descript cattle. The herd size varies from 4-20 and animals are kept on low input production system. Grazing is the main source of the feeding however, some farmers offer greens and 1-2.5 kg of concentrate to lactating animals and bullocks. The housing of the animals was closed type with full walls made up of thatched, mud or brick. The roof is slanting in shape made up of thatched, earthen type or sometimes concrete. The sanitation and ventilation of the animal houses were poor. The breeding of animals is through natural mating at the time of grazing. A total of 11 body measurements and physical traits of 234 animals belonging to different age groups & sex were taken in Sindhudurg district and 225 animals from Raigad district. A total of 57 farmers in Sindhudurg district and 50 from Raigad district were interviewed for general management practices followed for cattle husbandry. The animals are small in size with compact body. The coat colour of animals is generally red or black however, animals of brown and white coat were also available. The colour of eyelid, muzzle and tail is generally black but in some animals carroty muzzle was also seen. The forehead is small and straight, sometimes slightly concave. The horns are straight in most of the cases and orientation of horn is outward and backward. Udders are small in size; teats are small, cylindrical with pointed/ rounded tips. The hump and dewlap are small to medium in size. Body length, chest girth, height at withers, paunch girth, face length, face width, tail length with switch, tail length without switch, horn length, horn circumference and ear length in Sindhudurg district were obtained as 103±0.61, 134.45±1.01, 101.39±1.00, 139.99±1.20, 42.73±0.53, 20.06±0.22, 88.52±1.11, 68.95±0.84, 23.30±0.76, 15.08±0.33, 18.64±0.23cm, respectively in cows and 112.20±0.67, 148.89±1.16, 108.97±0.55, 153.25±1.40, 46.13±0.26, 23.79±0.18, 97.42±0.83, 74.64±0.72, 25.94±0.83, 19.98±0.30, 18.90±0.17cm in bull/bullocks, respectively. The animals are hardy and well survived in hot and humid conditions of the coastal area. The milk production is generally 1-2 litres in a day however; few elite animals with milk production of 5-6 litres were also seen. Based on 24 milk samples, specific gravity, total solids (%), fat content (%), solid not fat content (%) and protein content (%) of Konkan cow milk were obtained as 1.0274±0.0002, 13.11±0.14, 4.55± 0.14, 8.62±0.02 and 3.39±0.05, respectively. Milk is used for consumption of farmers’ family. The age at first calving, calving interval and lactation period ranged from 4.5 to 5 years, 12 to 18 months, 5 to 8 months, respectively. The animals are used for the agricultural operations in area. The population of Konkan cattle is adequate in its breeding tract.

MTY-198 GROWTH POTENTIAL OF AVIKALIN SHEEP UNDER FARM CONDITIONS IN SEMI-ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN

L. LESLIE LEO PRINCE1, INDRASEN CHAUHAN2, VED PRAKASH2, R.C. SHARMA3 AND ARUN KUMAR3 1 Sr, Scientist, 2 Scientist, 3 Pr. Scientist, Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding, ICAR- Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Via- Jaipur, Rajasthan. Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Avikalin, strain of sheep, producing good quality carpet wool was evolved by stabilizing 50% exotic inheritance in the crosses of Rambouillet x Malpura at ICAR-CSWRI, Avikanagar, Rajasthan. Later, efforts were made to exploit the growth potential of this strain and developed as dual type sheep for mutton and wool production. Ram lambs are selected on the basis of an index incorporating six-month body weight and first six monthly GFY. Avikalin sheep are being reared under semi-intensive management system. The growth data of 6427 lambs born (1975-2016) were analysed. Data were grouped in to seven periods. Overall least squares means for body weight at birth, three, six and twelve months of age were 2.98±0.01 kg, 14.17±0.04 kg, 21.48±0.08 kg and 27.50±0.08 kg, respectively. The

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL growth performances during period-1 (1975-82) were 3.08, 13.70, 19.31 and 24.33 kg, respectively and corresponding figures for latest period-7 (2013-16) were 2.94, 16.65, 27.19 and 33.03 kg, respectively. Avikalin has reached about 20 generations and birth weight showed a declining trend whereas body weight at 3, 6 and 12 months of age showed an increasing trend over the generations. Individual predicted breeding values were calculated for body weight at six months. The genetic trends were calculated by regression of average predicted breeding values for the body weight at six months versus the animal’s birth year. Genetic gain per year was 55.3 g for body weight at six months of age. Avikalin can be successfully reared under the semi-intensive management up to six month of age to attain a body weight of more than 25 kg and greasy fleece yield of around 800g of good carpet wool. To evaluate its

26 performance in southern sub-temperate climate, small flock of Avikalin was reared at SRRC, CSWRI, Mannavanur, Kodai hills of Tamil Nadu and growth performance was significantly higher than the performance in semi-arid climate of Rajasthan. Avikalin is being used as an improver breed and has great demand particularly in southern part of India to upgrade nondescript sheep for improving mutton and wool production. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

27

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION I

DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY: STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE AGENDA

Poster Presentations

MTY-101 MEAT AND MILK PRODUCTION OF OSMANABADI GOATS

S.S. KAMBLE AND V.S LAWAR Department of Animal Science and Dairy Science Mahatma PhuleKrishiVidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra -413 722 Corresponding author: [email protected]

A flock of 120 Osmanabadi goats along with followers purchased from the breeding tract. These goats have been placed in three management system in equal numbers. Average test day milk yield (kg) was highest in grazing system (0.649 ± 0.029) followed by semi-stall (0.493 ± 0.028) and stall fed (0.410 ± 0.019). The horned goats yield more (0.542 ± 0.021) than polled goats (0.494 ± 0.025). Estimated lactation length was 94.24 ±0.38 days and estimated lactation yield was 47.982 ± 1.532 (kg). The grazing exercise and freedom to choose the forages from grazing field might be important factor in getting higher milk yield in grazing management. The dressing percentage was lowest (42.41%) at 6 months and was gradually increased at 9 (45.87%) and 12 (49.08%) months. The organoleptic test indicate not any significant difference in all the quality aspects.

MTY-102 RELATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF YALAGA WITH KENGURI AND BANNUR SHEEP BREEDS

M. S.HUSSAIN, APPANNAVAR, M.,YATHISH, H. M.,*ASHARANI A D, SURANAGI M. D. AND U S BIRADAR Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding VeterinaryCollege, KVAFSU, Bidar-585401, Karnataka *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present investigation was taken up to relatively assess morphological traits of Yalaga, non-descript sheep, with well-known mutton breeds of sheep like Bannur and Kenguri. For this, morphological traits like body weight (BW), body length (BL), body height (BH) and chest girth (CG) were recorded in 6-9months old 60 rams in each XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

breed. Difference in these traits among three sheep breeds were evaluated using one-way ANOVA module of Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February SAS.9.3. ANOVA has revealed significantly (p<0.01) higher BW (kg) in Yalaga sheep (25.23±0.54) than Bannur (19.90±0.58) and it was similar to Kenguri (24.40±0.61). Similarly, BL (cm) in Yalaga (65.89±0.79) was similar to Kenguri sheep (65.84±0.44) and significantly (p<0.01) higher than Bannur (63.13±0.56). With respect to BH (cm), Yalaga sheep (70.22±0.78) had significantly (p<0.01) higher values than Bannur (60.40±0.61) and similar values to Kenguri (68.51±0.47). Interestingly, Yalaga (70.44±0.67) had significantly (p<0.01) higher CG (cm) values than Kenguri (66.76±0.60) and it was non-significantly wider than Bannur (69.61±0.60). From this study it is evident that Yalaga sheep is having morphometric traits similar to Kenguri and significantly higher than Bannur. for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

29 MTY-103 RELATIONSHIP AMONG DIFFERENT BODY MEASUREMENTS IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUP OF ANIMALS IN ENDANGERED BARGUR CATTLE

P. GANAPATHI AND N. KUMARAVELU Bargur Cattle Research Station, Bargur, Erode District Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

Bargurcattle is an endangered cattle breed present in Bargur hills at AnthiyurTaluk of Erode District in Tamil Nadu state. In Bargur Cattle relationship among the different body measurements(cms) with respect to age were analyzed in the farmer’s field. The pooled body measurements like height at withers, body length, and chest girth were studied at different age groups viz. 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-9 months, 10-12 months and 13-18 months respectively. The corresponding values at different age groups for height at withers were 65.78 ± 0.69, 72.95± 0.90, 76.00 ±1.27, 84.12± 1.22, 94.00± 1.53 cms, respectively which started and it starts at 65.78 ± 0.69 cms at 0-3 months of age and slowly increased upto 94.00±1.53cms at 13-18 months period. Likewise other body measurements like body length, chest girth were 58.33 ±1.36, 65.73 ± 0.94, 73.61± 1.66, 75.07 ±1.57, 81.70 ± 1.31, 84.92 ± 1.09, 94.18 ± 1.29, 97.96 ± 2.40, respectively and initially started at 58.33 ±1.36, 65.73 ± 0.94 at 0-3 months of age and ended upto 94.18 ± 1.28, 97.96 ± 2.40 cms at 13-18 months of age respectively. The overall period were divided in to three phase viz 0-3 months first phase, 4- 9 months - mid phase and 10-18 months last-phase. The above three measurements during the first phase were rapidly increased followed by slow increase in the mid phase during 4-9 months. In the last phase all the all three measurements increased rapidly. In all the three phases, measurements were closely correlated positively.

MTY-104 PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF CHAUGARKHA GOAT BREED IN UTTARAKHAND HILLY TRACTS

P. SATHEESH KUMAR*3, AMOD KUMAR1, A.K. SHARMA2,C. JANA2, M. SHANKAR2, AMOL2-AND CHANDRA PRAKASH1 1ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India 2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Utharakhand-UK-263138, India 3ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Chaugarkha goat breed tracked in Kumaon region based mid Himalayas of Uttarakhand. Conducted surveyresults that breed were distribution inKhola and Gandhak villages of Dhauladevi block,Almora district. Total eighty two farmers have been registered, 260 adult female goats were tagged.Those farmers having very similar phenotypic characteristic Chaugarkha breed goats. Withouttagging 536 adult females, 236 of adult males, and 160 kid’s data were collected. Those tagged animals morphometric data were collected every moth with equal intervals. We regularly recorded the birth weight, 3 month, 6 month and 9 month body weights of the tagged goats. For checking

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL of general health and distribution of medicines, clinical and vaccination camp were organized periodically. The adult Chaugarkha goat average body weight, body length, body height and chest girth are 22.00±3.93 kg, 52.68±3.93 cm, 59.07±5.02 cm and 61.49±4.38 cm in males and 18.08±3.57 kg, 50.26±3.70 cm, 53.81±3.44 cm and 58.00±3.78 cm in females. Socio-economic data were collected from farmers. Farmers rearing goats mainly for meat purpose and goat meat was most consumed meat because no religious taboos like beef and pork which makes higher goat meat demand. Hence, we focused to improve the growth andcarcass traits of goats by using selection model. Based on this we selected best five breeding bucks and fifty breeding does. And also studied the phenotypic environment interactions. We listed various constraints in Chaugarkha goat breeding at its breeding track which may helpful for future Chaugarkha goat breeding programs in the Uttarakhand.

30 MTY-105 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MAGRA SHEEP IN FARMERS’ FLOCK AT ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN

A. K. PATEL, H.K. NARULA, ASHISH CHOPRA AND K.S. GURAO Arid Region Campus, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Bikaner, Rajasthan - 334006 India Corresponding author: [email protected]

Magra is an important carpet wool breed of Rajasthan and is found in its purest form in Bikaner district and adjoining areas of Nagaur, Churu and Jhunjhunu districts. The wool produced by Magra is lustrous and suitable for carpet production. The wool produced by Magra sheep is in great demand due to its luster; however, growth potential of any breed is always an important concern as major income is generated through sale of lambs. Under Network project of sheep improvement, an extensive survey was conducted in breeding tract of Magra sheep around all directions of Bikaner district. Three centers viz. Kotra, Kanasar and Jaalwali were identified on the basis of survey and availability of animals. Each center is covering sheep population of at least 2-3 surrounding villages. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the growth performance and factors affecting the growth in Magra sheep of farmers’ flock in its breeding tract in arid climatic condition of Rajasthan. Data were collected since inception of the project (2013 to 2016) on 2702 lambs born in field in farmers’ flock. Data were analyzed on birth weight, three month weight, six month weight and 12 month weight, using LSMLMW procedure by taking period of lambing, center and sex as fixed effects. All the traits were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by all the fixed factors taken in the study. Overall mean for birth weight, three month weight, six month weight and 12 month weightwere 2.66±0.01 (2702), 15.09±0.05 (2558), 21.64±0.10 (1378) and 30.05±0.22 (802) kg, respectively. First greasy fleece weight and adult greasy fleece weights were also recorded in field where all the fixed effects were found highly significant. Overall mean for I GFY and Adult GFY were 696.47±4.94 (2016) and 634.99±3.45 (4126) gm, respectively. About 159 breeding rams were also distributed in the field flocks for the genetic improvement of farmers’ flock. There was significant difference between the lambs born from farmers ram and superior breeding rams supplied from institute. Above results showed such breed improvement program are beneficial for the upliftment of socio economic status of sheep rearers.

MTY-106 A STUDY ON MOPRHOMETRY AND GROWTH OF HASSAN SHEEP BREED IN FARMER FLOCKS

NAVEEN KUMAR,G.S., BASAVARAJ INAMDHAR., SRIKANTH DODAMANI XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity AND SUNIL KUMAR.M.A. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Dept. of Animal Genetics and Breeding Veterinary College, Hassan, Karnataka

Hassan sheep with 8.6 lakh population as per Breed Survey (2013) is the third most populous sheep breed of Karnataka. Even though breed is said to spread across Hassan, Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka, the typical specimen of the breed is observed in Arsikere, Holenarsipura and Tipturtaluks. The study was undertaken to know the present status of the breed. The morphological and growth traits was documented from 344 sheep for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL belonging to eight farmers flock from these region. The coat colour was complete white (23.3%), white with light brown patches (58.1%) and white with black patches (18.6%)on head and neck region. 40.4% of males and 1.4% of females are horned. Wattles were observed in 63 % and atrophied ears were noticed in 2.3 % of sheep. The average adult body length (cm), height at wither (cm), chest girth (cm), paunch (cm), ear length (cm), tail length (cm) and average adult body weight (kg) in males and females are 66.4±0.62, 65.03±1.45, 75.2±1.02, 76.5±1.38, 15.2±0.07, 11.5±0.07, 32.7±2.03 and 63.8±0.85, 61.7±1.38, 71.8±2.32, 74.5±2.60, 15.0±0.34, 11.3±0.08, 27.8±1.21 respectively. The birth weight, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months body weight in males and females were 2.42±0.32,

31 10.8±0.41, 15.8±0.93, 19.6±1.03, 23.6±1.12, 28.6±1.02 kg; and 2.20±0.32, 9.08±0.61, 14.0±1.02, 17.20±0.92, 20.62±1.03, 24.52±12.37 kg respectively. The difference in body weight between sex increased significantly over the age.

MTY-107 CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF BREEDING BUCKS OF OSMANABADI BREED BY USING QFQ BANDING

KOKANI S.C., PAWAR V. D., SAWANE M. P., CHOPADE M. M., KHADE S. B., KOMATWAR S.J., DESHMUKH R.S. AND NIMBKAR C.B. Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-12 Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present cytogenetic study of breeding bucks of Osmanabadi breed maintained at Nimbkar Agriculture Research Institute, Phaltan, Dist-Satara was undertaken by using QFQ- banding technique. Short term lymphocyte culture technique was used for display of metaphase chromosomes. For Q banding different concentrations of quinacrinedihydrochloride and exposure time were tried and best bands were obtained at 0.25 per cent of Quinacrinedihydrochloride treatment for 20 minutes. The normal chromosomal complement were observed i.e. modal diploid chromosome number was 2n=60 Osmanabadi bucks. There were 29 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosome in complement. The X chromosome was the largest acrocentric chromosome whereas the Y chromosome was the smallest dot like in majority of the metaphase examined however, in few metaphases it was found to be submetacentric in morphology. The karyotype was arranged according to Hansen (1973) and ISCNDB (2000) nomenclature. First 15 pairs of the autosomes show characteristic Q- band patterns. Whereas, in remaining pairs of autosomes Q band pattern was not observed due to low fluorescence intensity. The QFQ banding technique was found to be simplest banding technique and helped in identifying almost all the chromosome. However, it was noted that the goat chromosome do not present the brilliant fluorescence. No marked chromosomal abnormalities were observed in the present study.

MTY-108 RATE OF INBREEDING IN VECHUR CATTLE CONSERVATION UNIT

MANOJ M., PONNALA A. K., BIMAL C. B. AND ARAVINDAKSHAN T. V. Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics & Biostatistics XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680 651 Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

The efforts for conservation of Vechur cattle initiated in 1989 by the Kerala Agricultural University and subsequently taken over by Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, contributed to the revival of the precious dwarf breed. The effective and successful in-vivo conservation of any breed depends largely on the herd size and genetic diversity of the animals maintained. The most important challenge under the conservation project is the limited

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL population size and the adverse effects of inbreeding in the closed herd, which can be minimized only by systematic breeding programme. Thus the present investigation was conducted to assess the rate of inbreeding over the last few years, utilising the pedigree records of 623 Vechur cattle maintained at the Vechur Cattle Conservation Project, CASAGB, Mannuthy under the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Out of the 623 animals 567 were with known sire and dam. Since the conservation project started with procured animals from the field, the number of unlisted sires and dams in the pedigree were 14 and 42, respectively. The analysis was conducted with the assumption that inbreeding coefficient of base population is zero. The total number of sires and dams in the known part of the pedigree were 55 and 153, respectively. The maximum paternal and maternal family size was 67 and 14, respectively. The range of inbreeding coefficient in the whole population was 0.0 to 0.1289 with a mean

32 value of 0.0164. The average rate of inbreeding by the end of 2014 was 0.0156, and over the last two years the inbreeding coefficient increased by 5.13 %. The whole pedigree data were classified in to eight tiers and the number of individuals in these tiers was 37, 51, 88, 145, 158, 121, 24 and one, respectively. The average inbreeding coefficients in the first two tiers were zero. The average inbreeding coefficients in third to eight tiers were 0.0185, 0.0050, 0.0225, 0.0320, 0.0422 and 0.0508, respectively. Since all the animals were not contributing to the next generation due to sale of some heifers to field units and intense selection of breeding bulls from different families, the average inbreeding in the present herd is below the estimated value. The results of the present investigation reveal that the inbreeding coefficient is gradually increasing over the generation which is generally expected in a closed herd. This also demands the need of incorporation of few more unrelated breeding bulls with superior breed characteristics for long term and effective conservation of our valuable native breeds like Vechur.

MTY-109 MICROSATELLITE MARKERS BASED GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION IN CHHATTISGARHI BUFFALO

VIKAS VOHRA*, RAMENDRA DAS, MOHAN SINGH, M S TANTIA AND R S KATARIA ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132001 (Haryana), India Corresponding author*: [email protected]

Genetic distinction and diversity analysis of native breeds is an important step in genetic characterization, as it allows the evaluation of unexplored genetic variability. Panel of microsatellite markers recommended by FAO wereused to characterize the genetic variability within theChhattisgarhi buffalo, a less known riverine buffalo population of central India. Its breeding tract include Kawardha,Korba, Sarguja, Balrampur, Jashpur, Bilaspur, Pendra, Mahasumund, Kawardha, Bemetra, Dhamtariand Kanker blocks of Chhattisgarh State. Their exact numbers is still not known. However, buffaloes in Chhattisgarh State constitute about 14.5% of the total livestock in the state. Twenty four bovine-specific microsatellite markers, were used to genetically characterize and assess the diversity in 48 unrelated Chhattisgarhi buffaloes.All the loci studied in the population were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.42 to 8.48 with a mean of 0.668±0.02. Overall average number of alleles was 8.375±0.686 and average effective number of alleles was 3.78±0.294. The average observed

(HO) and unbiased expected (uHe) heterozygosity were 0.596±0.052 and 0.71±0.02 for Chhattisgarhi buffaloes. The observed heterozygosity in the studied population was found to be lower than the expected heterozygosity. FIS value was found to be 0.169±0.064. Out of 24 loci studied, 12 of them showed the HW equilibrium. The results indicate that sufficient genetic diversity is present in the studied population and presence of normal L-shaped curve indicated that there is no mode shift and absence of any genetic bottleneck in the recent pastin Chhattisgarhi buffaloes.

MTY-110 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February GENETIC PROFILE OF NAGALAND LONG HAIR GOATS PUSHP RAJ SHIVAHRE1, RAK AGGARWAL1, N. SAVINO2, R SHARMA1,

S AHLAWAT1 AND N K VERMA1* 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resoures, Karnal – 132001, INDIA 2 Department of Livestock Production & Management, Nagaland University for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Medziphema- 797106, Dimapur- INDIA Corresponding author: [email protected]

Long hair goat of Nagaland constituted a small population which is found mainly in the hilly tract of Zunheboto, however, some goats of similar phenotype were also seen in Tuensang and Kifry districts of Nagaland, India. These goats are reared mainly for meat, coarse fiber and skin. Their long hair has commercial value and is used for beautification of garments, ornaments and weaponry. Fifty blood samples collected from the genetically unrelated animals were subjected to analysis to work out the genetic variability within the population. For this, a battery of

33 25 selected microsatellite markers was used. The data thus generated was statistically analysed to find the average number of alleles per locus, heterozygosities, polymorphic information contents (PIC) etc. The observed number of alleles across the loci ranged from 2 (ETH225 & OarJMP29) to 9 (ILSTS058) with 5.00 ± 0.393 mean number of alleles per locus. The observed number was more than the effective number of allele. The observed heterozygosity values ranged from 0.043 (ETH225) to 0.786 (OMHC1) with an overall mean of 0.347±0.040 whereas effective hetrozygosity ranged from 0.045 (OarJMP29) to 0.815 (ILSTS058) with an overall mean of 0.499±0.051. The observed heterozygosity across the loci was less than effective hetrozygosity except for ILSTS059, OarJMP29, ILSTS34, ILSTS022 and RM088. The decreased heterozygosity pointed towards the reduction of genetic diversity in the population. The population tested for HW equilibrium indicated departure from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) as chi-square value for most of the loci were significantly different (from the tabulated value, P<0.05). The difference between the observed and expected heterozygosity can also be attributed to the non-random mating

among the individuals and possibility of inbreeding. This was also reflected by the positive FIS (0.258 ± 0.063) which varied from -0.467 (ILSTS022) to 0.776 (ETH225). The polymorphic information content value of a marker ranged from 0.045 (OarJMP29) to 0.815 (ILSTS058) with an overall 0.494 ±0.052 revealing its usefulness in determining the genetic diversity. Shannon’s information index varying from 0.110 to 1.811 with mean value 1.006±0.105 also supported the usefulness of primers used. A normal ‘L’ shaped distribution of mode–shift test, suggested the absence of bottleneck i.e. the reduction in the effective population size of Nagaland goats. The study concluded that lower level of allelic diversity in Nagaland long hair goats indicated their recent evolutionary history. The departure from HW equilibrium suggested the occurrence of non random mating and influence of selection in the population.

MTY-111 GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN TYPE DONKEYS OF ANDHRA PRADESH USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

RAHUL BEHL, S.K. NIRANJAN, JYOTSNABEHL, M.S. TANTIA, REENAARORA, M.V. DHARMA RAO*, P. PANDURANGA REDDY** AND R.K. VIJH National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal -132001 (Haryana) *Livestock Research Station, Sri Venketesvera Veterinary University, Guntur (AP) **Livestock Research Station, Sri Venketesvera Veterinary University, Mahanandi (AP)

The brown type donkeys of Andhra Pradesh, which are mainly concentrated in Kurnool and Anathapur districts, were evaluated for within breed genetic diversity using heterologous microsatellite markers. The genomic DNA, isolated from twenty eight blood samples collected from Kurnool district, were amplified by PCR using FAM and HEX labeled primers and resolved for alleles on automatic DNA sequencer. In all twenty loci of the horse origin were tested and only twelve loci gave scorable results. Rest of the loci either did not amplify (HMS3 and HMS7) or did not resolve properly (VHL20) or showed less than four alleles in the studied population (HMS5, HMS6, HTG4, XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February ASB17 and COR22). At the twelve loci included in the final analysis, the PCR product size range varied from 76- 92 bp at locus HTG6 to 257-273 bp at locus COR18. The observed number of alleles varied from 4 (VHL209) to 10 (AHT5 and HTG7) with a mean of 6.92 ±1.83. The effective number of alleles ranged from 1.62 (VHL209) to 7.91 (AHT5) with a mean of 4.21 ± 2.06. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.32 (HMS2) to 0.92 (AHT5) with a mean of 0.57 ± 0.2. The expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.39 (VHL209) to 0.89 (AHT5 and HTG7) with

a mean of 0.72 ± 0.14. The mean genetic diversity estimate (FIS) was 0.19 indicating a moderate level of inbreeding. When these donkeys were compared to Spiti donkeys of Himachal Pradesh on the basis of allelic frequency data at NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL these loci they showed a Nei’s standard and unbiased genetic distance of 0.32 and 0.29, respectively.

34 MTY-112 MORPHO - METRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHITARANGI SHEEP OF NORTH INDIA

A K MISHRA, ANAND JAIN, S SINGH AND V VOHRA ICAR- National Bureau of Animal genetic Resources Karnal -132001, Haryana Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Chitarangi, an unexplored fine carpet quality wool producing sheep is distributed in Fazilka and Muktsar districts of Punjab, Sri Ganga Nagar districts of Rajasthan and the adjoining areas. Pilot survey was conducted on Chitarangi sheep in Ghadsana and Anupgardh tehsil of Sriganganagar district of Rajasthan from 24.02.2016 to 27.02.2016. The villages surveyed were Shamaki, Anupnagar and 18MD of Anupgarh Tehsil and 3MLD, 3GM Jantawali and 3GD of Ghadasana Tehsil. During the survey body biometry, phenotypic characters and performance traits of about 212 animals (121 adults and 91 lambs) were recorded from 18 farmer’s flock. Chitarangi is also known as Shamaki wali and ratani sheep. The Shamaki wali derives its name from the village “Shamaki” of Ghadsana mandi tehsil of Sri Ganga Nagar district. The Adult body weight of males and females were 55.25 ± 2.80 and 46.25 ± 1.10 kg, respectively which varies from 40 to 95 kg in males and 26 to 74 kg in females. The overall body length, height, chest girth, paunch girth, face length, face width, ear length and tail length were 72.51± 0.38, 72.93 ± 0.35, 86.88 ± 0.58, 88.55 ± 0.69, 20.29 ± 0.10, 9.69 ± 0.10, 17.64 ± 0.13 and 20.56 ± 0.26 cm respectively. Body weight of lambs in the age groups of 0-1, 1-3, 3-6 and 9-12 months were ranges between 6-13, 10-28, 15-34 and 28-51 kg respectively. Farmers reported rearing this sheep since more than last 40-50 years. The average flock size was 80.56 (range: 15 to 180). The flocks consist of 80.44 Chitarangi and 0.11 other sheep. The Chitarangi sheep flocks comprising 2.44 male, 59.06 female and 18.94 lambs. The biometry and body weight of sheep reflects that Chitarangi is medium to large in size. The coat colour is white and face is white with tan colour patches around eyes, muzzle and on ear. The light brown and chocolate colour patches were also noticed. Ears are large in size and leafy. Serrations of different shape and depth are exhibited/ noted on distal end of ear pinna, which is the distinguishing characteristic of this breed. The length of ear ranges from 14 to 23 cm. Both sexes are polled however in some males horn were also noticed. Tail is medium in length and thin. Fleece is of good carpet quality and not very dense. The fibre diameter (micron), medulation% and staple length were 42.22 ± 0.10, 56.60 ± 4.22 and 5.90 ± 0.32 respectively which indicates that wool is of good carpet type. The Feb. and March clip wool is white and rest is of canary colour. The cost of Feb. – March clip vary from Rs. 80 to 200. The udder is medium sized and developed with medium teats. Majority of farmers reported that twining varied from 1 to 2 % (11.11 %; farmers reported >10% % twinning in their flock). The results indicate that Chitarangi is phenotypically different from other sheep breeds of the region.

MTY-113 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity MITOCHONDRIAL D-LOOP ANALYSIS OF BARGUR BUFFALO Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

RAJA, K N, VIKAS VOHRA, A K MISHRA AND P GANAPATHY* National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana *Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai Corresponding author: [email protected] NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Bargur buffaloes are distributed in the Bargur block of Erode district of Tamil Nadu, which is still now is a non- descript buffalo population. These buffaloes are being maintained by Bargur Lingayat an indigenous Kanada speaking community who lives in the Bargur forest zone situated in Western Ghats (Vivekanandan and Alagumalai, 2013). Very scanty information is available on characterization of Bargur buffalo population of Tamil Nadu State, and no adequate literature is available regarding their phenotypic description and mitochondrial D-loop diversity. Keeping above in view, the present study was conducted to identify, characterize, evaluate and document the present status of this unique bubaline germplasm. Bargur buffaloes are called as Malai Erumai which means hill buffalo. Body biometry, phenotypic characters, reproduction performance, utility and management practices of about 175 animals

35 were recorded from 67 farmer’s herds. The buffaloes are good in climbing hills and suitable for grazing in hill terrain or in slopes. The animals housed either in a separate enclosure adjacent to the farmers’ house (80%) of in the harvested fields with enclosures (20%). The animals are about 102.10±1.23 cm in height and are able to graze in the hilly terrain due its small size. The breeding males are called as Konan, majority of the famers (>95%) was practicing natural mating of cows with Konans. The animals are mainly reared for manure, milk and male calves are sold for cara-beef. The milk yield of the animals ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 liters per day and mainly used for house hold consumption as curd and butter milk. The Bargur buffaloes are riverine type with 50 number (2n) of chromosomes. This is supported by the Mt D-Loop hyper variable segment haplotype analysis. The haplotypes obtained were compared with ASW, Manipuri, Marathwada, Murrah, South Kanara and Toda buffaloes. A total of 40 haplotypes were observed with a overall haplotype diversity of 0.9524 and nucleotide diversity 0.03894. Three unique haplotypes were observed in Bargur buffalo with a haplotype diversity of 0.9111 and nucleotide diversity of 0.01826. Median joining network analysis revealed clustering of Bargur buffalo with the riverine group. This unique bubaline germplasm with unique and distinguished phenotypic characters needs to be registered at National level so that suitable breeding strategies/conservation models could be suggested which will support the livelihood of the community rearing these buffaloes.

MTY 114 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOME PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN JAFFRABADI BUFFALO

B.D. SAVALIYA, S.S. PARIKH, P.M. GAMIT,R.B. MAKAWANA AND P.U. GAJBHIYE Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat *Corresponding author: [email protected]

This study was performed to examinesome productionand reproductive traits in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. The study involved performance records of 310 lactations from 123 Jaffrabadi buffaloes, spread over a period of 15 years (1978-1992), maintained at Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat). Data were analysed by least squares technique to examine the effect of environmental factors on various economic traits in Jaffrabadi buffalo. Overall least square means of 300 days or less milk yield (305DMY), Lactation length (LL), Peak yield (PY), Days to attain peak yield, Persistency, Calving interval (CI) and Dry period (DP) were 1920.39 ± 52.00 kg, 334.03 ± 9.01 days,13.02 ± 0.33 kg, 62.69 ± 6.46 days, 0.82 ± 0.02, 527.24 ± 20.78 days and 210.41 ± 15.95 days, respectively. Effect of season of calving was non-significant; while period of calving had significant (P<0.05) effect on all the traits under study. Significant (P<0.05) effect of parity was observed on all the traits, considered in study except 300DMY. The findings of this study had shown that animals of first period (1978-1992) excelled in performance than those of other periods. Both productive and reproductive performances of pluriparous animals were found better than primiparous buffaloes. The results of this study revealed that most of productionand reproductive traits in Jaffrabadi buffalo are significantly affected by environmental factors. Therefore, management can play a key role in improving both productive and reproductive performances in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MTY 115 MORPHOMETRIC AND MILK QUALITY TRAITS OF TAMEN

M. KAKKI, S. SARMAH, G. ZAMAN, A. AZIZ AND G.C. DAS

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, CVSc., AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati- 22 Assam, INDIA

A study on various morphometric as well as milk quality traits on a population of adult Tamens( a hybrid between indigenous cattle and Mithun) located atMenchuka sub division of West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh was carried out. The average body length, height at wither, heart girth, pouch girth, neck length, neck circumference and head length in male and female animalswere observed to be 117.65 ± 0.42 and 109.46 ± 0.29 , 108.70 ± 0.21 and 101.38 ±0.24, 152.75 ± 0.46 and 138.77 ± 0.38, 160.60 ± 0.67 and 148.15 ± 0.63, 44.80 ± 0.56 and 39.5 ± 0.54, 91.40 ± 0.39 and 80.23 ± 0.54, and 41.1 ± 0.16and 38.08 ± 0.14 in cmsrespectively. The average values for the important milk constituents viz., SNF (%), fat (%), protein (%) and total solids (%) were found to be 8. 88 ± 0.14, 36 4.34 ± 0.36, 3.12 ± 0.06 and 13.23 ± 0.38 respectively. The predominant coat colour of Tamen is black. However, animals with black and white, brown and brownish grey colour are also found. The animals are docile and adapts well to the husbandry practices rendered by the farmers. The daily milk yield of Tamen is approximately 1kg and the milk is used for making products like ghee, churpi (cheese ), etc. Thus, Tamen may be considered as a promising livestock resource of Arunachal Pradesh if they are reared with optimum care and management.

MTY 116 BANNI BUFFALO: THE WAY TO TRANSFORM AND REVITALIZE MALDHARIS ECONOMY

K P SINGH ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes Sirsa Road, Hisar – 125001, Haryana Email: [email protected]

Banni area of Kachchh, Gujarat, is a land of grasses and this bountiful grassland, once known as Asia’s best grassland, is endowed with several nutritious grass species. It is the land known for finest and 11th buffalo breed of India “BANNI”. The most important and significant activity for livelihood support of Banni pastoral (Maldharis) is rearing Banni buffaloes for milk production. Banni maldharis have invented locally adapted extensive production and Banni buffalo has special features of adaptation in traditional extensive production system under conditions that are close to those prevailing in the wild environment and harbors the physical fitness of high performance stock, resistance to drought and disease and resilience in harsh climate. Livelihood security based on animal husbandry is a holistic way to address the conservation, improvement, utilization of animal biodiversity and sustainable management of natural resources. This concept serves many functions likely to understand the factors influencing livestock keepers’ ability to enhance their livelihoods, improve economic condition and a superlative way of eradicating poverty. Till 2009, there was no milk marketing network and Maldharis always forced to sale their milk to middle man @ Rs. 8 to 10 per liters (2008-09). But the work for characterization and evaluation on Banni buffalo was initiated by senior author (2003) and various programs organized to create awareness in Maldharis and to promote understanding of the roles and values of Banni buffalo germplasm in the immediate and future. The efforts were made to develop linkage / networking between Maldharis, NGOs, Government institutions and policy planner and to plan framework for marketing infrastructure and formation of Maldharis breeders association. These programs transform the buffalo production system and revitalize Maldharis economy. The important factors leads to reviving pastoral economy are highlighted as: The Banni buffalo recognition, Establishment of milk marketing network and Formation of Banni Breeders Association. Now, with the milk marketing network in Banni, milk has become a major source of income and since last five years, the milk economy favoring Maldharis, the income from selling of buffaloes / animals has reduced significantly, whereas, income from sales of milk increased many folds. The important change in Banni area has been observed the shift towards buffalo husbandry for milk production and changed the Maldharis aptitude from sales of buffalo (breeders) to doodhwalas (milkmen). The recent development and initiatives XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity have redefined Maldharis economy, buffalo production system and has revitalized younger generation’s interest in Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February buffalo Husbandry.

MTY 117 STUDIES ON MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF NELLORE PALLA

SHEEP UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

B. PUNYAKUMARI* AND G.BHARATHI College of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Tirupati *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

Nellore is an important meat breed of sheep in Andhra Pradesh. Based on coat colour, three strains are present in Nellore sheep viz; Nellore jodipi, Nellore brown and Nellore palla. Among these major population is Nellore Jodipi followed by brown and palla. The present study was under taken to document the biometry and the performance of

37 Nellore palla sheep under farmers holdings. The average flock strength was in the range of 30-40 along with two or one or none adult males. The data on 351 Nellore palla sheep was utilized to study the effect of age, sex and village on morphometric measurements. Age and sex had a significant (p<0.01) effect on majority of the traits under study. The overall least squares means for body weight, height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth, hip width, body length, face length, ear length and tail length in adult Nellore palla sheep were 35.99±0.21kg, 78.98±0.302cm, 82.8±0.449cm, 83.19±0.48cm, 16.17±0.107cm, 66.92±0.263cm, 22.62±0.113cm, 16.17±0.556cm and 10.99±0.076cm, respectively. The overall least squares means for body weight, height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth, hip width, body length, face length, ear length and tail length in adult Nellore palla ewes were 36.06±0.205kg, 78.9±0.295cm, 83.96±0.407cm, 83.67±0.47cm, 15.97±0.11cm, 66.41±0.33cm, 22.76±0.107cm, 15.907±0.06cm and10.88±0.77cm, respectively and the corresponding least squares means in Nellore Palla rams were 34.94±0.6kg, 78.6±0.86cm, 74.55±1.18cm, 81.19±1.39cm, 15.74±0.32cm, 69.35±0.97cm, 21.22±0.31cm, 15.05±0.18cm and 10.93±0.024cm, respectively. The overall least squares means for corresponding traits in Nellore Palla Sheep at 2- teeth age were 32.59±0.217kg, 77.28±0.454cm, 81.85±0.79cm, 82.04±0.86cm, 15.79±0.21cm, 65.89±0.538cm, 20.86±0.195cm, 15.12±0.29cm, 10.81±0.31cm, respectively. The overall least squares means of age at first lambing and tupping percentage were 509.32 days and 81.06 respectively.

MTY 118 NON- GENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING BODY WEIGHT IN MARWARI GOAT

H. CHOUHAN* AND G.C.GAHLOT Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, CVAS, Bikaner *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Marwari goat is potential genetic resources of arid zone of Rajasthan. Goat contributes greatly to the Indian economy, especially in arid and semiarid areas. Growth is an important phase in the life of the animals which may affect the various forms of production such as meat, milk etc in the later age. Body weight of goat is direct indication of good muscular growth. Analysis of growth data of Marwari goats reared under field conditions for a period of three years Least-squares means for body weights at birth, 3 and 6 of age were 2.744, 8.840 and 14.60 respectively. Sex of the kid has significant effect on body weights at 0, 6 months of age and highly significant effect on body weight at 3 months of age. Highly significant effect of season also observed on body weight of kid at birth, 3 and 6 months of age. Non-genetic factors have an important effect on growth of animals along with its genetic factors. Heavier kid with high growth rate would fetch relatively more economic returns in lesser time span compared to weaker kids.

MTY 119 COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETIC STUDIES OF MITHUN AND XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MITHUN x CATTLE CROSS

MOROTHUNG EZUNG1, U.D UMRIKAR1, SABYASACHI MUKHERJEE2, ANUPAMA MUKHERJEE3, IMSUSOSANG LONGKUMER2, M.P. SAWANE1, V.D. PAWAR1 AND S.J KOMATWAR1 1Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, India 2National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, Nagaland, India NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 3National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India

The present research on ‘comparative cytogenetic studies of mithun and mithun x cattle cross’ was undertaken at the ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema Nagaland and Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, Bombay Veterinary College. Blood samples from 20 animals (mithun and mithun x Tho-Tho cattle cross) were subjected to lymphocyte culture technique and analysed cytogenetically. The diploid chromosome number in mithun was found to be 2n=58, while in mithun x cattle crossbreds it was 2n=59, intermediate between mithun and cattle. The mithun chromosomal complement consisted of 28 pairs of autosome and a pair of sex chromosome. The first pair of

38 autosome was the largest sub-metacentric and the rest autosomes were acrocentric in both mithun and mithun X cattle crossbred. Amongst sex chromosomes, X chromosome was sub-metacentric and Y chromosome was small metacentric. The relative length (per cent) of mithun varied from 6.16 ± 0.12 to 1.11 ± 0.14 while, in mithun x cattle cross, it varied from 5.81 ± 0.12 to 1.45 ± 0.11. The centromeric index of X chromosome was found to be 31.32 ± 0.63 and = 29.79 ± 1.15 in female and male mithun. The centromeric index of X chromosome in mithun x cattle cross was 30.66 ± 1.27 in female and 30.17 ± 0.43 in male. The centromeric index of Y chromosome was found to be 47.16 ± 0.76 in mithun and 48.28 ± 0.54 in mithun x cattle cross. The arm ratio of X chromosome was 2.86 ± 0.17 and 2.83 ± 0.14 in male and female mithun, while in mithun x cattle cross the arm ratio of X chromosome was 2.28 ± 0.14 in female and 2.32 ± 0.05 in male. The morphological index of X chromosome was found to be 2.31 ± 0.16 and 2.46 ± 0.09 in male and female mithun, while in mithun x cattle cross the morphological index of X chromosome was 2.31 ± 0.16 in male and 2.47 ± 0.21 in female. The Y chromosome had a morphological index of 0.67 ± 0.09 in mithun and 0.94 ± 0.12 in mithun x cattle cross. The G- and R - band patterns obtained helped in differentiating most of the chromosomes of the complement in both mithun and mithun x cattle cross.

MTY 120 THE STATUS OF KENKATHA BREED OF CATTLE IN ITS BREEDING TRACT

S. S. TOMAR*, S.N.S. PARMAR AND SHRIKANT JOSHI Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, COVSAH Mhow-453446 (MP) *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A planned scientific survey of demographical and geographical distribution of the Kenkatha, the famous draught breed of cattle and its housing and feeding practices was conducted under ICAR ad-hoc project in its breeding tract presently spread over only three adjoining districts viz., Chhatarpur and Panna in Madhya Pradesh and Banda in Uttar Pradesh. The demographic study indicated that out of a total of 16947 Kenkatha cattle enumerated maximum numbers (7143) were observed in Chhatarpur as compared to Panna (6996) and Banda (2808) district. The number of females was slightly more as compared to males in all the age groups and the overall percentage of females and males was 51.13% and 48.87%, respectively. The overall percentage of adult animals (above 3 years of age) was more (69.51%) as compare to young animals (30.49%). 67% of the farmers house their animals only at night, 27% of the farmers house them both during day and night and 6 % of the farmers house their animals neither during the night nor during the day. Raw feeding (55%) and soaked feeding (45%) was practiced but feeding at milking time was not a common practice. All classes of animals are allowed for grazing. 72 % of farmers give some concentrate to the milking cows and 68 % of farmers give concentrate to their bullocks/ bulls. Survey revealed that 59 % of the farmers fed the concentrate mixed with fodder and remaining 41 % farmers do not mix the concentrate with fodder but give it separately. Individual feeding rather than group feeding is practiced for milking cows (98%) and bullock/ bulls (100 %). Due to unrestricted interbreeding of Kenkatha with non-descript animals, the breed is now getting XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity diluted and facing degeneration. This warrants immediate steps to conserve and improve the breed. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

MTY 121 VECHUR CATTLE CONSERVATION PROGRAMME – A MODEL FOR CONSERVATION OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL PONNALA, A. K.*, PRAKASH, G., MANOJ. M. AND ARAVINDAKSHAN, T. V. Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics & Biostatistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680 651 *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

In India there are 40 recognised breeds of cattle and Vechur is the smallest one. It is the most valuable and recognised cattle breed from the State of Kerala, where year round hot humid climate exists in most of the parts. Before the

39 implementation of large scale crossbreeding policy in the State, Vechur cows were considered as the ‘kaamadhenu’ in the rural households. Vechur is the most adapted breed of Kerala with comparatively small body size, proportionately higher milk production, disease resistance, tolerance to hot humid climates and ability to produce and reproduce under low inputs. In the process of increasing milk production through crossbreeding, the State transformed most of the local cows to crossbreeds of exotic breeds like Brown Swiss, Jersey and Holstein Friesian. The Kerala Livestock Improvement Act 1961 banned all local germplasm from getting multiplied and implemented castration of the indigenous bulls, which led to near extinction of Vechur cows. The conservation efforts were initiated by Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding (CASAGB) under the Kerala Agricultural University (now under Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University). By extensive and dedicated searches, a nuclear herd was established in 1989 at College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy with 71 animals and subsequently at Cattle Breeding Farm, Thumburmazhi (19 animals). Selective breeding, by monitoring and minimizing the inbreeding, was conducted for improvement of breed characteristics in the herd. To incorporate the interested farmers in the conservation programme, University sold more than 200 Vechur females to various farmers. For these satellite units a nucleus breeding scheme was also implemented and distributed more than 2000 doses of fresh semen (chilled semen) over the last 27 years. The present herd strength of the conservation unit is 106 with 72 females (43 cows, 18 heifers and 11 calves) and 34 males (17 breeding bulls, 6 young bulls and 11 calves). Now the conservation efforts include germplasm multiplication and improvement through selective breeding of live animal and germplasm preservation as frozen semen of superior breeding bulls. Vechur cattle conservation project contributed significantly to attain the present population of more than 2000 breedable Vechur cows in the State of Kerala and can be used as conservation model for various breeds under the threat of extinction.

MTY 122 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIGENOUS GOATS OF ANDHRAPRADESH

U. VINOD*, A. LAKSHMIPARVATHI, B. PUNYAKUMARI AND G. BHARATHI Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati – 517502 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

India holds 135.17 millions of goat population, out of which Andhra Pradesh posses about 44.11 lakhs. But there are no recognized goat breeds in Andhra Pradesh. The present investigation was undertaken on 546 records of indigenous goats belonging to three districts of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh to study the biometry and performance under field conditions. Data were analyzed by LSMLMW computer program using Harvey (1990).The overall least square means for body weights in adult females and males were 31.93±0.43 and 33.69±0.66 kg, respectively. The overall least square means in adult does for height at withers(HW), chest girth(CG), paunch girth(PG), hip width(HPW), body length(BL),face length(FL), ear length(EL) and tail length(TL) were 79.55±0.30, 78.98±0.40,80.53±0.50, 16.20±0.14, 66.90±0.32, 17.51±0.27, 14.80±0.15and 15.28±0.22 cm, respectively and the corresponding means in adult males were 80.60±0.48, 79.45±0.50, 80.12±0.70, 15.995±0.2103, 66.29±0.65, XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 18.11±0.45, 15.01±0.26 and 15.46±0.31 cm. The overall least square means for body weights at milk teeth and 2- teeth of age were 13.61±0.28, 25.02±0.40, respectively in females, while the mean body weights for males at the respective ages were 12.63±0.26 and 21.44±1.06 Kg . The overall least square means for HW, CG, PG, HPW, BL, FL, EL and TL in milk-teeth females were 68.80±0.31, 63.85±0.44, 65.019±0.44, 12.33±0.139, 55.74±0.34, 16.39±0.13, 13.71±0.98 and 14.096±0.13cm respectively and the corresponding means in 2-teeth females were75.24±0.28, 71.48±0.37, 72.50±0.38, 14.40±0.122, 60.78±0.32, 17.48±0.14, 14.53±0.08 and 15.24±0.13 cm. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

40 The least square means of males for corresponding traits at milk teeth of age were68.34±0.33, 62.34±0.51, 63.77±0.45, 12.21±0.14, 56.13±0.42, 15.89±0.16, 13.55±0.11 and 13.56±0.15 cm. The females at 2-teeth of age exhibited significantly higher means for HW, CG, PG, HPW, BL and TL by 1.22, 1.53, 1.71, 0.708, 0.77 and 0.72 cm, respectively.

MTY 123 EVALUATION OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF TWO CAMEL POPULATIONS

REKHA SHARMA1, HIMANI SHARMA1, SONIKA AHLAWAT1, S. C. MEHTA2 AND M. S. TANTIA1 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India 2ICAR-National Research Center on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan

In the present study genetic status and diversity of indigenous camel populations of Mewari and Jalori was established using twenty five microsatellite markers. The genotype data generated in present study showed that significant amount of genetic variation is maintained in these camel populations. A total of 196 alleles were detected in Jalori and 213 in Mewari with VOLP67 presenting the highest number of 20 alleles in both the populations. The mean observed number and effective number of alleles across all the loci was 7.840±1.048; 4.019±0.483 and 8.52±0.977; 4.552±0.688 for Jalori and Mewari, respectively. Lower values of expected number of alleles as compared to observed number of alleles in both the populations suggested that there were many low frequency alleles in the populations. Number of loci deviating from HWE (P < 0.05) were thirteen for Jalori and 10 for Mewari. Estimates of observed heterozygosity, 0.604±0.061 and 0.596±0.049 for Jalori and Mewari confirmed the remarkable level of diversity in the studied populations. Observed heterozygosity was lower than expected heterozygosity and correspondingly analysis of FIS evidenced some heterozygote deficiency being 0.055±0.055 (Jalori) and 0.091±0.050 (Mewari). Populations did not suffer any recent genetic bottleneck. Distinctness of Jalori and Mewari can be assumed as all the Jalori and Mewari animals except one were assigned to their own population and STRUCTURE and Principal Component Analyses concluded that the two populations are distinct. All analysis showed that a significant amount of genetic variation is maintained in local camel populations.

MTY 124 CHEVAADU – A NEW REGISTERED SHEEP BREED OF TAMIL NADU

T. RAVIMURUGAN Veterinary University Training and Research Centre, Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu) Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Tamil Nadu is endowed with nine registered sheep breeds, of which, Kilakarsal and Vembur belong to Tirunelveli and Tuticorin districts. In addition to these registered breeds, small and marginal farmers in this region also rear another distinct breed of sheep locally called as “Chevaadu” in Tamil, which literally means “Red sheep”. The population of Chevaadu sheep is considered as cultural identity of people of southern Tamil Nadu. Mamman Kida and Kida Vettu are the two important cultural events / festivals of southern Tamil Nadu; they prefer only Chevaadu rams for these festivals. Considering the significant role of this breed of sheep being played in the rural livelihood of communities rearing them for meat, TANUVAS scientist contributed a significant role for elevation of Chevaadu for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL to a level of a registered breed. In 2009, Chevaadu was identified as distinct breed by TANUVAS. After completion of detailed research on Chevaadu, application for registration was submitted to the ICAR-NBAGR (National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources), Karnal on 18/03/2015 to register ‘Chevaadu’ as a breed. The expert team of ICAR- NBAGR visited Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts and inspected the characteristics of Chevaadu. The team interacted with people and gathered information from 20th to 24th January 2016 to register Chevaadu as a breed. Finally ICAR breed registration committee in its meeting held on 21st June 2016 has approved the registration of “Chevaadu Sheep” as a breed. Accession number of Chevaadu breed is INDIA_SHEEP_1800_CHEVAADU_ 14041. The Chevaadu farmers are happy in contribution made to register the breed. The livestock keepers believe that the breed can get wider recognition and they can raise their issues and constraints in sheep rearing with high 41 voice, in future.

MTY 125 A REPORT ON LAKSHADWEEP DESI FOWL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

S. SANKARALINGAM,1 R. THIRUPATHY VENKATACHALAPATHY1 AND M. KABEER2 1Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 2Animal Husbandry Department, Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep desi fowl is found in all inhabited islands of Lakshadweep. These birds are maintained without any shelter. As there are no dogs in the Lakshadweep islands, the only predator is cats. Night shelter is not provided to them. They lay eggs near the fence of houses or at undisturbed areas between the house and fence. Some farmers keep low cost nesting facility like bamboo basket filled with waste cloth. The birds said to lay around 6-12 eggs in a clutch, then start incubating the eggs and brood the chicks upto 1½ months. It takes around 2 months to come to lay next clutch. The farmers incubate alternate clutches of egg and use the remaining clutches for table purpose. Their annual egg production is reported to be around 70 - 80 eggs. The egg size was 38.889±0.35 gm and the colour of egg is tinted to brown. The mortality is more at the time of weaning due to predation by cats. The total mortality is reported to be upto 50 per cent. The matured birds used to escape from predation by flying onto the walls and roofs of the house. The main feed ingredients are kitchen waste, insects, little rice, coconut oil cake, fish waste etc. The excess male birds are culled for meat purpose. The fowls of different owners are identified by tying different coloured cloths on the base of the wing at one side or both the sides. The plumage of most of the males is multi- coloured with or without mottling. Females are black, brown, golden, buff, white etc. with or without mottling. There are some elderly women, who prepare medicated oil using egg yolk oil for different types of arthritis. The weight of adult male was around 976.933±29.37 gm and female was around 757.600±16.70 gm.

MTY 126 STUDIES ON BADRI CATTLE IN ALMORA DISTRICT OF UTTARAKHAND STATE

D. KUMAR1 AND A.K. GAUR2 1Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding College of Veterinary & Animal Sciencess-263145, Uttarakhand XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 2 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Department of MB&GE, CBSH, Pantnagar

Out of 40 registered breeds of cattle, one breed namely Badri has its habitation in hilly areas of Kumaon and Garhwal divisions in Uttarakhand. The Kumaon region consists of the Himalayan tract, Tarai and the Bhabar areas. Agricultural land is lesser than non-agricultural land in Garhwal division as compared to Kumaon division. The state is predominantly rural based where agriculture including animal husbandry generates employment to the rural population and plays a significant role in the economic upliftment. There is large population of indigenous cattle in NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Uttarakhand, wherein Badri cattle includes the major part of it. This study relates to selected villages in Almora district of Kumaon region. Animals having reddish brown and off white/grey were almost equal in number, constituting 80% population, and rest were black in coat colour. Height at withers was about 98 cm. The figures for average birth weight, heart girth and average body weight were 16.0 kg, 148.6 and 245 kg, respectively. These cattle were in general smaller in size than the cattle found in Garhwal region. Males were used for ploughing and threshing. The age at first calving and calving interval were higher. The problems like dystocia, retention of placenta, abortion etc. were below 1.5%.The cows were well adjusted under difficult terrain, undulated geographical topography, adverse climatic conditions, limitation/paucity of fodders resources and with low input conditions.

42 The women travelled long distances in difficult terrain to fetch fodder for their animals and carried it by head load. The average daily milk yield was less than 2.20 kg but very few animals were observed producing maximum milk around 4 kg or more in a day. The declining population of indigenous cattle due to much decrease in the number of males is not the major concern. There is utmost need of increasing the productivity of well adapted Badri cattle for milk production by taking all the required scientific measures.

MTY 127 HALARI DONKEY OF GUJARAT STRENGTHENS LOCAL LIVELIHOODS

RAMESH BHATTI1, SHERSINH CHAUHAN2, NARENDRA NANDANIA1, SABYASACHI DAS3, D.N. RANK4 AND D. K. SADANA5 1Sahjeevan Trust, Bhuj, 2AH Dept., Gujarat, 3WASSAN, Hyderabad, 4Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 5Indigenous Livestock Society, Karnal

Halar region of Jamnagar district is habitat to a distinct population of donkeys named as Halari in the local parlance. These donkeys have white body colour and the size is only somewhat smaller than horses. A prelim survey undertaken by Sahjeevan Trust with the support from AH Dept. of the state government showed that there are around 1000 Halari donkeys in the breed tract spread over Dwarika, Surendranagar, junagadh, Rajkot, Morabridistricts. These donkeys are maintained by Bharwad,Rabari, Kumbhar and Vadi communities. There is only one donkey farm in Patan, managed by AH Dept. (Govt of Gujarat) maintaining around 30-40 donkeys meant to be kept for conservation. Survey revealed the spread of this population also in Bhavnagar area.Bharwad and Rabari community rear Halari donkeys for carriage of luggage during migration with small ruminants. In comparison, the Kumbhar (potter) community rear these animals for lifting the mud, clay and pottery material and for transporting building material and also used in brick kilns. A donkey can carry 180-200 kg of material. Halaridonkey has excellent migratory ability. Animals migrate for around 8-10 months soon after the monsoon season. The donkeys are well adjusted to the management style of Dumba sheep breeders and Kahami goat breederswho live nomadic lifestyle, and follow extensive grazing system for their animals. It was noticed that the above communities can hardly carry on their lifestyle without the help of Halari donkey. Halari makes a valuable contribution to the local livelihoods. As Halari are typical donkeys, these need immediate support from the state for proper assessment of their contributions to human society and save this valuable germplasm from dilution in their numbers and purity.

MTY 128 KAHMI GOAT OF GUJARAT: A UNIQUE RESOURCE

RAMESH BHATTI1, NARENDRA NANDANIA1, SHERSINH CHAUHAN2, SABYASACHI DAS3, D.N. RANK4 AND D. K. SADANA5 1Sahjeevan Trust, Bhuj, 2AH Dept., Gujarat, 3WASSAN, Hyderabad, 4Anand Agricultural University, Anand,

5Indigenous Livestock Society, Karnal XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

A new population of goat – locally spoken as ‘Kahmi’ - has been identified in Gujarat. It’s habitat is Saurashtra region and the breed is popular in Devbhumi Dwarika, Jamnagar, Rajkot and Junagadh districts. Kahmi goats are maintained by the Bharwad community. Preliminary survey of the population in its breeding tract was completed by Sahjeevan NGO with the support from Animal Husbandry Department of Gujarat. In terms of it’s morphological appearance, Kahmi goats are somewhat close to a popular and defined breed - Gohilwadi, but the difference in

body colour is very prominent: in Kahmi the neck is red and other parts of the body are black. Bharwad breeders do for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL not cross Kahmi with Gohilwadi or any other outside breed, and attempt to maintain it pure. Kahmi are reared for milk and meat purpose. Kahmi population is maintained under migratory system; shepherds move with the goats for around 8 months. Under the survey, it was recorded that Kahmi produce 1.7 to 2 liters of milk per day. Age at first calving was 12-14 months while inter-calving period was 6.5-8.5 months. Twinning is fairly high. The new germplasm has high relevance in the local eco-system as Kahmi are well adjusted to its region and can make significant contribution to meet local livelihoods and local nutritional requirements.

43 MTY 129 KACHCHHI DONKEY OF GUJARAT: A POTENTIAL NEW RESOURCE

RAMESH BHATTI1, SHERSINH CHAUHAN2,NARENDRA NANDANIA1, SABYASACHI DAS3,D.N. RANK4, D. K. SADANA5 1Sahjeevan Trust, Bhuj, 2AH Dept., Gujarat, 3WASSAN, Hyderabad, 4Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 5Indigenous Livestock Society, Karnal

Kachchhi donkey is a newly identified distinct donkey population native to Kachchh region in Gujarat. Mainly Sama, Sindhi, Kumbhar and Vadi communities rear this breed. The unique and useful animal is locally very popular and has subsequently spread to Morabi and Banaskantha districts as well. The animals have gray and white body color, there is a black line on the shoulder and body size is medium. Kachchhi donkey is well adapted in desert and arid climate of Kachchh. For the last several centuries, it is mostly Khumbhar (Potter) community that rears Kachchhi Donkey and use mainly for lifting of clay and pottery. It was noted that the Sama community of Khavada keep Kachchhi donkey for draft purpose. The donkey lifts around 150-180 kg weight. In comparison, the pastoralists of Banni keep these for use as pack animal to lift luggage during migration with livestock. During good rainfall years, Kachchhi donkey is used as cart animal to help in lifting the ‘Ganda babul’ (Prosopisjulioflora) for the preparation of coal from the wood. Used for coal making during eight months (summer and winter season), Kachchhi donkeys are let loose during the four months of monsoon in the banni grassland. Population of Kachchhi donkey is estimated to be around 3000 in Kachchh district. Animals are largely dependent on extensive grazing system; concentrate in the form of wheat bran is provided only to the working donkeys, often twice a day. Female donkeys are also used in carts. Prelim survey conducted by Sahjeevan Trust as supported by AH Department (Gujarat) also revealed that Kachchhi donkey is the main source of livelihood for many urban poor, as more than 150 donkey carts were recorded only in Bhuj city. Similarly, Kachchhi donkeys are noticed in many other towns and used for transport purpose and lifting building material, water, metal, bricks etc. Kachchhi donkey has a major role in providing local livelihoods to a significant population.

MTY 130 STUDY OF DIVERSITY IN BUNDELKHANDI GOAT BREED POPULATION

SONAWANE, D. R. AND GOKHALE, S.B. Central Research Station, BAIF, UruliKanachan, Pune- 412202 Corresponding author: [email protected]

Data on 18213 goats belonging to 2295 keepers across three districts of Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity were analyzed using ten physical traits (black body coat, skin, muzzle, eyelid, hoof and horn colour, convex fore 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February head, pendulous ears, presence of horns and screw like horn shape).Diversity analysis using density based approach of classification (DBSCAN) revealed identification of six separate groups in the population. All the groups pooled together constituted purebred population of goats numbering 15034 (82.55%), remaining 3179 animals (17.45%) which did not fit in the defined criteria were grouped as graded Bundelkhandi or non-descript animals. The differentiation based on the presence and absence of head convexities coupled with presence and shape of horns or their absence. 12647 goats (69.44%) goats had convex foreheads while 2387 (13.11%) showed straight foreheads. Within Convex forehead type of goats, 5859 (32.17%) showed straight &screw like horns while 4642 (25.49%) NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL goats having curved horns. 2146 (11.78%) goats were polled. The group of 891 (4.89%) goats had straight forehead and the horns were straight and screw like. A group of 751 (4.12%) polled goats were of straight forehead. Goats numbering 745(4.09%) were of straight forehead with curve horns. Based on cluster analysis, it was concluded that besides 8 of 10 physical traits found commonly and uniformly distributed among all groups studied, Primary strain was found of goats with convex forehead and straight and screw like or curved horns constituting (84.12%) goats

44 while secondary strain of remaining 15.88% goats constituted of goat group having straight forehead and straight and screw like or curved horns. It was suggested that secondary strain could be improved and ultimately merged with the primary strain through proper selection. Strategy of farmer preference for 19.27% polled goats found distributed in both the strains need to be decided.

MTY 131 AN UNEXPLORED OVINE GENETIC RESOURCE OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA - TIRUCHY BLACK SHEEP

P.GOPU*, N.MURALI, R, SARAVANAN, R, ANNAL VILLI AND M.MALARMATHI Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Namakkal- 637 001, TamilNadu *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Tiruchy Black is an important coarse wool sheep breed in the north-western part of Tamil Nadu, India. The native tract of this breed is the Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu. They are predominantly distributed in Palacode, Pennagarm, Nallampalli and Dharmapuri Panchayat Unions of Dharmapuri district; Krishnagiri, Royakottai and Veppanahalli Unions of Krishnagiri district. Tiruchy Black sheep are medium seized animals, They are completely black (28.38 Per cent), varying extent of Black admixture with white colour (71.62) all over the body. White patch with head and neck black colour may fade and turn into brown colour in adult animals. The head is small and slightly convex, the forehead is medium to broad. The overall least-squares mean for height at wither pooled over sexes at birth, three months, six months, nine months and 12 months of age were 43.12 ± 0.12, 49.26 ± 0.29, 53.19 ± 0.15 65.16 ± 0.19 and 69.48 ± 0.27 cm respectively. The least-squares mean for body length at birth, three months, six months, nine months and 12 months lambs were 30.71 ± 0.13, 38.74 ± 0.21,48.18 ± 0.27, 53.74 ± 0.15 and 58.36 ± 0.22 cm respectively. The pooled means for chest girth at birth, three months, six months, nine months and 12 months of age were 36.69 ± 0.18, 48.51 ± 0.27, 58.93 ± 0.25, 69.48 ± 0.16 and 70.08 ± 0.27 cm respectively. The same values for Two, Four, Six and Full mouth tooth age groups were the pooled over sexes for height at wither were 71.38 ± 0.38, 74.16 ± 0.26, 75.89 ± 0.35 and 77.54 ± 0.48 cm respectively. The least- squares mean for body length at adult age group were 55.03 ± 0.28, 58.09 ± 0.46, 63.01 ± 0.41 and 66.24 ± 0.39 cm respectively. The least-squares mean for chest girth at adult age group were 76.29 ± 0.47, 80.03 ± 0.32, 81.79 ± 0.34 and 83.22 ± 0.47 cm respectively. The pooled means for body weight at birth, three months, six months, nine months and 12 months lambs were 2.34 ± 0.01, 8.63 ± 0.06. 14.23 ± 0.16, 16.31 ± 0.22 and 18.23 ± 0.17 kg respectively. The pooled means for body weight at Two, Four, Six and Full mouth tooth age were 21.24 ± 0.34, 25.34 ± 0.28, 28.08 ±0.27 and 31.49± 0.27 kg respectively. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

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NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION II

GENOMICS AND BEYOND FOR DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Lead Papers

Lead Paper GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES: A NEW REVOLUTION IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

PROF (DR.) T. V. ARAVINDAKSHAN Director Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala – 680651 INDIA Email: [email protected]

Genome editing is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted or replaced at a specific site in the genome of an organism or cell. These precise modifications are usually achieved using engineered nucleases also known as molecular scissors. These nucleases create site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at desired locations in the genome. The induced double-strand breaks are repaired through non homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR), resulting in targeted modifications to the genome, its contexts (eg. epigenetic marks), or its outputs (e.g., transcripts). NHEJ functions to repair DSBs without a template through direct relegation of the cleaved ends (Lieberet al., 2003). This repair pathway is error-prone and often results in insertions and/or deletions (indels) at the site of the break leading to frameshift mutations. On the other hand; HDR relies on strand invasion of the broken end into a homologous sequence and subsequent repair of the break in a template-dependent manner(Szostak et al, 1983). If a homologous DNA “donor sequence” is also used then the genomic locus can be converted to a defined sequence through this pathway (Fig. 1). The ability to do so precisely and easily in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells holds immense promise to transform basic science, biotechnology, and medicine There are currently four different genome-editing strategies, using four different families of engineered nucleases, namely, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALENs), meganucleases, and the CRISPR-Cas system.

Zinc finger nucleases

A zinc finger is a protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions that stabilize the motif. The term was coined to describe the finger-like appearance of the motifs in the transcription factor IIIAoriginallyisolated from Xenopuslaevis. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

Figure1: The repair of induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB) through NHEJ and HDR for precise gene editing. The use of engineered ZF,TALE and CRISPR/Cas9 system for inducing double strand breaks at precise target sites in the genome.

47 The Zinc finger proteins are the most abundant class of transcription factors in human genome and the Cys2-His2 zinc finger domain is the most common zinc finger domain in human. These domains form compact ââá structure with the á-helical portion of each finger making contact with 3 or 4 bp in the major groove of the DNA (Lee et al., 1989; Paboet al., 2001). Tandem fingers in a zinc finger array wrap around the DNA to bind extended target sequences such that a three-finger protein binds a 9 bp target site.

Various protein engineering techniques can be used to alter the DNA-binding specificity of zinc fingers (Ousterout, et al., 2013) and tandem repeats of such engineered zinc fingers can be used to target desired genomic DNA sequences. Engineered zinc finger arrays are often fused to a DNA cleavage domain (usually the cleavage domain of FokI) to generate chimeric zinc finger nucleases with novel DNA binding specificities. Because the FokI nuclease functions as a dimer, two ZFNs binding opposite strands of DNA are required for induction of a DSB. Such zinc finger-FokI fusions have become useful reagents for manipulating genomes of many higher organisms including Drosophila, C. elegans, tobacco, corn(Perez et al.,2008), zebrafish (Holt, et al., 2010), various types of mammalian cells(Tebas, et al., 2014) and rats(Kennedy and Cullen, 2015).

TALENs

The transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are proteins secreted by the plant pathogen Xanthomonas bacteria. Its DNA binding domain contains a repeated highly conserved 33–34 amino acid sequence with highly variable 12th and 13th residues. These two residues, the Repeat Variable Diresidue (RVD) decides the specific nucleotide recognition and binding and allows for the engineering of specific DNA-binding domains by selecting a combination of repeat segments containing the appropriate RVDs (Boch, 2011). The TALE DNA binding domain and the nonspecific DNA cleavage domain from the end of the FokI endonuclease can be used to construct hybrid nucleases that are used for target specific cleavage of DNA. The FokI domain functions as a dimer, requiring two constructs with unique DNA binding domains for sites in the target genome with proper orientation and spacing. Both the number of amino acid residues between the TALE DNA binding domain and the FokI cleavage domain and the number of bases between the two individual TALEN binding sites appear to be important parameters for achieving high levels of activity.

Meganucleases

Meganucleases are found in a large number of organisms – Archaea, bacteria, phages, fungi, yeast, algae and some plants. They are characterized by a large recognition site (12 to 40 base pairs) and generally occurs only once in any given genome.Meganuclease technology involves re-engineering the DNA-binding specificity of naturally occurring enzymes such asI-CreI and I-SceI enzymes to target novel sequences(Chevalier and Stoddard, 2001). Through a combination of rational design and selection, these homing endonucleases can be re-engineered; to target novel sequences (Rosen, et al., 2006, Arnould, et al., 2007; Grizot, et al., 2009). Though many studies show promise for the use of meganucleases in genome editing, the DNA-binding and cleavage domains of homing endonucleases are difficult to separate, and the relative difficulty of engineering proteins with novel specificities has traditionally XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February limited the use of this platform. To address this limitation, chimeric proteins comprising fusions of meganucleases, ZFs, and TALEs (eg.”megaTALs”) have been engineered to generate novel monomeric enzymes that take advantage of the binding affinity of ZFs and TALEs and the cleavage specificity of meganucleases (Boissel, et al., 2014). One potential advantage associated with meganuclease technology is that DSB-formation by these enzymes results in a 3’ overhang, which may be more recombinogenic for HDR than the 5’ overhang generated by FokI cleavage. Additionally, meganucleases are the smallest class of engineered nucleases, making them potentially amenable to all standard gene delivery methods. In addition, meganucleases have been fused to DNA end-processing enzymes NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL in order to promote error-prone non-homologous end joining (Certo, et al., 2012) and to increase the frequency of mutagenic events at a given locus (Delacote, et al., 2013).

CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases

CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) are found in approximately 40% of sequenced bacterial genomes and 90% of sequenced archae. Each repetition (approx. 20 bp) is followed by short segments of spacer DNA from previous infection by a virus. Small clusters of cas (CRISPR-associated system)

48 Figure 2: Steps in CRSPR/Cas mediated cleavage of invading DNA. In the acquisition phase, foreign DNA is incorporated into the bacterial genome at the CRISPR loci. In subsequent challenges, CRISPR loci is transcribed and processed into crRNA during crRNA biogenesis. During interference, Cas9 endonuclease complexed with a crRNA and separate tracrRNA cleaves foreign DNA containing a 20-nucleotide crRNA complementary sequence adjacent to the PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequence. genes are located next to CRISPR sequences (Fig. 2).The CRISPR/Cas system is a form prokaryotic acquired immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages(Barrangou, et al., 2007). RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas proteins recognize and cut exogenous DNA.

Based on the types of Cas genes, the CRISPR systems are classified in to type I, II and III. Types I and III CRISPR loci contain multiple Cas proteins, that form complexes with crRNA (CASCADE complex for type I; Cmr or Csm RAMP complexes for type III) to facilitate the recognition and destruction of target nucleic acids. The type II system has a significantly reduced number of Cas proteins and a single protein, Cas9form complex with crRNA. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell’s genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added(Snyder, 2014; Heidi, XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

2015; Hendel, et al., 2015). Multiple crRNAs and the tracrRNA can be packaged together to form a single-guide Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February RNA (sgRNA) that can be joined together with the Cas9 gene and made into a plasmid in order to be transfected into cells. CRISPR/Cas genome editing techniques have many potential applications, including medicine and crop seed enhancement.

Delivery of genome editing tools

For genome editing, it is necessary to deliver the nucleases, gRNA and the donor template efficiently in to the cells. for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Moreover, the dose of the donor template DNA is important to ensure efficient homologous recombination. The duration and magnitude of nuclease expression is a critical parameter for the level of both on-target and off-target nuclease activity. The most widely reported method is transfection of plasmid DNA carrying nuclease and gRNA expression cassettes. This method suffers from DNA-related cytotoxicity, the presence of bacterial DNA sequences in plasmid backbones and the possibility of random integration of plasmid fragments into the genome. Second method is the electroporation of mRNA encoding the nucleases and gRNAs, generated through in vitro transcription, in to the cells. Third approach is direct delivery of purified nuclease proteins or Cas9 protein-gRNA complexes,

49 either by electroporation or fusion to cell-penetrating peptides. It was shown that by restricting the duration of nuclease activity with short-lived mRNA or proteins, off-target effects can be minimized compared to plasmid- based delivery. Another approach is the use of, integrase-deficient lentiviral vectors for transduction of T cells and HSCs. Adenoviral systems can also achieve high levels of transduction of a variety of cell types ex vivo while providing only transient nuclease expression. In vivo gene delivery with recombinant adeno associated virus (rAAV) to the liver, eye, nervous system, skeletal and cardiac muscle has shown impressive efficacy in both preclinical models and clinical trials.

Application in Biotechnology and Medicine

Diseasessuch as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results from frameshift mutations and the correct reading frame of the gene can be restored through targeted NHEJ induced indels (Ousterout, et al., 2013). The targeted mutation can also be directed to induce frameshift mutations for the purpose of gene knockout of mutant allele as in the case of Huntington’s disease (Ramaswamy and Kordower, 2012; Aronin and DiFiglia, 2014).Gene-editing approach is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of HIV, in which knockout of CCR5, the major HIV coreceptor, prohibits viral infection of modified T cells (See Table 1). The knockout of critical genes in invading bacteria or DNA viruses could serve as effective anti-microbial treatment (Perez, et al., 2008; Holt et al., 2010;Tebaset al., 2014).Simultaneous introduction of two targeted breaks can give rise to genomic deletions up to several megabases in size and this approach is useful for therapeutic strategies that may require the removal of an entire genomic element, such as an enhancer region, as has been proposed for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies by deletion of the BCL11A erythroid-specific enhancer region (Canver, et al., 2015).

Application in livestock and poultry

The gene editing to introduce polled gene into fibroblast derived from horned dairy bulls have been achieved using TALEN and HDR template containing the polled gene (Tan, et al., 2013).The successful use of genome editing to introgress desired alteration in bovine beta lactoglobulin gene has been accomplished in IVF derived zygotes

Table -1 Example of preclinical studies of gene editing in human gene therapy Target Strategy Reference Viral infections HIV Inactivating HIV receptors (CCR5, CXCR4) Perez, et al. (2008) Hepatitis B virus Inhibiting viral replication Bloom, et al. (2013) Herpes simplex virus Inhibiting viral replication Grosse, et al. (2011) Human papilloma virus Inactivating essential viral genes Kennedy et al. (2014) Hematologic disorders X-SCID Gene correction in T cells and CD34+ HSCs Urnov et al. (2005) ADA-SCID Gene modification in cell lines Joglekar, et al. (2013) RS-SCID Gene correction in patient iPSCs Rahman, et al. 2015

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Sickle cell disease and Correction of â-globin mutations in iPSCs Sebastiano, et al.(2011) 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February β-thalessemia Inactivation of the enhancer of BCL11A Bauer, et al. (2013) Liver-targeted gene editing Hemophilia Targeted cDNA addition to endogenous gene Li, et al. (2011) Tyrosinemia type I Gene correction in mouse liver Yin, et al. (2014) PCSK9 Gene disruption in mouse liver to lower cholesterol Ran, et al. (2015) α -1-antitrypsin deficiency Gene correction in human iPSCs and differentiation into Yusa, et al. (2011)

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL liver cells Neuromuscular disorders DMD Ex vivo targeted insertion of missing exons Li, et al. (2015) Ex vivo frameshift correction by NHEJ Ousterout, etal. (2013) Ex vivo reading frame restoration by exon deletion Li, et al. (2015) Antimicrobials Bacterial infection Reduction of bacteria in infection models Bikard, et al. (2014) Removal of bacteria using type I CRISPR systems Gomas, et al. (2014)

50 through co-injection of ZFN/TALEN along with oligonucleotide templates (Wei et al., 2015). Similarly, one-step generation of multiple gene modifications in pigs has been achieved through the CRISPR/Cas9 system (Whiteworth, et al., 2014). When a designed CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting CD163 (resistance to PRRS) and CD1D (biomedical application) was introduced into somatic cells, it was highly efficient in inducing mutations. When these mutated cells were used with somatic cell nuclear transfer, offspring with these modifications were created. This approach has also been used in in vitro produced zygotes to generate pigs with specific genetic modifications. Genome editing of the myostatin (MSTN) gene, a negative regulator of myogenesis, whose disruption typically results in increased skeletal muscle mass has already been shown in pigs, cows and sheep. Recent studies demonstrated that the disruption of FGF5 in Cashmere goats using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in increased secondary hair follicles and longer fibres (Wang et al., 2016).Other attempts include development of chickens that only produce female offspring for egg production and beef cattle that only produce males for more efficient meat production.

Recent studies at the Roslin Institute in the UK have led to the development of founder pigs with mutations in the RELA gene of the NF-êBsignalling cascade, a key regulator of the immune response that drives the symptoms of African swine fever. Using genome editing approaches, researchers tweaked the genome of domestic pigs to achieve the exact warthog (naturally resistant to African swine fever) RELA sequence. Similarly in poultry there are attempts to produce bird resistant to lymphomas induced by avian leukosis viruses by genome editing of the specific receptor sequences. These approaches leading to increased genetic resistance to infectious diseases, will also be a valuable adjunct to the vaccination-based control strategies.

Another major potential of gene editing would be to use transgenic animals and birds for production of drugs, vaccines and diagnostics. Studies have shown high levels of production (38 mg/L in the egg white)of recombinant human interferon in transgenic eggs. Recent success with the generation of ‘humanized’ cattle with entire bovine immunoglobulin loci were inactivated and replaced with the corresponding human immunoglobulin genes, opens up the possibility of production of large quantities of human antibodies from cows that could be administered directly in human patients.

Challenges and ethical aspects in genome editing There are two schools of thought on the use of gene editing. Some section of the scientific community argues for a moratorium on human genome editing that would alter DNA in a way that can be inherited (Wade, 2015). They fear that the new technique is so effective and easy to use that some clinicians can practice it before assessing its safety. They also fear that the technique can be employed not only for curing of genetic diseases but also for unethical objectives of increasing beauty or intelligence. The other section feels that it is unethical to withhold a technology that would eliminate devastating genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (Gallagher, 2015). One of the safety issues to be considered is the potential off-target mutations in the genome, which can be deleterious. It has been observed that the mutation rates are much higher in embryos edited by CRISPR-Cas9 system than those observed in adult human and mouse cells. The off-target effects can be lessened or avoided by using bioinformatics coupled with whole genome and deep sequencing (Yang, et al., 2014). The cost of germline editing technology could be very high, limiting its application to wealthy people and to developed countries. Gene editing technology could be used for non-therapeutic modifications leading to loss of human diversity and eugenics. The genetic enhancement of a XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity specific appearance could cause substantial physical and mental health to the children, by means other than blood Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February relationship. Genome editing of the human embryo could hinder the ongoing research that involve gene editing of somatic cells that hold promise for therapeutic development. The nuclease may not necessarily cleave both copies of the target gene or the cells may start dividing before the corrections are completed, resulting in genetic mosaics.

The fate of a child produced out of embryo genome technology is still unclear as no specific protocols for the procedure have been developed. Though, consent of the concerned people is obtained before beginning clinical research using genetically engineered somatic cells, no procedures / protocols have been developed to provide for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL information to the prospective parents, regarding the procedure, risks and immensely uncertain outcomes of germline modification. Research on genetic modification of human germ cells requires strict norms and guidelines. It is the responsibility of the scientific community to establish clear guidelines for ethical genetic modification of human germ cells, after thorough discussions with the various stakeholders - the general public, scientists, bioethicists, public policy and legal experts. The emphasis must be to demarcate and clarify the distinction between genome editing in germ cells and in somatic cells. The significant progress being made in clinical development of approaches to cure deleterious diseases should not be impeded by concerns regarding the ethical implications of germline editing.

51 CONCLUSION

Genome editing using engineered nucleases is one of the most powerful technologies developed so far. It was made possible by the knowledge gained from basic research on eukaryotic system such as zinc finger and TALE and on prokaryotic viral defence system such as CRISPR/cas, highlighting the importance of basic science research. Once these technologies are further refined with more efficient and less off-target effects, genome editing is likely to emerge as a revolutionary technology for rapid advancement of biotechnology, medicine and livestock improvement worldwide.

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53 Lead Paper USE OF BIOINFORMATICS FOR IMPROVING INDIAN LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

PROF. DR. P. KUMARASAMY Professor and Head & Project Coordinator Bioinformatics Centre & ARIS Centre, Madras Veterinary College Chennai – 600 007 Email: [email protected]

Livestock and poultry contributes significantly in supplementing the income of small, marginal farmers and landless labourers and in generating gainful employment opportunities especially self-employment to a substantial number of rural and urban population many of whom are women who play a major role in the care and management of livestock. It serves as a vital source for providing nutritious protein rich balanced food in the form of milk, egg, meat and value added products. Moreover, they are also intricately associated with the social, cultural and traditional values of the region.

In India, the livestock sector alone contributes nearly 25.6% of value of output at current prices of total value of output in Agriculture, Fishing & Forestry sector. The overall contribution of Livestock Sector in total GDP is nearly 4.11% during 2012-13. As per Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI), the total human population in the country as on 1st March 2011 is 1210.2 million, the 2nd most populous country in the world accounts for 17.85% with growth rate of 1.2%. The total Geographical area of the country is 3287240 sq km, is the 7th largest in the world with 5971 sub-districts in 648 districts of 35 States/UTs having 6.6 lakhs villages and nearly 64,639 urban wards.

The total livestock population consisting of Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, pig, Horses & Ponies, Mules, Donkeys, Camels, Mithun and Yak in the country is 512.05 million numbers in 2012. The total livestock population has decreased by about 3.33% over the previous census. The total poultry population in the country has increased by 12.39% over the previous census and the total poultry in the country is 729.2 million. In 19th Livestock Census shows that 37.28% were cattle, 21.23% buffaloes, 12.71% sheep, 26.40% goats and 2.01% pigs. Mithun, Yaks, Horses, ponies, mules, donkeys and camels taken together contribute 0.37 % of the total livestock Population. India is one of the mega biodiversities in the world. So far, 160 breeds have been registered in the country in which, 40 cattle, 13 buffalo, 26 Goat, 42 sheep, 6 Horses and ponies, 9 Camel, 6 pig, 1 donkey and 17 poultry breeds with growth rate of 4.5 % in Dairy sector and 8.0 % in poultry sector.

Bioinformatics generates new knowledge that is useful for study of methods of storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as nucleic acid, protein sequence, structure, function, pathways and genetic interactions. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Bioinformatics also deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, structural biology, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics which helps for improvement of living organisms.

Genomics is the characterization and sequencing of an organism’s genome and analysis of the relationship between gene activity and cell function. It is an evolving interdisciplinary field of study aimed at collecting, understanding NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL and exploiting the biological information encoded in long stretches of DNA. Genetic Diversity is the level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments. With more variation, it is more likely that some individuals in a population will possess variations of alleles that are suited for the environment. Those individuals are more likely to survive to produce offspring bearing that allele. The population will continue for more generations because of the success of these individuals.

54 Genetic Diversity of a population can be assessed by some simple measures like Gene Diversity- is the proportion of polymorphic loci across the genome, Heterozygosity - is the mean number of individuals with polymorphic loci and Alleles per locus is also used to demonstrate variability.

Bioinformatics for improvement of livestock and poultry

A major obstacle to decision-making in utilization and improvement of AnGR is the shortage of information on key traits and performance of local or indigenous AnGR, and the lack of reliable data on population size and structure. It needs: • Improved methods and greater use of phenotypic characterization • Production environment descriptors: need to be refined and implemented in existing AnGR information systems • Improved methods of risk definition and monitoring

Information Systems

Information systems or databases can serve a variety of different purposes, but collectively they contain important information for decision-making, research, training, planning and evaluation of programmes, progress reporting and public awareness. An information system normally includes hardware, software (applications), organized data (information) and facilities for communication. It can be operated either manually, electronically using computers, or through a combination of both. The information may be on a single desktop machine, or a network of computers. Alternatively, it may be on the Internet, allowing external access to view or, in case of interactive dynamic systems, update the information.

National databases of domestic animal diversity are essential planning tools. They present the current state of knowledge on the size, distribution, status, and utility value of AnGR. They allow access to information on planned and ongoing management activities. Moreover, they facilitate the identification of gaps in existing information. At present, a number of public-domain electronic information systems for animal genetic diversity are globally accessible and contain data from more than one country. Two of these – the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) and the European Farm Animal Biodiversity Information System (EFABIS) (previously EAAP–AGDB) – are related to the FAO global information system for AnGR. The Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Information System (DAGRIS), managed by ILRI is a database of synthesized research information from published and grey literature. Oklahoma State University’s Breeds of Livestock information system provides brief summaries of breed origins, characteristics and uses. Some of the important information systems are..

DAD-IS [http://www.fao.org/dad-is]

The Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) developed by FAO is the first globally accessible dynamic multilingual database of AnGR. It was initiated as a key communication and information tool for implementing the Global Strategy for the Management of AnGR, to assist countries and country networks in their respective programmes (FAO, 1999). Apart from country-level breed information and images, DAD-IS provides a XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity virtual library containing a large number of selected technical and policy documents, including tools and guidelines Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February for research related to AnGR. It offers Weblinks to relevant electronic information resources. It also has a facility for the exchange of views and for addressing specific information requests, by linking a range of stakeholders: farmers, scientists, researchers, development practitioners and policy-makers.

DAD-IS provides a summary of national breed-level information on the origin, population, risk status, special characteristics, morphology and performance of breeds, as provided by FAO member countries. Currently, the database contains more than 14000 national breed populations from 35 species and 181 countries. A key feature of for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL DAD-IS is that it provides a country-secure information storage and communication tool. Each country decides when and what breed data are released through their officially designated contact person (the National Coordinator (NC) for the Management of AnGR).

DAGRIS [http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/]

The Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Information System (DAGRIS) is developed and managed by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It was initiated in 1999 as a tool to collate research information

55 available on global AnGR. In addition to containing information, obtained from a synthesis of the literature on the origin, distribution, diversity, characteristics, present uses and status of indigenous breeds. DAGRIS is unique in that it includes complete references and abstracts of published or unpublished scientific literature pertaining to the breeds in the system. DAGRIS is designed to support research, training, public awareness, genetic improvement and conservation. The working objectives of DAGRIS are: • Compile and organize information on farm AnGR from all available sources; • Maintain the integrity and validity of the information, and • Disseminate the information in a readily accessible way to all key stakeholders.

EFABIS (European Farm Animal Biodiversity Information System)

Recognizing their common interest in documentation and information of animal genetic resources in Europe and raising awareness on the need for conservation and sustainable use of these resources, ERFP and EAAP have agreed to maintain and update the European Information System for AnGR (EFABIS). EFABIS covers passport, descriptive and performance data as well as population and other data of the animal breeds in Europe.

EFABIS is managed by the regional node manager on behalf of both EAAP and ERFP. EFABIS serves as an impartial platform for the distribution of national data provided by the European National Coordinators or such national nodes as delegated by the National Coordinators for the task of editing and updating national data. EFABIS also serves for the European submission of animal genetic resources data to the FAO Domestic Animal Diversity Information System DAD-IS.

Breeds of Livestock – Oklahoma State University [http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds]

The Department of Animal Science of Oklahoma State University, in the United States of America, manages this information resource which was established in 1995. It provides a brief description of breeds in terms of origin, distribution, typical features, uses, and population status, along with photographs/ images and key references for breed information. It presents a list of breeds from all over the world, with options to sort by region. The aim is to expand the scope of the system, in terms of the number of breeds and the educational and scientific information it contains, through collaboration with individuals and universities from around the world. The submission of information (written material or images) on breeds not included in the list, or additional information on those already included in this website.

ANIMAL GENETICS TRAINING RESOURCE (AGTR) http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/

The Animal Genetics Training Resource (AGTR) is developed by a team working on the project “Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Animal Genetic Resources in Developing Countries”. The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) jointly implement the project, which started in 1999. The overall objective of the project is to enhance human capacity in the developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America in the area of conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February resources.

ICAR- NATIONAL BUREAU OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES (NBAGR) http://www.nbagr.res.in/

In India, the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) established on 1984 at Bangalore in the form of twin institutes namely National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources and National Institute of Animal Genetics and then shifted to Karnal in 1985, the two institutes were merged to function as a single entity in the form NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL of National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) in 1995. This premier institute is dedicated to work with its mandate of identification, evaluation, characterization, conservation and utilization of livestock and poultry genetic resources of the country.

AGRI-IS (ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF INDIA - INFORMATION SYSTEM)

An Information System on Animal Genetic Resources of India (AGRI-IS) has been developed at National Bureau of Animal genetic Resources, Karnal, India. The AGRI-IS covers all the indigenous breeds of domestic livestock and poultry species from India.

56 This database contains descriptors of various breeds of livestock and poultry, information on farms, semen production, vaccine production; and district-wise information on population, animal breeding, animal health infrastructure, animal products like milk, meat, egg, wool, etc. It also stores photographs of male and female animals of breeds. So far, 160 breeds have been registered in the country in which, 40 cattle, 13 buffalo, 26 Goat, 42 sheep, 6 Horses and ponies, 9 Camel, 6 pig, 1 donkey and 17 poultry breeds whose breed descriptors have been published in Indian Journal of Animal Science.

Genomic Selection in Livestock And Poultry

The use of genomic information in genetic evaluation has brought about revolutionary change in Livestock and poultry improvement. Genomic evaluations increase the accuracy of genetic evaluations and have the potential to rapidly increase the rate of genetic improvement in many traits. Their use is especially effective where there is limited information such as with females and young bulls, and with traits of lower heritability. The sequencing of the bovine genome in 2004 spurred a worldwide effort to use basic information about genetic coding to improve how the genetic values of cows and bulls are estimated. The bovine genome is made up of about 25,000-30,000 useful genes. For genomic selection, the genome researchers look for markers or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). An SNP is a place in a chromosome where the DNA sequence can differ among individuals. SNPs are particularly useful when they occur on a gene or close to a gene that contributes to an important trait. As most traits are controlled by many genes, the process is complex, and real progress was not made until a genotyping computer chip, called the Illumina 50K test, was developed that could be used to identify over 50,000 SNPs on the genome. Domestic animals are invaluable resources for study of the molecular architecture of complex traits.

The genome wide association study (GWAS), which utilizes high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), provides a new way to tackle this issue. Encouraging achievements in dissection of the genetic mechanisms of complex diseases in humans have resulted from the use of GWAS. At present, GWAS has been applied to the field of domestic animal breeding and genetics for their improvement. The following databases would be helpful to the scientist working in this area.

Gene And Nucleic Acid Databases

GenBank (USA) EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory) DDBJ (DNA Data Bank of Japan) dbEST (division of GenBank) ENSEMBL (project between EMBL - EBI and the Sanger Institute .... eukaryotic genomes ) GSDB (Genome Sequence DataBase, division of GenBank) BioGPS Gene Portal System COSMIC Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer DDBJ DNA DataBank of Japan DECIPHER XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

ENA European Nucleotide Archive Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February GENATLAS database of human genes Gene Wiki dedicated to the goal of applying .... annotation of gene and protein function GeneCards database of human genes GeneReviews peer-reviewed disease descriptions GeneTests disease profile database Genetic Testing Registry disease profile database GenomeNet Database Resources for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL GHR Genetics Home Reference HGMD Human Gene Mutation Database HGVS database list Human Genome Variation Society IMGT/GENE-DB the international ImMunoGeneTics information system for immunoglobulins INSDC International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes List of public Leiden Open Variant Database (LOVD) installations

57 Leiden Locus Specific Database list NCBI GenBank OMIA Online Mendelian Inheritance In Animals OMIM Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Pseudogene.org genome analysis RepBase database of repetitive DNA elements TGI the Gene Index Project UniGene unique human gene sequence collection Wikigenes

RNA-Specific Resources

antiCODE database of non-redundant natural sense-antisense transcript pairs Genomic tRNA database contains tRNA gene predictions made by tRNAscan-SE lncRNAdb provides comprehensive annotations of eukaryotic long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) Mamit-tRNAdb compilation of mammalian mitochondrial tRNA genes miRBase microRNA database NATsDB repository of natural antisense transcripts (NATs) ncRNA Expression Database (NRED) database of expression data on human .. long ncRNAs Non-coding RNA Database piRNABank web resource on classified and clustered piRNAs Rfam RNA families database of alignments and CMs RNAcentral resource to organise data for non-protein coding RNA genes snoRNABase comprehensive database of human H/ACA and C/D box snoRNAs Sno/scaRNAbase curated repository for small nucleolar RNAs and small cajal body-specific RNAs TarBase curated database of experimentally supported microRNA targets

Protein Resources

BRENDA the Comprehensive Enzyme Information System CATH protein structure classification CORUM Comprehensive Resource of Mammalian protein complexes Enzyme Portal Your portal to enzyme-related information at the EBI ExPASy Proteomics Server ExplorEnz the Enzyme Database Gene3D structural and functional annotation of protein families HPRD the Human Protein Reference Database HUGE database of Human Unidentified Gene-Encoded large proteins Human Proteinpedia a community portal for sharing and integration of human protein data HUPO Human Proteome Organisation XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February iHOP Information Hyperlinked over Proteins InterPro database of protein families, domains and functional sites IUPHAR International Committee of Pharmacology ... Nomenclature and Classification MEROPS a peptidase database NCBI Protein database PDB Protein Data Bank Pfam protein families database of alignments and HMMs NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL PhosphoSitePlus A protein modification resource PIR Protein Information Resource PMDB Protein Model Database SCOP Structural Classification of Proteins SWISS-PROT ENZYME TRANSFAC (transcription factor database) UniProt the universal protein resource

58 Databases on Mutations and Variations dbSNP http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP HGBASE (Human Genome Variation Database) http://hgbase.cgr.ki.se The SNP Consortium (TSC) http://snp.cshl.org dbVar Database of Genomic Structural Variation ENCODE Project ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements Ensembl Human human genes generated automatically by the Ensembl gene builder Entrez Gene searchable database of genes, .. and/or located in the NCBI Map Viewer Genome Reference Consortium sequences into a chromosome context GWAS Central centralized compilation of summary ... genetic association studies HapMap international HapMap Project H-Invitational Database an integrated database of human genes and transcripts Human Genome Segmental Duplication Database Human Structural Variation Database 1000 Genomes A Deep Catalog of Human Genetic Variation UCSC Human Genome Browser Gateway VEGA Human manual annotation of finished genome sequence

Bioinformatics Analysis Tools

Bioinformatic Harvester NCBI BLAST COILS prediction of coiled coil regions in proteins EBI Toolbox ExPasy Proteomics tools GenomeNet Bioinformatics Tools InterProScan scans sequences for a range of protein signatures LRRfinder - identifies leucine-rich repeats in protein sequences Mutalyzer sequence variant nomenclature checker NCBI tools for data mining includes links to splign, ORF Finder, BLink, CD Search etc., Pfam sequence search scans sequences against Pfam protein families PROSITE database of protein domains, families and functional sites RepeatMasker screens DNA sequences for interspersed repeats and low complexity DNA seq. SMART Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool SOSUI - transmembrane prediction server Splign utility for converting cDNA to genomic, or spliced sequence alignments Superfamily HMM library and genome assignments server TMHMM prediction of transmembrane helices in proteins tRNAscan-SE XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

UCL Bioinformatics Unit Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 2ZIP leucine zipper prediction server

Useful Websites and Databases for Improvement and Conservation of Livestock

AIPL Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (http://www.aipl.arsusda.gov) AOAD Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (http://www.aoad.org) ARCBC Association of South East Asian Nations Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation (http:// for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL www.arcbc.org) BCBS Boran Cattle Breeders’ Society (http://www.borankenya.org) CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (http://www.cardi.org) CDN Canadian Dairy Network (http://www.cdn.ca) CENARGEN National Research Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br) CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (http://www.cgiar.org) CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture (http://www.ciat.cgiar.org)

59 CIRDES Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide (http:// www.cidres.org) DAD-IS Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (http://www.fao.org/dad-is) DAGRIS Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Information System (http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org) DDBJ DNA Data Bank of Japan (http://www.cib.nig.ac.jp) EAAP European Association for Animal Production (http://www.eaap.org) EAAP-AGDB European Association for Animal Production – Animal Genetic Data Bank(EFABIS) EFABIS European Farm Animal Biodiversity Information System (http://efabis.tzv.fal.de) EFSA European Food Safety Authority (http://www.efsa.europa.eu) EMBL European Molecular Biology Lab (http://www.embl.org) EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (http://www.embrapa.br) EU European Union (http://europa.eu) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (http://www.fao.org) FAOSTAT FAO of the UN Statisitcal Databases (http://faostat.fao.org) FARA Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (http://www.fara-africa.org) FIRC Federacion Iberoamericana de Razas Criollas (http://www.feagas.es/firc/firc.htm) GEF Global Environment Facility (http://www.gefweb.org) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (http://www.iaea.org) IAMZ Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza (http://www.iamz.ciheam.org) ICAR International Committee for Animal Recording (http://www.icar.org) ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (http://www.icarda.org) IES Institute for Environment and Sustainability (http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development (http://www.ifad.org) IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development (http://www.igad.org) IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (http://www.iica.int) ILRI International Livestock Research Institute (http://www.ilri.org) INTERBULL International Bull Evaluation Service (http://www-interbull.slu.se) IRD Institute de Recherche pour le Développement (http://www.ird.fr) ISAG International Society of Animal Genetics (http://www.isag.org.uk) LPP League for Pastoral Peoples (http://www.pastoralpeoples.org) MoDAD Measurement of Domestic Animal Diversity NZRBCS New Zealand Rare Breeds Conservation Society (http://www.rarebreeds.co.nz) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (http://www.oecd.org) OIE Office International des Epizooties (http://www.oie.int) OSS Obervatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (http://www.unesco.org/oss) RBI Rare Breeds International (http://www.rbi.it) Red XII-H Red Iberoamericana sobre la consevación de la biodiversidad de animales domésticos locales para le desarollo rural sostenible (http://www.cyted.org) SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (http://www.saarc-sec.org) SACCAR Southern African Center for Cooperation in Agricultural Research and XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Training (http://www.info.bw/~saccar/sacca.htm) SADC Southern African Development Community (http://www.sadc.int) SAVE Safeguard for Agricultural Varieties in Europe (http://www.save-foundation.net) SGRP System-wide Genetic Resources Programme (http://www.sgrp.cgiar.org) SINGER System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (http://www.singer.cgiar.org) SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community (http://www.spc.int) UNDP United Nations Development Programme (http://www.undp.org) NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (www.unesco.org) UPOV International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (http://www.upov.int) USDA United States Department of Agriculture (http://www.usda.gov) WAAP World Association for Animal Production (http://www.waap.it) WHFF World Holstein-Friesian Federation (http://www.whff.info) WHO World Health Organization (http://www.who.int) WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int) WTO World Trade Organization (http://www.wto.org) WWL–DAD:3 World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity, 3rd edition

60 Conclusion

Bioinformatics is an important subject act as a tool to link all the information available in the public domain for the improvement of Livestock and poultry. Effective use of bioinformatics could help the scientist to understand genome and its association with traits of importance. This will shorten the process of breeding with animals and waiting for the improvement. Still it is not effectively utilised by the developing countries due several reasons as pertaining to the developing countries. However, the trend is changing and more funds are allotted to improvement and conservation of AnGR in developing countries to alleviate poverty in rural areas. Hence, I request large number of scientist to use bioinformatics for improvement of Livestock and poultry in India. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

61 Lead Paper GENOME ANALYSIS FOR ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY OF LIVESTOCK

M.S. TANTIA AND MANISHI MUKESH ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal -132001 Haryana *Email: [email protected]

The World will be facing the challenge of manifolds increase in the production of food from animal origin to address the high demand that is expected to arise from population growth, income increases and urbanization. Breeding for robust animals with production systems optimized for exponential increase in productivity while retaining their adaptability to harsh environment and tolerance to tropical diseases could remain only option for the intensification of livestock productions with as minimum as possible environmental impacts.

Unique populations have resulted from centuries of genetic selection focused on specific traits such as milk or meat production, fertility, and conformation, to name a few. While the accuracy of traditional methods of selection is high, selection for certain traits can be limited by the fact that they can only be measured in one sex or are difficult to measure in a production setting. For these traits, molecular technologies can help improve the accuracy of their selection. Genome research has created a broad basis for promoting and utilizing gene technologies in many fields of livestock production. Genome Biotechnology is providing a major opportunity to advance sustainable animal production systems of higher productivity by manipulation of variation within and between breeds. This leads to more rapid and better-targeted gains in breeding value.

For the selection of bulls with high genetic merit the phenotypic selection (selecting males on the base of dams yield) and progeny testing are currently in vogue. These selection programs are quite effective and yield a genetic gain of about 1% per generation. The genetic gain can not be increased using these methods as all the milk and related traits have low heritability. The molecular markers can enhance the accuracy of selection of sires and can increase the genetic gain 2 to 3 fold. It can provide an impetus to improvement programs by reducing the cost of progeny testing (DNA markers can be scored at birth) and selection of bulls on reliable parameters (haplotypes) which are not affected by environment (dramatically reducing the error margin).

The genetic markers are synergistic to normal selection programs if incorporated in the Models of selection to increase the accuracy and efficacy of selection program. No information on production related molecular markers and QTLs is currently available in buffaloes. The genetic markers are expensive to develop and returns from the initial research can take time. However, once the knowledge reaches a critical level, gains accelerate enormously. Increasing reproductive efficiency is the prime concern in improving dairy animal production. There is evidence that the age at first calving and calving interval can be substantially reduced through proper management practices XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February yet variation for these traits is quite large and genetic basis of these traits along with milk yield need to be evaluated and selection criteria should include these with milk yield.

Linking DNA to production: mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)

The majority of the traits of interest in livestock species are quantitative in nature as they are controlled by many genes. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are areas of the genome that affect a quantitative trait. Therefore, in QTL NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL mapping the focus is to identify genomic regions associated with phenotypic traits. QTL may involve many genes of small effects or few genes of large effect. . The mapping of QTL mostly relies on neutral markers like microsatellites to evaluate the association between different alleles and variation in phenotypic traits. The past two decades have seen a flurry of interest in mapping the QTL associated with traits of economic importance in livestock species. Different approaches are being followed throughout the world for detecting QTL in livestock. The QTL have been identified using daughter design/ grand daughter design depending upon the availability of data on phenotypes of interest and information on molecular markers (microsatellites) (Khatkar et al. 2004). Whole genome/specific chromosome scans are carried out to identify the QTL. Our ability to identify QTL is a function of the size of the

62 gene effect, the family or population structure under study, and the density of informative DNA marker. DNA marker information, compiled in the form of genetic linkage maps, is currently available for almost all the major livestock species. The main goal of QTL mapping studies in livestock populations is to identify genes or markers which could be used in breeding programs through marker assisted selection (MAS). The MAS has the potential to increase genetic gain r and is expected to be more effective than traditional selection systems (Abdel-Azim and Freeman, 2002). Research in QTL identification has been carried out extensively in cattle (dairy and beef) and swine. In both species, work has cantered on traits that are of importance for production or product quality. For dairy cattle, the work has focused on milk production and quality-associated traits, while for beef cattle and swine, the focus has been on growth and carcass-related traits. Work has also been done in both species to identify QTLs associated with reproductive, behaviour and health-/disease-related traits.

Table 1. Examples of QTL identified for growth- and meat-quality traits in beef cattle Trait Chromosome Region (cM) Effecta (S.D.) Birth weight 5 70-110 0.39-0.82 20-30 0.79 60-70 n/a 6 20-70 0.39-0.82 25-60 3.8 (kg) 14 30-60 0.39-0.82 18 100-130 0.39-0.82 21 6-30 0.39-0.82 Average daily gain on feed 5 0-20 55-75 0.62 0.65 Preweaning average daily gain 5 0-20 70-80 0.68 0.50 Backfat 5 65-70 0.67 6 64-68 0.43 81-83 0.42 19 5-15 0.67 39-46 1.33 65-100 0.43 Marbling 2 25-45 n/a 17 10-60 32.77b 27 20-65 29.82b a Size of phenotypic variation attributable to the QTL. b Actual effect. n/a: Not available

In past, efforts have been made to scan all the chromosomes to identify QTL associated with milk production traits in dairy cattle. Several QTL associated with protein percentage (PP) and fat percentage (FP), milk yield (MY), protein yield (PY), and fat yield (FY) have been identified on chromosome 6 (Freyer et al., 2003; Ashwell et al., 2004; Olsen et al., 2004; Szyda et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006; Kuèerová et al., 2006). Some QTL affecting FY and FP were also identified on BTA7 (Ron et al., 2004; Weller et al., 2008). Additionally, QTL associated with PP, FP, XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

PY and FY were identified on BTA11 (Ashwell et al., 2004; Kuèerová et al., 2006). The association between QTL Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February at the beginning of BTA14 for FP, FY, MY, PP, and PY were also identified (Weller et al., 2003; Ashwell et al., 2004; Schrooten et al., 2004; Kuèerová et al., 2006). Another QTL at BTA23 was found to be associated with PP and FP (Mosig et al., 2001; Schrooten et al., 2004).

Mastitis in dairy ruminants is of major importance because of its high prevalence and economical losses to dairy sector world over. In dairy animals, mastitis is the primary health reason for involuntary culling, and prevalence of subclinical mastitis is 20-30% per lactation. Accumulating research results over the last decades give strong evidence for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL that the host’s response to control udder health is under genetic control in dairy ruminants (Rupp and Foucras (2010). Existence of QTL for mastitis resistance in cattle has been reported on almost all chromosomes (Rupp and Foucras (2010); www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb/). Few positional candidate genes have already been located on BTA 14: DGAT1, on BTA6 viz; PPARGC1A gene, ABCG2 gene, Osteopontin gene ((Cohen- Zinder et al., 2005). Further analysis of these candidate gene have revealed causative mutations in DGAT1 gene (K232A) on BTA14 (Grisart et al., 2002) ABCG2 (Y581S) on BTA6 (Cohen Zinder et al., 2005), F to Y substitution in GH receptor gene on BTA20 (Blott et al., 2003), SNP in the promoter region (T)n motif of Osteopontin gene on BTA6 (Schnabel

63 et al., 2005). Till date, hundreds of QTLs have been identified in various independent studies. The QTL database (http://www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb) maintained by United States Department of Agriculture can be browsed to find detailed information on QTLs of interest.

The QTL research work requires large half sib family sizes of not less than 300 daughters per sire with phenotypic records, molecular markers and their linkage map for the detection of QTL markers with significant effect. In case of grand daughter design thorough maintenance of pedigree records for minimum two to three generation is required (depending on the model used).

Genomic Selection

Inspite of substantial progress made in livestock breeding using different marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies viz., LE-MAS, LD-MAS or Gene-MAS, these approaches have inherent limitations. These methodologies capture only a limited proportion of the total genetic variance. As most of the traits in livestock species are polygenic in nature and governed by large number of loci, MAS generally results in proportionally small genetic gains.

An alternative to tracing a limited number of QTL is to trace all the QTLs with large number of markers scattered densely in the genome. This can be done by dividing the entire genome up into chromosome segments, for example defined by adjacent markers, and then tracing all the chromosome segments. This method was termed genomic selection (GS) by Meuwissen et al (2001) which relies on simultaneous selection of several thousands of genetic markers that cover the entire genome. This strategy has revolutionized the animal breeding especially the dairy cattle breeding in recent years by increasing the accuracy of estimated breeding value (EBV). The advent of next generation sequencing technologies, advancement in genotyping tools and low cost genotyping strategies have resulted in implementation of genomic selection in livestock in a big way especially in North America and European countries. Due to this, in last few years, the landscape of livestock genomic research has been dramatically changed especially with the availability of genome sequences for cattle, chicken, horse, pigs, sheep and goat and development of low cost genotyping technologies.

In genomic selection, the animals from reference population with recorded phenotypes are genotyped for thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) densely distributed throughout the genome. This genotypic information forms the basis to calculate the SNP effects and predict the genomic breeding value (GEBV) of the animal as the sum of effects of all markers. Several studies have indicated that genomic selection strategies could result in about 50% increase in annual genetic gain in dairy cattle (Schaeffer LR, 2006; Pyrce et al., 2010; Lillehammer et al., 2011). These studies have established the fact that breeding programme based on genomic selection will have much higher efficiency in genetic improvement in comparison to traditional breeding programmes. One of the major differences of predicting GEBV through GS and traditional estimates of breeding value is that in GS, the prediction equation is based on identical by state (IBS) rather than identical by descent (IBD). The traditional estimates of breeding value depended on IBD where knowledge of the genotypes of ancestors is essential. Another major advantage of genomic selection is that genomic breeding value of an individual animal can be estimated based on previously estimated SNP effect in a reference population without using the phenotype data. Through XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February GEBV, breeding decision can be made at very young of the animals or even at embryo stage and that too with higher accuracies in comparison to breeding value based on a pedigree index (Pryce and Daetwyler, 2012).Genomic selection exploits linkage disequilibrium, the assumption is that the effects of the chromosome segments will be the same across the populations because the markers are in LD with the QTL that they bracket. Hence the marker density must be sufficiently high to ensure that all QTL are in LD with a marker or haplotype of markers.

With the availability of SNP chip of various densities, it is possible to identify genomic regions or QTL that could NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL explain the association and its effect on the phenotypic variation under consideration. In cattle, at present two high densities SNP genotyping platforms, the Illumina high-density bovine bead chip array (777,962 SNP) and the Affymatrix Axiom genome-wide BOS1 array (648,874 SNP) are being exploited in genomic selection or genome wide association studies (GWAS). Earlier, bovine SNP50 (>50,000 probes) genotyping array from Illumina Inc. came into limelight in 2009 (Matukumalli et al., 2009). This particular platform has been extensively utilized in genotyping tens of thousands of animals for GWAS studies. However, the usefulness of bovine SNP50 data in estimating the genetic merit was found to be limited (Hayes et al., 2009). This was mainly due to lower density of SNP on this platform as the markers were spaced at an average of approximately 50 Kb intervals. Generally, it is believed that markers should be spaced less than 10 Kb in order to obtain consistent LD phase across population (de

64 Roos et al., 2008). With the availability of two high densities platforms from Illumina and Affimatrix, this limitations have has been resolved to a large extent. Using these chips, gap size of about 5.2 Kb and 6.2 kb has been obtained across SNP in Holstein and Jersey populations (Rincon et al., 2011), providing a powerful tool for fine mapping QTL in cattle. These kind of high density SNP platforms are proving valuable in capturing the LD and improving the prediction equation. Because, the prediction equation derived for one breed will be accurate for another population, only if the marker-QTL association persist across breeds. GS utilize these markers to produce genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) by summing up the genome wide markers effect. First, it estimates the effects of chromosome segments in a reference population and then predict the GEBV for animals not in the reference population.

Due to availability of high throughput resources and low cost genotyping tools, remarkable advancement has been witnessed in genome wide association studies (GWAS) for several traits in bovines since the inception of this technology.In livestock species, GWAS has gained popularity in mapping QTL to several traits of economic importance like milk yield, fat and protein percentage, meat quality and quantity, calving ease, fertility traits, disease resistance traits, egg production etc. If performed carefully, GWAS has proved to be an ideal strategy to identify genes associated with various phenotypes and to elucidate the mechanisms of complex traits.

Implementation of genomic selection conceptually require following pre-conditions: 1. Availability of reference population with genotype and phenotype records 2. High quality herd recording data for different traits of economic importance 3. Availability of high density SNP array platforms for genotyping

Technological advancements happening during last five years have revolutionized the fields of genomics and proteomics. Now we can generate the required genomic resources for a species/population in very short period but the phenomics resources (reference population with standard phenotypic records) needs to be established to identify and validate molecular markers which could to be extended to other test populations.

. The livestock industry is making a great progress due to availability of pedigreed information on large number of individuals with phenotypes on traits of interest and high density SNP chip platforms for most of the species. The GS strategy has been a huge success especially in North American and Europian countries due to availability of sufficient animal numbers with good phenotypes and low cost genotyping methods.

Unlike European and American countries, in India genomic selection in indigenous livestock breeds is just at the planning or discussion stage with no significant effort to implement this technology towards goal of achieving genetic gain for different traits. The major factors that are holding back in implementing such a well proven technology for Indian livestock are; a) lack of sizable reference population with uniforms phenotype, pedigree records as well as genotypic information for any of the breeds, b) availability of high density genome wide SNP array specifically designed for Indicine cattle or bubaline genome, c) Dilemma amongst researchers and policy makers about concrete utility of this strategy in achieving genetic gain for Indian livestock populations because of their population structure, composition and non-commercial nature of most of the herds. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

The non-availability of good reference population is probably the single critical factor that is preventing the wide Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February spread use of this technology for Indian livestock. As we understand that to achieve high accuracy in genomic prediction, we need to have large number of animals with both genotype and phenotype records. However, this type of situation is hard to achieve in Indian context especially at this juncture. Further, in case the number of sires or numbers of daughter per sire records are limited, the situation most often seen in our country, a reference population can also be established as a viable alternative. However, under each condition aspects like inclusion of appropriate models, and treatment of data should be taken into account for any biased genomic evaluations. By combining phenotype and genotype data across animals from already existing related populations/herds could serve the purpose for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL to some extent in creating a reference population with significant size. One aspect that needs to be considered while combining data from multiple populations is how divergent or related are populations under evaluation. For more divergent populations, higher density SNPs are required to capture LD and persistence of marker-QTL associations across populations.

Another important aspect in successful implementation of genomic selection in Indian context is the availability of Indian cattle or buffalo specific high density SNP panels. At present, high density SNP chip platforms are available from Illumina and Affymatrix. However, these high density genotyping panels have not yet been truly validated for

65 Table 2. Summary of genome wide association studies in bovines Chr Position No. of Traits Cattle Candidate References No (Mb)1 SNPs Breeds Genes 8 86 to 94 Bovine RFI, ADG, Angus, Murray Grey, - Bolorma et al. SNP50K, and Shorthorn and Hereford, (2011) Parallele mMWT Brahman, Santa Gertrudis SNP10K and chip Belmont Red 5 51.05 to Bovine RFI Angus, Murray Grey, HSD17B3, Bolorma et al. 51.77 SNP50K, Shorthorn and Hereford, SHC3 (2011) Parallele Brahman, Santa Gertrudis SNP10K and chip Belmont Red 2 109, 50K, 10K RFI, Angus, Murray Grey, IGFBP2 Bolorma et al. 093, Bovine ADG, Shorthorn and Hereford, (2011) 402 SNP50K, and DFI Brahman, Santa Gertrudis Parallele and SNP10K Belmont Red chip 14 24.3 to 50K Carcass weight Native Hanwoo FAM110B, Lee et al. (2013) 25.4 SCDBP, and TOX 14 777K Birth weight Brazilian Nellore Utsunomiya et al. and size (2013) 6 25 to 53 50K Growth Angus, Charolais, Gelbvieh, SPP1, Snelling et al. Hereford, Limousin, NCAPG (2009) Red Angus, and Simmental 3 10 50K, 700K Stature Holstein-Friesian - Tan Mun Ee (2013) 5 19 and 110 50K, 700K Stature Holstein-Friesian - Tan Mun Ee (2013) 11 3 50K, 700K Stature Holstein-Friesian - Tan Mun Ee (2013) 12 2 50K, 700K Stature Holstein-Friesian - Tan Mun Ee (2013) 14 14 54k General production German Holstein DGAT1 Streit et al. (2013) and environmental sensitivity of milk 3 10 50K, 700K Stature Holstein-Friesian - Tan Mun Ee (2013) 6 6 54K General production PPARGC1 Streit et al. (2013) and environmental and casein sensitivity of milk German Holstein cluster

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 13 45 to 49 40,668 Milk production Holstein-Friesian - Meredith et al. 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February and (2012) somatic cell score 1 50, 6 40,668 Protein yield Holstein-Friesian - Meredith et al. (2012) 20 34 to 37 40,668 Fat yield and Holstein-Friesian GHR and Meredith et al. somatic cell score PRLR (2012)

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 24 28,877, 39,759 Rectal Lactating U1, NCAD Dikmen et al. 547 to 28, temperature (RT) Holstein cows (2013) 907,154 16 58,500, 39,759 Rectal Lactating SNORA19, Dikmen et al. 249 temperature (RT) Holstein cows RFWD2 and (2013) SCARNA3 1The positions are as per the reference manuscript (Sharma et al., 2015)

66 Indian breeds to see their efficacy in capturing the extent of LD. Most of the SNP in high density panels originate from International transboundary breeds with poor representation of Indian or zebu breeds. So there could be strong possibility that SNP present on the chip may be monomorphic in Indian native breeds or SNP that are polymorphic in Indian breeds might have been excluded from the SNP chip. This may cause ascertainment biasness and generate a distorted picture. Therefore efforts should be made to generate high density SNP panel specific for our local breeds in order to increase the reliability and accuracies in GWAS studies. This kind of SNP panel in conjunction with detailed and quality phenotypic records will definitely have better accuracy in predicting GEBV and identifying the genetic control of complex traits like milk production, reproduction and health traits in our own livestock breeds. . Such kind of innovative genome based selection tools will be paradoxically easier to implement in India than traditional selection, as genetically superior animals can be rapidly identified from the analysis of DNA from a blood sample, rather than through costly and difficult to implement phenotype recording schemes. organization of breeding schemes, on expected genetic gain and relative weight of traits in breeding objectives, on the nature and distribution of some related activities such as performance recording, on the structure of breeding companies and on the emergence of new actors. Multi-breed management of selection could make it possible to share reference populations and to save resources and money. Genomic selection opens new opportunities to improve functional traits and to meet new environmental and/or societal requirements, and probably to differentiate competitors via inclusion of specific and original traits. Very large reference populations offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the genetic determinism of many traits, even complex. In the longer term, big challenges are prediction of interactions between genes, prediction of genotype x environment interactions and adaptation to particular environmental conditions. The appropriate conditions using of genomic selection should be carefully studied in developing countries, because their environment is quite different from developed countries and because accurate phenotypes are difficult to obtain on a large and reliable scale. (Boichard et al., 2010)

Issues y Defining goal with long term planning Effective collaboration ” Infrastructure development, knowledgesharing ” Understanding modalities for effective implementation y Standardized phenotypes on desired traits ” Establishment of discovery and test populations ” High quality phenotype recording y Genomic infrastructure ” Development of genomic resources (Chip or low cost genotyping tools) ” High throughput SNP genotyping facility y Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics ” Trained manpower in statistical genetics and data mining ” High-end computation facility

Challenges XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Genomic selection offers tremendous opportunities but at the same time, it poses certain challenges which need to Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February be taken into consideration for successful implementation of this promising technology. One of the most critical factor for success of this technology is availability of ideal resource populations having genotype and phenotype records for large number of animals. Another important aspect that will have direct impact on success of this technology is the availability of genomic resources

Quality control of the data is one of the most important steps to minimize the errors in a GWA study. The approaches presented so far rely on two fundamental assumptions: first, the population under study must be genetically for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL homogeneous, i.e. there should be no population stratification; second, all subjects in the samples must represent statistically independent units drawn from that population. If not taken care of, the tests of association may lead to spurious associations or may have inflated type I error rates. Another scenario is that the related individuals share both causal and non-causal alleles, and that linkage disequilibrium between these sites can lead to artefacts. A powerful method to deal with the artefacts was first developed in the field of animal breeding: mixed models that handle population structure by accounting for the amount of phenotypic covariance. Mixed models have been applied to GWAS, and can markedly reduce the number of false positive associations. Lack of statistical knowledge

67 remains one of the major glitches in GWA projects. Thus, GWAS lead to meaningful and valuable results only if performed carefully.

Conclusion

The ever increasing population of the world will require 70 to 100 % more food by mid of this century, so the animal breeders and geneticists have to adopt some latest interventions to provide improved livestock with little or no impact on environment and animal welfare. Selective breeding has been the source of improvement in livestock but molecular genetic revolution in the last decade of twentieth century led to the emergence of genomics. Molecular genetics is influencing the breeding strategies in a big way by providing genetic maps, individual genes and QTLs related to performance traits in domestic livestock species. QTLs detection in animals led the shift from conventional selective breeding to marker assisted selection (MAS) and SNPs related to performance traits. Advancements in genomics led the animal breeder to formulate high density SNP chips comprising lakhs of SNPs covering the whole genome of livestock species. Selection on the basis of whole genome markers could make selection of genetically superior animals at very early age and at the same time with the accuracy of 0.8 in predicting their breeding value. The SNP-chip analysis has been very popular in livestock in predicting breeding potential at early age, but some traits i.e. traits involving non-additive effects, epigenetic effects are still out of the reach of genomic selection. The advancements in the era of genomics will help in collecting more and more information about the animal genetics but issues related to ethical, environmental, animal welfare and social values should also be looked into.

References

Abdel-Azim G., Freeman A.E. (2002) Superiority of QTL-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding schemes. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 1869–1880. Ashwell M.S., Heyen D.W., Sonstegard T.S., Van Tassell C.P., Da Y., VanRaden P.M., Ron M., Keller J.I., Lewin H.A. (2004) Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting milk production, health, and reproductive traits in Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 468–475. Blott, S., Kim, J. J., Moisio, S., Schmidt-Küntzel, A., Cornet, A., Berzi, P., Cambisano, N., Ford, C., Grisart, B., Johnson, D., Karim, L., Simon, P., Snell, R., Spelman, R., Wong, J., Vilkki, J., Georges, M., Farnir, F., Coppieters, W. (2003) Molecular dissection of a quantitative trait locus: a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine substitution in the transmembrane domain of the bovine growth hormone receptor is associated with a major effect on milk yield and composition. Genetics 163:253–266. Boichard, D., Ducrocq, V., Fritz, S. and Colleau, J.J. (2010) Where is Dairy Cattle Breeding Going? A Vision of the Future. Interbull Bulletin No. 41. Paris, France, 63 Chen H.Y., Zhang Q., Yin C.C., Wang C.K., Gong W.J., Mei G. (2006) Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting milk production traits on bovine chromosome 6 in a Chinese Holstein population by the daughter design. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 782–790. Cohen-Zinder M., Seroussi E., Larkin D.M., Loor J.J., Everts--van der Wind A., Lee J.H., Drackley J.K., Band M.R., Hernandez A.G., Shani M., Lewin H.A., Weller J.I., Ron M. (2005): Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ABCG2 gene with a major effect on the QTL on chromosome 6 affecting milk yield and composition in Holstein cattle. Genome Research, 15, 936–944. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Colleau, J.J., Fritz, S., Guillaume, F., Baur, A., Dupassieux, D., Boscher, M.Y., Journaux, L., Eggen, A. & Boichard, D. (2009) Simulating the potential of genomic selection in dairy cattle breeding (in French). Renc Rech Rum, Paris. de Roos A P W, Hayes BJ, Spelman RJ, and Goddard ME (2008) Linkage Disequilibrium and Persistence of Phase in Holstein–Friesian, Jersey and Angus Cattle. Genetics. 179(3): 1503–1512. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.084301 Freyer G., Sørensen P., Kühn C., Weikard R., Hoeschele I. (2003) Search for pleiotropic QTL on chromosome BTA6 affecting yield traits of milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 999– 1008. Grisart, B., Coppieters, W., Farnir, F., Karim, L., Ford, C., Berzi, P., Cambisano, N., Mni, M., Reid, S., Simon, P., Spelman, NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL R., Georges, M., Snell, R. (2002) Positional candidate cloning of a QTL in dairy cattle: identification of a missense muta-tion in the bovine DGAT1 gene with major effect on milk yield and composition. Genome Research, 12, 222– 231. Hayes BJ, Bowman PJ, Chamberlain AJ, Goddard ME (2009) Invited review: Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Feb;92(2):433-43. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1646. Khatkar M.S., Thomson P.C., Tammen I., Raadsma H.W. (2004) Quantitative trait loci mapping in dairy cattle: review and meta-analysis. Genetics Selection Evolution, 36, 163–190. Kuèerová J., Lund M.S., Sørensen P., Sahana G., Guld-brandtsen B., Nielsen V.H., Thomsen B., Bendixen C. (2006)

68 Multitrait quantitative trait loci mapping for milk production traits in Danish Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 2245–2256. Matukumalli LK, Lawley CT, Schnabel RD, Taylor JF, Allan MF, Heaton MP, et al. (2009) Development and Characterization of a High Density SNP Genotyping Assay for Cattle. PLoS ONE 4(4): e5350. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0005350 Meuwissen, T.H.E., Hayes, B.J., Goddard M.E. (2001) Prediction of Total Genetic Value Using Genome- Wide Dense Marker Maps. Genetics 157:1819-1829. Mosig M.O., Lipkin E., Khutoreskaya G., Tchourzyna E., Soller M., Friedmann A. (2001) A whole genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting milk protein percent-age in Israeli-Holstein cattle, by meansof selective milk DNA pooling in a daughter design, using an adjusted false discovery rate criterion. Genetics, 157, 1683–1698. Olsen H., Lien G., Svendsen M., Nilsen H., Roseth A., Aas-land Opsal M., Meuwissen T.H.E. (2004) Fine mapping of milk production QTL on BTA6 by combined linkage and linkage disequilibrium analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 690–698. Pryce JE, Daetwyler HD (2012) Designing dairy cattle breeding schemes under genomic selection: a review of international research. Animal Production Science 52, 107–114. doi: 10.1071/AN11098 Rincon G. et al, “Hot Topic: Performance of Bovine High-Density Genotyping Platforms in Holsteins and Jerseys,” Journal of Dairy Science 94 (2011): 6116–21. Ron M., Feldmesser E., Golik M., Tager-Cohen I., Kliger D., Reiss V., Domochovsky R., Alus O., Seroussi E., Ezra E., Weller J.I. (2004) A complete genome scan of the Israeli Holstein population for quantitative trait loci by a daughter design. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 476–490. Rupp, R. and G. Foucras. (2010) ©CAB International 2010. in Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals, 3rd Edition (eds S.C. Bishop et al.). Schnabel, R. D., J. J. Kim, M. S. Ashwell, T. S. Sonstegard, C. P. Van Tassell, E. E. Connor and J. F. Taylor. (2005) Fine- mapping milk production quantitative trait loci on BTA6: analysis of the bovine osteopontin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102: 6896-6901. Schrooten C., Bink M.C.A.M., Bovenhuis H. (2004) Whole ge-nome scan to detect chromosomal regions affecting multiple traits in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 3550–3560. Sharma A., Lee, J.S , Dang, C.G., Sudrajad, P., Kim, HC, Yeon, S.H., et al. (2015) Stories and challenges of genome wide association studies in livestock-A review. Asian Austalas J Anim Sci. 28(10):1371–9. doi:10.5713/ajas.14.0715 Szyda J., Liu Z., Reinhardt F., Reents R. (2005) Estimation of quantitative trait loci parameters for milk production traits in German Holstein dairy cattle population. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 356– 367. Weller J.I., Golik M., Reikhav S., Domochovsky R., Seroussi E., Ron M. (2008) Detection and analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting production and secondary traits on chromosome 7 in Izraeli Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 802–813. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

69

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION II

GENOMICS AND BEYOND FOR DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Oral Presentations

MTY 292 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND POLYMORPHISM DETECTION OF PPP1R11 GENE IN KARAN FRIES CATTLE

SHABAHAT MUMTAZ, ANUPAMA MUKHERJEE*, ABDUL RAHIM, POOJA JOSHI, ALOK KUMAR YADAV, ARCHANA VERMA AND I. D. GUPTA Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The germ cell/tissue- specific Protein phosphatase, PPP1R11, plays a pivotal role in sperm function and its activity gets reduced during sperm maturation in the epididymis. Inhibition of PPP1R11 results in motility initiation and stimulation. The present study was undertaken with the objectives of molecular characterization and detection of genetic polymorphisms in the Phospho Protein1 Regulatory Subunit 11 (PPP1R11) gene of Karan Fries cattle. Fifty (30 dam and 20 sire) Karan fries animals maintained at LRC and ABRC, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal (Haryana) were used in present study. PPP1R11gene has been mapped on Hereford cattle located on chromosomes number 23 and spans nearly 3154 bp comprising of 5' UTR, 3 exons, 2 introns and 3’UTR. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood and frozen semen samples by using phenol-chloroform extraction method. Seven sets of primers were designed using Primer3.1 online software by referring Bos taurus PPP1R11 gene sequence (AC_000180.1) to amplify the targeted regions. Having optimized reaction mix and amplification conditions, PCR amplification was carried out in thermal cycler consisting of reaction mixture containing 12.5µl of 2X Dream Taq® Master Mix, 1µl (10 pM) each of forward and reverse primers, 50-100ng genomic DNA as template and nuclease free water to make up the final volume. After PCR amplification, the PCR product was checked on 1.5% horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis to verify the amplification of target region. Amplified product sizes of targeted region of 599bp, 596bp, 441bp, 472bp, 498bp, 535bp and 508bp, respectively. Random samples were sequenced and SNPs were identified using ClustalW multiple alignment programme with respect to reference sequence. On the basis of comparative sequence analysis, total fifty seven polymorphic loci (SNPs) were detected at different locus in PPP1R11 gene among them thirty seven were transversion, fifteen were transition, two insertions and three were deletion type as compared to Hereford (NCBI GenBank AC_000164.1). Out of these six SNPs, two SPNs (T28707402G, C28707912T) were found in 5´- UTR region, one (A28708115C) in intronic region 1, one (G28708593T) in exon 2 region and two (G28708846A, T28708866C) in exon 3 region of PPP1R11 gene in Karan Fries cattle. This information can be utilized to find out the association of allelic variants in PPP1R11 genes to establish markers for the future genetic improvement of livestock through marker assisted selection.

MTY 293

UNRAVELLING NEW VARIANTS OF BETA CASEIN GENE IN DIFFERENT XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity CATTLE TYPES AND GENOTYPE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION PATTERN Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February ACROSS LACTATION STAGES

MONIKA SODHI, PRAVESH KUMARI, SHELESH SWAMI, NIKITA GOYAL, SWATI KESARI, MEENA SHRI, RS KATARIA, SK NIRANJAN, AK MOHANTY

AND MANISHI MUKESH for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana

Cow’s milk has been regarded as a wholesome food, providing an important source of nutrients including high quality proteins, carbohydrates and selected micronutrients. More than 95% of the cow milk proteins are constituted by caseins and whey proteins. Among the caseins, beta casein is the second most abundant protein and has excellent nutritional balance of amino acids. Identification of variants in the beta casein gene is important as these variants not only alter the protein or milk yields but are associated with human health as well. Out of different known beta casein gene variants, A1 and A2 have been the focus of research as recently a relationship between disease risk and

71 consumption of A1 type milk has been reported. In the present study, the allelic distribution of different â –casein variants was delineated in >500 animals of Indian native, exotic and crossbred cattle population by sequencing ~3.5 Kb region including 5’regulatory, coding and untranslated regions. The sequence characterization was performed to identify novel variants and ascertain the frequency of known â–casein variants. The comparative sequence analysis across three cattle types revealed 20 SNPs and of these, 7/10 in promoter, 3/6 in coding and 4/4 in 3’UTR were novel. LD analysis across SNPs in promoter and CDS region of â-Casein genes revealed 2 and 3 haploblocks respectively. The higher level of LD for pairs of variants in casein promoter region suggested low recombination rate. Among the variants identified in taurine cattle breeds, in addition to A1 and A2, only B variant was observed across analysed populations. The frequency distribution revealed predominance of A2 allele in Indian cattle with a value of 0.92 while frequency of A1 allele was 0.08. The low frequency of A1 allele in Indian native cattle corroborated to very low frequency of homozygous A1A1genotype (0.075) and heterozygous A1A2 genotype (0.025). Although the frequency of A2 allele was high in KF and HF with values of 0.64 and 0.69 respectively, the observed frequency of A1 allele was much higher (0.36 and 0.31 respectively) in comparison to Indian native cattle breeds (0.08). Considering the health related implications of A1/A2 allele, genotyping for the same was carried out across >2000 Indian native cow and bull samples. The genotypic data also revealed prevalence of high frequency A2 allele across analyzed samples. As different casein variants are known to affect the protein yield, an effort was made to study the overall expression profile of â –casein across different lactation stages and different genotypes. Expression level of â –casein in Sahiwal as well Karan Fries was highest in peak and early lactation stages while subsequently decreased significantly (P<0.05) during mid/ late lactation stages. Estimation of differential expression of â-Casein in A2A2 and A1A2 genotype animals revealed no significant difference in expression of â –casein in A1A2 and A2A2 animals.

MTY 294 MICROSATELLITE BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS TO REDEFINE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF GOAT GENETIC GROUPS OF KERALA

RADHIKA, G*., RAGHAVAN, K. C., ARAVINDAKSHAN, T.V. AND USHA, A.P. Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Goat populations of Kerala, viz., Attappady Black (AB), Malabari populations of Kannur, Calicut, Thrissur and Malappuram districts (MK, MC, MT and MM respectively) and Malabari crossbreds (CB) were analyzed for genetic diversity using microsatellite markers. Ten microsatellite markers were chosen from FAO-ISAG panel and grouped into three, each group amplified from genomic DNA by multiplex PCR using fluorescent labeled primers. Reliability of genotyped data was checked and data binned before further analysis. AMOVA analysis was performed,

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity which detected a significant deficit of heterozygotes of 8.96 per cent for the whole population. Overall FST value 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February was 0.0221, which means genetic differentiation between goat populations was only 2.21 per cent, indicating that majority of total genetic variation was attributed to differences among individuals rather than differences between

populations. Positive FIS values obtained by FSTAT 2.9.3 program indicated the presence of inbreeding which could be a reason for heterozygote deficit along with genetic hitchhiking and/or Wahlund effect. Statistically significant differences existed between studied populations, except MC, which was not significantly different from

MK and MT. Highest pairwise FST existed between AB and CB (0.048). Dendrogram constructed from DA genetic distance, which is ideal for closely related populations, indicated AB as a different group with a bootstrap value of NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 100. Genetic diversity was established between goat populations of Kerala, where AB and CB formed distinct groups and among Malabari populations, MM remained different from MK, MC and MT. Dendrograms constructed

from DST, FST and DA distance matrices revealed that MM separated from the rest of the populations. Based on these results MM was excluded and further investigations were performed by grouping the goats into three, AB, CB and Malabari (M) which clubbed MK, MC and MT populations. Similar to the results with six populations, the new grouping (with AB, CB and M) which underwent Structure analysis revealed the presence of three underlying clusters, with AB and CB showing fewer admixture, whereas M showed great admixture which demanded further intervention for maintaining the purity of the breed.

72 MTY 295 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ‘GUJARAT MALVI’ CATTLE A LESSER KNOWN POPULATION OF GUJARAT USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

ASHISH.C.PATEL*, SHEFALI MACWAN, POOJA MANKAD ANDD.N.RANK Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388001 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Gujarat is rich in livestock genetic resources. Gujarat is a home tract of two famous breeds of cattle viz.Gir and Kankrej. Recently, a population of cattle reared by tribal people in the eastern hilly tract adjoining to Rajasthan and M.P. was identified having phenotypic characters distinct from other recognized cattle breeds. Phenotypically Gujarat Malvi cow is smaller as compared to Malvi breed of M.P. and best adapted to adverse climate condition and hilly terrain. For molecular characterization, a total 64 individuals of Gujarat Malvi cattle were studied using 26 microsatellite markers. All 26 microsatellite markers were found polymorphic. A total 247 distinct alleles were identified across 26 markers. The number of alleles per locusranged from 5 to 16 with the mean numbers of alleles per locus 9.50 ±0.67. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity was found to be 0.618 ±0.026 (range 0.433 to 0.844) and 0.752 ± 0.02 (range 0.586 to 0.899). The effective number of alleles per locus was found to be 4.691±0.419 (range2.415 to 9.978) indicated high genetic variability in the Malvi cattle. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.501 to 0.891 with average PIC 0.706±0.023. High PICvalueindicates its suitability on the diversity study. The mean fixation index (average inbreeding coefficient FIS)was found to be 0.168 ± 0.031 also indicate fairly good genetic variability. These microsatellites serve as useful tool for genetic characterization of the Gujarat Malvi cattle, an important cattle population of hilly region of eastern Gujarat.

MTY 296 TISSUE mRNA DISTRIBUTION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF GENES RELATING TO REPRODUCTION IN PROLIFIC MALABARI AND LOW-PROLIFIC ATTAPPADY BLACK GOATS

NAICY THOMAS1, R. T. VENKATACHALAPATHY2, ELIZABETH KURIAN1 AND T.V. ARAVINDAKSHAN2 1Department Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Pookode 2Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, Mannuthy, Thrissur *Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Estrogens and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproduction. The Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor gene (FSHR) is a member of the G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor family, is expressed by granulosa cells. The present study was conducted to analyze the expression patterns of EstrogenReceptor 1 gene (ESR1) and FSHR in prolific Malabari and low prolific Attappady Black goats identified on the basis of litter size records. RNA was extracted from the reproductive (ovary, uterus and oviduct) and non-reproductive tissues (liver and muscle) (n=12). The expression pattern of ESR1 and FSHR genes were analyzed using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The fold changes in the relative expression of the genes were normalized by for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL the geometric mean of the GAPDH, â -actin and 18S rRNA genes. Relative quantification of tissue distribution of ESR1 and FSHR mRNA indicated that the ESR1 and FSHR gene expression showed higher fold (P<0.05) in reproductive tissues as compared to non-reproductive tissues.Relative expression of ESR1 mRNA was highest in uterus and ovary followed by oviduct, muscle and liver. Relative expression of FSHR mRNA was highest in the ovary followed by uterus, oviduct, muscle and liver. Relative expression of ESR1 gene was three fold higher in the ovaries of goats with history of multiple (Malabari) than single births (Attappady Black) (P < 0.05). Relative expression of FSHR gene was fivefold higher in the ovaries of goats with history of multiple than single births (P

73 < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest the significant effect of the ESR1 and FSHR genes on litter size in goats and warrant the future investigation to define the role of ESR1 and FSHR genes as candidate genes for better prolificacy in goats.

MTY 297 NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING CONFIRMS THE DISTINCT BREED IDENTITY OF BIRBHUM SHEEP – AN INDIGENOUS BREED OF SHEEP IDENTIFIED FROM THE BIRBHUM DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL

ARUNA PAL*, SAMIDDHA BANERJEE, PARESH NATH CHATTERJEE, SUBHASHIS BATOBYAL, PURNENDU BISWAS AND ARJAVA SHARMA West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B.Sarani, Kolkata-37 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

West Bengal has six agro-climatic regions ranging from hilly, terai, old and new alluvial, dry arid and coastal. We had characterized sheep from these regions and identified Birbhum breed of sheep as phenotypically and genetically distinct from previously known sheep breeds of West Bengal as Garole, Bonpala and Chotanagpuri, and other breeds globally as per the standards of NBAGR and FAO. Mitochondrial genes are very important for studying evolution as they are mostly maternally inherited, intronless and less number of genes. We could identify Birbhum sheep as phenotypically distinct. Molecular characterization with respect to vital gene as Growth hormone gene, immune response gene as CD14 (antibacterial), RIG1 (antiviral) and Cytochrome B (mitochondrial) with proteomics study have also confirmed distinct breed identity of Birbhum sheep. Later for final confirmation, we had conducted Next generation sequencing study and found Birbhum sheep as distinct from other sheep breeds based on as whole mitochondrial genome sequencing, conducted for the first time in indigenous sheep of West Bengal. Indigenous sheep mitochondria harbour 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a D-loop region. This biodiversity study depicts Birbhum sheep as distinct breed of sheep with better economic potential in terms of growth, reproduction, wool to some extent and excellent disease resistance abilities.

MTY 298 INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CD209 GENE AND PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN CATTLE

SATISH KUMAR1, SUBODH KUMAR2, RAN VIR SINGH3, ANUJ CHAUHAN4, AMIT KUMAR5AND SHOOR VIR SINGH6 1PhD scholar, Division of Animal Genetics

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 2 3 4 5

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Principal Scientist, Senior Scientist, Scientist, Scientist Division of Animal Genetics ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 6 Principal Scientist & Head, AHD, ICAR-CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, is responsible for significant economic losses in livestock industries worldwide. A genetic susceptibility to paratuberculosis disease in ruminants has been long time suspected to exist. This study aims to explore whether single-nucleotide

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD209 (also known as DC-SIGN, dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin) gene are associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis in cattle. DC-SIGN is a type II transmembrane C-type lectin receptor found on the surface of immature DCs and play a role in mycobacterial-induced immune suppression, as it mediates mannosylatedlipoarabinomannan (ManLAM)-induced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in DCs and inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DC maturation/activation For this study 213 cattle belonging to four different farms were subjected to Johnin PPD, ELISA test (indigenous as well as Parachek kit method), faecal microscopy and faecal culture for detection of presence of bovine paratuberculosis infection. Based on the results of diagnostic tests 51 animals each has been assigned to case and control population. All the further

74 investigations were done on these 102 animals. A total number of 4 SNPs vizrs208222804, rs211654540, rs208814257 and rs210748127 were validated by amplifying four fragments and digested them with RE PflMI, EarI, AciI and AvaII respectively. Out of 4 SNPs, exceptrs210748127, all others were found polymorphic in our test population.The association study was carried out by PROC LOGISTIC procedure of SAS9.3. The SNP rs208814257 yielded three genotypes viz. CC, CG and GG with frequencies 41.18, 27.45and 31.37 and 25.49, 50.98 and 23.53 in case and control population respectively. The ODDs of CC and CG verses GG genotype were 1.21 (0.44-3.36; 95 % CI) and 0.40 (0.15-1.09; 95 % CI) respectively. Thus CG genotype was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control population while CC and GG genotypes were more prevalent in case population. Thus, the present investigation pointed towards a prospective role of CD209 gene variants in influencing immune response to par tuberculosis infection in cattle.

MTY 299 STR MARKERS BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF BUFFALOES FROM ODISHA STATE

RAVINDER SINGH, SHAILENDRA KUMAR MISHRA, CHANGANAMKANDATH RAJESH1, SAKET KUMAR NIRANJAN, VIKAS VOHRA, SUSANT KUMAR DASH2, SANAT MISHRA2 AND RANJIT SINGH KATARIA* National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal-132001, Haryana 1Biotechnology Department, SGGSWU, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 2Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, OUAT, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Microsatellite or short tandem repeats (STR) are powerful markers tool for the analysis of genetic biodiversity within and between livestock populations. Being neutral and highly polymorphic they are potentially the most informative molecular marker of choice with the advantage of low-cost and easy detection by PCR. Odisha state in India is bestowed with diverse buffalo populations including two registered breeds of Chilika and Kalahandi. In the present study 186 individuals of three buffalo breeds i.e., Chilika, Paralakhemundi and Kalahandi, of Odisha were studied for the assessment of genetic variability using 23 fluorescently-labelled microsatellite markers. A total of 259, 352 and 156 distinct alleles were identified in Chilika, Paralakhemundi and Kalahandi respectively. The Mean

Fixation Index (FIS)values and the Mean polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values of Chilika, Paralakhemundi and Kalahandi breeds were found to be 0.21and 0.686, 0.281 and 0.776, 0.215 and 0.680 respectively. Means of observed and expected heterozygosity were found to be 0.575 and 0.717 in Chilika, 0.580 and 0.796 in Paralakhemundi and 0.565 and 0.696 in Kalahandi breed.Allelic diversity based mode shift analysis revealed none of the population experiencing any recent bottle neck. Pairwise FST values indicated all the three Odisha buffaloes having distinct genetic structure. Comparative analysis with other riverine as well as swamp and hybrid buffaloes of Assam showed Odisha buffaloes being distinct, grouping into separate clusters phylogenetically as well as by

multivariate correspondence analysis. The results indicate distinct genetic diversity and unique population structure XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity existing among Odisha buffaloes. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

75

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION II

GENOMICS AND BEYOND FOR DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Poster Presentations

MTY 201 IN-SILICO COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF OVINE AND BOVINE LEPTIN (LEP) GENE

CAUVERI, D., S.N. SIVASELVAM, K.G. TIRUMURUGAAN S.M.K. KARTHICKEYAN AND K. KUMANAN Madras Veterinary College Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Corresponding author: [email protected]

The leptin (LEP) gene could be a potential candidate gene controlling some proportion of adipose and lean accretion in sheep. The present study was designed to compare the genomic organization and promoter activity of the ovine LEP gene to that of the bovine. Approximately 2500 bp of the promoter region of the LEP gene was screened for the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) motifs since binding of C/EBP (especially C/EBPá) was reported to enhance the leptin receptor mRNA expression. This was done using the online software ‘TFSEARCH’ (http:// www.cbrc.jp/research/db/TFSEARCH.html)-. The promoter region of Ovine LEP gene revealed nine binding sites for the C-EBP of which two were for C/EBPá. The binding sites for ovine were identical to that of bovine as LEP is highly homologous in these species. Four elements in the proximal 109 bp contribute to leptin promoter activity: the TATA box at -30, a C/EBP motif at -53, LP1 region at -87, and a Sp1 motif at -97. The C/EBPá is a basic region/ leucine zipper transcription factor important for the transcription of most adipocyte genes and of other genes involved in energy metabolism. The analysis revealed that site of the leptin promoter is conserved in evolution, binds Sp1 present in adipocyte nuclear extracts, and contributes to promoter activity.

MTY 202 ASSOCIATION OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS OF PPP1R11 GENE WITH DAUGHTER PREGNANCY RATE IN KARAN FRIES

SHABAHAT MUMTAZ, ANUPAMA MUKHERJEE*, ABDUL RAHIM, KAISER PRAVEEN, POOJA JOSHI, ALOK KUMAR YADAV AND A. K GUPTA Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) is a sire selection tool, used to improve the genetic merit of future generation for XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

fertility. Fertility is an important component of reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle which has not got due attention Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February in past years. PPP1R11 is a potent candidate gene for fertility being involved in the pathway of spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Present investigation was carried out in fifty Karan Fries cattle to identify SNPs and their association with daughter pregnancy rate. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood and frozen semen samples by using phenol-chloroform extraction method. Seven sets of primers were designed using Primer3.1 online software by referring Bos taurus PPP1R11 gene sequence (AC_000180.1) to amplify the targeted regions. Having optimized reaction mix and amplification conditions, PCR amplification was carried out in thermal cycler consisting of ® reaction mixture containing 12.5µl of 2X Dream Taq Master Mix, 1µl (10 pM) each of forward and reverse for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL primers, 50-100ng genomic DNA as template and nuclease free water to make up the final volume. After PCR amplification, the PCR product was checked on 1.5% horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis to verify the amplification of target region. Random samples of amplified product were send for sequencing and SNPs were identified using ClustalW multiple alignment programme with respect to reference sequence and visual inspection of chromatograms. Restriction enzyme were designed from six SNPs of exonic region of PPPIRII gene using Neb cutter online software and subjected to PCR-RFLP analysis. Each animal were genotyped with respect to each of the identified SNPs markers. Ten years data recorded on Karan Fries cattle were used to estimate the breeding value of daughter pregnancy rate using Wombat software. Association of SNP genotype with breeding value of daughter pregnancy

77 rate were analyzed using least square analysis of variance (Harvey 1990) taking genotypes as fixed effect. The result indicated that out of six SNPs, only two SNPs [T28707402G and T28708860C] had significant (p<0.05) effect on daughter pregnancy rate. The animal with TT genotype of SNP [T28707402G] revealed highest DPR (27.56±2.10%) compare to animal with GG genotype. The animal with TC genotype (29.26±2.17 %) of SNP [T28708860C] revealed significantly (p<0.01) highest DPR than animal with CC genotype (18.51±1.93%). The results of present finding suggested that association of SNPs with daughter pregnancy rate after validation on large population might be useful in marker assisted selection for selection of bull with high fertility in future.

MTY 203 EXPRESSION PROFILE OF ACVR2AGENE AND DEVELOPING NOVEL ANTIBODY BLOCKING MYOSTATIN BINDING RECEPTORS (ACVR2A) ENHANCE THE MYOD GENE EXPRESSION IN CHICKEN

P. SATHEESH KUMAR*3, T.K. BHATTACHARYA1, S.K. DHARA2, PUSHPENDRA KUMAR2, R.N. CHATTERJEE1 AND CHANDAN PASWAN1 1ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030 2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122 3ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Myostatin (MSTN) is normally functioning to limit muscle growth. The activin type II receptor pathway has been identified to be critical in regulating skeletal muscle size. Several ligands, including MSTN, GDF11, BMP3, activin, signal through this pathway, suggesting that receptors are major regulatory nodes in the regulation of muscle mass as well as bone mass in chicken. Expression profile of ACVR2A gene was studied in two contrasting lines of chicken viz. control broiler (CB) having faster growth rate and control layer (CL) having slower growth. We conducted experiment during post-hatch stage from day1, day14, day28, day42 and day56 of age. Expression of ACVR2A gene in pectoral muscle ranged from -0.43 ±0.71 to 1.26±0.71 in CB and 2.13 ±0.71 to 6.29 ±0.71 in CL line. ACVR2A gene expressed differently in both CB broiler and CL. ACVR2A receptor more specifically for MSTN in chicken myoblast cells. We have developed a novel, chicken anti-ActII (ACVR2A) antibody to prevent binding of ligands to the activin type II receptors and thus, inhibit downstream signalling. Anti-ActII antibody enhances differentiation of primary chicken skeletal myoblasts and counteracts the inhibition of muscle cell differentiation induced by MSTN. The ACVR2A protein can be expressed in vitro, which can be used for synthesis of antisera and be used in Western blotting to detect the protein. ACVR2A protein was characterized to be a size of 26 kDa. It is concluded that ACVR2A can be cloned and expressed in vitro, which can be detected by Western blotting. The antisera raised against this protein may be used further for enhancing body weight of animals by treating it at embryonic or juvenile stage. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MTY 204 DETERMINATION OF ALLELIC VARIANTS IN EXON 4 OF FCGRT GENE IN MURRAH BUFFALOES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH COLOSTRAL IgG CONCENTRATION NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SWATI AGRAWAL, SUBODH KUMAR*, RAJNI CHAUDHARY, YATHISH H.M., NIHAR R. SAHOO AND ANUJ CHAUHAN Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (U.P.) - 243 122 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Ruminants posses syndesmochorial placenta so the calf born is a gamma-globulinemic. The neonate is completely dependent on the absorption of maternal antibodies from colostrum as a source of immunity against diseases. Passive transfer in neonates occurs non-selectively by the process of pinocytosis, during the first 24 hrs after birth, 78 facilitated by certain receptors present on the surface of epithelial cells of small intestine known as neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn). Functional FcRn is a hetero-dimer composed of two non-covalently associated polypeptides, â2- microglobulin and an MHC class I alpha-chain homolog encoded by FCGRT. Polymorphism in the gene encoding FCGRT, in both the dam and the calf, has been found to be associated with the passive transfer of maternal antibodies. In our study we made an attempt to detect polymorphism in exon 4 of the FCGRT gene in the dams of newborn calves. Thereafter the polymorphism detected was associated with colostrums IgG level of the dams. Eighty Murrah buffalo dams were evaluated for colostrum IgG concentrations using Indirect ELISA and arranged in ascending order of the values obtained. Of the dams so arranged top 25% and bottom 25% were selected for DNA isolation and subsequent study of polymorphism using SSCP. Association of SNPs and haplotypes of FCGRT gene with serum IgG and colostrum IgG concentration were evaluated by PROC LOGISTIC procedure, and ODDs ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated. A 361 bp fragment (full exon 4, partial intron 3 and partial intron 4) of FCGRT gene was PCR amplified and subjected to SSCP analysis in the selected animals revealing three patterns i.e. A, B and C corresponding to three alleles A, B and C that varied due to the presence of two SNPs viz. A75G in exon 4 and G314T in intron 4. Polymorphism at 75th position (A to G) lead to alteration of amino acid from isoleucine (I) to valine (V), hence was a sense mutation. In dams both the SNPs (A75G and G314T) were found to differ significantly (Pd”0.05) in low IgG and high IgG level groups. The SNP A75G revealed that the Odds of ‘A’ allele verses ‘G’ allele was 0.16 (0.04-0.68) in low IgG group as compared to high IgG group. The SNP G314T revealed that the Odds of ‘G’ allele verses ‘T’allele was 0.16 (0.04-0.68) in low IgG group as compared to high IgG group. The three haplotypes observed in the fragment (AG, AT and GT) were found to be significantly (Pd”0.05) differing in low IgG and high IgG groups in dams. The odds of AG and AT haplotypes verses GT haplotype were 0.14 (0.02-0.79) and 0.19 (0.03-1.01) in low IgG level group as compared to high IgG level group.

MTY 205 POLYMORPHISM IN TLR4 GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS IN VRINDAVANI CATTLE

CHINMOY MISHRA1, SUBODH KUMAR2, YATHISH H M3, RAJNI CHOUDHARY4, ANUJ CHAHUAN5 and AMIT KUMAR6 1Assistant Professor, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 3Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Nandinagar, Bidar, Karnataka 2,4,5,6 Animal Genetics Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly Corresponding author: [email protected]

The search of dairy cows with higher milk yield potential has been pursued for many years in different herds. Molecular genetic studies have suggested that Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) within major genes may affect milk production and consequently persuade economic benefit to the farmers. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an immunogenic gene activating innate and adaptive immune responses, is present in very close proximity to the quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting milk production traits. The present research work was designed to explore XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity the possible genetic variations in 5’ upstream region of TLR4 gene in Vrindavani cattle and their possible associations Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February with milk production traits viz. total lactation milk yield (TLMY), 305 days milk yield (MY305) and lacataion length (LL). Nucleotide variability in 5’ upstream region of TLR4 gene was identified by PCR-RFLP and subsequent sequencing. The haplotypes were constructed using those SNPs. The association of these haplotypes with milk production traits was studied using SAS 9.3 software. Statistically significant association between these haplotypes and TLMY was observed. However, no significant association was found between haplotypes with MY305 and LL. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

79 MTY 206 IDENTIFICATION OF VARIATIONS IN GROWTH HORMONE GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROWTH TRAITS IN KENGURI SHEEP

VAISHALI HIREMATH, M M APPANNAVAR, YATHISH H M, SANGAMESH, S M KARTIKESH, VIVEK R KASARALIKAR AND SIDDALINGASWAMY HIREMATH Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bidar-585401, Karnataka *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The research was performed with an aim of identifying variations in the growth hormone (GH) gene using PCR- RFLP analysis and to associate them with various growth traits in Kenguri sheep. For this, fragments of 422bp of locus A781G spanning between exon 2 and 3 were amplified from 60 Kenguri sheep. GH/ HaeIII RFLP analysis of these fragments has showed only AA (with 366 bp and 56bp bands) and AB (with 422bp, 366bp and 56 bp bands) genotypes and BB genotype was absent in the studied sheep population. The respective frequency of AA, and AB genotype was 0.42 and 0.58 and that of A & B allele was 0.71 and 0.29. Chi-square analysis of these frequencies showed the noncompliance of studied Kenguri population to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium with regard to GH/ HaeIII polymorphism. The Mean±SE values for body weight (kg), height at wither (cm), body length (cm) and chest girth (cm) were 34.98±0.59, 70.97±0.375, 69.22±0.50 and 79.72±0.72 in ewes, while in rams the respective values were 37.46±0.69, 71.25±0.59, 69.18±0.90 and 83.18±0.84. Analysis of these data using‘t’ test revealed a significant (p<0.05) difference between ram and ewe with respect to body weight and chest girth only. Association analysis using‘t’ test revealed non-significant difference between AA and AB genotypes for body weight, height at wither, body length and chest girth both in rams and ewes of Kenguri sheep. The non correlation between different genotypes and growth traits in this investigation may be accounted to small sample size. However, the association may be established if the sample size is large and in turn it can be used for selection of animals for breeding to bring improvement in mutton production.

MTY 207 ASSESSING THE ROLE OF BOVINE TRANSITION PROTEIN GENE POLYMORPHISM IN SEMINAL PARAMETERS BY PCR-SSCP AND QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS

YATHISH H M*, SUBODH KUMAR, RAJNI CHAUDHARY, CHINMOY MISHRA, SIVAKUMAR A, AMIT KUMAR, ANUJ CHAUHAN, S K GHOSH AND ABHIJIT MITRA Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Division of Animal Genetics XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Marker assisted selection can be effective in selecting animals for better reproductive performance. In the process of finding markers, TNP2 is promising as it influences sperm motility/fertility. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to explore nucleotide variability in coding and in-silico predicted promoter regions of TNP2 in 102 crossbred and 32 purebred cattle using PCR-SSCP and sequencing. Also, quantitative expression of TNP2 was

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL done using qRT-PCR. PCR-SSCP analysis of TNP2 was done in three fragments which revealed two band patterns (A & B) in fragment II only and the remaining two were monomorphic. The frequency of A & B band pattern was 69.16% and 30.84% respectively in crossbred cattle and in purebred it was 40.63% & 59.37%. Sequence analysis of representative samples revealed a C237T SNP in intronic region. Association analysis of C237T SNP with sperm motility parameters has revealed a significant effect on initial progressive motility (P<0.05) in purebred cattle and also on post thaw motility in overall cattle population studied. Influence of this SNP on remaining sperm parameters in crossbred and purebred cattle was found non-significant. The expression of TNP2 gene was found non-significantly up-regulated in poorly motile spermatozoa of Vrindavani crossbred cattle. So C>T SNP of TNP2 gene can be used as a marker for initial progressive motility only in purebred cattle.

80 MTY 208 GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE TRANSITION PROTEIN GENE AND ITS ROLE IN SPERM MOTILITY

YATHISH H M*, SUBODH KUMAR, CHINMOY MISHRA, RAJNI CHAUDHARY, SIVAKUMAR A, AMIT KUMAR, ANUJ CHAUHAN, S K GHOSH AND ABHIJIT MITRA Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Division of Animal Genetics Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Male infertility is one of the primary reasons for reproductive failure in farm animals causing substantial economic loss. Therefore, marker assisted selection of bulls with high fertility is essential to bring reproductive improvement. One among the several genes related with reproduction is TNP1, which is associated with chromatin condensation and sperm motility. TNP1 was studied in crossbred (107) and purebred (32) cattle to explore SNPs as markers using PCR-SCCP and sequencing. Expression levels of TNP1 gene can also be used as an indicator of sperm motility and it was studied using qRT-PCR. In-silico predicted promoter and coding regions of TNP1 gene were amplified in three fragments (I=232bp; II = 231bp & III = 210bp). PCR-SSCP analysis of these fragments revealed two band patterns (A & B) in fragment III only and the remaining two were found to be monomorphic. Frequency of A & B pattern was 74.77% & 25.23% respectively in crossbred cattle and in purebred cattle it was 68.75% & 31.25%. Sequence analysis of representative samples of this fragment has revealed a deletion of ‘G’ nucleotide in 3’UTR region in ‘B’ when compared to ‘A’ allele. Least squares analysis of variance did not reveal any significant influence of nucleotide deletion on seminal parameters such as mass motility, initial progressive motility and post thaw motility in crossbred and in purebred cattle. Expression of TNP1 was non-significantly up-regulated in poorly motile sperms of Vrindavani crossbred bulls. So TNP1 may be considered as a poor indicator of seminal parameters and it is essential to study further in large population.

MTY 209 POLYMORPHISM OF GROWTH HORMONE GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROWTH TRAITS IN OSMANABADI GOAT

SANGAMESH, M M APPANNAVAR, YATHISH H M*, VAISHALI HIREMATH, SHRIKANT KULKARNI, RAMACHANDRA B AND M D SURANAGI Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bidar-585401, Karnataka *Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity The investigation was carried out to explore variations in growth hormone (GH) gene and to associate them with Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February growth traits in Osmanabadi goat. For this, amplicons of 768bp, spanning between exon 2 and exon 4 of GH gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of 60 Osmanabadi goats and digested using MspI restriction enzyme. The study revealed only two genotypes AA and AB with respective frequency of 0.53 and 0.47 and the frequency of A and B alleles was 0.77 and 0.23, respectively. Analysis of these frequencies using chi-square test has indicated the compliance of investigated Osmanabadi goat population to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Mean ±SE values of body weight (kg), height at wither (cm), body length (cm), and chest girth (cm) were 37.49±0.84, 79.88±0.84, NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 73.38±0.58 and 76.25±0.54 respectively in bucks, while it was 32.56±0.56, 75.71±0.54, 71.03±0.58 and 74.93±0.54, respectively, in does. ‘t’ test revealed a significant (p d” 0.05) difference between buck and doe for four growth traits studied. Association study of GH gene variants with growth traits using ‘t’ test showed non-significant difference between AA and AB genotype for all the growth traits. The absence of association between various growth traits and genotypic variants in Osmanabadi goat may be attributed to small size of the sample. To validate the results, it is imperative to carry out this work in large sample so as to utilize the variants of GH gene as marker for improving meat production in goats.

81 MTY 210 ASSOCIATION OF NOVEL SNPS IN THE CANDIDATE GENES AFFECTING GROWTH TRAITS IN MADRAS RED SHEEP

AMIYA RANJAN SAHU*, V. JEICHITRA, R. RAJENDRAN AND A. RAJA Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600007 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The allelic variation in regulatory sequence of candidate genes influences the growth traits of sheep. Hence, the study was carried out to identify the genetic polymorphism in part of 5’UTR, exon 1 and part of intron 1 (797 bp) and part of intron 2, exon 3 and part of 3’UTR (615 bp) of MSTN and part of exon 10 (895 bp) of GHR genes in Madras Red (127) sheep. PCR products of eight samples for each region of the genes were sent for sequencing. The analysis revealed presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MSTN (711 C>A in 5’UTR and 5622 G>C in exon 3) and GHR (177624 G>A and 177878 G>A) genes. The identified SNPs were genotyped by Tetra- primer ARMS-PCR other than 5622 G>C which was confirmed by MspI-RFLP. Restriction digestion of 615 bp of MSTN revealed only two genotypes viz., MM (301 bp and 314 bp) and Mm (301 bp, 314 bp and 615 bp). The least- squares analysis showed significant association at 5622 G>C in the population where MM genotype were heavier than Mm genotype by 1.162 kg and 1.227 kg at nine and 12 months weight respectively. This suggests the possible use of M allele at G5622C locus as a potential marker for selection in Madras Red sheep. The other SNPs, 711 C>A in 5’UTR of MSTN, and 177624 G>A and 177878 G>A in exon 10 of GHR had no significant effects on growth traits in the population studied. The non-significant effect can possibly due to the closed flock and small sample size. Further the identified SNPs may not be significant factor for the body weights, as all the quantitative traits are of polygenic in nature.

MTY 211 ANALYSIS OF POPULATION STRUCTURE IN TAURINE AND INDICINE BREEDS

SHEIKH FIRDOUS AHMAD, MANJIT PANIGRAHI, SONI KUMARI, SATISH KUMAR AND BHARAT BHUSHAN Division of Animal Genetics Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Two lineages of cattle species have evolved around 10,000 years ago i.e. Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Despite of immense introgression of the two lineages, their separate identities are still exists in the various geographical locations. In this study the genotype data was retrieved from representatives of indicine and taurine breeds of cattle XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February and used Bioinformatics softwares and statistical tools to work out the evidences of introgression of these lineages. Our study involved 50K SNP beadchip data obtained from illumina database for a total of 156 animals. Seven different breeds of indicine cattle (Sahiwal =20, Gir =20, Tharparkar =12, Red Sindhi =10, Hariana =10, Kankrej =10, Ongole = 20) along with four taurine cattle breeds (Holstein Friesian=20, Jersey=20, Brown Swiss= 12, Guernsey=5) were included in this study. We applied different quality control parameters in PLINK software and 43041 SNPs common for all the breeds were taken into account. Using hidden Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method of Bayesian statistics on the dataset in STRUCTURE software for values of k=2-10, we tried to study the NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL population structure. Under each value of k, the indicine and taurine breeds were distinctly separated. The taurine and indicine breeds were appropriately structured between each other but there was no major structure among either of the two lineages. Using PHYLIP, we were able to produce a neighbour joining tree based on the genetic distances inferred from the allele frequencies at different loci. Neighbour joining tree represented the genetic distances between the inferred k clusters and in each tree, the taurine and indicine breeds were distantly placed. On applying principal component analysis (PCA), the taurine and indicine breeds were separated along the coordinates with principal components explaining 15.78 and 5.63% of the variations, respectively.

82 MTY 212 SEQUENCE CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 11 (PPP1R11) GENE IN MURRAH BULLS

VARSHA JAIN*, ARCHANA VERMA, I.D.GUPTA AND BRIJESH PATEL ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, KARNAL-132001 Corresponding author: [email protected]

Fertility is considered as one of the important economic traits in dairy animals and is of increasing concern to dairy industry. In recent years, female fertility has got importance in their breeding goals and selection programmes. However, bull fertility has received much less consideration. Bull is “more than half of the herd”, but direct selection for bull fertility is difficult because of their low heritability. Use of genetic markers associated with traits like NRR, SCR, ERCR etc. could facilitate prediction of fertility at young age that would speed up genetic improvement. Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 11 (PPP1R11) is one of the candidate genes which play an important role in spermatogenesis. The present study aimed to characterize PPP1R11 gene in Murrah bulls. Genomic DNA was isolated from 65 bulls maintained at ABRC, NDRI, Karnal using phenol-chloroform extraction method from the frozen semen/blood samples. Seven sets of primers were designed based on Bos taurus (AC_000180.1) reference sequence covering entire PPP1R11 gene. The PCR products of 599bp, 596bp, 441bp, 472bp, 498bp, 535bp and 508bp were obtained, which were subjected to direct sequencing. Final sequences of each contig for Murrah bulls were deduced from the raw sequences by using Bioedit software. Clustal Omega analysis of nucleotide sequence revealed variation at 56 (32: transition and 24: transversion) positions. Intronic, exonic and 5’UTR regions of Murrah PPP1R11 gene revealed 52, 2 and 2 variations respectively. Alignment of translated sequence indicated one non synonymous amino acid substitution at p.Ser109Thr of PPP1R11 gene in Murrah animals. SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant) software tool predicted the amino acid substitution affect the protein function, but in what way, it needs to be explored through proteomics. Identification of SNPs in PPP1R11 gene that have significant effects on bull fertility, measured as SCR may be utilized as marker for selection of bulls with improved fertility.

MTY 213 GENETIC VARIABILITY IN EXON 40 OF BOVINE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE GENE ASSOCIATED WITH TEST DAY FAT YIELD IN MURRAH BUFFALOES

MANOJ KUMAR1*, VIKAS VOHRA2, POONAM RATWAN1 AND ATISH KUMAR CHAKRAVARTY1 1ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal – 132001 (Haryana), India

2ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal – 132001 (Haryana), India XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The aim of our work was to study the unexplored SNP’s of fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene and reveal its association with monthly test day fat yield and also with their expected breeding values (EBV) in Murrah breed of buffaloes. One hundred and sixty two pedigreed buffaloes which successfully completed their first lactation, maintained at the organized herd of ICAR-NDRI Livestock farm, Karnal (Haryana) were studied for this association analysis.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to explore the SNP in a 472 bp PCR amplified for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL product of exon-40 in FASN gene. The major allele for analyzed locus was FASN g.18433A>G (f=0.62). The influence of the FASN g.18433A>G polymorphism on milk fat yield traits was studied and it was reported for the first time that exon 40 FASN g.18433A>G polymorphism have significant correlation with TDFY1, TDFY2, TDFY3, TDFY4 and TDFY8 in Murrah buffaloes. Based on our results and considering the average herd size available in the country, it is suggested that our results are of some value and we can conclude that exon-40 of FASN gene plays an important role in regulating milk fat yield in Murrah buffaloes and this genetic information can be used efficiently in breeding, management decisions and in early selection of Murrah buffaloes.

83 MTY 214 ASSOCIATION OF STAT5A GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS IN MURRAH BUFFALOES

POOJA JOSHI*, A.K GUPTA, MANVENDRA SINGH, SHABAHAT MUMTAZ AND MEETI PUNETHA AGB division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal- 132001 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Milk yield and milk composition traits are of immense importance in livestock production system because of their economic relevance. As a consequence, the improvement in milk yield and its composition is of great signiûcance to animal breeders. STAT5A gene is a potential candidate gene for milk production traits and plays an important role in transcription of milk proteins. The aim of the present investigation was to study the polymorphism in the STAT5A gene and to investigate if variations found are responsible for quantitative differences in milk yield and composition. Genomic DNA was isolated by phenol chloroform extraction method from blood samples of 100 Murrah buffaloes. Polymerase chain reactions were performed using specific primers for each target region. On Clustal Omega analysis of nucleotide sequence, 2 SNPs were found in the exon 16 and exon 10. Data on milk yield, fat% and protein%, collected from first lactation 305 days records spread over a period of 15 years (2001 to 2015) were utilised for prediction of breeding values. Breeding values were predicted by REML algorithm using WOMBAT software. Among all the SNPs found, only one SNP was found to have significant association with breeding values of 305 days first lactation fat yield. It was observed that the animals pertaining to AA genotype (G43051121A locus) has higher breeding value of 305 days first lactation fat yield in comparison to other two genotypes. Though, AA genotype was found to be significantly associated with higher 305 days first lactation fat yield in the present study, yet the same can be utilised as genetic marker only after validation of the same on a larger population.

MTY 215 GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF STAT5A, DGAT1 AND CYP19 GENES IN MURRAH BUFFALOES AND THEIR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS

KROVVIDI SUDHAKAR*, S.PANNEERSELVAM, A.K. THIRUVENKADAN, R. SARAVANAN and N. MURALI Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding *Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Tamilnadu, India NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram- 521 101, Andhra Pradesh, India XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A study was undertaken on a total of 157 Murrah buffaloes to estimate the STAT5A, DGAT1 and CYP19 genes polyporphism by PCR-RFLP and to determine the possible associations of these gene variants with milk yield and milk constituents. The regions corresponding to 215 bp of exon 7, 411 bp of exon 8 and 405 bp of P1.1 in STAT5A, DGAT1 and CYP19 genes were amplified respectively. STAT5A partial gene digested with AvaI revealed fixation of allele C. CfrI digestion of DGAT1 gene resulted in only the KK genotypes indicating the fixation of K allele.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL CYP19/PvuII analysis revealed that the Murrah buffaloes were monomorphic for BB genotypes. The PCR-RFLP variants of the three loci were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The sequencing of genotypes of DGAT1 showed a double nucleotide substitution from GC’!AA at nt-10433 and 10434 and another dinucleotide substitution of TC’!GA at nt-10362 and 10363. On sequencing of CYP19 of Murrah, eight substitutions were identified. The first, second and third LMY were 1737.96± 486.11, 1910.64±321.26 and 1684.17±581.82 kg respectively. The estimates of fat, protein, SNF and lactose in per cent were 6.52 ± 2.52, 3.47 ± 0.31, 9.29 ± 0.90, 4.93 ± 0.51 respectively. As Murrah buffaloes were observed to be monomorphic for all the three genes under study, association studies could not be carried out. The study suggests the need for exploration of additional genetic variants at these loci in Murrah buffalo.

84 MTY 216 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Â - TUBULIN ISOTYPE 1 GENE OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS ISOLATED FROM SHEEP IN RAYALASEEMA REGION OF ANDHRA PRADESH

CHENNURU SREEDEVI1, D. AMRUTHA1, K. SRINIVASA RAO1 AND KROVVIDI SUDHAKAR2 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology and 2Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram- 521 101, Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

â-tubulin isotype 1 gene in Haemonchus contortus is reported to be linked to benzimadole (BZ) resistance in sheep. A study was undertaken to determine the variation at codon 200 by PCR-RFLP in 150 adult male H. contortus that were collected from different sheep across five districts in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. â-tubulin isotype 1/TaaI digestion revealed three patterns. Individual worms with 257 and 48 bp bands were genotyped as ‘rr’ (homozygous resistant, those of 305, 257 and 48 bp bands as ‘rS’ (heterozygous) and those of uncut 305 bp fragment as ‘SS’ (homozygous susceptible). The allelic frequencies of ‘r’ and ‘S’ are 0.4 and 0.6 respectively. The prevalence of benzimidazole susceptible allele (S) was significantly (P<0.001) higher than resistance allele in the study area indicating non consistency with HW equilibrium. The genotypic frequencies were 0.24, 0.32 and 0.44. The He and Ho were 0.48 and 0.32 respectively. Ne, PIC, FIS and FST were 1.47, 0.36 0.33 and 0.83 respectively. The analysis revealed significant heterozygote deficiency. F- statistic in the present study revealed that BZ resistance could be a future threat in the area as under dosing conditions make heterozygous worms little susceptible than homozygous warranting indiscriminate use and under dosing of anthelmentics.

MTY 217 ASSOCIATION OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH) GENE VARIANTS WITH SOME GROWTH AND TYPE TRAITS OF GANJAM GOATS AND LESSER KNOWN GOATS OF COASTAL ODISHA

ANKITA ARADHANA, DILLIP KUMAR KARNA* AND GANGADHAR NAYAK Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha *Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Genetic polymorphisms in exon 2 and 3 of Growth hormone gene were explored in two populations of Ganjam Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February goats and Baigani goats, a lesser known goat type of coastal Odisha. The goats under study were from three locations viz., Khallikote, Rambha, Chattrapur of Ganjam district. A random sample of 100 Ganjam and 100 Baigani goats were taken from the above mentioned area. In the study, genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples collected from these 200 animals by using Hippura Blood DNA isolation kit. The target exons 2 and 3 were successfully amplified using the primer designed for that locus of goat and 422 bp PCR product was amplified, which indicated the conservation of nucleotide sequence in exon 2 and 3 and adjacent interns in goat. Each of the sampled goats was recorded for its morphometry and morphological (qualitative) traits. PCR-RFLP using HaeIII for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL restriction enzyme yielded only two variants in both the populations. The variant A had only one restriction recognition site on the target gene segment whereas the variant B did not have any restriction site. Three genotypes AA, AB and BB were found in both the populations. In both the populations, the gene and genotype frequency were significantly deviated from the Hardy Weinberg Equillibrium frequency indicating the operation of natural and artificial selection. There was significant difference in the genotype frequency (AB/AB) of growth hormone genes studied between Ganjam and Baigani goat populations. The AB genotypes had higher mean value in all the twelve morphometric traits studied as compared to the AA and BB genotypes though the difference was not found to be significant.

85 MTY 218 MOLECULAR GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NELLORE SHEEP

J SUREKHA, B PUNYAKUMARI, M GNANA PRAKASH AND J. SURESH Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati – 517502 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was aimed to characterize and make genetic assessment of Nellore sheep using 15 ovine specific microsatellite markers recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization. Blood samples were collected from 50 unrelated animals in the breeding tract and DNA was isolated by using phenol-chloroform method. The number of alleles at each locus varied from a minimum of four to a maximum of twelve with a mean of 8.6 alleles across all loci. A total of 129 alleles were observed across 15 loci studied. All the 15 loci were found to be highly polymorphic and Mean Polymorphic information content was found to be 0.819 ± 0.21 which ranged from 0.5465 (OarHH64) to 0.8951 (MAF214). Allele size ranged from a minimum of 78 bp (OarCP49) to a maximum of 294 bp (HSC), while allele frequency varied between 0.0104 (MAF214) to 0.5102 (OarHH64). The number of effective alleles ranged from 2.6027 (OarHH64) to 9.0530 (MAF214) with a mean number of 6.766 ± 0.461 across all loci. The Population departed from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium at all loci studied. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 (BM827, OarHH41, BM6506 and HUJ616) to 0.3061 (OarCP34) with a mean value of 0.098 ± 0.025, while the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.6221 (OarHH64) to 0.9022 (OarJMP8) with a mean value of 0.837 ± 0.018 which indicated substantial amount of genetic variability present in Nellore sheep. The overall with –in population inbreeding estimate (0.919 ± 0.025) indicated the presence of inbreeding in the population.

MTY 219 DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF PROSTAGLANDIN F SYNTHASE (PGFS), PROSTAGLANDIN E SYNTHASE (PGES) AND PROSTAGLANDIN TRANSPORTER (PGT) GENES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE AND PREGNANCY IN BUFFALO ENDOMETRIUM

ANKITA DILIPKUMAR VERMA, MANJIT PANIGRAHI, NASEER AHMAD BABA, SOURABH SULABH, ABDUL SADAM, SUBHASHREE PARIDA AND BHARAT BHUSHAN Animal Genetics Division Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP) India - 243 122

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Prostaglandins (PG) are key mediators of several female reproductive functions. PGF and PGE are considered

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 2á 2 important as they show contrast activity from each other in female reproduction, PGF2á being luteolytic and PGE2 being luteotropic. The common synthesis pathway of these PGs ends with the terminal synthases (Prostaglandin F

Synthase for PGF2á and Prostaglandin E Synthase for PGE2) activity upon their precursor metabolite. For the ultimate activity they need to go out of the cell which is facilitated by the Prostaglandin Transporter that is encoded by gene PGT. Hence, the present study was carried out to study the relative mRNA expression of PGFS, PGES and PGT genes in buffalo endometrium during late luteal phase of estrous cycle as non pregnant control stage and two

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL different pregnant stages i.e. Pregnancy stages I (<42 days) and and II (>42 days). Apparently female genitalia were brought from local abattoir and then sorted according to the stages of reproduction on the basis of morphology and measurement of crown rump length of foetus for pregnant samples. Endometrial tissues were collected under aseptic conditions followed by total RNA isolation, DNase treatment and cDNA synthesis. Quantitative mRNA expression study was carried out by RT-qPCR. Analysis of results revealed that PGFS gene was found to be up- regulated in pregnancy stage I with high significant difference (P<0.01) and fold change of 6.72 whereas PGES was found to be expressed with non-significant difference as compared to non pregnant stage. It suggested low production of PGES along with high production of PGFS in pregnancy stage I. In pregnancy stage II, PGFS was found to be expressed with non-significant difference (P>0.05) and at the same time, PGES was significantly

86 (P<0.05) up-regulated in this stage with fold change of 5.24 compared to non pregnant stage. The expression of both the genes was totally opposite in both the pregnancy stages indicating the ratio of the enzymes may be playing a significant role in maintenance of pregnancy. However, PGT gene was found to be expressed with non significant (P>0.05) difference in both the pregnant stages as compared to non pregnant control stage. Hence, PGs are transported in both pregnancy stages at the similar level as compared to late luteal phase of estrous cycle.

MTY 220 RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR (OTR) GENE IN BUFFALO ENDOMETRIUM DURING LATE LUTEAL PHASE AND PREGNANCY STAGES

ANKITA DILIPKUMAR VERMA, MANJIT PANIGRAHI, NASEER AHMAD BABA, SOURABH SULABH, ABDUL SADAM, SUBHASHREE PARIDA AND BHARAT BHUSHAN Animal Genetics Division Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP) India - 243 122

Pregnancy establishment and maintenance is an important phenomenon in beneficial livestock farming. Information generated at molecular level may aid us to utilize it for better reproduction in animals. Interferon tau (IFN-ô), substance for recognition of pregnancy in ruminants, prevents up-regulation of oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in the endometrial LE (luminal epithelium) and sGE (superficial glandular epithelium) as well as development of the pulsatile pattern of PGF2á release needed to attain luteolysis. Hence, the present study was carried out to reveal the mRNA expression of OTR gene. Here, relative expression of OTR was studied in endometrial tissue of three groups by qPCR. The groups were non pregnant late luteal phase, pregnancy stage I (<42 days) and pregnancy stage II (>42 days). Samples were procured from local abattoir in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh and brought immediately to the laboratory followed by sorting of samples according to stages chosen on the basis of morphology and crown rump length (in pregnant samples). Endometrial tissues were collected and total RNA was isolated for first strand cDNA synthesis after DNase treatment. By keeping GAPDH as house-keeping gene, relative mRNA expression was measured in Real Time PCR (RT-qPCR). After statistical analysis, the gene showed non significant (p>0.05) difference in both the pregnant stages as compared to non pregnant late luteal phase. In the current study, the samples from early pregnancy are ranging approximately from 28-38 days, showing lowered IFN-ô concentration. This may be the reason for not getting the significant OTR down-regulation. In conclusion, the results of OTR relative expression showed non-significant difference which is different than that of earlier reported in bovines. It may suggest the presence of alternative or supportive action of oxytocin on luteolysis along with oxytocin receptor.

MTY 221 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity MICROSATELLITE BASED ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC STRUCTURE OF Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MACHERLA BROWN SHEEP

MOHAN KISHORE M , B PUNYAKUMARI* AND J. SURESH Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati – 517502 *Corresponding author: [email protected] NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Macherla Brown sheep is the native sheep which are found along the banks of Krishna River flowing through Guntur, Krishna and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh and Nalgonda of Telangana states. Twenty four ovine microsatellite markers recommended by ISAG/FAO were used in the present study to understand the genetic variability and diversity of Macherla Brown sheep at molecular level. The number of alleles at each locus varied from a minimum of eight (BM6506, HSC, OarCP34) to a maximum of eighteen (MAF214) with a mean of 11.458 alleles across all loci with a total of 275 alleles. Allele size ranged from a minimum of 69 bp (OarCP20) to a maximum of 313 bp (MAF214), while allele frequency varied between 0.0102 (HSC, INRA63, MAF214, OarP49 and OarVH72) to 0.2551 (HSC). The number of effective alleles across twenty four microsatellite loci ranged from

87 5.8065 (HSC) to 14.1652 (OarFCB48). The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0612 (BM8125) to 0.2653 (OarCP34) with a mean value of 0.110 ± 0.049, whereas, the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.8278 (HSC) to 0.9294 (OarFCB48) with a mean value of 0.889 ± 0.029. All the twenty four microsatellite loci (100 percent) were found to be highly polymorphic and the PIC values ranged from 0.8052 (HSC) to 0.9295 (OarFCB48). The Chi- square test revealed that all the twenty four loci were showing significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The inbreeding estimates obtained in this study were all positive and ranged from 0.6915 (OarCP34)

to 0.9341 (OarFCB48) with the mean FIS value of 0.876 ± 0.057 indicating the high deficiency of heterozygotes.

MTY 222 STUDY ON GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF PROLACTIN GENE IN KANKREJ CATTLE

VIJAY KUMAR AGRAWAL*, G.C. GAHLOT, V.K. CHAUDHARY, SEETARAM GUPTA, AMITOSH KUMAR, MOHD. ASHRAF Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding College of Veterinary & Animal Sciencess, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Prolactin gene is a strong candidate gene for milk production traits. Genetic polymorphism in bovine prolactin gene (bPRL) gene between individuals of cattle breed affects the initiation and maintenance of lactation; and promotes the synthesis and secretion of milk protein. Therefore the present study was undertaken in a population of Kankrej cattle maintained at Livestock Research Station, Kodamdesar, Bikaner (Rajasthan) to detect bovine PRL exon-4 gene variation through polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) genotyping. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 70 unrelated milking animals through spin column method as per manufacturer’s protocol. The quality and concentration of extracted genomic DNA was checked on 0.8% agarose gel and Nano Drop spectrophotometer, respectively. The exon 4 region of bovine prolactin gene was amplified using species specific prolactin primers at an annealing temperature of 55 ºC. The amplified 294 bp region of Kankrej prolactin gene was digested for three hours with 10 units of Rsa I restriction enzyme at 37ºC. The genetic variability in exon 4 region of prolactin gene in Kankrej cattle was assessed on 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three different genotypic patterns AA, AG and GG were detected for the locus under study. Digestion of the PCR product (294 bp) with RsaI enzyme resulted in two restriction fragments of 162 and 132 bp for AA homozygotes, one uncut original fragment for GG homozygotes and all three fragments for AG heterozygotes. Estimated allelic frequencies for the 70 Kankrej cattle were 0.4143 and 0.5857 for A and G alleles, respectively. The frequencies of AA, AG and GG genotypes were 0.2715, 0.2857 and 0.4428, respectively. The result indicates the presence of genetic variability in exon 4 region of prolactin gene in Kankrej cattle and the suitability of PCR- RFLP for evaluating its role in milk production.

MTY 223 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February EFFECTS OF HSP70 POLYMORPHISMS ON THERMO-PHYSIOLOGY OF VRINDAVANI CATTLE

SANDIP BHAT, PUSHPENDRA KUMAR*, NEERAJ KASHYAP, BHARTI DESHMUKH, DIWESH KUMAR NIRAJ, AMIT KUMAR, ANUJ CHAUHAN, NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL BHARAT BHUSHAN, M. SARKAR AND GYANENDRA SINGH Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Dairy cattle reared in subtropical regions are subjected to high ambient temperature and high relative humidity for extended periods. Since Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) play an important role in conferring resistance to cells exposed to wide range of cellular insults such as high temperatures, oxidation, malnutrition, radiation, infections and exposure to chemicals. HSP70 was screened among 100 Vrindavani cattle for polymorphism using two sets of primers and PCR-SSCP. The PCR-SSCP study of fragment II (220bp) of HSP70 gene was found to be monomorphic for SSCP 88 patterns. In Vrindavani cattle two SSCP genotypes namely A and B were documented for fragment I (295bp).The frequencies of A and B alleles in Vrindavani were 0.44, and 0.56 respectively. Nucleotide sequencing followed by alignment of three SSCP-patterns revealed a substitution of T to C at 149th position of amplicon. The mean THI for were 52.72 for winter, 68.25 for spring and 84.34 for summer. The effect of breed and season was found to be statistically significant (pd”0.05)for 10am,2pm and average rectal temperature (RT) and heat tolerance coefficient (HTC).For average respiration rate (ARR), the effect of breed was found non-significant while season showed statistically significant (p<0.05) differences between them. Summer held the highest values for 10am (38.69±0.02), 2pm (39.15±0.02) and average RT (38.92±0.02) and ARR (18.46±0.09), while showed lowest value for HTC (93.79±0.19). Vrindavani cattle showed differential heat tolerance with genotype and genotype AA showed more heat tolerance with highest HTC and lower rectal temperature. Genotype AA showed lowest values for 10am RT (38.26±0.02), 2pm RT (38.75±0.02) and ART (38.51±0.02). For HTC, Genotype AA (97.93±0.16) differed significantly (pd”0.01) from genotype BB (97.23±0.15). Respiration rate however was higher in genotype BB. Thus Genotype AA was better heat tolerant in Vrindavani cattle.

MTY 224 GENETIC VARIANTS IN MALE SPECIFIC REGION (MSY) OF ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 280B Y- LINKED (ZNF280BY) GENE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SEMEN QUALITY TRAITS IN MURRAH BUFFALOES

DEGINAL REVANASIDDU1*, KEREKOPPA P. RAMESHA1, REEN JAGISH KOUR1, AHIRWAR MANEESH KUMAR1, PALAT DIVYA1, MUKUND A. KATAKTALWARE 1, MARAPPA BASAVARAJU1, DAYAL N. DAS1, NAGALEEKAR ANAND KUMAR1 AND NATH SAPNA1 1Genetics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Y chromosome plays an essential role in male sex development, spermatogenesis and male fertility. Zinc finger protein 280B Y- linked (ZNF280BY) is a Y- chromosomal gene which predominantly expressed in testis and has a major role in spermatogenesis. An investigation was carried out to detect the genetic variants in the male specific region (MSY) of ZNF280BY gene and their association with semen quality traits in Murrah buffaloes. The genomic DNA was extracted by high salt method from blood samples of 109 Murrah bulls of organized semen stations of Karnataka. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism technique (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing methods revealed three different SSCP band patterns (AA, BB, CC); one transition (C47T) and an indel (insertion of T at 131-132). The association of different genotypes (SSCP patterns) with semen quality parameters

in Murrah bulls was investigated and the analysis revealed that, the AA genotype (pattern 1) and CC genotype XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity (pattern 3) bulls had high volume (Pd”0.05) of semen per ejaculation as compared to BB genotype (pattern 2) bulls. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February BB genotype bulls had high sperm concentration (106/mL) per ejaculate as compared to AA and CC genotype bulls (Pd”0.05). AA genotype bulls had low percent of tail abnormalities and higher percentage of normal sperms (Pd”0.05) compared to BB and CC genotype bulls. AA and BB genotype bulls had a higher per cent of HOST (Pd”0.05) reacted sperms of fresh semen and per cent acrosomal integrity of frozen semen compared to CC genotype bulls of HOST and per cent acrosomal integrity of frozen semen, respectively. The observed association between SSCP variants in MSY region of ZNF280BY gene with semen quality parameters indicated the possibilities of using ZNF280BY as a candidate gene for identification of markers for semen quality traits in Murrah buffaloes. for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

89 MTY 225 COMPARATIVE MODELING OF BETA DEFENSIN 3 OF BOS INDICUS AND IT’S DOCKING STUDIES WITH BIOFILM FORMING MOLECULES OF PATHOGENS

ANKITA GURAO1*, SUDHIR KUMAR KASHYAP1 AND RAVINDER SINGH2 1College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334001 (Rajasthan) 2Biotechnology Department, SGGSWU, Fatehgarh Sahib-140407 (Punjab) *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The beta defensin 3 of Bos indicus is one of the host defence peptides, secreted by neutrophils and epithelial cells that exhibit antimicrobial activity. It is one of the crucial components forming an innate defence against intra mammary infections in livestock. The beta defensin 3 by virtue of it’s anti-microbial activity inhibits major mastitis pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc, which are also responsible for biofilm formation leading to antibiotic resistance phenomenon. In this study, computational analysis has been performed including sequence comparison among species and comparative modeling of beta defensin 3 proteins of Bos indicus. The assessments of protein structure were done using the protein structure and model assessment tools integrated in Swiss Model server, which employs various local and global quality evaluation parameters. Further, molecular docking was also carried out between the defensin peptide and the components of biofilm to gain insight into various interactions and structural differences crucial for functionality of this protein.

MTY 226 SCREENING OF KANKREJ AND CROSSBRED CATTLE POPULATION FOR β CASEIN A1/A2 PROTEIN GENE VARIANTS USING PCR-RFLP

ASHISH.C.PATEL*, TRIPTI DADHEECH, YOGITA PATEL, DHRUVA SHARMA AND D.N.RANK Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388001 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Milk is the one of the most important protein diets for the human population. Beta-casein (CSN2) is one of the major proteins of milk which can vary depending on genetic make-up of cows. The existence of 13 variants of βcasein polymorphism in cattle depending on breed and among them variants A1 and A2 of β casein are the most

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity common and can be found in many dairy breeds. Their level varies considerably in milk depending on the breed. 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February However, in last few decades, presence of A1 casein in milk was associated with important issues associated with range of illnesses in human being. Metabolism of CSN2-A1 induces the occurrence of the beta-casomorphin-7 substances. Some epidemiological studies indicated that consumption of CSN2-A1 may be associated with a higher occurrence of cardiovascular heart disease (CVD) and type I diabetes of in humans while CSN2-A2 reduces the serum cholesterol and decreases concentration of LDL lipids which play an important role in prevention of a wide range of human vascular diseases. In present study, we screened 25 Kankrej, 52 Crossbred for prevalence of A1/A2

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL alleles and we found that the genotypic frequencies for A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 are 0.00, 0.20, 0.80 for Kankrej and 0.10, 0.75, 0.15 for Crossbred cow respectively and the allele frequencies of A1 and A2 alleles are 0.10 and 0.90 for Kankrej cow while 0.47 and 0.53 for Crossbred cow respectively.

90 MTY 227 ANNOTATION OF CAPRINE BACTERICIDAL/ PERMEABILITY INCREASING PROTEIN GENE ON GOAT GENOME

C.N. DINESH* AND ARVIND SONAWANE Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India-243 122 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing (BPI) Protein is an important antibacterial protein of the azurophilic granules of neutrophils in many mammalian and non-mammalian species. It is also seen in peripheral blood monocytes, eosinophils and as neutrophil surface-associated protein. BPI expression is also reported from epithelial cells lining the female reproductive tract, oral, pulmonary and gastro intestinal mucosa. The antibacterial actions of BPI include opsonization, LPS-binding and cytotoxicity against a variety of species of Gram negative bacteria, several strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also prevents LPS mediated inflammation. On the mucosal surfaces, BPI acts like a ‘‘molecular shield’’ against Gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxin. Here we report the location of caprine BPI gene in the goat genome and its annotation using evidence derived from cDNA and by cross- species comparison with bovine sequence. Alignment searches were made using Mega5 program on Capra hircus (C. hircus) chromosome whole genome shotgun sequence of caprine chromosome 13 (CH13, GenBank accession number CM001722.1) with short sequences of 20 to 30 nucleotide long from the C. hircus BPI (ChBPI) cDNA sequence generated in our study (GenBank accession number KC894598). After identifying the location of ChBPI gene on CH13, the information from the bovine BPI gene sequences (GenBank accession number AC_000170.1) were used to annotate the ChBPI gene. The BPI gene was found to be approximately 30,658 bp long with 15 exons. The coding sequence is 1452 bp long and the start (ATG) and stop (TGA) codons are located in exon 1 and exon 15, respectively. The sequences at exon-intron junctions follow the GU/AG rule. The putative transcription termination signal (-5’-AAUAAA-3’) was located by a web based tool http://rulai.cshl.org. The complete BPI coding sequence (CDS) of Indian non-descript goat and the predicted CDS constructed from C.hircus CH13 whole genome shotgun sequence were compared and found that both the CDS were 1452 bp long.

MTY 228 NUCLEOTIDE VARIATIONS IN LEPTIN (LEP) GENE – A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC BREEDS OF SHEEP

CAUVERI, D.*, S.N. SIVASELVAM, K.G. TIRUMURUGAAN S.M.K. KARTHICKEYAN AND K. KUMANAN Madras Veterinary College XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February *Corresponding author: [email protected]

LEP gene is one of the potential genes that is involved intricately in the metabolism and growth of animals. Leptin, a 16-kDa protein is synthesized by adipose tissue and involved in regulation of feed intake, energy balance, fertility and immune functions and has major impact on performance and well being of livestock species. The characterization of LEP gene as compared with the exotic breeds would help us understand the genetic diversity of indigenous breeds. There were five variations between the indigenous (8 breeds) and one exotic (Merino) and one crossbred for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL (Dorset x Nilagiri). In Intron 1 at 13774 bp a ‘GTT’ segment which was present in two copies in the reference sequence was found as a single copy in Tamil Nadu breeds. In the intronic regions that were amplified along with Exon 2, the transitions 13893 T>C (SNP-L1) in Intron 1, 14074 A>G (SNP-L2) and 14090 G>A (SNP-L3) in Intron 2 were identified. For SNP-L1, the Tamil Nadu breeds and Dorset x Nilagiri had only CC genotypes while Merino had both T and C alleles. The SNP-L3 was found in Merino and Dorset x Nilagiri breeds while the Tamil Nadu breeds did not vary from the reference sequence. Analysis of the sequenced regions from the amplified region of Exon 3 revealed one variation 16973 G>A (SNP-L4) which was fixed with A allele in all the breeds studied here as

91 compared to G in the reference sequence. The SNP-L2 has been reported in other exotic breeds with conflicting reports on the effect on feed intake, efficiency and growth. Further analysis and association studies would reveal the significance of these differences found in the LEP gene between indigenous and exotic breeds.

MTY 229 CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 95 GENE (TMEM95) IN MURRAH BUFFALO USING COMPARITIVE GENOMIC APPROACH

S. SHIREESHA, KROVVIDI SUDHAKAR, CH. VENKATA SESHAIAH, R.VINOO AND M. MURALIDHAR Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram-521 102, Andhra Pradesh

Trans-membrane protein 95 (TMEM95) gene has a role in integrity of sperm plasma membrane and thus known to be involved in idiopathic male sub-fertility in cattle. The TMEM95 gene was amplified and sequenced in Murrah. Analysis of the sequence in comparison with Hereford cattle genome assembly revealed three heterozygous positions at 1284 (T and G), 1460 (C and A) and 1897 (G and A) nucleotides with respect to the 2631 bp reference fragment. A 2 bp deletion (at 937 bp) was observed in Murrah buffalo which is causing frame shift leading to unlikely formation of some isoforms. The isoforms were predicted using GeneWise, a comparative gene annotation tool and found that the 2bp deletion resulted in the truncation of isoforms 1, 3 and 4 and were unlikely to form. The transmembrane topology and signal peptide were predicted using Phobius program, and it was observed that the isoform 2 do not have any transmembrane domains but the isoform 5 has two transmembrane domains. Analysis of isoforms predicted the presence of Casein kinase II phosphorylation site, which has an important role in sperm morphology. Leucine zipper pattern, N-myristoylation site, protein kinase C phosphorylation site, CHRD domain profile, N-glycosylation site and HIT zinc finger motifs were also predicted. Divergence analysis was carried out for the TMEM95 region across different mammalian species using coding DNA sequences. Less divergence was observed among cattle, bison, yak and mithun. Buffalo and sheep are moderately divergent from cattle. Based on the sequence analysis and functional prediction, it was concluded that the TMEM95 gene in Murrah buffalo is likely to have function in male fertility.

MTY 230 GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF MYOSTATIN GENE (GDF8) IN NELLORE AND MACHERLA BROWN SHEEP

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity D.V. PRANEETH, R. VINOO*, M. MURALIDHAR, 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February S. JAGADESWARA RAO and KROVVIDI SUDHAKAR Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram- 521 101, Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A study was conducted for understanding natural variation of GDF8 locus in Nellore and Macherla Brown sheep

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL by using PCR-RFLP. A total of 100 sheep blood samples were used for amplification of exon 3 and 65 samples for amplification of intron 1. Primers were designed to amplify both the regions. The resultant PCR products were subjected to RFLP with HaeIII for exon 3 and HpyCH4V for intron 1. Nellore and Macherla brown were observed to be monomorphic at exon 3 and hence, further analysis could not be performed on this locus. The intron 1 region was polymorphic representing HH, Hh, hh genotypes. The heterozygosity values for intron 1 region were 0.48, 0.49 and 0.47 for Nellore Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Macherla Brown genetic groups respectively. The PIC values for Nellore Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Macherla Brown are 0.37, 0.37 and 0.36 respectively, suggesting existence of considerable amount of variation in these populations. The allelic frequencies of Nellore Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Macherla Brown were 0.59 and 0.41, 0.56 and 0.44, 0.62 and 0.38 for ‘H’ and ‘h’ alleles, respectively. Diversity

92 estimates (FIS) were negative for the three populations indicating no differentiation among the three populations. The test for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium indicated that the three populations are departing from the equilibrium assumptions. No significant (P>0.05) association of a genotype with body weights at different ages was observed in the present study in both the genetic groups of Nellore Jodipi and Nellore Brown. A new PCR-RFLP marker designed for intron 1 in this study was found to be polymorphic and useful in population studies.

MTY 231 EXPLORATION OF VARIATIONS IN CODING REGIONS OF INHα AND INH βA GENES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SEMEN QUALITY IN BULLS

DIVYA, P., K.P. RAMESHA, RAGINI KUMARI, S. JEYAKUMAR, MUKUND A. KATAKTALWARE, D. N. DAS AND REVANASIDDU DEGINAL Genetics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-NDRI, Adugodi, Bengaluru- 560030, India

The aim of the present study was to characterize the coding regions of two important genes involved in reproduction, genes coding for inhibin α (INHα) and inhibin βA (INH βA) subunits, detect the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in them and evaluate their association with semen quality in bulls of Holstein Friesian and an indigenous breed Khillari. PCR-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism and direct sequencing were used to identify SNPs in the entire exonic regions along with exon-intron boundaries. Three SNPs, A792G, C3043-3044 and C3201T were identified in the coding regions of INHα gene. The exonic regions of INH βA were monomorphic in both the breeds. The two transitions, A792G and C3201T were synonymous mutations while the insertion; C3043-3044 was a frameshift mutation. SNP A792G was associated with sperm concentration (P<0.01), individual motility and acrosome integrity of frozen semen (P<0.01). The bulls with AG and GG genotypes showed significantly higher sperm concentration (106/mL) of 992.64±56 and 937.91±40 million cells/mL respectively than bulls with AA genotype (688.31±96). The acrosome integrity of frozen semen was highest for AG (84.00±0.88%) followed by AA (82.88±0.83%) and GG (79.69±1.17%). The SNP, C3201T showed significant association with sperm concentration and motility of sperm cells in fresh semen, per cent live sperm and acrosome integrity of frozen semen. The bulls with genotype CT was found to be superior in sperm concentration of fresh semen, per cent live sperm and acrosome integrity of frozen semen as compared to bulls with CC genotype. The insertion of C nucleotide (C3043-3044) did not show any significant association with any of the evaluated traits. Apart from SNPs, breed of the bull, age of the bull and season at the time of collection were also found to influence the semen quality parameters. Upon validation of the association of A792G and C3201T with semen quality in a larger population, they can be incorporated in bull selection programme.

MTY 232 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PROFILING OF IL1B GENE IN HOST PERIPHERALBLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM MASTITIS TOLERANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS

MUHASIN ASAF*, BHARAT BHUSHAN, MANJIT PANIGRAHI, AMOD KUMAR,

JAY PRAKASH GUPTA, SANJEEV RANJAN, AMIT KUMAR, for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL PUSHPENDRA KUMAR AND G.K GAUR Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P - 243 122 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Mastitis is an economically important disease affecting the cattle characterisedby the inflammation of the udder. In the current study, relative quantification of Interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), a candidate gene for mastitis which is one of the key components of the host immune response to Gram negative infection was carried out. The animals for the

93 study were grouped into mastitis affected and non-affected based on the basis of SCC values. Blood from four animals of different genotypes (AA, AB and BB) observed after genotyping of nsSNP rs109004886 located on IL1B were collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were harvested from the blood. PBMCs from non-affected animals was divided into two groups viz., one group as unchallenged and the other challenged with 0.1µg/ml lipopolysaccharide LPS (Sigma, USA). All the three groups viz., non-affected (control), non-affected challenged with LPS (artificially induced), and mastitis affected (naturally infected) were incubated at 37°C at 5%

CO2 for 6 h. The RNA was isolated using TRIzol® reagent using the standard procedures. First strand cDNA was synthesised by High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA™ Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The qPCR was done using Fast SYBR® Green Master Mix (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA).Fold changes in target transcript levels were determined by using the method described by Schmittgenand Livak (2001). GAPDH was used as the endogenous control for the analysis of data. The mRNA expression was analysed based on the fold changes using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. The AA genotype showed statistically significant differences between control and naturally infected (NI), control and artificially induced (AI) and NI and AI. For AB and BB genotypes, there were statistically significant differences between control and NI and control and AI but no statistically significant differences between NI and AI.

MTY 233 IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL SNP (C.C880T) IN CAPRINE SLC11A1 GENE

ANU BOSEWELL*, NAICY THOMAS, T.V. ARAVINDAKSHAN AND ELIZABETH KURIAN School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Solute Carrier Family 11 Member A1 (SLC11A1) gene previously known as Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1(NRAMP1) is a candidate gene that plays a critical role in innate immunity and resistance to various intracellular pathogens. The objective of the present study was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon-1, 3, 4, 5, 9 and 15 of SLC11A1 gene in native breeds of goat namely Malabari and Attappady Black goat. The regions corresponding to exon-1 (243bp), exon-3 (128bp), exon-4 (120bp), exon-5 (168bp), exon-9 (198) and exon-15 (240 bp and 192 bp) fragments were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the products were subjected to single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. After silver staining, six fragments were found to be monomorphic and one polymorphic (198 bp). The PCR-SSCP analysis of the 198 bp fragment of (exon-9) SLC11A1 gene revealed two diplotypes (AA and AB). Sequencing of PCR products from pattern revealed two SNPs with two haplotypes (A and B). First SNP c.C880T was a non-synonymous mutation caused a codon change from TTC to CTC (p. Phe294Leu) and was detected in the 7th transmembrane helix of the SLC11A1 protein. Protein structure prediction done by SOPMA revealed that caprine SLC11A1 protein has 238 alpha helices, 43 beta XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February turns, 129 extended strands and 138 random coils, when phenyl alanine is substituted by leucine the secondary structure of protein was changed with 243 alpha helices and 124 extended strands. Second SNP, c.C891G was a synonymous mutation, the codon CTG was changed into CTC. Mutations in this gene have been associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases as these changes cause significant conformational changes in the protein and hence movement of divalent cations through the membrane. This SNP has the potential to be used as a marker for disease resistance and may be useful for association studies on resistance or susceptibility to disease. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

94 MTY 234 A STUDY ON GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF DAZL GENE IN SHEEP

VAGEESH PANDITH, S, NAGARAJA, R., NAVEEN KUMAR, G.S. AND JAYASHANKAR, M.R. Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Bengaluru

The present study was carried out with objective of identifying and analyzing the genetic polymorphism in Ovine DAZL gene of native sheep (Mandya sheep), using PCR-RFLP technique. A total of sixty five (65) Mandya sheep were randomly selected from two different Mandya sheep flock units viz., Livestock Research and Information Centre (Sheep), KVAFSU, Nagamangala and Department of Instructional livestock Farm complex, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru. From each representative animal, about 10 ml of venous blood was collected in vaccutainer tubes containing 0.5 per cent EDTA. The blood samples were immediately transported to the laboratory at 4 °C and genomic DNA was isolated within 24 hrs. A 655 bp fragment of Ovine DAZL gene sequence spanning part of exon 3, intron 3 and part of exon 4 was amplified by following standard PCR procedure. The PCR amplified sequence of Ovine DAZL gene was confirmed through nucleotide sequencing. Upon RFLP analysis using DdeI restriction enzyme, a polymorphic pattern revealed two alleles viz., Allele-A (348 and 307 bp fragments) and Allele-B (348, 153 and 154 bp fragments). In the studied population of Mandya sheep the allelic frequencies for A and B were 0.62 and 0.37, respectively. The frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes were 0.43, 0.38 and 0.18, respectively. The sequence analysis revealed two novel SNPs with transitions viz., C’!T and T’!G in Intron 3 of Ovine DAZL gene. BLASTn sequence analysis revealed high homology (99 per cent) with that of predicted Ovine DAZL gene (NC_019458) sequence of Ovine chromosome.

MTY 235 TETRA-ARMS PCR BASED GENOTYPING OF SNP IDENTIFIED IN 3’UTR OF BUFFALO TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2

PREM KUMAR, SHAILENDRA KUMAR MISHRA, RAVINDER SINGH, SAKET KUMAR NIRANJAN, VIKAS VOHRA AND RANJIT SINGH KATARIA* National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors expressed across immune response cells, helping in induction of both innate and adaptive immunity. Among ten TLRs identified in most of the mammals, TLR2 recognizes the Gram-positive derived peptidoglycan bacterial ligands. In this study we have identified a novel single nucleotide polymorphic site 79C>T in the 3’UTR of buffalo TLR2 and developed a simple Tetra-ARMS PCR based technique XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity for the genotyping of the SNP identified. Genotyping in 30 to 80 buffaloes of seven different populations/breeds Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Chilika, Kalahandi and Paralakhemundi of Odisha along with Murrah, Chhattisgarh, Dharwadi and Toda buffaloes revealed distinct variation in allelic frequencies. Murrah buffalo showed the highest C allele frequency (29.2%), which was observed to be lowest in Toda buffaloes (8.1%). All the three Odisha buffalo populations had moderate levels of C allele frequencies. Allelic frequencies based Principal Component Analysis (PCA) also revealed Murrah being placed distinctly, Chilika and Kalahandi buffaloes clustering in the same coordinate. Overall the technique developed is a simple and non-cumbersome which could reveal unique allelic patterns at the 3’UTR polymorphic site of buffalo TLR2that could be playing important role in gene expression regulation. for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

95 MTY 236 RELATIVE GENE EXPRESSION OF FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS GENES AT 60 DAY POSTPARTUM IN BOVINE MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELLS OF SURTI AND JAFARABADI BUFFALOES

MAMTA JANMEDA*, VISHNU KHARADI, GAURAV PANDYA, BALKRISHNA BRAHMKSHTRI, UMED RAMANI AND KULDEEP TYAGI Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Veterinary Sciences, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was conducted to study the relative gene expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis at 60 day postpartum (pp) in bovine mammary epithelial cells of Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes. 10 healthy Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes of each breed were selected at random from Livestock Research Station, Navsari and Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh, Gujarat respectively. Milk sample was collected from each selected buffalo at day 60 pp from these two breeds to study relative gene expression of major milk fat genes using non-invasive approach of obtaining pBMEC from milk samples. In present study overall, the relative expression of the six major milk lipogenic genes BTN1A1, SCD, LPL, GPAM, ACACA and LPIN did not show changes in expression patterns at 60 pp of lactation in both Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes. The pBMEC can be successfully recovered from 1500 ml of milk of Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes using antibody mediated magnetic bead separation and can be further used for recovering RNA for down step quantification of major milk lipogenic gene expression.

MTY 237 HIGH VARIABILITY AT MHC CLASS II LOCI INDICATES GENETIC FITNESS AND ADAPTABILITY IN SWAMP BUFFALO, MITHUN AND YAK POPULATIONS OF NORTH-EAST REGION OF INDIA

S. K. MISHRA1, D. S. GONGE1, J. BEHL1, P. J. DAS2, T. K. BISWAS2, JAYAKUMAR S.1, R. K. SINGH3, SUBODH KUMAR4, R. S. KATARIA1ANDS. K. NIRANJAN1* 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132001, Haryana 2NRC on Yak, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh, 3NRC on Mithun, Jharnapani, Nagaland, 4IVRI, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Allelic diversity and heterozygosity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loci provides a measure XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February of the fitness of any population in vertebrates. As functional markers, variability at these loci is driven by various evolutionary forces and seems not to be corroborating with the extent of genetic variability and selection process forneutral markers like microsatellite in a population. This belief still holds true to the wild animals which are smaller in population size. In some stances, such a population, showing extreme monomorphism at microsatellite markers, may possess optimum fitness by carrying sufficient genetic variation at the MHC region. Much of the conservation programmes in mammalian populations are, now, aimed towards increasingthe diversity at MHC class II loci with objective to increase population fitness. Our study onMHC class II loci of mithun (Bos frontalis), NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL yak (Bos grunniens) and swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis),important bovines of North-East region of India revealed high genetic variability than expected, in view of small and clustered populations. Presence of more than 100 alleles of MHC class II-DQA, DQB and DRB3 genes were identified in these three bovine species, however, the highest in swamp buffalo followed by mithun and yak. Very high heterozygosity specifically at DQA, DQB and DRB3 loci in these three bovine species seems to indicate about heterozygote advantage for the alleles at MHC class II region. DQ loci were also found to be duplicated in all three bovine species. The peptide binding sites (PBS) involved with exogenous antigen binding in these alleles were more polymorphic than the non-peptide binding sites, indicating pathogen driven directional selection of the alleles. Moreover, trans-species evolution of

96 the alleles indicates sharing of common pathogens by these species. Extensive MHC class II diversity, in form of polymorphism of alleles, heterozygosity and duplication of loci is advantageous to bind with large array of pathogenic antigens, providing higher adaptiveness and fitness to these bovine populations.

MTY 238 PCR-RFLP POLYMORPHISM AT 3’UTR OF TCR-ZETA SUB UNIT (CD247) GENE IN ONGOLE CATTLE

BHAKTHAVATCHALAM. S1, SAKARAM. D2, GNANA PRAKASH. M3 AND NARASIMHA REDDY, Y4 College of Veterinary Science, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana

Genomic DNA from blood of Ongole cattle was isolated and a 298 bp fragment of TCRζ chain was amplified to study the polymorphism at 3’UTR in T cell receptor-zeta (TCRζ; CD 247) gene and further used for RE digestion. Restriction enzymes Hae III and MseI were used for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism study. Digestion of 298 bp fragment of TCRζ chain gene with Hae III restriction enzyme produced single pattern with two fragments of 228 bp and 70 bp in all the 50 samples screened, revealing absence of polymorphism and with MseI also produced single pattern of two fragments of 203 bp and 95 bp in all the 50 samples in TCRζ gene of Ongole cattle, indicating the conserved nature of the gene.

MTY 239 TRANSCRIPTOME SIGNATURE OF CIRCULATING PBMCS TO UNDERSTAND MECHANISM OF HIGH ALTITUDE ADAPTATION IN NATIVE CATTLE OF LADAKH REGION

PREETI VERMA, ANKITA SHARMA, MONIKA SODHI, *VIKAY K BHARTI, *PRABHAT KUMAR, *ARUP GIRI AND MANISHI MUKESH ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana *Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir

Animals living at high-altitude are exposed to hypobaric hypoxia, a condition defined with reduced availability of oxygen. These animals have the ability to adapt themselves to acute and chronic hypoxia which is largely absent in lowland animals. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the transcriptome signature of local native cattle of Ladakh from high altitude region (~5500 m) and Sahiwal cattle from low altitude (sea level) using Agilent 44K microarray chip. For the study, a total of 11 PBMCs samples, 5 of Ladakhi cows and 6 of Sahiwal cows were included. The analysis of microarray data revealed a total of 8417 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Ladakhi and Sahiwal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after multiple testing (FDR< 0.05). While at an Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February additional cut off i.e., fold change of 2 or more, a total of 3910 genes were differentially expressed between the two cattle types. Out of these, 1207 genes were up- regulated in Ladakhi cows while 2703 genes were up-regulated in Sahiwal cows. Some of the most up-regulated genes identified in Ladakhi cows included INHBC, ITPRI, HECA, ABI3, GPR171, HIF-á, HIF3A, VEGFA, NOS2, MYH2, PRKAA1 involved in hypoxia response, stress response and biological regulation. Several biological process like cellular metabolic process, regulation of biological process, cellular response to stimulus, response to stress were enriched in Ladakhi cattle indicating their role in high altitude adaptation. In Sahiwal PBMCs, the top most up-regulated genes were mostly related to immune functions; CXCL2, for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL DEFB3, TGFB3, BOLA-DQA3 were involved in immune function, inflammatory response and heat stress response indicating their immune potential and active host defense mechanism to combat the pathogens normally present in the tropical conditions. The metabolic and signaling pathways most impacted in the study were, MAPK signaling pathway, electron transport chain, apoptosis, IL2 signaling pathway, TGF- â receptor signaling pathway, Toll-like receptors signaling pathway, TNF-alpha and NF- kB signaling pathway and GPCRs pathway indicating signatures of adaptive evolution of these two cattle types in response to the diverse environments. The differentially expressed genes identified in microarray data were further validated using qPCR in a total of 30 PBMCs samples, 5 each of Ladakhi cattle, Holstein Frisian (HF) crosses, Jersey cattle from high altitude hypoxia region and 5 samples each of

97 Sahiwal (Bos indicus), Karan Fries (cross bred) and HF cattle (Bos taurus) from low altitude normoxia environment. Increased expression of HIF-1á and its regulated genes viz., EPAS-1, VEGFA, NOS2, ECE-1, SLC2A1 and HK2 in high altitude cattle suggested their pivotal role in association with high altitude adaptation. On the other hand, increased expression of molecular chaperons HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 in Sahiwal cattle could be due to high ambient temperature prevalent in tropical climatic condition. Based on data generated in the present study, native cattle of Leh and Ladakh region was found to be genetically distinct from native cattle adapted to tropical region of India. Additionally, nucleotide level of both HIF-1á and VEGF-A genes, showed sequence conservation in high and low altitude cows. Such kind of study will not only highlight the range of phenotypic diversity but will also provide concrete information on types of genetic and physiological variations that are responsible for adaptation of cattle breeds at high altitude hypoxic and normoxic climatic conditions.

MTY 240 IDENTIFICATION OF SNPIN HSP90AA1 GENE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH HEAT TOLERANCE TRAITS IN KARAN FRIES (BOS TAURUS X BOS INDICUS) CATTLE

RAKESH KUMAR1*, I. D. GUPTA2, ARCHANA VERMA2, RAGINI KUMARI3 1Assistant Animal Scientist, Regional Research Station (PAU), Ballowal Saunkhri- 144 521 2Principal Scientist, DCB Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal (Haryana)-132001, 3Ph.D. Scholar DCB Division, ICAR- NDRI, Karnal (Haryana)- 132001 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are expressed in response to heat stress and the polymorphism in HSP genes at single nucleotide level have been reported to be associated with heat tolerance and production performance traits in cattle. HSP90AA1 gene has been mapped on Bos taurus autosome 21 (BTA 21) and spans nearly 5368 bp comprising of 11 exons out of which first exon does not translate. The present study was done in Karan Fries cattle (n=100) reared in sub-tropical climate with the objectives to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in targeted regions (exon 3,7,8 &11) of HSP90AA1 gene and to analyze their association with heat tolerance traits in Karan Fries cattle. Respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded once during probable extreme hours in different seasons or THI (Temperature Humidity Index) viz. winter, spring and summer. For detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) sequence data were analyzed using BioEdit software (version 7.2).Comparative sequence analysis of HSP90AA1 gene showed five nucleotide polymorphisms, which included three transitions viz. g.1209A>G (Exon 3), g.4776A>G (Exon 11) and g.5218T>C (Exon 11) and two transversions viz. g.3292A>C (Intron 8) and g.5224A>C (Exon11) compared to Bos taurus (NCBI Ref Seq: AC_000178.1). Out of these five identified SNPs, only two SNPs viz. g.1209A>G and g.3292A>C were significantly associated with heat tolerance indicator traits (RR, RT and HTC) in Karan Fries cattle. The SNP at locus g.1209A>G, least square means (LSMEANS) of RR, RT and HTC for GG genotype was significantly lower (P<0.01) than AA and AG genotype.

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Whereas, SNP at g.3292A>C locus, least square means of only RR and HTC for AC genotype was significantly 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February lower than AA and CC genotype. It is inferred that GG and AC genotype SNPs viz. g.1209A>G and g.3292A>C loci in HSP90AA1 gene were identified as favourable genotypes, which can be used as an aid to selection for thermo-tolerance Karan Fries cattle for better adaptation in subtropical and tropical hot climate. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

98 MTY 241 DETECTION OF SNPS IN PLCZ1 GENE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SEMEN QUALITY PARAMETERS IN SAHIWAL BULLS

SANTOSH KUMARI, ISHWAR DAYAL GUPTA*, ARCHANA VERMA, VINEETH M. R. AND ANKIT MAGOTRA Animal Genetics & Breeding Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

With the advent of assisted reproductive technologies like artificial insemination(AI), bull fertility has become a major contributor to reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. Identification of genetic markers for bull fertility would aid in selection for better reproductive performance. The Phosphoinositide phospholipase C zeta gene (PLCZ1) gene, a member of EF hand domain containing family is one of the candidate gene for bull fertility and is involved in sperm cell development and fertilization. SNPs in bovine PLCZ1 gene was reported to be associated with sire conception rate and semen quality parameters. Present study was done in twenty eight Sahiwal AI bulls to characterize the exon 8 of PLCZ1 gene and to screen for SNPs in the targeted region. The exon 8 was characterized by Sanger- sequencing the amplicons obtained after PCR amplification of genomic DNA using custom designed primers. The multiple alignment of the target region sequence with Bos taurus reference sequence and analysis of chromatograms revealed a missense SNP (rs208019489 G>C) that replaces alanine with proline in the protein. Functional analysis of the SNP revealed a SIFT score of 0.3 and was located in the X and Y domain linker region of the protein which is a target site for proteolysis. Association analysis found the SNP to be highly associated with sperm viability (eosin nigrosine staining method) and plasma membrane integrity (HOST). The CC genotype was found to have better semen quality than the other two genotypes. The results shows that SNP (rs208019489 G>C) may be used as putative marker for selection of AI bulls with better semen quality parameters thus producing quality frozen semen doses.

MTY 242 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND POLYMORPHISM DETECTION IN AQUAPORIN 7 GENE OF SURTI BULLS

RAGINI KUMARI1, K.P. RAMESHA2, RAKESH KUMAR3, P. DIVYA4 AND BEENA SINHA1 1Ph.D. Scholar, Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR- NDRI Karnal 2Principal Scientist, Dairy Production Section, SRS, ICAR- NDRI Bengaluru 3Assistant Animal Scientist, Regional Research Station, PAU, Ballowal Saunkhari 4

Research Program Coordinator, CRS, BAIF, Pune. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Genetics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Southern Regional Station, ICAR- NDRI, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560 030, Karnataka *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was carried out to investigate the polymorphisms within entire coding region and their flanking intronic regions in aquaporin 7 gene (AQP7) gene of Surti bulls. Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) study was carried out in 21Surti (Bubalus bubalis) bulls maintained at Centralized Semen Collection Centre, Dharwad, Karnataka. PCR-SSCP analysis revealed a total of 14 different variants in the for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL entire coding region of the AQP7 gene. Exons 1 and 8 revealed two unique SSCP patterns viz., pattern1 and pattern2 with respective frequencies of 0.3333, 0.6667 for exon 1and 0.7619, 0.2381 for exon 8. Analysis of exons 4 and 7 showed three SSCP patterns viz., pattern1, pattern2 and pattern3 with frequencies of 0.3810, 0.2857, 0.3333 for exon 4and 0.4762, 0.4286, 0.0952for exon 7,respectively.PCR-SSCP investigation revealed four SSCP patterns with frequencies of 0.2381, 0.4762, 0.0952 and 0.1905 for pattern1, pattern2, pattern3 and pattern 4 in exon 5 in Surti bulls. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of AQP7 gene with taurine ENSEMBL (accession number ENSBTAG00000020105) reference sequence revealed a total of 23 point mutations, 8 of which were found to be in

99 the coding region. The analysis of exon1in Surti bulls had shown one transition T753C with amino acid change from Pro’!Thr. The analysis of exon4in Surti buffaloes showed one transversion A14808C with predicted amino acid change from Met’!Leu. Sequence analysis of exons revealed four transitions T15259C, G15292A, C15328T and C15376T with change in amino acid from Tyr’!His, Ala’!Thr, Arg’!Cys and Arg’!Trp, respectively. The analysis of exon8revealed one transversion T16788A with no amino acid change.The sequence analysis of exon 2 of AQP7 gene revealed one transition G2039A with no amino acid change in all Surti bulls as compared to reference sequence.

MTY 243 ASSOCIATION OF SNPS IN GROWTH HORMONE AND LEPTIN GENES WITH REPRODUCTION TRAITS IN MADRAS RED AND NILAGIRI SHEEP BREEDS OF TAMIL NADU

KAVITHA A., CAUVERI D., VENKATARAMANAN R., ARTHY V. AND SIVASELVAM S.N. Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was conducted to find out association of SNPs identified in growth hormone and leptin genes, with reproductive traits in Madras Red, a low prolificacy breed (n=33) and Nilagiri, high prolificacy breed (n=37). SNP-G1 (480G>A) with three active mutations (GG, GA and AA) in growth hormone and SNP-L1 (17476 C>T) with two active mutations (CC and CT) in leptin gene were identified in both the breeds by sequencing and genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. Their associations with age at first service, age at first lambing and lambing interval (using GLM), and lambing percentage (using chi-square contingency table) were investigated. The mean age at first service, age at first lambing and lambing interval for Madras Red and Nilagiri were 590.09 ± 50.49, 754.290 ± 52.099 and 390.222 ± 16.715 and 617.535 ± 46.884, 796.233 ± 64.763 and 390.157 ± 16.155 days respectively and the lambing percentage of both the breeds not significant with other reproduction traits in the above. Association study revealed that none of the traits were affected by polymorphism of growth hormone and leptin genes in both breeds. The study indicates that polymorphism in growth and leptin genes loci are not suitable as selective criterion to improve the reproduction traits in Madras Red and Nilagiri sheep.

MTY 244 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE VARIATION IN CRH GENE IN MURRAH BUFFALO

GEDAMETE*, ARCHANAVERMA, I.D. GUPTA, ASHWANIARYA, VINEETA SINGH, XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February ANEETKOUR AND EKTARANA Animal Genetics and Breeding Division , ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) *Corresponding author: [email protected]

CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)also known as CRF(Corticotropin Releasing Factor) and Corticoliberin belongs to CRF family. It is secreted mainly by paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus but also secreted in small amount from placenta, immune system, ovaries and testes.CRH participates in HPA axis pathway and

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL leads to secretion of glucocorticoid (cortisol) from adrenal gland which in turn helps in lactogenesis. Thus, CRH gene is one of the potential candidate genes playing its role in milk production. It spans over 1682 bp comprising of 2 exons. Only 2nd exon is transcribed into 190 amino-acid long protein. Present study was carried out to identify nucleotide sequence variation in CRH gene of Murrah buffalo. Genomic DNA was isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction method from the blood samples of 100 randomly selected Murrah buffaloes maintained at Livestock Research Centre, ICAR-NDRI. Three sets of primers were designed by using Primer 3 software to amplify exonic region of CRH gene with respective annealing temperatures of 55.5oC, 59.3oC and 59.3oC and amplicons of 353 bp, 509 bp and 480 bp. Amplicons were sequenced and aligned with the reference sequence of Bostaurus using clustal omega software. A total of 5 changes have been observed: two in exon 1: 694G>C, 712 delG, three in exon 2:

100 1562G>T, 1665A>G and 1809C>T. The DNA sequence was translated using ExPASy translate tool. Alignment with reference protein sequence revealed that variation at 1562G>T was non-synonymous leading to amino acid change (Arginine’! Leucine) at position 4 of CRH protein. These variants, if associated with milk yield and constituents, may be used for MAS for higher milk production in Murrah buffalo.

MTY 245 SCREENING FOR A STRUCTURAL VARIANT ASSOCIATED WITH FERTILITY IN VECHUR AND CROSSBRED CATTLE OF KERALA

BIMAL, C. B1, ARAVINDAKSHAN, T. V2, MANOJ, M. 1 AND JINTY, S.3 Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Advances in high throughput sequencing technologies over the recent years have paved way for understanding genomic variations at a deeper level. Recent studies have focused on structural variants (SVs) and ‘large deletions’ incorporating major genes are reported to be associated with ‘loss of function’ variations. Despite all the deleterious effects of such deletions, these variants are still maintained in the population owing to their positive effect on milk yield and composition. A large (660kb) deletion on chromosome 12 reported in Nordic Red cattle, incorporated four major genes and one of the genes Ribonuclease H2 Subunit B (RNASEH2B) was found to be associated with fertility. In this contest, the present study was conducted to detect the presence of a similar deletion in the crossbred and Vechur cattle of Kerala and also to screen for the presence of carriers of deletion, if any. A total of 117 cattle including 95 cows (65 crossbred and 30 Vechur) and 22 bulls (12 Vechur and 10 crossbred) were randomly selected. One set of control primer was designed within the genomic region of RNASEH2B gene. Another set of primer was designed to work only if there was a deletion present in the region of interest. Out of the total animals tested with the control primer, 110 individuals (including all cows) gave a product of expected size (318 bp), confirming the presence of RNASEH2B gene and absence of a deletion involving its genomic region. The deletion specific primer did not work in any of these individuals, which confirmed the absence of deletion. The remaining seven individuals (6 crossbred bulls and 1 Vechur bull) gave a product (520 bp) with the deletion specific primer. Up on sequencing and further bioinformatics analysis, these sequences were found to be located upstream of RNASEH2B gene, but within the earlier reported ‘660 kb deletion’ region. Although, an embryonic lethal phenotype was reported in a homozygous deletion, the present result does not support that finding. Moreover, the deleterious effect of this variant in high yielding breeds is not observed in Vechur cattle, where there is less production stress. These variants can also be used as markers to ensure breed purity because of the conserved nature of its wild type alleles in the indigenous breeds. Nevertheless, the results indicate that it is also important to direct our research towards SVs contributing to functional modifications of economic traits.

MTY 246 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND DETECTION OF TWO NOVEL SNPS OF SIRTUIN3 (SIRT3) GENE IN MALABARI AND ATTAPPADY BLACK GOATS

SILPA M.V.*, NAICY THOMAS., RADHIKA G., T. V ARAVINDAKSHAN, NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL ANU BOSEWELL AND CHARLOTTE CORETTA RODRICKS Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Sirtuins are a family of highly conserved NAD-dependent deacetylases that act as cellular sensors to detect energy availability and modulate metabolic processes. Among the seven sirtuins identified in vertebrates, SIRT3 has emerged as a mitochondrial fidelity protein that directs energy generation and regulates ROS scavenging proteins. It is

101 central to the control of metabolic processes and also has a critical role in fertility by preventing the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The two native goat breeds of Kerala, Malabari and Attappady Black, are dual purpose and meat type breed, respectively. Hence a study was conducted with an objective to detect potential polymorphisms in exon6 of SIRT3 in Malabari and Attappady Black breeds of goats. DNA was isolated from 270 Malabari and Attappady Black goats. Exon 6 of SIRT3 was amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) which was then subjected to Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) technique. The PCR-SSCP analysis revealed three diplotypes (AA, AB and AC) that on sequencing revealed two novel SNPs (c.802C>T and c.835G>A), both being non-synonymous. The effect of the amino acid substitutions on protein function was predicted by PROVEAN tool, indicated that amino acid change at position 802 (p.Arg268Trp) was deleterious and that at position 835 (p.Asp279Asn) was neutral. These results suggest that SIRT3 can be used as a candidate gene for marker assisted selection for genetic improvement of native goats.

MTY 247 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE VARIATIONS AT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE2 (SOD 2) GENE LOCUS IN VECHUR CATTLE, CROSSBRED CATTLE AND MURRAH BUFFALOES

PRAGATHI K S1, ANILKUMAR, K2 , RADHIKA, G.3, LALI, F. A.4 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy – 680651 Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

India is enviously endowed with rich animal biodiversity. Vachur cattle of Kerala is one such unique genetic material characterised with small body and high adaptability for hot humid tropics. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD 2) gene encodes for an antioxidant enzyme that directly contributes for cellular defence mechanisms against the superoxide anion, inside the mitochondrial matrix. It regulates antioxidant defence mechanism against reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in mitochondria. The present study was carried out to characterize the SOD 2 gene of Vechur cattle, crossbred cattle and Murrah buffaloes. Total RNA was extracted from the blood using GeneluteTM mammalian total RNA mini prep kit and cDNA were synthesized by Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR). A 1388 bp segment of SOD2 gene was amplified from cDNA by PCR using specific primers covering the complete transcriptional unit of gene and sequenced by dideoxy nucleotide sequencing method. The sequences from each genetic group were compared for nucleotide variations with respect to reference sequences (Bos taurus Accession # NM_201527.2 and Bubalus bubalis Accession # AFQ00705.1) using paired blast (BLASTn) tool. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence of eight nucleotide variations in Vechur cattle, five in crossbred cattle. Among the eight variations in Vechur, two were in coding sequence (CDS). One among them was found to be synonymous and other was non synonymous substitution (where glycine was substituted by arginine) at G76K. In crossbred cattle, two polymorphisms were in CDS, A81G synonymous and T109C non-synonymous with Alanine substituting Valine. Murrah buffalo sequence consisted of 2 synonymous variations (G29A, alanine and T551C,

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity isoleucine) and two non-synonymous variations G91C (serine to aspargine) and A734G (arginine to lysine) at 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February CDS. The existence of within breed and between breed variations in both coding and non-coding regions confirmed the presence of genetic variability for SOD2 gene in the studied population.

MTY 248 KOSALI CATTLE GENETIC VARIABILITY DETECTED BY SSR MARKERS NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL REKHA SHARMA, HIMANI SHARMA, SONIKA AHLAWAT, ASIT JAIN* AND M. S. TANTIA ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India * Veterinary College, Anjora, Durg, CG

Basic genetic parameters including allele frequencies, observed (Na) and effective number of alleles (Ne), observed

(Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) and heterozygote deficit (FIS) and Bottleneck events in the Kosali cattle

102 population was analyzed. All the markers were polymorphic and a total of 297 alleles were detected across the 26 SSR markers. Independent assortment of all the loci was assumed based on an exact test for genotypic linkage disequilibrium. Reasonable polymorphism was evident from the allele frequency data. CSSM33 showed the highest number of observed alleles per locus (20) while TGLA227 and ILSTS05 showed the lowest (5) with the 11.423 mean number of alleles. Expected number of alleles varied from 1.775 (TGLA227) to 8.842 (ILSTS34) with the mean of 4.989. Kosali cattle had substantial genetic variation based on its gene diversity in addition to the average number of alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.349 (CSSM08) to 0.952 (HEL05) and from 0.437 (TGLA227) to 0.887 (ILSTS34) with an overall mean of 0.693± 0.03 and 0.765±0.02, respectively. Observed heterozygosity was lower than expected showing a departure from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and possibility of inbreeding. Ewens-Watterson Test for Neutrality revealed that all the microsatellite markers were neutral thus selection as a cause of the decrease in observed heterozygosity was ruled out. Difference between the observed and expected heterozygosity can be due to the non-random mating among the individuals of the population, which was also reflected in the positive FIS value (0.088). Population has not suffered recent genetic bottleneck (last 40-80 generations). The results suggest existence of enough genetic variation in the Kosali population for further scientific programs.

MTY 249 COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SNPS IN BOLA-DRB3 GENE OF VECHUR CATTLE AND COMPARISON WITH CROSSBRED CATTLE OF KERALA

JINTY SUKUMARAN, T.V.ARAVINDAKSHAN, ANU BOSEWELL AND RADHIKA,G. Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur

India is blessed with richest biodiversity in domestic animals. Vechur cow is an indigenous cattle breed of Kerala with an inherent ability for disease resistance. Crossbred cattle of Kerala are evolved by crossing native cattle with exotic breeds like Holstein Friesian, Jersey and Brown Swiss and they produce the major share of milk in Kerala state. Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) and Mastitis are diseases which cause great economic burden to cattle rearing farms and hence the need based research should focus on genes involved in their resistance/ susceptibility. One of the candidate genes involved in resistance/susceptibility to FMD and mastitis is the BOLA-DRB3 gene. BOLA- DRB3 is a beta–chain antigen binding domain which plays a vital role in the immune response in infectious diseases. The present study aimed to predict and understand the genetic variants present in the exonic region of Vechur and Cross bred cattle which were assessed by exome wide DNA capture and next generation sequencing technology. Sequencing data of BOLA-DRB3 gene of both Vechur and Cross bred cattle revealed the presence of 19 SNPs including 2 silent and 17 missense mutations. The Provean Tool was used to analyse the functional influence of the amino acid substitutions. The results of the Provean Tool revealed that all variations in Vechur cattle were neutral

while p.Tyr59Ser and P.Tyr66Asn were found to be deleterious in crossbred cattle with a score of -5.954 and - XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 3.869, respectively. The I- Mutant 3.0 server was used to predict protein stability changes upon single nucleotide Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February polymorphisms. The results of I- Mutant 3.0 Software demonstrated that protein stability with related free energy (ÄG), had changed due to mutation. The p.Tyr59Ser and P.Tyr66Asn in BOLA-DRB3 gene of crossbred cattle decrease the effective stability of the protein with a value of -1.58Kcal/mol. The Project Hope Software illustrated the 3D structure of the wild and mutant protein of Crossbred cattle. The wild-type and mutant amino acids differ in size and the mutant residue is smaller than the wild-type residue. This might cause an empty space in the core of the protein and possibly causing the loss of hydrophobic interactions in that region. Absence of these deleterious NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL mutations in BOLA-DRB3 gene of Vechur cattle might be the reason to enable them to produce protein functionally more stable and thus conferring immunity to FMD and mastitis. Also, our predictions suggest that the non synonymous SNPs in crossbred cattle are important and maybe linked with diseases like FMD and Mastitis. It should be confirmed by the wet lab analysis and corresponding association studies with disease.

103 MTY 250 COMPARATIVE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (SOD 2) GENE IN RELATION TO MASTITIS IN CB CATTLE OF KERALA

PRAGATHI K. S.1, ANILKUMAR, K2 AND RADHIKA, G.3 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur – 680651 Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

Mastitis is the inflammation of mammary gland and has been described as one of the most expensive diseases bringing huge economic loss to dairy industry. The study of genes affecting disease incidence and immunity is a prerequisite to develop a balanced strategy for raising disease-resistant groups with minimum therapeutic interventions. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD 2) gene codes for an enzyme that directly contributes for cellular defence mechanisms against reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the mitochondrial matrix. Expression of SOD 2 gene is found to influence mastitis. The present study has been undertaken to analyse the expression of SOD 2mRNA in blood cells of healthy cows in relation to cows with clinical mastitis. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed in a real time PCR system using SYBR green chemistry. Relative quantification was performed by 2-—”Ct (comparative Ct) method. The crossbred dairy cows used in the study were grouped into two groups, based on whether they are affected or healthy (six animals in each group).The reference gene used in the study was the beta actin (ACTB). The relative expression of SOD 2 mRNA in clinical mastitis affected animals was significantly (P<0.01) higher than healthy animals. The higher expression of SOD 2 mRNA in clinical mastitis affected animals indicating the protective mechanism of the mammary gland against superoxide anion radicle. The results suggest a defensive role of SOD 2 gene in mammary epithelial cells by scavenging excessively produced ROS from activated polymorphonuclear cells.

MTY 251

DETECTION OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN EXON 5 OF ÁS1CASEIN IN INDIAN CAMEL (CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS) BREEDS

S.A. JADHAV, S. C. MEHTA1, U.D. UMRIKAR, R.S. DESHMUKH, M.P. SAWANE Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-12 1ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan

The livestock industry in India is making a rapid stride forward and plays a multi-faceted role in providing livelihood support to the rural population. Single humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is one of the important components of domestic livestock for India. Under harsh conditions, camels have the capability to produce more milk than any other species and for longer periods of time, while their feed requirements are modest. Casein is a major part of XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February protein in camel milk.The present study was carried out on a total of 112 camels belonging to the four major breeds viz. Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi and Mewari to detect polymorphism at á-s1 caseinby PCR-RFLP.The PCR

amplification of 930 bp fragment of exon 5 of á s1 casein gene was carried out and restriction digestion with SmlI was done to know the nucleotide substitution G>T, leading to a non-synonymous amino acid exchange (p.Glu30 >Asp30). Pooled over breed, the frequency of GG, GT and TT genotypes was observed as 0.946, 0.054 and 0.000 and the frequency of major allele G was observed to be 0.973 and that of T was observed to be 0.027. The GT genotype was absent in Bikaneri and Kachchhi camels. This nucleotide substitution has been found to be associated NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL with the protein patterns in camel, the information generated can be used for typing variability in á s1 casein gene in camel and for broader analysis of camel milk protein variability. This is a requirement for further analyses concerning associations between milk protein variability and milk performance traits in camel. The information can be used to increase the economic value of camel milk production as well as for producing diversifiedcamel milk.

104 MTY 252 POLYMORPHISM OF BOLA-DRB3 GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SCC IN CROSSBRED AND INDIGENOUS CATTLE

R.SARAVANAN*, S.VELUSAMY, N.MURALI AND A.K.THIRUVENKADAN Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Veterinary College and Research Institute,Namakkal-637002, Tamil Nadu *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Polymorphism of BoLA-DRB3 gene was explored in indigenous (Kangayam, Ongole, Deoni and Bargur cattle) and crossbred (Holstein Friesian crossbred and Jersey crossbred) genetic groups for association of occurrence of mastitis and estimate of Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in milk. The study was carried out in two different groups of cattle viz., Holstein Friesian crossbred and Jersey crossbred cattle as most susceptible to mastitis and group of indigenous cattle (Kangayam, Ongole, Deoni and Bargur cattle) as highly resistant to mastitis. The overall least squares mean milk yield of Kangayam, Ongole, Deoni, Bargur, Holstein Friesian crossbred and Jersey crossbred cows in the present study was 1424.89 ± 22.99, 696.31 ± 25.06, 1044.87 ± 19.59, 757.47 ± 10.46, 5722.83 ± 36.24 and 3100.70 ± 35.30 kg, respectively. The overall least squares mean of SCC of Kangayam, Ongole, Deoni, Bargur, Holstein Friesian crossbred and Jersey crossbred cows in the present study was 1.39 ± 279.94, 0.50 ± 89.13, 0.50 ± 126.35, 1.11 ± 244.35, 2.19 ± 727.63 and 6.84 ± 961.51 lakhs cells per ml of milk samples, respectively. The mean SCC was significantly (P<0.05) higher in crossbred cattle when compared to native animals. Screening for BoLA- DRB3 alleles was carried out in 894 samples with PCR amplification of 284 bp fragment of exon 2 of the DRB3 gene followed by PCR RFLP method digested separately with three different restriction enzymes (RsaI, HaeIII and BstYI). The most common alleles in Holstein Friesian crossbred and Jersey crossbred cattle were BoLA-DRB3.2*8 (9.03) and *23 (10.57). Among the major alleles (BoLA-DRB3.2*8, *10, *13, *15, *16, *22, *23, *24 and *47), the allele *22 was significantly (p< 0.05) associated with lactation milk yield of crossbred cattle. In crossbred cattle, higher SCC (13.00 ± 1.67 x105 cells /ml) was observed in cows affected with mastitis and the frequency of allele *8 was significantly high (p<0.05) when compared to the normal crossbred animals. In Kangayam, Ongole, Deoni and Bargur breeds of cattle, alleles *6 (19.72), *6 (24.00), *15 (22.94) and *6 (19.23) had the highest frequency, respectively. In this study, it was observed that these alleles (*6 and *15) were significantly (p<0.05) influencing lower SCC in native breeds of cattle. In conclusion, BoLA alleles (allele *8 and *23) had significant association with SCC or incidence of clinical mastitis and allele *22 was associated with the lactation milk yield among crossbred cattle. This could be used as a marker for selection against mastitis susceptibility. Selection against allele *8 could reduce the incidence of mastitis among crossbred population.

MTY 253 EXPRESSION PROFILE OF TROPONIN C TYPE 1 AND MYOGLOBIN XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

GENES IN DIFFERENT TISSUES OF GHAGUS AND ASEEL CHICKEN Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

A. RAJENDRA PRASAD*, T.K. BHATTACHARYA1, R.N. CHATTERJEE1, KUMAR P.2, BHUSHAN B.2, N. GOVARDHANA SAGAR2, P. GURU VISHNU2, D. DIVYA1 1ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar , Hyderabad-500030 *2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P-243122 *Corresponding author: [email protected] NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Troponin C type 1(TNNC1) is a calcium binding protein of the troponin complex that locates on the thin filament in striated muscles and modulate their contraction in association with other troponin components (T and I) and tropomyosin and Myoglobin (Mb) is a cytoplasmic hemoprotein that is primarily expressed within cells of striated muscle lineages of vertebrates and containing a heme group which is responsible for carrying of oxygen molecules to muscle tissues. A study was conducted to explore the expression profile of TNNC1 and Mb genes in muscle, bursa, heart, spleen and gizzard tissues of two indigenous chicken breeds namely, Ghagus and Aseel on 1st and 28th day of age. Total RNA was isolated from the tissues and cDNA was synthesized. cDNA of TNNC1 and Mb genes

105 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala the breeds. At 28 106 expression. Inspleenatdayoldage,expressionof TNNC1 was19foldshigherthanthatof28 was higherinheart,spleenandmuscleatdayoldage,whereas28 where itshowed80foldshigherexpressionatdayoldageinGhagusascomparedto Aseel. Expressionof TNNC1 than thatofdayoldage. Among allthetissues,Mbwasfoundtobeexpressedingizzardathighestmagnitude and heartfollowedbymuscleascomparedtobursa.Intissueat28 MTY 253 expression amongthetissueswithinbreed. Finally itisconcludedthattheexpressionof TNNC1 andMbgenesvariedbetweenbreedssignificantlydifferent regulation. process. However, furtherinvestigations arerequiredtoverifytheinfluenceofthisallelicvariantingene amino acidinthepromoterregionhasimpactonaffinity ofthe TATA boxbindingsiteinthegenetranscription alleles respectively. All thefourIndiandromedarybreedswerepolymorphicforthisvariation. This transitionof 0.280 respectivelyforthe AA, AG andGGgenotypes. The allelefrequencywas0.458 and0.542forthe A andG 352bp, 256bpand51(GG). The genotypefrequencyintheIndiandromedarywasobservedas0.195,0.525and and51 (AA),fourfragmentsof608bp,352bp,256bpand51fortheheterozygous(AG)threebands removes therestrictionsitefor HphI wasdonetostudythetransitiong.2126A>Ginpromoterregionofdromedarycamel. This transition promoter (-428bp)andthe5’flankingregion(+231)of?-Caseingenewascarriedoutrestrictiondigestionwith in thepromoterregionofb-caseingenebyPCR-RFLP.The PCRamplification of659bpfragmentspanningthe 112 camelsbelongingtothefourmajorbreedsviz.Bikaneri,Jaisalmeri,KachchhiandMewaridetectpolymorphism However, theinformationindromedaryiscomingupatlowerpace.Thepresentstudywascarriedoutonatotalof considered asamajorgeneforthepresenceofallelesassociatedtodifferent levelsofexpressioninotherspecies. zones of Asia and African wheretheyaredualpurposeanimals(meatandmilk). The ?-Caseinencodinggeneis Camels playanimportantsocio-economicrolewithinthepastoralandagriculturalsystemindrysemidry compared toGhagus. At 1stand28 Mb wasobservedingizzard,heartandmuscletissues. At day1 would beenhanced. The TNNC1 waspredominantlyexpressedonlyinmuscleandheart,whereasexpressionof TNNC1 andNM_001167752.1 forMbgenes)encompassingtwoconsecutiveexons,sothataccuracyofexpression for TNNC1 andMbgenesweredesignedfromthereportedcDNA sequencesavailableatNCBI(NM_205133.1for was quantifiedwithrealtimePCRwheretwoindigenouscontrolssuchasGAPDHandâ-actinwereused.Primers OF b-CASEINININDIANCAMEL( DETECTION OF GENETICPOLYMORPHISM INPROMOTERREGION S.A. JADHAV, S.C.MEHTA Department of Animal GeneticsandBreeding,Bombay Veterinary College,Parel,Mumbai-12 th dayofage,4foldshigherexpression TNNC1 inmusclewasnoticed Aseel breedas 1 ICAR-National ResearchCentreonCamel,Bikaner, Rajasthan th HphI day, higherexpressionwasfoundinhearttissue Aseel comparedtoGhagus. . The restrictionpatternsarecharacterizedbythetwo fragmentsof608bp 1 , U.D. UMRIKAR CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS st and28 , R.S. DESHMUKH, V th day, Mbwashighlyexpressedingizzard th day, expressionofMbwas9foldhigher th , heartandmuscleshowedthehigher th dayofageacross .D.PAWAR ) BREEDS NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION III

INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF BREEDING NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY

Lead Papers

Lead Paper PROSPECTS OF CARPET WOOL PRODUCTION THROUGH INDIGENOUS SHEEP BREEDS IN ARID ZONE OF INDIA

A. K. PATEL*, H. K. NARULA AND S. M. K. NAQVI ICAR- Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Arid Region Campus, Bikaner-334006 *Email: [email protected]

In India, sheep is an important livestock species and it contribute immensely to the agrarian economy by providing gainful employment and income to large number of rural poor especially socially backward, marginal and landless labourers. The sheep rearing has importance in geographically difficult regions including arid, semi arid and mountainous areas where crop and dairy farming are not economical and viable. India ranks third in sheep population and account for nearly 6% of world sheep population, currently India has 65.06 million sheep as per Livestock census 2012. The wool production is almost stagnant in the country for last one decade, however, the slight increase was achieved in wool production to about 48 m kg in 2013-14 from last year 46.1 m kg (BAHS, 2014).

In India sheep are mostly reared for wool and meat. A number of rural based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. In addition to this, sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility. Sheep rearing is important source of livelihood and income generation activity for economically poor, uneducated, socially backward and migratory people. This sheep sector ensure them self-employment and family labour under extensive system and act as cushion at the time of drought and famine. However, in country the handmade carpet alone exports have crossed Rs. 8559.01 crores during 2014-15 fiscal year. Woolen industry provides employment to about 2.6 million people. Out of total production of raw wool in the country about 70% is carpet grade, 20% coarse grade and 10% apparel grade (Karim and Shakyawar, 2011). In world scenario the 37% of world is classed as fine wools, 22% as medium wools, and 41% as coarse wools. Two thirds of wool is used in manufacture of garments and about one third in carpets, upholstery and rugs. (Naqvi, 2013). Besides this sheep also significantly contributes to mutton production which increased to 441.14 m kg and total export earning of Rs 250 crores from meat and animal casing and processed meat.

Sheep genetic resources in India

There are 42 well defined breeds of sheep in India which can be divided mainly into four regions on the basis of the agro climatic conditions and type of sheep available. Out of these regions, North Western, Central arid and semi arid region is important from the point of carpet wool breeds. This region comprises the state of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, plains of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh having carpet wool type sheep breeds viz Chokla, Nali, Marwari, Magra, Jaiselmeri, Pugal, Malpura, Sonadi, Pattanwadi, Muzaffarnagri, Jalauni, Hisardale and Kheri.

This region has second largest population of sheep of four regions and wool produced is mostly suited for manufacture XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity of carpets. The produced wool is mostly suited for manufacture of carpets. It was reported that nearly 50% of Sheep Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February population of this region produces 2/3 of carpet grade wool and Rajasthan alone with 16 million sheep contributed 40% to Indian wool production (Acharya, 1982). India ranks 6th amongst clean wool producer countries and 9th amongst greasy wool producers. Indian wool is almost exclusively of broader micron and used in manufacturing of carpets and rugs. The produced wool is mostly suited for manufacture of carpets. The different sheep breeds of different agro climatic zone are mentioned in Table-1. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL In north-western arid and semi arid region sheep farming extensively depends on pastures and rangelands for the nutritional requirement (Suresh et.al 2007). Sparse vegetation and low carrying capacity and in most of the year’s drought condition compel sheep breeders to migrate in surrounding states for livelihood. The migration was mainly temporarily and started with the initiation of crisis of grazing and ends with onset of monsoon (Narain and Kar, 2005).This resulted to decline in wool production in this region from 28.5 million to 18.9 million kg in last decade (2002-2011). Since 80’s the sheep population increase to 1.5 times from 48.4 million to 65.06 million. The major growth of sheep population observed in south peninsular region having coarser wool breed mainly reared for meat production. This can cause to drop off per unit wool production from 0.9 Kg/ sheep/ year to 0.7-0.8 kg/per sheep/

107 Table 1: Sheep breeds of India in different regions S. No. Region Sheep breeds 1 North Temperate Changthangi (CW), Bhakarwal (CW), Gaddi (CW), Gurez (CW), Karnah (AW), Kashmir Merino (AW), Poonchi (CW), Rampur Bushair (CW) 2 North-Western Arid Magra (CW), Marwari (MCW), Chokla (CW), Malpura (MCW) Jaisalmeri (MCW), Jalauni (MCW), and Semi Arid Kheri (MCW),), Muzaffarnagari (MCW), Nali (CW), Patanwadi(CW), Pugal(MCW), Sonadi (MCW), Munjal (MCW), Hisardale (MCW). 3 Southern Peninsular Bellary (MCW), Coimbatore(MCW) Daccani (M), Hassan (M), Kanguri (M), Kilakarsal (M), Madras Red (M), Mandya (M), Mecheri (M), Nellore (M), Nilgiri (AW), Rammand White (M), Tiruchy Black (M),Vembur (M) 4 Eastern Balangir (MCW), Bonpala (MCW), Chottanagpuri (MCW), Ganjam (MCW), Garole (MP), Tibetan (CW), Kendrapara (MP) Within parenthesis is the major utility of the breed: (AW) Apparel wool; (CW) Carpet wool; (MCW) Mutton and Carpet wool; (M) Mutton; (P) Prolificacy year. Although, over the years wool production increases with marginal growth rate of 1% from 40 million to 45.4 million kg.

Wool Production and Utilization

According to Government of India (GOI) estimates, for fiscal year (FY) 2012-13 (April-March) raw wool production was 46.1 million kilograms (kg), which has decreased in the last 10 years due to a lower sheep population. The GOI 2012 livestock census reported that since 2007 the sheep population declined by 9.07 percent to 65 million. The average annual GFY is 0.9 kg per sheep, much lower than the world average of 2.4 kg per sheep. Sheep farming is Table-2: State wise wool production of India for period 2001-02 to 2010-11 (000’S Kg) State 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 North western arid and semi-arid region Rajasthan 18900 15049 15405 15685 15451 12664 12529 12277 Haryana 2518 1304 1136 1121 1121 1200 1246 1287 Punjab 554 566 712 513 435 451 485 506 Gujarat 2780 2950 3123 2962 2996 2857 2919 2918 U P 1929 1965 1459 1461 1481 1503 1523 1543 M P 600 681 431 428 401 381 370 372 Sub Total 27281 22515 22266 22170 21885 19056 19072 18903 Southern peninsular region A P 3638 3678 3978 4230 4407 4507 4605 4832 Karnataka 5355 5484 5598 5599 5631 7137 7165 7179 T N 750 750 750 750 25 25 31 1 Maharashtra 1675 1620 1640 1667 1677 1707 1726 1448

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Sub Total 11418 11536 11966 12246 11740 13376 13527 13460 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Eastern region Arunachal Pradesh 60 16 14 14 12 15 16 14 Bihar 365 378 220 231 241 250 260 260 Chhatisgarh 252 255 244 245 165 165 166 114 Jharkhand 314 148 150 146 147 149 136 149 Sikkim 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 1

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL W B 651 659 666 673 680 687 697 705 Sub Total 1648 1460 1296 1310 1246 1267 1276 1243 North Temperate region H P 1598 1600 1603 1605 1607 1618 1614 1642 J & K 6200 7120 7400 7400 7040 7133 7282 7382 Uttaranchal 342 349 353 355 360 368 353 362 Sub Total 8140 9069 9356 9360 9007 9119 9249 9386 Grand Total 48487 44575 44884 45085 43881 42819 43124 42991 (Source: State Animal Husbandry Department)

108 generally unorganized, and lacks sufficient veterinary or extension services. Most wool is produced in Rajasthan, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh.

In general, Indian wool is coarse, and considered to be of low quality (28 microns and above); it is primarily used to manufacture hand-made carpets. India’s agro-climatic conditions do not favour higher quality wool production. Only some areas that border the Himalayas produce finer grade wool. Out of the total production of raw wool about 70 % was carpet grade which is mostly used in hand knotted, tufted and woven carpets. Woollen industry in India is small in size as compared to cotton and synthetic fibre based industry, wool and woollen activities in rural areas are having important position. The woollen industry including carpet sector contributes more than Rs. 8559 crore (Anonymous, 2015) in export earnings. Moreover the industry provides employment and source of sustenance to about one million people mostly belonging to low income group.

Presently, the total wool production in India is not enough to meet the total requirement of raw wool for woollen industry. The bulk of Indian wool is of coarse quality and is used mostly in the hand-made carpet industry. Carpet industry need by utilizing all the carpet grade wool produced in the country which is only 1/3 of total consumption of 70 million kg of raw wool. To meet the growing demand indigenous wool production increases from 38.8 million kg to 49.5 million kg by the end of last decade (1992-93 to 2001-02). The maximum wool production was observed to 50.5 million kg in 2002-03 and afterwards recorded declination due to draught condition and fall down to 47.9 million kg in year 2013-14 (Table-4). Over the period of IX and X plan the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of a negative 0.4%. After wards by the end of X plan wool production increase to 45.1 million kg with marginal growth of 1%. In starting years of XIth plan wool production further drop down and reach to minimum to 42.8 million kg in year 2008-09. The current wool production in India 47.9 million kg and it is expected that it will produce 65 million kg of wool by 2050. Rajasthan is still main carpet grade wool producing states in India (Table 3). Table 3: Major carpet grade wool producing states in India (2014-15) S.No. States Wool Production (Qty. in million kg.) 1 Rajasthan 15.03 2 Jammu & Kashmir 8.71 3 Karnataka 7.75 4 Andhra Pradesh 5.04 5 Gujarat 2.58 Source: Animal Husbandry Department, Ministry of Agriculture

Table 4: Wool Production in India during different years Year Wool Production (Million Kg) Year Wool Production (Million Kg) 1992-93 38.8 2003-04 48.5 1993-94 39.9 2004-05 44.6 1994-95 40.6 2005-06 44.9 1995-96 42.4 2006-07 45.1 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

1996-97 44.4 2007-08 4.9 Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 1997-98 45.6 2008-09 42.8 1998-99 46.9 2009-10 43.1 1999-2000 47.9 2010-11 43.0 2000-01 48.4 2011-12 44.7 2001-02 49.5 2012-13 46.1 2002-03 50.5 2013-14 47.9

Source: Animal Husbandry Department, 2015 for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

Wool Import: The production of wool in the country is not sufficient to meet the demand of the wool industry including carpet sector and most of it is being imported from Australia, New Zealand and many other countries The present requirement of different segments of Indian woollen industry is likely to grow further because of higher domestic as well as export need of woollen items (Table-5). There has been a shift from imports of fine quality wool to low quality wool in recent years. This is on account of consumer preference for hand tufted carpets in the US and other western markets. Cheap wool import from the Middle East is also constantly growing and is mixed with indigenous wool to make hand tufted carpets. Import of raw wool from Australia, New Zealand and many other countries are given in Table-6. 109 Table-5: Import of raw wool in different years Table-6: Import of raw wool from different major countries Year Quantity (M. Kg)Value in crores (Rs) in 2014-15 2006-07 99.56 1077.45 S.No. Country Quantity in tones 2007-08 93.07 1089.51 1 Australia 17084 2008-09 65.73 1031.86 2 Pakistan 8089 2009-10 68.26 1000.77 3 New Zealand 7422 2010-11 94.77 1434.65 2011-12 76.29 1876.87 4 Syria 11225 2012-13 77.16 1801.90 5 Italy 3432 2013-14 89.6 1967.72 6 Turkey 1424 2014-15 96.5 2125.74 (Source: DGCI&S, Kolkata) (Source: DGCI&S, Kolkata) Woollen industry: The woollen industry in the country is of the size of more than Rs 10,000 crores and broadly divided and scattered between the organised and decentralized sectors. There are around 958 woollen units in the country, majority of which are in the small scale sector. The industry has the potential to generate employment to the 12 lakh person in organised wool sector. Further, there are 3.2 lakh weavers in the carpet sector. Today India is the world’s largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets in terms. Around 70-75 % of carpets manufactured in India are exported and handmade carpets are exported to more than 70 countries in the world, the US being the largest importer (Table-7). Indian carpets are known worldwide for their excellent designs, fascinating colours and quality. The four major regions making hand-knotted carpets are Jammu and Kashmir, Jaipur-Agra-Gwalior, Bhadohi, Mirzapur and Warangal-Eleru. But the, country’s major carpet production is at Bhadohi-Mirzapur and Jaipur, amounting to about 80%. However, the major carpet yarn production centres are Bikaner (70-80%), Bhilwara, Kekri, Beawar in Rajasthan, Panipat (Haryana) and Bhadohi (UP). Most of the yarn produced in different centres is sent in scoured stage to Bhadohi where it is dyed in desired shades. The yarn number generally spun is 2 to 5 Nm and the wool utilized for such spinning varies from 32 to 37 micron.

Table-7: Major countries importing handmade carpets and other floor covering from India S.No. Country Values in crores (Rs) 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 4 USA 2501.52 3117.22 3701.81 5 UAE 304.83 648.87 1309.89 2 Germany 657.76 665.51 680.25 8 UK 548.29 484.49 457.88 1 Australia 179.42 201.71 220.07 6 Netherland 96.65 113.74 141.79 3 Canada 118.81 141.29 131.24 7 Italy 83.99 98.89 102.24 8 Others 1386.03 1638.70 1744.14 Total 5877.30 7110.42 8459.01

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Source: DGCI & S, Kolkata Data 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Wool Mandis: The largest mandi for wool trading is located at Bikaner as the surrounding area produced very good quality of Chokla and Magra wool beside regular qualities of wool ranging from 30 to 38 micron and very much suitable for production of carpet and durries. The very good quality of wool is also coming from Barmer, Jaiselmer, Kolayat in Bikaner mandis (Table-8). Weaving of carpet started in Bikaner in Bikaner jail before independence where some very high quality carpets were made and exported overseas also these carpets were very popular in royal families of Rajasthan and other parts of India. Hand knotted carpets were also made in some NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL nearby villages but approximately 10 years back some companies started with modern carpets like hand tufted, handloom, broadloom and shaggy with their quality wool. So in coming few years Bikaner will be a great industrial hub of Rajasthan for woollen yarn and carpets production.

Exports: India does not export raw wool, but does ship intermediate and finished products such as woollen yarn, fabric, clothing, and carpets, which generally have increased in the last few years due to price competitiveness. India exports various woollen products like tops, yarn, fabrics, Ready Made Garments and Carpets. Carpet enjoys maximum share of total export. The aggregate export of woollen items from wool tops to finished products like

110 Table-8: Arrival and sale of wool in Bikaner mandis (CWDB) in million kg S.No. Year Arrival Sale 1. 2011-12 10.01 9.77 2. 2012-13 18.83 18.73 3. 2013-14 17.30 17.29 textiles, clothing, blankets and carpets is currently estimated around Rs. 7000 Crores. During the 11th Plan period, the growth was hindered owing to variety of factors. However there are good opportunities for export growth. Primary sectors which can look forward for export growth are textiles, woven clothings, knitwears and carpets. In order to build growth tempo, the action for reform should be expedited which may also attract FDI to reinforce export outlook through joint ventures for better access to major markets. Major importers of intermediate products included the United Kingdom, United States, South Korea, Japan, Germany, Italy, and United Arab Emirates. The United States and many western European countries import apparel and clothing, while woollen carpets are mainly exported to the United States, United Arab Emirates, and Western Europe (Table-7). Hand tufted and hand-made carpets are the largest share of Indian finished product exports

Table-9: Exports of woollen items from country in different years (Rs. Crores) Year Woollen Yarn, Ready Made Carpet (Excluding Total fabrics, Made ups Garments silk) Handmade 2006-07 379.28 1636.54 3891.47 5907.30 2007-08 373.57 1409.54 3725.79 5508.90 2008-09 456.51 1742.97 3505.37 5704.85 2009-10 424.63 1838.09 3442.93 5705.65 2010-11 501.20 1510.92 4706.68 6718.77 2011-12 725.20 1654.69 4051.21 6431.09 2012-13 659.03 1617.43 5340.77 7617.23 2013-14 684.70 1888.60 6255.83 8829.21 2014-15 1234.61 1901.76 8301.56 11437.90 (Source : DGCI&S, Kolkata)

Role of ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute in improving carpet wool type

Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar was established in 1962 is engaged in research, enhancing productivity of sheep and rabbit and its product utilization, transfer of technologies to sheep breeders. Arid Regional Campus (ARC) was established at Bikaner in the arid ecosystem of Rajasthan in 1974. During early phase, ARC had been involved in developing technologies related to pelt production from Karakul and its crosses with native breed Malpura, Sonadi and Marwari. Now this campus is responsible to carry out the research activities for carpet wool production. The major breeds Magra, Marwari and Chokla are being improved by selective breeding for quality of carpet wool. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Important sheep breeds of arid region: Performance and improvement programmes Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

1. Magra Breed Magra is an important carpet wool breed of Rajasthan, and is found in its purest form in Bikaner and adjoining areas of Nagaur, Churu and Jhunjhunu districts. The sheep produces extremely white and lustrous fleece. The wool therefore produced by Magra is most suitable for carpet production and is in great demand due to its lustre. Magra sheep is being improved through selection under research project since 1996-97. An elite flock of Magra has been established with more than 300 breedable ewes. The project was further strengthened by having external funded for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL project from Central Wool Development Board, Ministry of Textile, on Strengthening of ram rearing centre of Magra sheep at ARC to produce more number of superior breeding rams to fulfill the need of the farmers for genetic improvement of their animals. The rams are being selected on the basis of selection index incorporating six month body weight and first six monthly greasy fleece yield. Every year nearly 100 superior breeding rams are being supplied to farmers/Government agencies for genetic improvement in the animals in field. The overall performance of different economical traits of Magra sheep is given in following Table- 10

111 Table- 10: Performance of Magra at Arid Region Campus, Bikaner S. No. Traits Performance 1 Birth Weight 3.0 Kg 2 3 Month Weight 16.0 Kg 3 6 Month Weight 25.0 Kg 4 9 Month Weight 29.0 Kg 5 12 Month Weight 31.0 Kg 6 First Six Monthly Greasy Fleece Yield 950 g 7 Second Six Monthly Greasy Fleece Yield 1050 g 8 Annual Greasy Fleece Yield 2200 g 11 Fibre Diameter 32.0 µ 12 Staple Length 5.15 cm

2. Marwari breed Marwari is one of important carpet wool producing sheep breed of North Western arid region of India. The breed is hardy and well adapted to harsh and erratic climatic conditions of hot arid region. This breed is largest in number and distributed widely in Jodhpur, Jalore, Nagaur, Pali, Barmer districts of Rajasthan and some parts of Gujarat. The Marwari project became the part of Network Project of Sheep Improvement from August 1993. Since then Marwari breed is being improved for carpet wool production through selection at Arid Region Campus of CSWRI, Bikaner. An elite flock of Marwari has been established with more than 400 breed able ewes. The rams are selected on the basis of selection index incorporating six month body weight and first six monthly greasy fleece yields. The body weight at six month improved by 41.94 percent i.e. from 15.9 kg to 22.6 kg over the period after start of Network Project. The adult annual GFY was improved from 1209 g to 1484 g since inception of Network Project (Table-11). The survivability of animals improved a lot over the years and 96% was recorded in all age groups. The twinning in Marwari breed of sheep is not common feature but twinning percentage in Marwari was enhanced up to 22 % in comparison to 2-3 % in early years. The available male lambs born in spring, season were ranked on the basis of selection index constructed from 6 months body weight and 6 months greasy fleece weight. The superior breeding rams produced in the project were supplied to the State Animal Husbandry Departments /Govt. Agency/ Farmers/ NGO/Developmental agency for the genetic improvement in the farmers’ flock.

Table-11: Average Performance of Marwari at Arid Region Campus, Bikaner S. No. Traits Performance 1 Birth Weight 3.0 Kg 2 3 Month Weight 16.0 Kg 3 6 Month Weight 23.0 Kg 4 12 Month Weight 32.0 Kg 5 First Six Monthly Greasy Fleece Yield 565 g 6 Second Six Monthly Greasy Fleece Yield 783 g 7 Annual Greasy Fleece Yield 1484 g 8 Fibre Diameter 33-35.0 µ XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 9 Staple Length 5.17 cm 10 Medullation 50-55%

3. Chokla breed Chokla a renowned carpet wool-producing sheep breed and primarily reared for its quality wool and its suitability for migration. In addition to their superior quality wool the animals of this breed are hardy and well adapted to arid and semi-arid environment. The wool produced by Chokla sheep is heterogenous and is generally mixed with NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL coarser fleece of other sheep before utilization as carpet wool. The All India coordinated Research project on sheep breeding was initiated in 1971 at CSWRI, Avikanagar. Since then Chokla was the one of the native breed used for cross breeding with exotic animals for developing different crossbred such as Avivastra and Bharat Merino. From 1991 AICRP on sheep breeding has been converted into Network Project on Sheep Improvement to undertake survey, evaluation & improvement of indigenous sheep breeds. The Project “Evaluation & Improvement of Chokla Sheep for Carpet Wool” was started in April 1992 and continued up to 2013 aiming to improve wool yield. In Year 2013, it was decided to shift the Chokla flock to Arid Region Campus, CSWRI Bikaner which is nearer to its breeding tract to effortless dissemination of superior germ plasm to end users.

112 Table-12: Performance of Chokla sheep at CSWRI, Avikanagar S.No. Traits Performance 1 Birth weight 2.82 kg 2 Weaning weight 14.29 kg 3 Six month weight 24.83 kg 4 Twelve month weight 30.29 kg 5 First six monthly GFY 1438 g 6 Adult Annual GFY 2386 g 7 Average fibre diameter 34.84 m 8 Medullation 33.87 % 9 Staple length 6.48 cm

Chokla flocks were kept under semi-intensive system and there is significant improvement in the body weight at different ages over the years. Six month body weight of 24.83 kg, 12 month body weight of 30.29 kg was achieved with change in concentrate supplementation regime during the period 2009-2011. The results showed that superior carpet wool producing Chokla is also having immense growth potential. However, major emphasis remains on improving carpet wool production. Overall least square means in 2009-11 for first six monthly GFY and Adult annual GFY were 1.438 kg and 2.386 kg, respectively (Table-12). Since 1992, a total of 250 rams were sold to the farmers / Govt. of Rajasthan / NGOs for breed improvement programme.

4. Pugal Breed Pugal is a medium carpet wool producing sheep breed of Rajasthan which is only present in Bikaner district. The communities responsible for maintaining this breed are Raika, Muslim, Rajput, Jat and Meghwal. Pugal sheep animals are known as “Rataanaa” in the field. The animals of this breed are generally found mixed with Magra, Nali and Jaisalmeri sheep in the flocks and percentage of pure Pugal breed animals in farmers flock ranges from 5- 70%. The population of Pugal sheep is declining very fast because of farmers’ choice to use Magra breed rams in their flocks. A National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) entitled “Characterization and conservation of Pugal sheep” was initiated at ARC of CSWRI, Bikaner in 2000 and completed in 2004 to characterize and conserve the breed. The conservation of elite germ plasm could be of great use to re-develop the breed, if it extinct completely in future due to indiscriminate breeding with other breeds and continuous trend of reduction of Pugal sheep population in the fields (Dass et al., 2005). The average performance of Pugal breed based on field data is given in Table-13

Table-13: Performance of Pugal sheep at Field level S. No. Traits Performance 1 Birth Weight 2.62 Kg 2 3 Month Weight 17.9 Kg 3 6 Month Weight 23.5 Kg 4 12 Month Weight 29.7 Kg 5 First Six Monthly Greasy Fleece Yield 557.5 g 6 Second Six Monthly Greasy Fleece Yield 513.8 g XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

7 Annual Greasy Fleece Yield 1618.3 g Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 8 Fibre Diameter 34.4 µ 9 Staple Length 6.07 cm 10 Medullation 59.1%

CROSSBRED SHEEP DEVELOPED FOR CARPET WOOL

Avikalin: At CSWRI Avikanagar, a crossbreeding experiment for improving carpet quality wool production was for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL initiated in 1964-65 involving exotic fine wool breed (Rambouillet) and native extremely coarse wool breed (Malpura). Since the beginning of 1975 the half bred have been pooled and interbred and the new strain arising out of this base having 50% Rambouillet and 50 % Malpura inheritance were named as Avikalin (Singh et.al.2006). The crossbreeding of extremely coarse and hairy breeds like Malpura with Rambouillet has shown that half-breds from such crosses yield more wool of excellent carpet quality than native Malpura. The Avikalin strain evolved out of this crossbred base is able to produce about 2 kg greasy fleece annually of 25-micron fibre diameter, 25 percent medullation and about 4.5 cm staple length. The wool produced by Avikalin is superior to the carpet wool produced by indigenous breeds.

113 IMPROVEMENT IN MAGRA BREED IN FARMERS FLOCK IN FIELD CONDITION

A field unit of Magra sheep has recently been started at Arid Region Campus, CSWRI, Bikaner under Network project on Sheep Improvement, ICAR, New Delhi. The Technical Programme of NWPSI is conceptually based on selection and Progeny Testing of indigenous sheep breeds with the involvement of field flocks in its native tract. The unit will have four centres from which one will be the ram-rearing centre. Each of the other three centres will cover a population of about 1500 sheep. About 9000 sheep of 92 flocks in all the centres have been registered in this programme and first health coverage in form of ET vaccine has been administered to around 10,500 sheep and goat in field. (Patel et al, 2013). The field performance of Magra sheep in terms of body weights of lambs & adult animals and wool yield were recorded to assess the production level of Magra flock in its native tract. The overall means of birth weight, three, six and twelve months weights were 3.06 ±0.34, 12.51±0.19, 19.05 ±0.33 & 27.25±0.31 kg, respectively. The average adult body weights for two and more than two years age were 33.57 ±0.29 and 36.13±3.83 kg, respectively. Three shearing in a year is practiced in project area, the average GFY in one clip were observed to be 497, 504 and 503 gm for female, male and overall mean, respectively (Patel et al, 2014). The programmes will certainly going to have a positive impact on productivity of this breed in adopted villages.

CONSTRAINTS FACED BY WOOL SECTOR

i) Raw Wool Production ™ Low priority of State Governments in development of wool sector. ™ Lack of awareness, traditional management practices, and lack of education and poor economic conditions of woolgrowers. ™ Shortage of pasture land which force breeders to migrate their flock from one area to another throughout the year. ™ Uneconomical return of the produces to sheep breeders particularly from sale of raw wool, milk, manure, mutton, skin etc. ™ Lack of motivation for adopting modern methods of sheep management, machine shearing of sheep, washing & grading of raw wool etc. ™ Inadequate production and processing facilities of specialty fibres i.e. Pashmina goat wool and Angora rabbit wool.

ii) Marketing of Raw Wool ™ Inadequate marketing facilities and infrastructure. ™ Ineffective role of state wool marketing organizations in wool producing States. ™ Absence of organized marketing and minimum support price system for ensuring remunerative return. ™ Minimum return earned from sale of wool by wool growers

(iii) Processing of Wool ™ Inadequate quantity of quality raw wool. ™ Out dated and inadequate pre-loom & post-loom processing facilities. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February ™ Inadequate dyeing facilities in wool potential areas. ™ Need of designing & diversification of woollen handloom products. ™ Dearth of technicians & trained manpower. ™ Inadequate testing facilities and quality control measures. ™ Transfer of technology is inadequate. ™ Lack of operational and technical bench marks.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The problems of sheep farmers are that their views are generally not taken in to consideration while preparing a plan/scheme for sheep production in country. The policy makers should have face to face discussion with sheep farmers before preparing any programme for sheep improvement and their socio-economic upliftment. The following issues are to be taken into consideration. ™ The established carpet wool breeds in the country are some time getting diluted due to intermixing with heavy bodied breeds for higher body weight and mutton yield, therefore, there is need to introduce incentive

114 schemes for higher wool yield animals like Chokla, Magra, Nali, Marwari and Jaisalmeri. ™ To bring overall improvement in wool production from carpet wool breeds, the implementing agency must encourage the evaluation of indigenous carpet wool breeds of sheep. ™ There is need of setting up of Common Facility Centres (CFCs) for machine wool shearing and creating processing facilities for wool and woollens products. ™ Increase employment in wool and allied industry and fulfil requirement of skilled manpower and also trained to wool growers with new techniques. ™ Strengthening of State Wool Marketing Organizations for marketing facility for raw wool and to ensure remunerative returns to wool growers. ™ Since selection within breeds of sheep seems the most favourable method at present for genetic improvement. Selective breeding; upgrading the inferior breeds by use of native improved breeds and Marker Assisted Selection for enhancing wool yield may be adopted in region.

References

19th Livestock Census, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, M/O Agriculture, 2012. Acharya, R.M. (1982). Sheep and Goats Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 30 Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nation, Italy Rome. Anonymous (2015). Carpet Council News, Feb-April 2015 Volume VI, Issue XVIII. BAHS(2014).http://dahd.nic.in/ dahd/WriteReadData/Final%20BAHS%202014% 2011.03.2015.pdf Dass, G., Tantia, M.S. & Singh, V.K. (2005). In Bulletin “Pugal: An endangered sheep breed of India. CSWRI Research Bulletin. Karim, S.A. and Shakyawar, D.B. (2011). National Seminar cum Workshop on Recent R& D Initiatives and Development Schemes of Wool and Woollens 28th May 2011, Mumbai. Naqvi, S.M.K. (2013). Present status of carpet wool production in India viz a viz world. Interactive meeting on Prospects in improving production, marketing and value addition of carpet wool. December 31, 2013. Arid Region Campus, CSWRI, Bikaner Page 1-7. Narain, P. and Kar, A. (2005) ‘Drought in Rajasthan: Impact coping mechanism and management strategies’ 2005, CAZRI, Jodhpur. Patel, A.K., Narula, H.K., Chopra, A. and Ayub, M. (2014) Performance of Magra sheep in field in arid zone of Rajasthan. In National Seminar on “Prospects and Challenges in Small Ruminant Production in India” December 11-12, 2014 at TANUVAS, Ooty. Pp 95. Patel, A.K; Narula, H.K.; Chopra, A., Sawal, R.K. and Prakash, O. (2013) Improvement in farmer’s flock of arid region of Rajasthan through Magra field unit. Interactive meeting on Prospects in improving production, marketing and value addition of carpet wool. December 31, 2013. Arid Region Campus, CSWRI, Bikaner Page 68. Shinde, A.K., Swarankar, C.P. and Prince, L.L.L (2012) CSWRI- 50 years of research contribution (2012), CSWRI, Avikanagar (Edited Book) Singh, V. K., Arora, A. L., Mehta, B. S., Mishra, A. K., Kumar Sushil and Prince L L. (2006). New strains of sheep evolved, CSWRI, Avikanagar. Suresh, A., Gupta, D.C., Mann, J.S. and. Singh, V. K. (2007) ‘Sheep production in semi arid zones –Management and XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

economics- Research Bulletin, 2007, CSWRI, Avikanagar Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

115 Lead Paper GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE OF INDIA

B. PRAKASH*, T.V. RAJA, RANI ALEX, RAFEEQUE R. ALYETHODI, SUSHIL KUMAR AND UMESH SINGH Central Institute for Research on Cattle Grass Farm Road, P.O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Uttar Pradesh *Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The Indian agricultural production system is dominated by crop-livestock mixed system and the Livestock sector of India is one of the largest in the world and is considered as an important component of the national economy. It provides employment and supplementary income to majority of rural masses. The important livestock products such as milk, meat and egg produced by the livestock species such as cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, poultry, pig etc. also helps to meet the protein requirement of the human population of the country. Unlike developed countries, the demand for livestock production is ever increasing in the developing countries due to increase in the human population, purchasing capacity and urbanization which warrants evolving an efficient and economically sustainable production system. Improving the efficiency of livestock production in future is highly complicated due to increase in the competition for the limited available natural resources such as land and water, feed and food etc. The changes in the concept of human health, animal welfare, product quality and climatic concerns will also act as the driving forces to shift the traditional livestock farming to an efficient livestock industry.

According to the economic survey of the country for the year 2015-16, India is the top most milk producer in the world as it accounts for nearly 18.50 per cent of the world milk production. The national milk production during the year 2014-15 was recorded as 146.30 million tonnes as compared to 137.70 million tonnes during the previous year (2013-14), thus achieving an impressive annual growth rate of 6.26 per cent which is double of the world growth rate of 3.10 per cent from 765 million tonnes in 2013 to 789 million tonnes in 2014 as reported by FAO. The bulk of national milk production is contributed by buffaloes (51%) and cattle (45%). The per cent contribution of exotic/ crossbred to the national milk production was nearly 25 while the indigenous/non-descript contributed 20 per cent. Among the various livestock species, cattle is rated as the most prominent as it is highly dynamic and provides better growth than any other livestock enterprise.

POPULATION DYNAMICS India has the second largest cattle population among the world countries and according to BAH&FS (2015) of Government of India, the cattle population during the year 2012 was 190.90 million. Even though India is bestowed XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February with a wider range of cattle genetic resources, the estimates of breed wise cattle population revealed that the crossbred cattle constitute 20.81 per cent while the non-descript and defined cattle breeds constitute the rest of the population. Out of the 79.19 per cent, the non-descript cattle constitutes nearly 74.90 per cent of the total indigenous population while the rest 25.10 per cent covers the defined indigenous cattle breeds. There is lot of hue and cry that the cattle population of the country has reduced drastically. But, the census statistics revealed that the cattle population has reduced from 199.08 to 190.90 million during the period from 2007 to 2012 with a percentage change of -4.10 and the reduction in the number was predominantly confined to the male population of both exotic/crossbred and NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL indigenous/ non-descript cattle breeds (Table-1). Similar fluctuation in cattle population has been observed in previous years also. The artificial breeding through frozen semen doses and the mechanization of agricultural operations are the major reasons for the reduction in the male cattle population of the country.

INDIAN CATTLE FARMING SYSTEM

The Indian farming system traditionally focussed on the exploitation of cattle mainly for three purposes viz., draught power in agricultural operations, dung as manure and fuel and least significantly milk production for

116 Table 1. Trend in cattle population (in thousands) during the period from 2007 to 2012 Category 2007 2012 Percent Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Change Exotic /crossbred male 6287 556 6843 5566 406 5972 -5.01 Exotic/crossbred female 23666 2551 26217 31271 2489 33760 +28.77 Exotic/crossbred total 29953 3107 33060 36837 2895 39732 +20.18 Indigenous/non-descript male 74991 1789 76780 60882 1067 61949 -19.32 Indigenous/non-descript female 85354 3882 89236 86018 3206 89224 -0.01 Indigenous/non-descript total 160345 5671 166016 146900 4723 151173 -8.94 TOTAL 190298 8778 199076 183737 7618 190905 -4.10 household consumption. Generally dairying is considered as subsidiary to agriculture and not as a core enterprise. So these indigenous cattle evolved in the country were smaller in size, very low in milk production but resistant to various diseases and well-adjusted to the adverse tropical climatic conditions (Mathur, 2000). The cattle are mainly fed on grazing in the available agricultural/ barren land or the agricultural by-products. The male animals were mainly used for draft purposes in the agricultural field and selectively for breeding. Since the females were raised for multipurpose and not for milk production alone, most of the Indian cattle are poor milk producers, but efficient convertors of the low quality feed into milk and manure.

EVOLUTION OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS

The social and cultural differences among the Indian population reflects on the number of defined cattle breeds as their rearing and breeding is region based which resulted in the variation among cattle leading to the formation of different breeds. Most of these cattle breeds in the country evolved, through natural selection, for adaptability and survival to local environments. Often, breeds resemble each other with slight morphological differences, but because of constant inbreeding in one locality, independent breeds have evolved. The best breeds are generally found in the drier parts of India, such as in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka while in most of the warmer and humid parts, such as Assam, West Bengal, Orrisa, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the animals are non-descript, of inferior quality and poor milk producers (Chakravarty, 1985). It is also reported that the cattle from drier regions are well built and those from heavy rainfall areas, coastal and hilly regions are of smaller build. The highest number of draught breeds clearly indicates that the primary thrust in cattle had been on draught and might be the reason for the very few dairy breeds with comparatively lower milk yield. But due to the changes in the agricultural and food pattern of the country, the utility of cattle has been changed from non-food functions such as draught and dung to food functions especially milk production which led to the implementation of crossbreeding programme in cattle.

The country is endowed with vast cattle genetic diversity comprising of 40 registered breeds reared mainly for milk (4), draft (28) and both for milk and draft purposes (8).Though the Livestock Census conducted every five years capturedthe total number of livestock available in the country, the census did not drill down toproviding a picture XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

on the distribution of the number of animals in various breeds. The concept of Breed Survey as a sample survey was Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February evolved in order to estimate the number of animals in various breeds and the breed wise population reported for the first time in 2015.Ahlawat and Singh (2005) tabulated the description on the origin, distribution and utility of some of the important indigenous cattle breeds.

The breed-wise estimated numbers of different indigenous/graded cattle and their per cent share in the total indigenous cattle population are given in table-2. Nearly 74.92 per cent of the indigenous cattle are not defined or conformed

to any of the indigenous cattle breeds and hence were enumerated as non-descript cattle and the rest 25.08 per cent for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL cattle are defined as pure or graded indigenous breeds. Among the various indigenous cattle breeds, Hariana cattle contributed maximum per cent of 4.15 followed by Gir (3.38), Sahiwal (3.23) and Kankrej (2.00). The other cattle breeds viz., Kosali, Khillar, Hallikar, Malvi and Bachaur contributed slightly more than one per cent each of the totalindigenous cattle while the contribution by rest of the breeds are less than one per cent each. As the breed wise survey has been conducted for the first time in the country, lot of mistakes are evident in the census figures. Like, the number of Sahiwal cattle reported in the census has no match with the actual field scenario. Almost 11 lakh Sahiwal animal in the country is simply unrealistic as the country is looking for Sahiwal animals for various programmes. The lessernumber of animals in other breeds is mainly due to their poor economic viability/

117 Table 2 Breed-wise estimated number of animals under Indigenous cattle Sl. No. Breed Name Pure No. Graded No. Total No. Share (%) 1 Hariana 16,39,181 46,40,782 62,79,963 4.1542 2 Gir 13,80,208 37,32,786 51,12,994 3.3822 3 Sahiwal 10,92,459 37,89,835 48,82,294 3.2296 4 Kankrej 19,45,094 10,83,185 30,28,279 2.0032 5 Kosali 24,31,859 377 24,32,236 1.6089 6 Khillar 11,02,359 9,11,993 20,14,352 1.3325 7 Hallikar 12,11,242 5,96,690 18,07,932 1.1959 8 Malvi 11,58,172 5,52,293 17,10,465 1.1315 9 Bachaur 7,41,432 8,05,056 15,46,488 1.0230 10 Rathi 8,65,921 3,71,588 12,37,509 0.8186 11 MalnadGidda 8,99,091 1,50,452 10,49,543 0.6943 12 Tharparkar 1,97,291 5,35,182 7,32,473 0.4845 13 Kenkatha 3,93,291 2,77,109 6,70,400 0.4435 14 Ongole 1,15,905 5,18,621 6,34,526 0.4197 15 Red Sindhi 59,642 4,97,744 5,57,386 0.3687 16 Motu 4,69,320 67,438 5,36,758 0.3551 17 Nagori 3,73,224 1,35,474 5,08,698 0.3365 18 Red Kandhari 2,35,058 2,22,982 4,58,040 0.3030 19 Nimari 3,41,828 1,11,805 4,53,633 0.3001 20 Khariar 2,90,015 93,809 3,83,824 0.2539 21 Deoni 1,51,236 2,00,364 3,51,600 0.2326 22 Gaolao 1,21,538 2,01,145 3,22,683 0.2135 23 Amritmahal 1,05,343 1,23,720 2,29,063 0.1515 24 Kherigarh 75,116 1,24,135 1,99,251 0.1318 25 Dangi 1,19,373 74,407 1,93,780 0.1282 26 Kangayam 80,620 1,12,825 1,93,445 0.1280 27 Binjharpuri 79,428 31,129 1,10,557 0.0731 28 Ghumsuri 58,855 24,959 83,814 0.0554 29 Umblacherry 39,050 33,460 72,510 0.0480 30 Mewati 14,773 18,167 32,940 0.0218 31 Ponwar 20,067 7,900 27,967 0.0185 32 Siri 12,171 5,578 17,749 0.0117 33 Bargur 14,154 2,153 16,307 0.0108 34 Krishna Valley 3,462 10,919 14,381 0.0095 35 Pulikulum 7,352 2,733 10,085 0.0067 36 Punganur 2,772 56 2,828 0.0019 37 Vechur 1,065 1,414 2,479 0.0016

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Indigenous Breed Cattle 17,84,8967 20,07,0265 3,79,19,232 25.0835 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Non-Descript - - 11,32,53,063 74.9165 Total 17,84,8967 20,07,0265 15,11,72,295 100.00 Source: BAH&FS, Estimated livestock population breed wise (2015)

sustainabilityunder the present farming system. These animals failed to gain their importance because of poor milk production and as a draft animal also lost their significance and demand due to the mechanisation and commercialization of major agricultural farming operations. The indiscriminate crossing of the acknowledged NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL indigenous cattle breeds with exotic breeds also resulted in sharp decline in the number of indigenous cattle breed populations.

PRESENT STATUS OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS

The cattle breeds such as Gir, Kankrej and Sahiwal and Rathi are known for their higher milk production and hence gained more importance for their genetic improvement and were opted by various state governments for improvement programmes. Some of the other breeds known for fair milk production and also better draft power viz., Ongole,

118 Hariana, Tharparkar, Deoni, Gaolao etc, are economically viable in their production systems and hence have better population status. The draft breeds such as Kangayam, Khillar, Halikar etc. are also in sizable numbers. The other breeds such as Ponwar, Siri, Bargur, Krishna Valley, Pullikulum etc. also lost their importance with changing time and hence are available in a limited numbers. The miniature or small sized cattle such as Vechur and Punganur are also in lesser number due to their poor production performance.

In general, the population size of most of the indigenous cattle breeds are not drastically increasing but are facing genetic erosion due to negligence and indiscriminate breeding. The decline in their population size may be attributed to lack of systematic and continuous breed improvement programmes, indiscriminate crossbreeding with exotic cattle breeds, changing agricultural farming, socio economic status of the farmers, shrinkage in grazing land, undue emphasis only on milk production, no systematic state sponsored breeding programmes etc. The multi-faceted potentials of indigenous cattle breeds are not systematically studied and exploited and hence it is essential to formulate and implement systematic conservation and breed improvement programmes focussed to explore the economic strength of each indigenous cattle breed for their sustainability.

IMPORTANT BREED IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMES UNDERTAKEN IN THE COUNTRY FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS

ALL INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON CATTLE

Progeny Testing programme

During the third five year plan the progeny testing programme was started at Government Livestock Farm, Hissar for Hariana cattle. During the fourth five year plan the scheme was extended to other breeds of cattle maintained at organised farms viz., Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir etc. The progeny testing programme was aimed to identify the bulls of high genetic merit on the basis of progeny performance, and use the proven bulls in the field to bring the genetic improvement in farmer herds. However, the expected results could not be achieved due to small herd size at organised farms and non-availability of performance and pedigree records in farmers’ herds, which are the key to success of a progeny testing programme. It is still a change for Indian scientists to come up with a viable and efficient field data recording system. To circumvent this, the concept of associated herd progeny testing programme was introduced in which the bulls were tested in different herds simultaneously by pooling the females under a common testing programme. The testing of bulls in different herds enabled the testing of more number of sires in different herds simultaneously. This also increased the accuracy of selection due to increased number of daughters per bull. The Central Institute for Research on Cattle (CIRC), Meerut formerly known as Project Directorate on Cattle (PDC) initiated the associated herd progeny testing programme for Hariana and Ongole cattle and recently introduced more indigenous breeds like Gir, Sahiwal and Kankrej under the programme.

National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding (NPCBB)

The ambitious NPCCB, introduced by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Agriculture in 2000, envisaged genetic up gradation of indigenous breeds of cattle on priority basis with a focus on Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February development and conservation. The remarkable achievement of the programme includes establishment of state of the art semen freezing laboratories in most of the states and production of high quality frozen semen. However, the programme could not achieve the desired target of producing sufficient number of breeding bulls to cover all the breedable females through AI. Bulls and semen available through these semen banks largely contains crossbreds or pure exotic HF or Jersey bulls with little component of indigenous bulls, thus defeating the very purpose of the scheme implemented with such high costs. Contrarily, this resulted into rapid increase in crossbred population since 2000 as semen of exotic/crossbred bulls was freely available and that of indigenous breeds hardly available. for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

National Dairy Plan

The NDP is implemented by the National Dairy Development Board through milk co-operatives and state agencies. The objective of the NDP is to increase the productivity of milch animals for increasing the national milk production to meet the growing demand of the country. The programme also aims to provide an access to the organized milk processing sector for the rural milk producers. The first phase of national dairy plan was launched during the year

119 2012 to cover 14 major milk producing states of the country viz., Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and West Bengal which accounts for more than 90 per cent of the national milk production. These states possess nearly 87 per cent of national breedable cattle and buffalo population and 98 per cent of the fodder resources. In the year 2015, the programme was extended to three more states viz. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand. In the first phase of the programme had three main components viz. Productivity Enhancement, village based milk procurement systems and project management and learning.

National Gokul Mission The programme will be implemented during the 12th five year plan through the State Implementing Agency or Livestock Development Boards. The agencies involved in indigenous cattle development will be included as participating agencies. The main objectives of the mission are 1) to undertake breed improvement programme for indigenous breeds so as to improve the genetic makeup and increase the stock. 2) To enhance milk production and productivity of indigenous bovines. 3) To upgrade nondescript breeds using elite indigenous breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, Rathi, Deoni, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi and 4) To distribute disease free high genetic merit bulls of indigenous breeds for natural service. Unfortunately, meagre resources provided for such an ambitious programme indicate towards its dismal final outcome.

CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTING BREED IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMES

Some of the major constraints which are to be resolved for successful implementation of genetic improvement programmes in indigenous cattle breeds are as follows: 1. Large number of non-descript having very low genetic potential for milk production 2. The dairy sector is mainly unorganised and dominated by the rural farmers with small herd size (1 or 2 animals) 3. Difficulty in implementing uniform breed improvement programme over the larger area with varying agro- climatic conditions and natural resources 4. Indiscriminate breeding with exotic cattle breeds 5. Lack of AI coverage 6. The shrinkage in grazing land and shortage of feed and fodder availability 7. The availability of poor quality nutrients and increase in feed cost 8. Increase in environmental stress and poor managemental practices 9. Poor performance recording system under field conditions

STRATEGIES FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS

The genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds can be achieved through systematic genetic improvement programme. Some of the important strategies proposed for genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds in line with the national breeding policy are as follows: 1. Selective breeding should be the choice of mating for genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds. 2. The non-descript animals should be graded up either with locally available milch or dual purpose indigenous XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February cattle breeds 3. No indigenous cattle breeds should be subjected to indiscriminate crossbreeding with exotic breeds 4. Establishment of bull mother farms and systematic progeny testing program for production and supply of genetically superior male calves for breeding 5. Establishment of organized farms, strengthening of already existing herds and registration of farmers herds / field units needs to be done for systematic breed improvement program 6. To formulate a definite policy for disposal of male calves, scrub bulls, surplus, unproductive or diseased animals. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 7. Establishment of breed associations and societies in the breeding tract for continuous improvement of indigenous cattle breeds. 8. Systematic, continuous and extensive research programmes for exploring the genetic potential of the indigenous cattle breeds and to develop the databases for future use. 9. For the cattle breeds under threat, pedigree selection of young bulls should be initially followed for increasing their population followed by progeny testing 10. Sufficient number of young proven bulls of each breed should be produced for semen production and artificial insemination 11. The details of proven bulls used by various agencies for breeding should be made available in the form of sire

120 or bull directory so that the needy stakeholders can approach respective agency for semen doses. 12. The AI should be extended to the door steps of the farmers and the cold strain supply should be ensured so as to increase the conception rate 13. Systematic and periodical breed-wise census should be conducted for better understanding of the changes in the population dynamics of indigenous cattle breeds

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS

1. Upgrading of the non-descript cattle The large number of low producing non-descript population need to be targeted to for increasing the number of indigenous cattle breeds upgrading. As the non-descript animals are mainly maintained by the rural poor, upgrading them using the exotic Jersey or Holstein Friesian breeds may not be a feasible option and hence it is recommended to use only the Indigenous dairy breeds available in the region for sustainable productivity. This will also help to conserve and propagate the Indigenous cattle breed population.

The small holding livestock production system of the country is a major constraint in implementing the breed improvement programme. Hence it is recommended to develop dairy farmers association where all the cattle can be registered so that breed improvement programmes can be implemented effectively. Breed associations and societies may be formed in the home tract of the indigenous cattle breeds. Long term planning has to be initiated to change traditional animal production gradually to commercial one in the areas having requisite resources to support the dairy enterprise (Gandhi and Sharma, 2005).

2. Selective breeding of indigenous cattle breeds The indigenous cattle breeds should be selectively bred and genetic erosion due to the indiscriminate breeding should be avoided. No indigenous cattle should be bred with exotic dairy breeds. The young bulls born out of nominated mating should be identified for progeny testing and the semen of proven bulls needs to be supplied to cater the breeding need.

3. Conservation and propagation of indigenous cattle breeds Most of the famous indigenous cattle breeds are either under the threat of extinction or in a diluted form. These breeds were evolved over the years in their native tract and are well suited to the prevailing agro-climatic and topographical conditions. Even though their genetic potential for milk production is low, they can be a sustainable milk producer to the less resourced landless, small and marginal rural farmers. These breeds are need to be conserved and genetic improvement programmes focusing on improving the economic viability of each breed need to be implemented.

4. Assessing and improving the draft capacity of the indigenous cattle breeds The indigenous cattle are traditionally used for various agricultural operations; however, the draft capacity of the cattle breeds is not well assessed so far. The shrinking agricultural land area and the expected topographical XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity modifications may prevent the adoption of mechanized farming and in near future, it will become imperative to use Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February the animal draft power for agricultural operations. Hence, it is the need of the hour to assess and improve the draft capacity of the indigenous cattle.

5. Establishment of bull mother units The major problem in the implementation of cattle breed improvement programme is the unavailability of proven breeding bulls. In order to cater the breeding need of the vast cattle population, it is necessary to establish the bull mother units to rear and develop the indigenous bulls for semen collection. The states must have the nuclear for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL breeding units which will rear the required number of proven breeding bulls for future breeding.The male calves born to elite female and proven bulls of different breeds of indigenous cattle need to be reared and progeny tested using the farmer’s herds along with the organized herds. MOET technology may also be used to produce more number of male calves from elite females to bring the genetic gain at a faster rate.

6. Establishing and strengthening the artificial insemination facilities The artificial insemination (AI) helps to spread the high genetic merit of the breeding bulls to larger population of

121 the cattle. However, the infrastructure facilities in terms of the number of breeding bulls, semen freezing labs, storage and transport with cold chain facility, number of AI centres and number of females covered under AI are to be improved. The National Programme for cattle and buffalo breeding implemented by the Government of India helps to strengthen the infrastructure facilities to ensure the AI at the doorsteps of the farmers. The Artificial Insemination (A.I.) facility needs to be extended all over the country, covering majority of the cattle population. Even though, the country has the largest A.I. infrastructure facility, it covers only 27 per cent of the bovine population and in many parts of the country it is far from satisfactory. The NPCBB needs to be strengthened in providing the A.I. facilitate to all the cattle population.

7. Production of sexed semen It is one of the most desirable and effective reproductive technologies for the genetic improvement of cattle. It is necessary to evolve an accurate, effective, easy, non-invasive and cost effective method of sexing of cattle sperm. The sexed semen straws may be distributed to the stake holders at reasonable cost will cater the required replacement for the females and ensure the birth of male calves as potential future bulls.

8. Application of other reproductive technique such as IVF, IVF, cloning etc. The reproductive efficiency of the cattle can be improved by the application of various advanced technologies such as in vitro fertilization, in vitro maturation, cloning, stem cell technology, nanotechnology etc. These technologies will help in faster multiplication of the elite germplasm and enhance the lifetime productivity of the animals. It will also help to reduce the generation interval, increase the rate of genetic gain and reduce the unnecessary expenditure on non-producing cows.

9. Application of marker assisted and genomic selection The marker assisted and the genomic selection methods can be used as alternatives for the traditional selection methods. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a selection approach in which the relative breeding value of a parent is predicted using genotypes of markers associated with the trait. The information developed through the molecular markers such as PCR-RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, minisatellite (VNTR), microsatellite, SNP etc. can be used as the criteria for selection of animals. Thegenomic selection is a form of marker-assisted selection in which genetic markers covering the whole genome are used so that all QTL are in linkage disequilibrium with at least one marker. It enables prediction of the genetic merit of animals from genome wide SNP markers and will allow faster improvement in productivity as well as health, reproduction and longevity. Recording of accurate and authentic data on families and individuals on production, health, reproduction and other important traits will be crucial even while using genomic selection. In genomic selection variation in DNA sequences among individuals is used along with pedigree and individual performance data, to predict the predicted transmitting ability (PTA) of individuals with increased reliability.

10. Use of advanced sire evaluation methods The genetic evaluation of sires is one of the most important aspects of any breed improvement program. The use of recent advancement in the area of sire evaluation will help to predict the expected breeding values of sires more accurately thus helping to increase the selection efficiency. The application of mixed model methodology, BLUP XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February animal model, REML for single and multiple trait evaluation, random regression model (RRM) etc. will be useful to predict the breeding value of bulls with greater accuracy.

UTILITY OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS

The indigenous breeds were evolved over the years and are adjusted to the climatic conditions of the region. Some of the important utilities of the indigenous cattle breeds are as follows: NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 1. The indigenous cattle breeds were mainly evolved and utilized for draft purposes which lost its importance partially due to the changing agricultural scenario. The draught animal power is still used in small agricultural holdings and hilly tracts where the mechanization cannot be used effectively. 2. Some of the important indigenous breeds such as Gir, Sahiwal and Kankrej also known for higher milk production and contribute significantly to the national milk pool. The rearing of indigenous animals provide nutritional security. The indigenous animals supply quality milk nutrients which caters the nutritional requirement of the country. It is believed that the milk of most of indigenous cattle breeds possesses A2 beta casein type which is not associated with health disorders and hence preferred over the A1 type milk.

122 3. The rearing of indigenous animals provide job security to majority of rural women and youth 4. The dung of cattle is effectively used as bio-fertilizer in agricultural fields. The sundried dung cakes are also used as fuel for household use, 5. The biogas produced from the dung of cattle is used as fuel and also for electricity generation 6. The skin of cattle is also used as basic material for tanning industry 7. The indigenous animals are known for their heat tolerance, disease resistance, feed efficiency, mothering ability etc. and hence are used to upgrade or cross the exotic cattle to evolve a new breed of cattle. 8. Medicinal properties of cow products – Panchagavya: Cow urine therapy is already gaining recognition. Panchgavya, a mixture of five products of the cow viz. milk, urine, dung, ghee and curd/butter milk is a formulation of Ayurveda, which is believed to possess healing properties against many disorders

CONCLUSION

The genetic potentials of indigenous cattle breeds are not fully exploited and so far no concerted efforts were taken for overall genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds. The use of superior indigenous milch breeds for upgradation of the non-descript cattle for increasing the milk production needs to be carried out vigorously. The conversion of larger population of low producing non-descript cattle to lesser number of high producing defined milch breed will help to increase the milk production and also reduce the GHG emission and climatic stress. No scientific evaluation of draft performance of Indian draft cattle breeds has been done nor their actual contribution to the country’s GDP. Evaluation of draft characteristics of various indigenous breeds and finding their more alternate uses in electricity generation and other industrial uses is a challenging opportunity. Use of cattle by-products for their increased and holistic economic viability needs to be explored. Genetic alteration of indigenous animals for obtaining tailor-made milk of therapeutic use also needs to be done. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

123 Lead Paper BUFFALO: A BLACK GOLD OF SMALL FARMERS OF INDIA

C.V. SINGH1*, R.S. BARWAL2 AND B.N. SHAHI3 Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Science G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263145 District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand *Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Buffaloes in India are spread over almost all parts of the country with varying population density, majority (72%) being concentrated in the north and western states where most of the milch breeds of buffaloes are found viz. in Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Data show highest buffalo population growth in Uttar Pradesh (28.17) followed by Rajasthan (11.94), Andhra Pradesh (9.77), Gujarat (9.55), Madhya Pradesh (7.53), Bihar (6.96) and Haryana (5.60). However, per cent growth in buffalo population was recorded highest in Haryana followed by Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Milk production by Buffalo is far higher than Cow milk in India, although their number is low. Buffalo milk accounts for the largest share of the total milk produced (51 %) in the country. The Nili Ravi had higher body weights at different ages followed by Murrah buffalo. The seventy five percent of total calving took place during July to December (most calving season) and 25 percent during January to June (least calving season) which suggests that buffaloes are seasonal breeder. The average age at first calving in different breeds ranged from 40-45 months. The average calving interval ranged between 480-573 days in different breeds. First dry period and the first service period ranged between 90-126 days and 115-202 days, respectively. The lactation length varies in different breeds. The average lactation length was estimated between 300 to 356 days. The use of part lactation milk yield could more effectively be done because of its high heritability than complete lactation. The 34.40% of total milk produced in first three months of lactation. The average first lactation milk yield varied between 1540 to 1867 kg. in Murrah and Nili Ravi breeds while in other breeds it was ranged between 693 to 1375 kg. The milk yield increased over the lactations with peak yield in fourth lactation. More than 50% of the buffaloes left the herd by the end of fourth lactation and between 1 to 3% completed 10 lactations. The percentage of lactation terminated due to health, reproductive problems and death were around 30% each in Ist and 2nd lactation. The life time milk yield was observed 8914 –9994 kg. in Murrah and Nili-Ravi buffaloes but in case of other breeds the life time milk yield was observed as 4960 kg. The average productive life in Murrah and NiliRavi buffaloes ranged between 72.0 to 83.29 months. About 86% of the world buffalo meat production is in Asia and mostly from old and culled animals. In India 60% of total farm power is derived from draught animals of which about 10% is from buffaloes. A buffalo can pull loads more than 6 times of its body weight. Semen of Surti, Murrah, NiliRavi, Mehsana, Zafarabadi, Pandharpuri and Nagpuri buffaloes should be used for genetic up gradation of non descript buffaloes and selective breeding for descript breeds. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February INTRODUCTION

The buffaloes are found in about 40 countries throughout the world. Being a triple purpose animal providing, milk, meat, and draft buffalo remains the primary source of livelihood for millions of small holder farmers in India. India has over 108.7 million buffaloes and India’s share is 56.62% of the total world buffalo population of 188.31 million. The buffalo population has shown consistently increasing trend in the country and a larger increase has been recorded in the states which are home tract to well defined milch breeds of buffaloes. Buffalo contributes about 51% of the NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL total milk produced in the country and about 1.63 million metric tons of meat. The per capita availability of milk in India has increased from 176 grams per day in 1990-91 to 322 grams per day by 2014-15 and 337 grams per day in 2015-16. It is more than the world average of 294 grams per day during 2013. This represents a sustained growth in availability of milk and milk products for the growing population. Dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural households engaged in agriculture.

With selective breeding, improved management and the establishment of more dairy herds, milk yield is increasing worldwide. The individual 3,000 liters per lactation, considered a record 30 years ago, is now common. There are

124 many which yield 4,000 liters in a lactation of 300 days and some even have attained a record of 5000 liters. The potential for increased milk production therefore exists. Haryana village is all decked up to give a grand farewell to a buffalo, which was recently sold for Rs 25 lakh to a farmer from Andhra Pradesh. This Murrah buffalo produces up to 32kg of milk a day, almost double than that of an ordinary buffalo. Due to its beautiful body as compared to other buffaloes, it is called ‘black beauty’ and ‘black gold’ in Haryana. Owner of the buffalo, Kapoor Singh, a farmer invited over 2000 guests from across the state to attend the function at Singhwa Khas village in Hisar district. The farewell party is expected to cost him around Rs 2 lakh.

The high yielding Murrah is the Holstein-Friesian of the buffalo world. There is no reason why the Murrah and other riverine breeds should not exceed the volumetric yield of the best milk cows. Buffalo milk contains about twice as much butter fat as cow milk. There is no physiological need for concentrate feed to maintain this level.

They are more versatile of all work animals in the variety of tasks which they can be taught to under-take. However, presently the output of thousands of buffaloes is in the form of work energy rather than the direct provision of food as milk or meat. In economic terms, buffaloes are productive and efficient, especially in those Agricultural countries where there is ample manpower and little motivation for mechanization. Buffalo is also considered a friend of farmer family not only for draught power and farm manure but also to take full advantage of feed resources, free time and cheap labour etc in rural areas.

MILK PRODUCTION

As per Economic Survey 2015-16, India ranks first in milk production, accounting for 18.5 % of world production, milk production in India has risen by a historic 6.25% to reach 146.3 million tonne (MT) in 2014-15 against 137.7 MT in 2013-14 , marginally higher than the target of 145.8 MT (Indiastat, 2015). The total quantum of milk produced in the county during 2015-16 is 155.5 million tonnes and the per-capita availability of milk is 337 grams per day. This is the highest growth rate achieved in the past surpassing the previous high of 5.7% in 2006-07. India has now set itself an ambitious target of 9.6% increase over the achievement in 2014-15 to produce 160.36 MT of milk in 2015-16. The growth in milk production has observed minimum during 2012-13 and subsequently the growth rate increased marginally and reached at 3.97 % in 2013-14. The largest producer of milk is Uttar Pradesh which produces 17.57% of the total milk production in the country followed by Rajasthan which produces 10.58% of the total milk production. Andhra Pradesh (includes Telangana) is the third largest milk producer state in 7 the country which produces 9.45% of the total milk production. Whereas, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has reported a 3.1 % increase in world milk production from 765 million tones in 2013 to 789 million tones in 2014. The analysis shows nearly 51% of milk production is contributed by Buffaloes followed by 25%, 20% and 4% for Cow Exotic/Crossbred, Cow Indigenous/Non-Descript and Goats respectively.

POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION

The availability of animal genetic resource greatly helps the countries to assess their strengths and potential to harness the nature’s gift and India is highly fortunate in this respect – including for the buffalo species. India reigns XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity globally in terms of largest buffalo population, huge buffalo germplasm diversity (13 recognized plus 14 distinct Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February population groups) and the world renowned buffalo breed - Murrah.

Buffalo is a triple purpose animal, being suitable for milk, meat and draught. Buffalo can efficiently utilize the roughages and crop by-products into high quality milk suitable for a wide range of dairy products including butter, milk-powder, Mozzarella cheese, khoya, curd, yoghurt, shrikhand, dried ice cream mix, dairy whitener etc. T h e total number of buffalo population of India is about 108.7 million, which is around 21.23% of the total livestock population. Buffaloes in India are spread over almost all parts of the country with varying population density, for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL majority (72%) being concentrated in the north and western states where most of the milch breeds of buffaloes are found viz. in Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. During the last 10 years there has been continuous growth of this species in this region at the rate of about 2.1% per annum as against the average growth rate of approximately 1.0 % in the country. Data show highest buffalo population growth in Uttar Pradesh (28.17) followed by Rajasthan (11.94), AndhraPradesh (9.77), Gujarat (9.55), Madhya Pradesh (7.53), Bihar (6.96) and Haryana (5.60). However, per cent growth in buffalo population was recorded highest in Haryana followed by Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Milk production by Buffalo is far higher than Cow milk in India, although their number

125 is low. Buffalo milk accounts for the largest share of the total milk produced (51 %) in the country.

Top 10 States in Buffalo meat production during 2013-14 were: Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala, Bihar, Maharashtra, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.The total production of buffalo meat in Uttar Pradesh was 563.16 thousand tonnes (48.4% of total buffalo meat production in India) during 2013-14. The average yield of meat /animal in case of buffalo was 123.39 kg. The total production of buffalo meat in Andhra Pradesh was 122.5 thousand tonnes (10.5% of total buffalo meat production in India) during 2013-14. The average yield of meat /animal in case of buffalo was 103.22 kg.

The small farm holder’s priority is raising buffaloes mainly for milk production, draught power and manure as fertilizer for crop fields. The meat production is not the main focus of these small farmers. Sometimes they sell male calves for slaughtering to the local traders. Traditionally, farming practices are used extensively and generally include day time grazing, supplemented with green fodder with the concentrate ration.

TYPE OF BUFFALOES Both types of buffaloes are available in India. Swamp buffaloes are found in Assam and north-east states of India. The river buffaloes are distributed throughout the country.

Around 65 percent of the river buffaloes are non-descript type and do not belong to descript breeds. The baffalo breeds may be grouped into following classes. 1. Horns are closed and set close to head & are down swept: g. Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Mehasana, Jaffarabadi, Sambalpur. 2. Horns are sickle shaped and unswept: e.g. Bhadawari, Kalahandi, Kanara, Manda, Nagpuri, Pandharpuri, Tarai & Toda

BREEDS OF BUFFALOES OF INDIAN ORIGIN AND BREEDING TRACTS Group Breed Breeding tract Murrah type Murrah, Nili- Ravi Rohtak, Jind, Hisar, Bhiwari, Sonepat (Hariyana) Ferozepur (Punjab) Gujarat Surti, Jaffarabadi Kaira and Baroda, Kutch, Junagarh & Jamnagar distt.Mehsana, Mehasana Sabarkantha, Banaskantha distt. Uttar Pradesh Bhadawari,Tarai Bhadawar state, Bah Tehsil in Agra, Gwalior & Etawah distt.Tarai region of U.P. Central India Nagpuri Pandharpuri Nagpur, Akola, Amarawati dist. South Maharashtra, West A.P., Kalahandi, Sambalpur North Karanataka, Hilly region of Andra Pradesh &Orissa Bilaspur dist. South India Toda South Kanara Nilgiri HillsWest coast in Kerela

SWAMP BUFFALOES Buffalo found in the north-eastern states and the eastern costal region of India, China, South east Asian countries e.g. Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Srilanka, Burma, Laos, Kampuchea, Bangladesh etc., have been classified as swamp buffaloes on the basis of their genetic constitution (2n=48) & natural habitat. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February PURPOSE OF BUFFALO REARING In rural India, buffaloes are reared for milk production along with limited use of males for draught and meat production. The main purposes of rearing of riverine buffaloes are: 1. Milk Production 2. Meat Production 3. Draught Animals NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL BUFFALO PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN RURAL AREAS Due to the better animal husbandry practices significant improvement has taken place in the buffalo production system in rural areas. The awareness in the farmers about the feeding, breeding and health management of live- stock considerably increased. The buffalo production system in rural areas may be classified as: 1. Extensive: Small farm, with a maximum of 2 buffaloes, kept on natural grasses, in communal paddocks during the rainy season. Agricultural by-products are used for feeding, marginal land, family labour and minimum investment, with simple, traditional technology. 2. Semi Intensive: Animals are kept in irrigated areas, with cultivated fodders, crop by-products and concentrates.

126 Buffaloes are confined in adequate buildings. 3. Intensive: Herd strength ranges from 5 to 100 buffaloes, kept for milk production as in Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujrat and close to the large populated areas in India. The herds are fed on cultivated fodders and concentrate.

PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUFFALOES Growth : The birth weight in various buffalo breeds varies between 26-41 kg (Singh et al 1984, and Vijai et al 1993). As per the reports available in literature on body weights across the breeds revealed that Nili-Ravi had higher body weights at different ages followed by Murrah while, Surti had the lowest weight at all the ages (Singh, et al 1984, Tiwana, et al 1985 and Vijai et al 1993). The weight at first calving isfound to range between 335-542 kg, it being highest in Nili Ravi (Singh and Yadav, 1986) and lowest in medium sized buffaloes (Tailor et al 1990 and Vijai et al 1993). Growth in general was linear from birth to 36 months. The average daily gain rages from 548 gm (3-6 months) to 404 gm (birth to 36 months).

Breeding Behaviour: Buffaloes continue to come in heat regularly in all months, highest being in October and lowest in April. However, Tiwana et al (1985), Singh 1985 and Tailor et al (1990) reported that around 75 percent of total calving took place during July to January (the most calving season) and 25 percent during February to June (the least calving season) suggesting that buffaloes are seasonal breeder. Buffaloes come in oestrus in cold month and are sub fertile during hot month. Sub fertility in the buffaloes and poor nutrition.

Age at First Calving: A large variation in age at first calving among different breeds of buffaloes was observed, it being highest (54.6 months) in village buffaloes chhikara et al (1978). The averages based on large numbers in Murrah and Nili Ravi were between 40 and 45 months (Singh and Yadav 1987, Singh et al 1987, Kanaujia et al 1990 and Singh et al 1992). In Surti and Bhadawari buffaloes, the age at first calving was slightly higher (46-54 months) reported by Punhir et al 1996 while Pandharpuri buffaloes had an average age at first calving between 38.4 and 39.8 months (Patil et al 1994).

Calving Interval: The first calving interval in Murrah and Nili Ravi buffaloes varies between 480-573 days (Singh et al 1987, Singh et al , 1992 and Dutt and Taneja, 1995). In Bhadawari buffaloes it was 525 days (Pundir et al 1996). Average calving interval in Surti buffaloes was 462 days.

First dry period: The over all dry period ranged from 90-126 days in different buffalo breeds (Johari and Bhat 1979 and Singh et al 1992).

Service Period: A large variation in service period across the breeds has been observed. The over all service period in different buffalo breeds ranged from 115 days to 202 days (vij, 1984 and Singh et al 1992).

Lactation Length: Lactation length is an important trait influencing the lactation milk yield in buffaloes. The overall lactation length in Murrah buffaloes ranged from 245 days (Baru and Ghai, 1978) to 355.39 days (Singh et al 1987).However, in Nili Ravi and Surti buffaloes, average lactation length ranged from 300 days to 356 days XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

(Singh et al 1987 and Kanaujia et al 1990). In Bhadawari, Marathwada and Nagpuri buffaloes, the over all lactation Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February length was 376, 310 and 200 days respectively (Belorkar et al 1977).

Part and Total lactation milk yield: The use of part lactation records is made to reduce testing period to rank the bulls for their merit at an early age. Several workers (Gokhale, 1974, Kumar et al, 1977, Singh 1985, Singh and Yadav, 1986 and Singh and Yadav, 1987) reported that selection for milk yield could more effectively be done on part lactation because of its high heritability than the complete lactation yield. Around 10.75% of total milk yield was produced in first month of lactation while around 12.5% and 11.25% of total milk were produced in second and for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL third month of lactation respectively. Singh (1985) reported that 34.40% of total milk was produced in first three months of lactation.

The average first lactation milk yield in Murrah buffaloes varied between 1540 to 1867 kg (Singh et al 1984, Singh and Yadav 1987, KhatKav et al 1996), while in Nili Ravi, it was 1776 kg (Singh and Sigh 1989). The first lactation averages for Bhadawari, Nagpuri and Marathwada were between 693 and 926 kg (Belorkar et al 1977, Sharma and Singh 1978, and Pundir et al, 1996).Pandarpuri buffaloes gave a first lactation milk yield of 1375 and 1226 kg respectively in urban and rural areas (Patil et al, 1994). Compared performance details of Nili Ravi breed of Pakistan,

127 Table 1. Productive and reproductive performance of different buffalo breeds Breeds of buffaloesTraits Murrah Jaffarabadi Nili-Ravi Bhadawari Pandharpuri Surti Godawari Toda Mehsana Nagpuri at PAU, at GAV, (CIRB, (IGFRI, (NARP, (MPUAT (ANGRAV, (Farmers Ludhiyana Junagarh Nabha) Jhansi) Kolhapur), Ballabh Venkata, field) Nagar Ramanna Rajasthan) gudem 1. Body wt. at Ist calving (kg) 552 529 546 385.5 420 462 450 - - - 2. Age at Ist calving (months) 44.4 1925 39.97 48.6 43 53.2 44.2 - 1265.9 55.0 (months) (days) (days) 3. Ist lactation milk yield (kg) 2000 1763 1932 711 1500 1618 2008 501 1988 1036 4. All lactations total yield (kg) 2032 2097 2153 781 - 1745 2047 - - - 5. All lactation length (days) 347 384 341 272 - 311 307 198 316.7 242.7 6. AV fat % 7.66 7.85 7.1 7.2 to 13 - 8.10 7.8 8.22 - - 7. AV dry period (days) 170 189.7 150 297 - 234 84 - - - 8. Service period (days) 197 189 170 179 160 207 135 - - - 9. Calving interval (days) 511 533 481 478 465 510 570 15.74 (m) 427.5 429.6 10. Wet average (kg) 6.70 5.2 6.13 2.76 - 4.9 6.12 - - - 11. Herd Average (kg) 4.36 3.6 4.41 1.52 - 3.1 3.79 - - - Source: Sethi 2003, 4th asian buffalo congress souvenier

Table 2. Details of estimates of milk production from Buffaloes during 2009-10 to 2013-14 S. States/UTs No. of Animals in Milk Average Yield per Animal in Milk Estimates of Milk Production No. (000 nos.) (kg/day) (000 tonnes) 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 1 Andhra Pradesh 5289.54 5474.40 5788.55 5501.13 5328.58 3.94 4.05 4.11 4.51 4.73 7601.10 8100.52 8709.60 9061.71 9207.05 2 Arunachal Pradesh ------3 Assam 131.00 124.00 116.00 117.00 114.47 2.05 2.22 2.75 2.85 2.92 97.97 100.61 116.92 121.62 122.13 4 Bihar 1961.00 1954.00 1943.00 2013.28 2089.91 3.92 3.92 3.94 3.95 3.95 2807.23 2797.92 2805.00 2899.44 3014.94 5 Chhattisgarh 207.66 192.38 206.09 207.92 194.97 4.20 4.88 4.88 4.94 5.26 318.64 342.96 368.33 375.12 374.29 6 Goa 21.97 22.10 19.00 21.81 16.40 2.92 2.81 2.55 2.44 4.13 23.44 22.66 17.74 19.40 24.72 7 Gujarat 3211.28 3298.22 3332.24 3383.18 3477.19 4.51 4.58 4.70 4.78 4.87 5285.08 5513.64 5727.23 5900.17 6179.74 8 Haryana 2063.27 2089.83 2152.63 2217.82 2292.16 6.67 6.87 7.10 7.35 7.54 5020.11 5238.83 5596.19 5946.62 6307.66 9 Himachal Pradesh 242.00 295.84 311.29 306.62 307.52 3.33 3.55 3.42 3.56 3.60 294.49 383.76 389.99 398.75 403.98 10 Jammu & Kashmir 165.70 172.20 175.00 166.04 162.60 4.94 4.95 4.95 4.84 4.83 298.96 310.81 317.00 293.52 286.61 11 Jharkhand 312.66 308.18 317.58 304.71 296.17 5.44 5.75 5.58 5.69 5.88 620.81 647.13 648.47 633.05 636.04 12 Karnataka 1617.30 1677.00 1750.34 1802.56 1823.46 2.55 2.59 2.61 2.65 2.70 1505.89 1582.90 1674.59 1740.80 1795.00 13 Kerala 24.70 15.33 13.00 40.66 48.62 4.86 3.76 5.68 2.54 3.28 43.77 21.04 27.02 37.70 58.28 14 Madhya Pradesh 2914.00 3028.50 3067.20 3109.30 3224.10 3.53 3.56 3.60 3.80 3.98 3757.73 3935.23 4041.34 4309.19 4679.40 15 Maharashtra 2412.00 2422.00 2434.00 2448.00 2406.94 3.81 3.93 4.01 4.14 4.35 3355.13 3473.35 3571.39 3701.85 3822.42 16 Manipur 12.52 12.67 10.43 10.99 11.39 3.02 3.01 3.21 3.21 3.30 13.79 13.94 12.27 12.89 13.72 17 Meghalaya 2.96 2.99 3.01 3.00 2.62 1.85 1.85 1.84 1.84 1.83 2.00 2.01 2.03 2.01 1.75 18 Mizoram 1.07 1.05 0.01 - - 1.57 1.56 2.14 - - 0.61 0.60 0.01 - - 19 Nagaland 3.32 3.34 3.00 3.51 3.29 3.35 3.18 3.40 3.35 3.67 4.06 3.88 3.94 4.29 4.41 20 Odisha 211.00 216.00 227.00 178.00 192.43 2.90 2.91 2.90 3.73 3.87 223.34 229.42 240.94 242.34 272.00 21 Punjab 2035.58 2010.98 2028.35 2084.29 2150.35 8.51 8.59 8.64 8.64 8.72 6322.80 6301.47 6417.11 6574.76 6845.22 22 Rajasthan 3328.00 3483.16 3375.00 3527.00 3655.91 5.00 5.20 5.59 5.62 5.76 6073.60 6611.04 6901.00 7237.51 7681.43 23 Sikkim 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.11 4.59 4.78 4.78 4.66 4.66 0.09 0.09 0.20 0.17 0.19 24 Tamil Nadu 511.00 549.00 520.00 439.00 374.95 4.25 4.04 4.09 4.40 4.42 792.69 810.16 778.98 705.19 604.74 25 Tripura 2.22 2.16 2.24 1.52 1.70 2.09 2.05 2.04 1.97 2.48 1.69 1.61 1.67 1.09 1.54 26 Uttar Pradesh 8672.10 8963.08 9583.00 9983.88 10336.76 4.39 4.43 4.43 4.44 4.45 13902.07 14496.13 15549.00 16183.51 16804.50 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 27 Uttarakhand 513.40 514.41 515.37 529.07 541.94 4.10 4.10 4.13 4.15 4.18 768.30 768.88 778.65 801.03 826.94 28 West Bengal 128.42 127.00 126.00 125.00 118.89 4.59 4.78 4.84 5.05 5.42 215.01 221.53 223.20 230.32 235.14 29 A&N Islands 4.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.45 3.38 3.35 3.78 3.59 3.40 4.93 4.89 4.15 2.62 1.80 30 Chandigarh 13.85 14.25 14.00 13.83 13.90 6.40 6.06 6.10 6.13 6.20 32.35 31.52 31.26 30.96 31.45 31 D.& N. Haveli 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.95 4.51 4.58 4.65 4.65 4.65 1.65 1.68 1.70 1.62 1.62 32 Daman & Diu 0.34 0.34 0.30 0.25 0.28 4.51 4.58 4.55 3.02 2.64 0.56 0.57 0.50 0.28 0.27 33 Delhi 150.56 150.56 155.00 95.52 95.49 6.67 6.87 6.92 5.85 5.80 366.33 377.43 393.00 203.96 202.18 34 Lakshadweep ------35 Puducherry 0.96 1.02 1.00 1.00 0.70 5.41 5.57 5.42 5.28 5.59 1.89 2.07 2.00 1.93 1.43

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL All India 36166.39 37131.05 38193.67 38638.94 39286.20 4.53 4.44 4.71 4.80 4.91 59758.11 62350.28 65352.41 67675.43 70442.62 “-” not received/not availableSource : State/UT Animal Husbandry Departments Murrah of India and Egyptian buffaloes and found that 38% of all lactations in Nili Ravi had more than 2700 kg of milk as against 14% of all lactations in Murrah and 6 % in Egyptian buffaloes. Milk yield increased over the lactations with peak yield in fourth lactation (Patro and Bhat 1979 and Tailor et al 1992). More than 50% of the buffaloes left the herd by the end of fourth lactation and between 1 and 3% completed 10 lactations. Percentage of lactation terminated due to heath, reproductive problems and death were around 30% each in lactation 1 and 2 (Cady et al 1993).

128 TABLE 3. Estimates of yield rates, and share of CB, ND, Buffalo and Goats in milk production Buffalo Goat Milk Sl. States/ UTs Average Average Milk Average Average Milk Annual Annual % No. Animals Milk Production Animals Milk Production Estimates Estimates Change in Milk Yield/ (000 in Milk Yield/ (000 (000Tonne) (000Tonne) (in 000) day(kg) MT) (in 000) day (kg) MT) 2014-15 2013-14 1 Andhra Pradesh 2968.52 6.07 6573.96 67.36 0.11 2.74 9656.15 13007.08 -25.76 2 Arunachal Pradesh 0.41 0.67 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.07 43.35 6.27 3 Assam 107.40 3.06 119.93 484.63 0.14 24.37 829.47 814.52 1.84 4 Bihar 2100.28 4.24 3248.01 3169.11 0.18 209.20 7774.89 7197.06 8.03 5 Chhattisgarh 191.55 5.14 359.31 592.44 0.23 48.67 1231.57 1208.61 1.90 6 Goa 14.64 3.98 21.26 2.16 0.38 0.30 66.60 67.81 -1.78 7 Gujarat 3546.83 4.96 6423.94 1637.75 0.45 267.30 11690.57 11112.18 5.20 8 Haryana 2331.99 7.79 6627.65 238.28 0.92 79.64 7901.35 7441.67 6.18 9 Himachal Pradesh306.87 3.64 407.55 268.41 0.51 49.64 1172.16 1150.81 1.86 10 Jammu & Kashmir273.29 5.48 546.50 417.45 0.54 81.62 1950.93 1614.67 20.82 11 Jharkhand 260.74 5.84 555.66 1752.62 0.14 90.27 1733.72 1699.83 1.99 12 Karnataka 1760.91 2.70 1732.56 1695.43 0.09 57.97 6120.93 5997.03 2.07 13 Kerala 50.50 3.39 62.41 462.81 0.68 114.77 2711.13 2654.70 2.13 14 Madhya Pradesh 3222.79 4.45 5240.44 2413.49 0.63 556.75 10779.07 9599.20 12.29 15 Maharashtra 2397.76 4.60 4026.68 2754.40 0.25 247.43 9542.29 9089.03 4.99 16 Manipur 11.37 3.31 13.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 82.17 81.70 0.59 17 Meghalaya 2.48 1.84 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 82.96 82.16 0.97 18 Mizoram 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.49 15.30 33.91 19 Nagaland 3.00 3.70 4.06 10.50 0.15 0.57 75.69 80.61 -6.10 20 Odisha 132.99 4.00 194.20 79.01 0.15 4.33 1903.14 1861.19 2.25 21 Punjab 2298.27 8.72 7313.38 125.82 1.41 64.87 10351.41 10011.10 3.40 22 Rajasthan 4214.71 5.84 8985.08 7500.27 0.67 1822.82 16934.31 14573.05 16.20 23 Sikkim 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.99 45.99 8.71 24 Tamil Nadu 299.54 4.39 480.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 7132.47 7049.19 1.18 25 Telangana 1768.62 4.68 3022.48 85.73 0.11 3.35 4207.26 0.00 - 26 Tripura 1.76 2.52 1.61 122.18 0.21 9.51 141.23 129.70 8.89 27 Uttar Pradesh 10747.00 4.47 17523.93 4626.25 0.76 1287.84 25198.36 24193.90 4.15 28 Uttarakhand 482.82 4.29 755.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 1565.35 1550.15 0.98 29 West Bengal 117.36 5.45 233.45 2394.33 0.17 151.13 4961.00 4906.21 1.12 30 A&N Islands 1.09 4.32 1.72 9.80 0.39 1.38 15.56 14.21 9.50 31 Chandigarh 13.82 6.10 30.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.00 44.43 -0.96 32 D.& N. Haveli 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.22 8.52 10.99 -22.45 33 Daman & Diu 0.00 0.45 0.25 0.00 0.45 0.10 0.82 0.82 0.05 34 Delhi 95.20 5.73 199.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 280.06 284.31 -1.50 35 Lakshadweep 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.57 0.50 3.39 4.19 6.07 -30.96 36 Puducherry 0.71 5.60 1.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.64 47.25 0.81 All India 39725.23 5.15 74709.90 30928.79 0.46 5180.18 146313.55 137685.89 6.27 0.00: Not reported/not available XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Life time milk yield and productive life: Nili Ravi and Murrah breeds on an average completed 3 lactations, some Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February studied reported the average number of lactations completed in Murrah to vary from 4.4 to 5.8 with life time yield 8914-9994 kg (Sharma and Basu, 1986,Dutt and Taneja, 1994 a) and 4.5 to 5.6 lactations in Nili Ravi buffaloes (Cady et al 1983). The average number of lactations completed and life time milk yield in Surti were 3.72 and 4960 kg respectively (Kulkarni, 1995). The average productive life in Murrah and Nili Ravi buffaloes ranged between 72.0 and 83.29 months (Johari and Bhat, 1979, Wokhale and Nagarcen Kar, 1980 and Singh and Yadav, 1986).

CONSTRAINTS ON BUFFALO IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMES IN INDIA for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

India is located in the region bounded by latitudes 300S. Climatic stresses in the form of high ambient temperature, high humidity and erratic or inadequate rainfall all severely affect the productivity of dairy cattle. Low fodder yield potential, high prices of concentrates and susceptibility to a wide variety of animal diseases further to add to the problem. Generally, high intrinsic production is physiologically antagonistic to heat tolerance, survival and tolerance to parasites.

129 Table 4. Per capita availability of Milk during 2009-10 to 2013-14 (gram/day) Sl. No. States/UTs 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 1 Andhra Pradesh 342 364 391 409 413 2 Arunachal Pradesh 59 63 44 49 93 3 Assam 69 71 70 69 69 4 Bihar 175 184 175 188 195 5 Chhattisgarh 110 117 120 127 130 6 Goa 96 93 113 92 98 7 Gujarat 418 435 445 476 506 8 Haryana 662 679 720 767 800 9 Himachal Pradesh 397 446 447 460 461 10 Jammu & Kashmir 379 378 352 316 302 11 Jharkhand 130 136 145 146 146 12 Karnataka 226 237 244 262 272 13 Kerala 201 210 223 216 203 14 Madhya Pradesh 278 287 308 327 349 15 Maharashtra 190 197 206 213 219 16 Manipur 88 88 80 80 80 17 Meghalaya 83 83 74 83 84 18 Mizoram 29 31 35 36 40 19 Nagaland 96 93 108 94 95 20 Odisha 112 113 112 114 122 21 Punjab 944 937 945 961 980 22 Rajasthan 509 538 539 555 572 23 Sikkim 200 194 202 186 200 24 Tamil Nadu 278 278 265 541 280 25 Tripura 77 80 83 88 95 26 Uttar Pradesh 283 289 310 312 318 27 Uttarakhand 387 383 384 403 418 28 West Bengal 133 137 140 145 145 29 A&N Islands 137 142 187 131 84 30 Chandigarh 95 87 117 103 101 31 Dadra & N. Haveli 86 83 89 101 98 32 Daman & Diu 15 14 11 13 10 33 Delhi 72 72 82 41 39 34 Lakshadweep 84 71 85 82 219 35 Puducherry 96 94 99 113 111 All India 273 281 290 299 307 Note: Per capita availability is calculated based on State estimates of production and projected population as on 1st March,

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity based on Census of India 2001 of RGI 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Poor education and management expertise of farmers, lack of knowledge at farm level about the genetics of milk production, poor understanding of production system, lack of feed-back to practical breeders, and shortage of qualified extension workers and week linkage between extension functionaries and farmers/ livestock keepers have been observed. Partial or complete lack of the infrastructure required for operating effective improvement programmes led to poor communications, in efficient recording system and poor data collection.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL RESEARCH STRATEGY

India has the Murrah and Nili Ravi best breeds of buffaloes in the world and there is great demand for the export of breeding animals and its germplasm in the form of frozen segment. There is an urgent need to implement a massive breeding plan for the improvement of each of our economically superior breeds of buffaloes through selective breeding involving selection of bulls on the basis of performance of their daughters. Indian breeds of buffaloes known for their high production potential are Murrah, Nili Ravi and Jaffrabadi are considered large sized. Animals of these breeds are very popular abroad for their milk and meat production, medium sized efficient breeds of

130 TABLE 5. Livestock & poultry population during 1951-2012-All India (In Million Numbers ) Species 1951 1956 1961 1966 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2003 2007 2012 1. Cattle 155.30 158.70 175.60 176.20 178.30 180.00 192.45 199.69 204.58 198.88 185.18 199.08 190.90 2. Buffaloes 43.40 44.90 51.20 53.00 57.40 62.00 69.78 75.97 84.21 89.92 97.92 105.34 108.70 3. Sheep 39.10 39.30 40.20 42.40 40.00 41.00 48.76 45.70 50.78 57.49 61.47 71.56 65.07 4. Goats 47.20 55.40 60.90 64.60 67.50 75.60 95.25 110.21 115.28 122.72 124.36 140.54 135.17 5. Horses & ponies 1.50 1.50 1.30 1.10 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.75 0.61 0.63 6. Camels 0.60 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.00 1.03 0.91 0.63 0.52 0.40 7. Pigs 4.40 4.90 5.20 5.00 6.90 7.60 10.07 10.63 12.79 13.29 13.52 11.13 10.29 8. Mules 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.20 9. Donkeys 1.30 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.02 0.96 0.97 0.88 0.65 0.44 0.32 10. Yaks NC NC 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.08 11. Total Livestock 292.80 306.60 335.40 344.10 353.60 369.00 419.59 445.29 470.86 485.39 485.00 529.70 512.06 12. Poultry 73.50 94.80 114.20 115.40 138.50 159.20 207.74 275.32 307.07 347.61 489.01 648.83 729.21 13. Dogs NC NC NC NC NC NC 18.54 17.95 21.77 25.48 29.03 19.09 11.67 14. Rabbits NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC 0.48 0.42 0.59 NC : Not Collected Totals may not tally due to rounding of figures. Sources: Livestock Census, Directorate of Economics & Statistics and Animal Husbandry Statistics Division, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, M/O Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

TABLE 5. Livestock & poultry population during 1951-2012-All India (In Million Numbers ) Species 1951 1956 1961 1966 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2003 2007 2012 1. Cattle 155.30 158.70 175.60 176.20 178.30 180.00 192.45 199.69 204.58 198.88 185.18 199.08 190.90 2. Buffaloes 43.40 44.90 51.20 53.00 57.40 62.00 69.78 75.97 84.21 89.92 97.92 105.34 108.70 3. Sheep 39.10 39.30 40.20 42.40 40.00 41.00 48.76 45.70 50.78 57.49 61.47 71.56 65.07 4. Goats 47.20 55.40 60.90 64.60 67.50 75.60 95.25 110.21 115.28 122.72 124.36 140.54 135.17 5. Horses & ponies 1.50 1.50 1.30 1.10 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.75 0.61 0.63 6. Camels 0.60 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.00 1.03 0.91 0.63 0.52 0.40 7. Pigs 4.40 4.90 5.20 5.00 6.90 7.60 10.07 10.63 12.79 13.29 13.52 11.13 10.29 8. Mules 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.20 9. Donkeys 1.30 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.02 0.96 0.97 0.88 0.65 0.44 0.32 10. Yaks NC NC 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.08 11. Total Livestock 292.80 306.60 335.40 344.10 353.60 369.00 419.59 445.29 470.86 485.39 485.00 529.70 512.06 12. Poultry 73.50 94.80 114.20 115.40 138.50 159.20 207.74 275.32 307.07 347.61 489.01 648.83 729.21 13. Dogs NC NC NC NC NC NC 18.54 17.95 21.77 25.48 29.03 19.09 11.67 14. Rabbits NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC 0.48 0.42 0.59 NC : Not Collected Totals may not tally due to rounding of figures. Sources: Livestock Census, Directorate of Economics & Statistics and Animal Husbandry Statistics Division, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, M/O Agriculture & Farmers Welfare buffaloes are Surti, Mehsana and Bhadawari. About 75% of our buffaloes are non-descript and low yielding and there is tremendous scope for their improvement through grading, better feeding and management, there is an urgent need to undertake research work on the following aspects in order to enhance its productivity. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 1. Estimation of effect of environmental factors like farm, period, season, frequency of milking, length of preceding dry period, age and weight at calving etc., on performance traits of buffaloes both under farm and field conditions. 2. Estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters of performance traits of buffaloes both under field and farm conditions. 3. Developing reliable methodology of progeny testing under field conditions. 4. Developing breeding plans for each region of the country having buffaloes. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL References

Basu, S.B. and Gai, A.S. (1978). Indian Journal Animal Sciences 48(12); 908-909. Belorkar, R.M.; Khire, D., Kadu, M.S. and Kailani, A.S. (1977). Indian Veterinary Journal, 54: 384-388. Candy, R.A.; Shah S.K. and schermerhern, E.C. and Mc Dowell, R.E. (1983). Journal of Dairy Sciences, 66: 578- 586. Dutt, T. and Taneja V.K. (1995). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 65: 339-340. Ghokhale, S.B. (1974). Ph. D. Thesis submitted to Agra University, Agra.

131 Ghokhale, S.B. and Nagar Cenkar, R. (1980). Indian Journal of Heridity, 12: 57-66. Johari, D.C. and Bhat, P.N. (1979). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 49: 1-6. Kanaujia, S.C., Singh, R.V., Singh C.V. and Singh, S.P. (1990). Indian Veterinary Journal , 67(11): 1071-1073. Khatkar, M.S., Shethi, R.K.and Tripathi, V.N. (1996). Proceedings of the 2nd Asian Buffalo Association Congress. PP 346-348 Manila Philippines. Kumar, R., Bhat, P.N. and Dwivedi, I.S.D. (1977). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 47: 687-690. Kulkarni, V.S. (1995). Ph.D. Thesis Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana. Patil, S.S., Mali, S.L. and Patel, B.R. (1994). Proceeding of the first ABA Congress, P.P. 135-137 Khonkaen. Patro, B.N. and Bhat, P.N. (1979). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 49: 79-83. Pundir, R.K., Vij. R.K., Singh, R.B. and Mivsarkar, A.E. (1996). Animal Genetics Resource Information, 17, SAO Rome Itly PP. 109-122. Sharma, A and Basu, S.B. (1996). Indian Journal of Dairy Sciences, 39(1): 35-40. Sharma, R.C. and Singh, B.P. (1978). Sharma, A and Basu, S.B. (1996). Indian Veterinary Journal, 55(8): 595-600. Shethi, R.K. (2000). In Souvenir of 4th Asian Buffalo Congress at New Delhi, India from Feb. 25-28, 2003. Singh, C.V., (1985). Ph.D. Thesis Agra University, Agara. Singh, C.V., Yadav, M.C. and Dutt, G. (1984). Asian Journal of Dairy Research, 3(2): 87-90. Singh, C.V. and Yadav, M.C. (1986). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 56(6): 680-683. Singh C.V. and Yadav, M.C. (1986). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 57(5): 453-455. Singh C.V. and Yadav, M.C. (1987). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 57(5): 453-455. Singh C.V., Singh R.V. and Singh, Y.P. (1987). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 57(8): 891-894. Singh, C.V., Singh, R.V. and Singh, M. (1992). Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 69(12): 1099-1103. Tiwana, M.S., Arora, B.S., Bullar, M.S., Singh, M., Sindhu, S.S. and Singh, J. (1985). SARLAS Live Stock and Poultry Production : 48-54. Vij, P.K. (1984). Ph.D. Thesis, PAU, Ludhiana. Vijai, R.G., Jain L.S. and Tailor, S.P. (1993). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 63: 152-153. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

132 Lead Paper THE IMPROVEMENT OF PIGS THROUGH BREEDING AND FEEDING IN ASSAM

R. N. GOSWAMI1* AND D. KALITHA2 Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Science Principal Scientist, ICAR AICRP/MSP on Pigs Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati–781 022 *Email: [email protected]

In the present global scenario, pig is an important source of meat. In India, however, the situation is little different. India’s pig population is only around 1 per cent of the world pig population. Because of the religious restriction on consumption of pork and because of the religious sentiments and social taboos, pig as a source of meat has never got the kind the attention that it deserved. A casual look at the livestock statistic of the country, would reveal that as against 185.18 million cattle, 97.92 million buffalo, 124.36 million goat and 61,47 million sheep, the Pig population in the country is a mere 10.29 million ( The 19th Livestock Census of India). Only about 2 per cent of total livestock of the country is pig and its contribution to the global share of pig production is only about 0.95%. Over the years, the pig population of India is in fact decreasing. The pig population in the country in years 2003, 2007 and 2012 are 13.52, 11.13 and 10.29 million respectively. This decline in population is primarily due to decline in the population of indigenous pigs of the country. A marginal increase in exotic/crossbred population was registered in these reference years. Corresponding figures for exotic/crossbred pigs are respectively, 2.180, 2.389 and 2.456 and for indigenous pigs are 11.340, 8.744 and 7.837 millions.

In the state of Assam the pig population in the year 2003, 2007 and 2012 were 1.543, 2.000 and 1.636 million respectively. The population of pig for these years in the North Eastern Region of India (NER) as a whole was respectively 3.82, 4.46 and 3.95 million. Thus, considering 2003 as the base year, the declining trend in pig population till 2012 was not as drastic in Assam and NER as opposed to India as a whole.

As per the Livestock Census 2012, the five highest pig producing states of the country are Assam (1.636 mill.- 15.89%), Uttar Pradesh (1.334 mill.- 12.96%), Jharkhand (0.962 mill.-9.35%), Bihar (0.649 mill – 6.31%), and West Bengal (0.648 mill.-6.30%).

The data speaks itself the importance pig in Assam. The topic of this paper is ‘Improvement of pig in Assam through breeding and feeding’ and therefore discussion would be made primarily within that ambit.

Coming to Assam its geographical area is 78,438 sq. km (2.39% of the country) only. Of this more than 23 % comes under forest area. The major sunk of remaining area constitutes wet lands comprising of beels (shallow water lakes), rivers and tributaries and barren and uncultivable land. The total cultivable area of the state (net area sown) XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February is around 28,000 sq. km. If one intends to compare the livestock situation of Assam with other states, the area actually available for agriculture and animal husbandry has to be kept in mind. Although, Assam possesses a large number of livestock, the population of pig is significantly less than goat which is the main meat producing livestock in the state. As per Livestock Census of India 2012, the population of Cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep and pig in Assam are respectively 190,82,171; 4,35,265; 61,69,193; 5,18,067 and 16,36,022. Thus, among the three main meat producing livestock species, in the state of Assam, goat is at the top, pig coming next and sheep at the bottom. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL In Assam, pig rearing is an age old avocation amongst the tribal population and also amongst some communities. Traditionally they are rearing indigenous pigs as a scavenger with zero input. This way of rearing has given a bad name to pig and probably this is the reason why eating of pork and rearing of pig had been traditionally restricted to a section of society, particularly the tribal farmers. These are the people who are maintaining, propagating and conserving the indigenous pig germplasm of Assam, an act that must be appreciated. But in recent time, with improvement in management system and with the introduction of improved breeds and crossbreds, pig and pork are gaining popularity, particularly in urban and semi urban areas and among the new generation of educated youth. This transition in Assam is coming fast. Otherwise also in Assam about 90 per cent of its population is non vegetarian.

133 Irrespective of religion, cast or societal status people take meat here in Assam. Assam is surrounded by hilly states where almost everyone takes pork. Assam being the gateway for all these states demand of pig and pig meat is very high in Assam. It is also important to note that the people of oriental countries- the countries east of Assam also eat pork. With the establishment of East-West corridor linking India with countries of the east through Assam, big export opportunities have also opened up. Under the circumstances pig in Assam in particular has to come in the form of industry. Sooner is better.

The farmers in remote villages rearing indigenous pigs under backyard system go for locally available low quality feeds. The balanced quality commercial feed available in market, in limited scale, is also beyond the reach of these rural farmers. High cost commercial feeds are also non-remunerative for low producing indigenous pigs. As such, farmers often go for conventional and alternatives sources of feeds. Use of vegetable waste, kitchen waste, Joogli (brewer’s rice residue), colocasia, tapioca, sweet potato, rice polish, water hyacinth, banana tree, factory tea waste etc. is common. Various combinations of these items are provided. Locally available MOC, maize, dry fish are also some time provided. In semi-intensive and commercial small scale units, conventional concentrate feeding is also done in a limited scale. Because of the low quality feeds and non-supplementation of mineral mixture, the true potential of the animals in terms of production and reproduction is never exploited.

Today, in Assam pigs are reared under backyard system (with one or two breedable pigs/fatteners) and under semi- intensive and intensive system in small scale, usually unit strength not exceeding ten. Also, by and large farmers are yet to adopt scientific methods of breeding and feeding. There is an acute scarcity of breedable male because of the general practice of castrating all males of the unit at an early age. Also, large scale inbreeding with low quality breeding animals has lead to deterioration in quality and prolificacy of the local germplasm. This is a real threat to the indigenous pigs.

Pig is claimed as a mortgage lifter, because of its high growth rate, high prolificacy and high feed conversion efficiency. This is essentially true of exotic improved breeds, synthetic breeds and crosses of improved breeds. This is not true for indigenous pigs with low growth rate, poor prolificacy and low feed conversion efficiency. For indigenous pigs altogether a different approach will have to be adopted. It would be necessary to demarcate areas where farmers value some type of indigenous pig for reasons other than commercial consideration. In such demarcated areas pigs would be reared under zero or near zero input system, ensuring pure breeding. Policy may be to establish a nucleus herd of such indigenous animal under public sector, where scientific breeding and feeding practices would be adopted. Ultimate aim of such herd will be to improve the variety by adoption of suitable breeding plan and providing breeding animals to the farmers of the demarcated area where in-situ conservation will be a reality. In Assam, it is known that indigenous pigs inhabiting different geographic locations show considerable variations in conformity, body size and other attributes. However, these animals have been dumped as non-descript.

Very recently, however, a variety of local pig viz. ‘Doom’ have been extensively studied and breed characterized. The averages for litter size at birth and at weaning, litter weight at birth and at weaning, body weight at birth, and slaughter weight are respectively 5.92, 4.90, 3.90 kg, 14.23 kg, 0.66 kg and 42 kg in `Doom’. The department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara carried XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February out the work leading to registration of ‘Doom’ as a breed by ICAR-NBAGR, Karnal (Acc. No. INDIA_PIG_0200_ DOOM_09006). It would be prudent to take steps to ensure further improvement and propagation of this breed in NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

Figure1: Doom

134 Figure2: Indigenous pigs of Assam its breeding tract in a way as suggested above by establishing a nucleus herd of ‘Doom’ pig under public sector. There is also scope to further study some geographic variants for suitability for breed registration.

The ICAR-All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Pig, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara has developed a variety of pig with 75% Hampshire and 25% indigenous inheritance ( 75%H25%I) which has been stabilized through 16 generations of inter-se mating. This newly developed variety of pig is found to be far superior to the indigenous pigs of Assam in terms of productive and reproductive performances. Already this pig variety has gained popularity among the farmers of Assam as well as the entire North Eastern Region of India because of its high production potential, consistency in performance and adaptability to the local environment. This variety of pig is medium in size and has erect ears. The coat colour is black usually with a white belt in the shoulder region which might extend upto the forelimbs. Occasional white patches in the belly region are also not uncommon. This variety is named as HDK75. Where ‘H’ signifies Hampshire, ‘D’ signifies Desi (Indigenous) pig of Assam and ‘K’ represents the place of its development ie. AAU, Khanapara. The performance of HDK75 vis-a-vis indigenous pig of Assam is given hereunder (Table).

The ICAR National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati has also developed two varieties of pig Viz. RANI and ASHA. RANI is developed by crossing Hampshire and Ghungroo, while ASHA is developed by crossing RANI with Duroc.

When one talks of pig improvement, the policy to be adopted for breeding comes to the fore. The policy for Assam, and probably for other states, should be one of improvement and conservation of indigenous pigs in their habitat as XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity was explained already. In an integrated farming system being adopted by resource poor farmers, both indigenous Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February and crossbred varieties developed probably would be most suitable. However, looking into high demand, both in domestic and foreign market, promotion of commercial pig farming has become very important and urgent. For this to happen our policy must give some space for commercial pig production through entrepreurship development leading to industrialization of pig sector. This is an absolute necessity and is an achievable target in Assam and NER. For commercialization the variety like HDK75 and pure breed like Hampshire would be preferred. It may be noted here that HDK75 is not just a cross. After generating a herd of ‘75% Hampshire 25%Indigenous’, HDK75 has been evolved through 16 generations of inter-se mating as close herd resulting in genetic consolidation. These for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL animals are as good as pure breed. And in fact it is a synthetic breed. Needless to mention that simple crosses are not to be used for breeding, as it would result in gene segregation and dilution of characteristics. For HDK75, this is not the case. Also, because of preference of black colour pig amongst the people of NER, Hampshire and HDK75 are gaining rapid acceptance. The general policy for pig improvement should be – i) genetic improvement of local pigs through selective breeding and maintenance of these animals in a nucleus herd to provide superior breeding animals to farmers in the breeding tract. This will ensure in-situ conservation. ii) To maintain nucleus herd of improved developed breed like HDK75 for their maintenance and further improvement and distribution of breedable animals

135 Figure3: HDK75

to entrepreneurs and other stakeholders. iii) Also to establish nucleus herd of pure breeds like Hampshire for their maintenance and improvement under local condition and to distribute breeding animals to entrepreneurs and other stakeholder. iv) Pure breed(s) also need to be imported. In Assam, probably Hampshire and Large Black may the breed of choice. v) Also, there should be concerted efforts at improving market infrastructure including scientific slaughtering and processing and making available standard quality

Traits Indigenous HDK75 Litter size at birth 5.27 ± 0.12 8.34 ± 0.15 Litter weight at birth (kg) 3.95 ± 0.12 8.26 ± 0.18 Litter size at weaning(6wk) 4.60 ± 0.11 8.00 ± 0.19 Litter weight at weaning (kg) 28.31 ± 2.24 81.22 ± 1.87 Body wt. at birth (kg) 0.75 ± 0.01 0.99 ± 0.01 Body weight at 8 month (kg) 36.32 ± 0.56 73.41 ± 0.28 FCR 1:5.25 1:4.20 Slaughter weight(kg) at 8 month 44.64 ±2.94 75.00 ± 1.89 feeds as market venture. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

136 Lead Paper CURRENT TRENDS AND SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF CAMEL

S. C. MEHTA1* AND S.S.DAHIYA2 1Principal Scientist, 2Scientist National Research Centre on Camel, Post Box-07, Bikaner-334001, India *Email: [email protected]

With increased mechanization and change in lifestyle, the draught species of the livestock are facing severe decline in their population. The Camel,an integral part of desert eco-system, is facing severe challenges for sustenance. Under changed circumstances, the utilization of its draught power is reducing but its use in eco-tourism is increasing significantly. Additionally, it is being used for the production of milk in southern Rajasthan.The population of camel in India is 4 lakhs and it has gone down by 22.55% during the year 2007 to 2012 (Livestock Census 2012). The dwindling camel population in the country is a matter of major concern for the conservation biologist, policy makers and the state governments. The population of double humped camel has increased from 141(Livestock Census 2012) to 214 (Livestock Census 2012) chiefly because of tourism. The world scenario reveals that the people across the globe are very versatile and they make use of its race, milk and meat production potential apart from the draught and baggage transport. The world has 27.73 m camels spread across 48 countries. About 85% of the camel population inhabits mainly eastern and northern Africa and rest in Indian subcontinent and Middle East counties. Of the 48 camel rearing countries, 29 produces milk to the tune of 2.9 m tonnes per annum and 36 produces 0.53 m tonnes of meat per annum. Looking at the country wise statistics 27 countries produce both milk and meat and 10 countries produce only meat. Ukraine and Qatar produces only milk. Nine countries, including India, have neither been listed as milk nor meat producing countries. However, a study conducted at the Centre indicated that at present in the state of Rajasthan and Gujarat camel milk is being sold in the market. As well, there are reports of smuggling of camel for slaughter. This clearly indicates that apart from the traditional use of camel as a draught species, it is being used at present as a producer of milk, meat or both. It is reported that the camel meat and milk are the two chief sources of animal protein to the weaker section of the world human populations. However, race and meat production potential do not have that much importance in this country but the milk production potential and eco-tourism has emerged as a tool to sustain the species in situ.

India has four major breeds of camel viz. Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi and Mewari. Few animals of Sindhi camel are also seen around the bordering area with Sindh, Pakistan. The camels of Bikaneri breed are heavily built and are attractive with a noble look. It is a multipurpose breed. Jaisalmeri camels are gracious, lightly built and well known for riding and race potential.The Kachchhi breed is a multipurpose breed and the females are good milk producers.Mewari camels are stouter and well adapted to travel and carry loads across hills. They are exclusively used for milk production.Sindhi camels are classified as baggage type and have the ability to carry loads in marshy XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February land.The double humped Ladakhi camels are used as baggage animals for short distance transport of various items

Population Dynamics

Irrespective of the breeds of the camel, the population of the camel in the country is declining at a very fast rate(Table 1). The livestock census figures reveals that the camel population in the country was 0.61 m in the year 1951 and it

continued growing till it reached it’s ever time highest figure of 1.10 m in year 1972. However, the camel population for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL in the country remained close to 1 million during for a period of about 25 years during 1966 to 1992. Since then the population has reduced by about 61% and the current population is 0.40 m (Livestock Census 20012).

The analysis of state-wise population of camels during the year 2007 and 2012 is very interesting and it reflects the current trend in camel husbandry that is prevailing in the country. There are eleven states viz. Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu, Uttarakhand showing a decline in camel population during the year 2007 to 2012 but there are sixteen statesshowing an increase in the camel population during the same period i.e. 2007 to 2012. Similarly in the year 2007, there were

137 TABLE 1. Camel Population andnd Growth Trend in India Year Population ((in million) Growth (%) 1951 0.60 29.6 1956 0.80 11.9 1961 0.90 10.65 1966 1.00 9.60 1972 1.10 0.00 1977 1.10 0.00 1982 1.08 -1.85 1987 1.00 -7.65 1992 1.03 2.95 1997 0.91 -11.65 2003 0.64 -29.65 2007 0.51 -18.25 2012 0.40 -22.55

17 states in which the camel population was zero, the same has now reduced to 11. Reduced utility, mechanization and lifestyle are the chief reasons for the decline of camel population but increase in the population of camel and spread of camel population from 18 to 24 states and union territories of the country is intriguing. The increase in the number of camels in single digit such as in Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala and Meghalaya may be due to tourism or any other transient activity but the increase in two, three and four digits signifies alternate utility of the species. States viz. Nagaland, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Odisha, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Arunachal Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh were having less than 128 camels in the state in the year 2007 but they now (2012) have camels in the range of 19-835. The increase in the number camels in the state of Bihar is highly significant. The number has increased from 215 to 8859 during this period.

The increase in the number of camels in the un-natural habitat indicates shift in the utility of the camels and transport / shift of camels from the breeding tract to the place of utilization. It is speculated that apart from tourism, the slaughter of camels for human consumption is picking up in this country either for domestic utilization or for export may be in its’ own name or in the name of other species.

Looking at the above trend with a decline in population and shift in utilization of the species from its’ main use as draught animal, the Government of Rajasthan as well as the ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner took initiatives to conserve and explore alternate use of the species for sustenance.

EFFORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION

A. RAJASTHAN STATE GOVERNMENT XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Camel: Declared as the State Animal of Rajasthan The camel has so far been used as a pride animal. It has been used as an iconic animal to symbolize Rajasthan by Govt. of Rajasthan, Rajasthan Tourism, Rajasthan Bank, BSF- Camel corps and several other organisation. This pride animal still constitutes the glamorous part of republic day parade. Looking at the close association of camel in the art and culture of the society in the state and the current population status, the present Rajasthan Government under the leadership of Mrs. Vasundhara Raje Sindhia, honorable Chief Minister of Rajasthan, has declared camel as State Animal of Rajasthan on June 30, 2014 and for this declaration Bikaner city was choose probably because NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL of the concentration of camel population around this place. Thus “The Camel” became the first domestic animal to be declared as “State Animal”in this country. In order to declare the camel as state animal of Rajasthan, appropriate preparation for drafting the document was done under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Animal Husbandry Department, Government of Rajasthan. The first draft was prepared under his chairmanship by Animal Husbandry Department and National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner. Subsequently, the inputs were taken from other departments such as Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation (RCDF), Forest, Rajasthan Livestock Development Board (RLDB), Insurance companies, NGOs, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Science (RAJUVAS), Health Department, Ayurved Department etc. and the draft “Camel Development Policy” was prepared. In brief, the

138 actionable points of Camel Development Policy were: -

I. Policy Support a.. Act (i) Ban on Camel Slaughter (Complete Ban or Females complete ban and Males after selection) (ii) Restriction on camel export /migration b. Breeding Policy : New breeding policy with emphasis on camel milk production c. Sale of Camel Milk : Collection, processing and marketing of camel milk by organized sector (RCDF) d. Inclusion of camel in famine code e. Pasture Development: (i) Forest Area –Rational entry of camels for grazing, (ii) Pasture Land: Re-seeding and Plantation.

II. Incentives for Camel Breeding a. Support to camel breeders on birth of a camel calf –cash incentive for calf born, feed and mineral mixture for dams, treatment and other services. b. Loans, Subsidy and Insurance Support: Loan for new purchase, subsidy on sale of camel milk and insurance cover to all camels.

III. Breed Registration and Camel Breeders Association For their own welfare and to address the smaller and localized issues

IV. Camel Development Cell To look after all camel development activities

The Rajasthan Camel Bill 2015 Enacted The state government took appropriate action for giving legal framework to the decision taken and “ABill” for the formulation of act on above lines was prepared by the Animal Husbandry Department of the Rajasthan Government and it was named “The Rajasthan Camel (Prohibition of Slaughter and Regulation of Temporary Migration or Export) Bill, 2015”. After appropriate approval of the honourable President of the Country, the Bill was in enacted.

Projects for Research and Development The Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner and Ayurved Department of Government of Rajasthan along with the ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal and Department of Biotechnology were asked to work on camel genome, camel immunology and to explore the therapeutic utility of camel milk for human health. A project on Camel Genome was submitted by ICAR-NBAGR involving ICAR-NRCC and RAJUVAS. Another project for “Development of milch strain of camel and providing seed material for genetic improvement of farmers’ herd”was submitted by ICAR- NRCC under RKVY. The discussions are going on at different levels and hopefully the things would move further.

Camel Insurance The State Government has launched an Insurance scheme named “Bhamashah Pashu BimaYojana” for the livestock XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity species including camel at subsidized rate. A camel owner can get maximum of five camels with a maximum cost Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February of Rs.50000/- per camel insured at a subsidized rate of 3.5 % for a period of one year or 9% for a period of 3 years. This premium is further reduced by 70% in case of S.C., S.T. and B.P.L. category and by 50 % for general category. The Bhamashah scheme is basically for women empowerment and thus the benefit of this scheme can only be taken if the camels/ animals are insured in their name. The claim amount on the death of insured camel is directly transferred in their account.

Calf-Subsidy for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL It was felt that the camel owners are losing the interest in breeding their camels because a pregnant camel cannot be put to use for a substantial period and also to encourage the camel breeders to breed their camels at regular interval to have a check on the declining population of the species, the state government has launched a scheme worth Rs. 3135 lakh under RKVY for a period of 4 years. Under this scheme, a camel owner has to register his pregnant female camels and he will get Rs.3000/- when the calf is born and attains an age of 1 month. The second instalment of Rs.3000/- he will get when the calf attains an age of 9 months and the third installment of Rs.4000/- he will get when the calf attains the age of 18 months. They will have to insure these animals and when they sale these animals, they will have to inform to the nearest Veterinary Hospital. The treatment of these animals will be done free of cost.

139 FSSAI approve sale of Camel Milk for Human Consumption The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India under section 16(5) of Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 operationalize the Standards for Camel milk on November 29, 2016. For the raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured and sterilized camel milk the standards are set to a minimum of 6.5% SNF and 3 % Fat.

B. ICAR-NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON CAMEL, BIKANER

Talks of Camel: A Mission for Conservation of Camel Aggrieved by the declining population of the camel and poor condition of the camel farmers in the Country, at ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, I took an initiative in the year 2015 to help the State Animal of Rajasthan and named it as “Talks of Camel: A Mission for Conservation of Camel”. The ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal supported this mission by funding for the Radio programme and other activities. This Mission had the following components:- 1. Radio Programme-Untan Ri Bataan (Talks of Camel) : Inspired by the “Maan Ki Baat” programme of Honorable Prime Minister, An All India Radio Programme “UntanRi Bataan”(Talks of Camel) was broadcasted on every first and third Friday of the month from Bikaner, Jodhpur, Udaipur and Kota stations covering 21 districts of Rajasthan. The human population covered is about 4 crores. Three minutes time in the episodes was dedicated to answer the questions asked by the camel owners. In all 33 episodes covering different topics of camel husbandry were broadcasted. All episodes were uploaded on Google Drive and Sound Cloud and link posted on Facebook and WhatsApp for easy access 24X7 through computers, laptops and cell phones. 2. Talks of Camel “UntanRi Bataan” Logo : In order to give identity and better visibility to the programme, a Colourful Logo utilizing the tri-colours of the National Flag was designed and used since April 16, 2015. The same has been published by the Trade Marks Journal No. 1761, 2016. 3. Meeting with the Camel Farmers: Knowing it well that in the present era also there are several Camel Farmers who doesn’t listen to the Radio and are not aware of the Facebook, WhatsApp, You Tube etc., it was decided to organize farmers meeting in the Villages with the Camel Owners. Accompanying the broadcast of each Radio programme, it was decided to organize the meetings and question-answer sessions with the camel owners on every first and third Friday of the month. Additionally, a good number of extended meetings were also organized wherein apart from the deliberation on a particular topic, discussion on policy issues, question- answer sessions and on-site treatment of sick animals was also done. We used audio system to educate the farmers and shared real time photographs on WhatsApp immediately during and after the meeting. In order to serve the society, I took a decision to organize 100 such meetings in one year time and to our satisfaction we could organize 102 meetings in 90 villages spread across the state having sizable camel population. A total of 1943 camel owners / stakeholders were educated during these meetings. The Limca Book of Records has recognized this work as The National Record. 4. WhatsApp Group: “Talks of Camel” group on WhatsApp was created to share the programme details, News Items, Disease Photographs and links of talks uploaded on Google Drive and Sound Cloud. All through, it had XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 100 members including ICAR, SAU, Animal Husbandry Officers and Camel farmers. 5. Cell Phone: My Cell phone has contributed maximally and camel farmers are using it like 108 Service for them. Maximum support in terms of Veterinary Health Care has been extended. 6. Facebook Page-Talks of Camel : This page has been used to share the Programme details, National and International News Items, Disease Photographs and links of talks uploaded on Google Drive and Sound Cloud. Since April 16, 2015, the number of items posted is around 500 with an average of 500 views per post. 7. Sound Cloud- Talks of Camel Channel: Every month two experts give the Radio Talk on various aspects of NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Camel Husbandry. The same were uploaded after broadcast and their links forwarded to the stakeholders on WhatsApp, Facebook and group email for easy access 24X7 through the computers, laptops and cell phones. Hundreds of people have listen to the “Talks of Camel” programme through this channel. 8. You Tube - Talks of Camel Channel: The popularity of You Tube among cell phone users was also utilized for the purpose. All-important Talks delivered on All India Radio were converted into video films and uploaded on You Tube. The links were forwarded to the stakeholders on WhatsApp, Facebook and group email for easy access 24X7. Hundreds of stakeholders have listen to the programmes of Talks of Camel through this App. 9. Google Drive-Talks of Camel Folder: The space required to store one Radio Talk is about 27 MB. A folder

140 named “Talks of Camel” on Google Drive was created for storing all the information, documents, photographs, audio, video files pertaining to this mission. The links were shared with the stakeholders through Facebook, WhatsApp and Group Emails. 10. Treatment of Camel: Around 2000 sick camels were treated for various ailments in this Programme 11. GROUP EMAIL : Immediately after the broadcasting and uploading of the Radio Programme on Google Drive and Sound Cloud, the links were sent regularly to all staff members of National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner; Director and In-charge Network Project, NBAGR, Karnal; Project Director, DKMA, ICAR, New Delhi; DDG (AS), ICAR, New Delhi and Experts. This was done to make the programme accessible to them at one click. The programmes are being sent to DKMA, NRCC Library and AKMU for sharing and storing the programmes in their ELIBRARY for subsequent use. 12. Television Programme: In order to create awareness in the general society about the conservation of camel and to support the camel farmers, ETV Rajasthan channel was contacted and they give full coverage of the programme in News at Prime Time i.e. 7.30 PM on June 26, 2015. On DD Kisan Channel, I was invited to participate in the Hello Kisan Programme, which was telecasted live on August 4, 2016. Additionally, the A1TV channel covered our programme twice. 13. FM Radio : FM Radio is very popular in the cities. 92.7 Big FM was contacted and they covered the programme twice and broadcasted each of them two-three times in their morning session “Big Chai” spanning around an hour or more. 14. News Papers : All leading News Papers of Rajasthan i.e. DainikBhaskar, Rajasthan Patrika, DainikNavjyoti and small News Papers like Yugpaksh, Abhay India, National Rajasthan, Thar Express, Desert Times, Thar Savera, Raftar, KhasKhabar etc. have continuously covered our programmes all through the year. 15. Calendar, Posters, Banners, Pictures & Leaflets: One attractive Calendar for the year 2016 focused on promoting camel husbandry was prepared and released on January 1st 2016. Very attractive posters, banners, pictures and leaflets were prepared for promoting camel husbandry. 16. Documentary Talks of Camel: A Mission for Conservation of Camel has been prepared to cover and highlight the components of the programme along with the feedback from the stakeholders and assessment of the impact among the camel farmers. 17. Exhibitions- Exhibitions on Camel Husbandry was organised at 2 places in Udaipur district and one each in Jhalawar and Pratapgarh district to promote camel husbandry. 18. Work Shop: One day workshop with the Camel Milk Vendors was organised at Veterinary Polyclinic Campus, Udaipur to address various issues pertaining to sale of camel milk, human health benefits of camel milk, packaging, transportation and emarketing of camel milk through websites etc. 19. Camel Competitions: In state level Chandrabhaga Fair 2015- In order to promote rearing of best animals for breeding and production and to encourage the camel owners various competitions were organised and 40 Camel Owners were honoured. Apart from Limca Book of Records, this work has received appreciation from the NARS officers, camel owners and the society as whole.

Exploring alternate uses of camel Both Camelusdromedarius (single humped camel) and Camelusbactrianus (double humped camel) are the iconic animals for the mechanism of adaptation they have for the extremes of climatic situations. They survive in - 40 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity degree Celsius to +50 degree Celsius with scares of water and food resources. They are also known for the possession Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February of single domain antibodies (12-15 kDa) and the unique defence mechanism against biotic stress (pathogens). They do not succumb to the diseases like foot and mouth disease and blue tongue.

Camel milk has been considered unique in terms of having low fat (1.5 -3%) with much higher concentration of long chained fatty acids than short chained fatty acids and is therefore considered healthier. The protein content is low (1-2.5%). It has longer shelf life. The lactose content is 3.8 - 4.3%, ash is 0.79% and total solids are 8-11%. It NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL is rich in minerals like Iron (0.32-0.36 mg/dl), Zn (1.2-6.3 mg/dl), Copper (0.09-0.5 mg/dl) and vitamin B1 (0.03 mg%), B2 (0.04 mg%), B6 (0.05 mg%), B12 (0.0002 mg%) and vitamin C (40-50 mg/Kg).The essential fatty acids (linoleic and arachidic etc.) are available in adequate quantity. The camel milk acts as immunomodulatory due to the presence of high amount of lysozyme, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins and lactoperoxidase. The ratio of â-casein to ?-casein is considerably higher in camel milk. Lysozyme C and â-lactoglobulin are absent and Whey Acidic Protein and Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein are present. The fresh and fermented camel milk has been found to provide potential health benefits including angiotension I-converting enzyme-inhibitory activity, hypocholesterolaemic effect, hypoglycaemic effect, antimicrobial and hypoallergenicity effect.

141 The Therapeutic Use The work carried out at the ICAR-National research Centre on Camel, Bikaner in collaboration with the SP Medical College, Bikaner and other institutes indicated that a. The came milk can be used for the management of type I diabetes (The Type I diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cell in the pancreas) mostly in the patients having inherent deficiency of beta –cells. b. The camel milk is useful in the treatment of tuberculosis. c. The camel milk has been found useful in the treatment of autism. d. The camel milk acts as a functional food.

The world literature especially from Israel, UAE, UK and France indicated that camel milk is useful in the treatment of Jaundice, Kala-azar, tuberculosis, heart patients, high blood pressure, milk allergy in children etc.

Diagnostic Kit The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai in collaboration with ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner has developed a kit for the detection of thyroid cancer in human patients, utilizing the single domain antibodies of the camel.

Anti-Snake Venom At present the work on production of Anti-Snake Venom against the local Snake utilizing camel model is in progress and the results obtained so far are very encouraging.

Milk Products The Centre has developed a variety of products from camel milk and most selling products are tea, coffee, kulfi, flavoured milk and lassi.

Training to Camel Owners With the support of state government under RKVY project, the Centre is regularly organizing training programmes for the camel owners.

Thus the health benefits of the camel milk, tourism, alternate uses of camel along with the policy and financial support from the state government and efforts of the dedicated scientists and veterinary officers to address the issues of this species would certainly help in sustaining the species. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

142 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION III

INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF BREEDING NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY

Oral Presentations

MTY 392 PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED CATTLE IN UTTRAKHAND

RAVINDER KUMAR*, A.K. DAS, S. K. RATHEE, RANI ALEX AND C.B. SINGH ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt. Meerut-250001(UP) India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ICAR-CIRC, Meerut initiated the Field Progeny Testing (FPT) project for genetic improvement of crossbred cattle under field conditions at various agro climatic conditions of the country viz; Kerala, Punjab Maharashtra and Uttrakhand. The present study was conducted at GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (UK) unit of the project. Since inception of project on 16.09.2009 this unit is running through 7 A.I. centres of U.S. Nagar and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand. A total of 25,016 frozen semen doses from 55 bulls (3000 FSD from 10 bulls of I set; 2906 FSD from 6 bulls of II set, 4410 FSD from 9 bulls of III set, 7350 FSD from 15 bulls of IV set and 7350 FSD from 15 bulls of V set) were used for A.I. A total 55 bulls has so far been introduced in 5 different sets and total 13589 insemination has been done in which 2224 female progenies were borne out of which 364 has reached age at first calving. In the year 2015, a total of 4093 AI were carried out, 2701 AI were followed for pregnancy diagnosis and 2237 confirmed pregnancies leading to CR of 54.7%. A total of 732 daughters were born. A total of 172 daughters (31 of I set, 133 of II set and 8 of III set) came in first lactation. An overall First lactation milk yield of 2714.2 ±84.4 kg and Average milk fat of 3.67 ±0.03% were recorded. The loss of data was 18.2 %, 14.7% and 10.1% for first, second and third sets of bull respectively. FPT is the best tool of systematic multiplication of superior germplasm under the field conditions to enhance the productivity of livestock.

MTY 393 ANALYSIS OF PART PERIOD EGG PRODUCTION OF IWI LAYER POPULATION USING ANIMAL MODEL

CHANDAN PASWAN*, R. N. CHATTERJEE, T. K. BHATTACHARYA, SANTOSH HAUNSHI, U. RAJKUMAR AND M. NIRANJAN ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad (TS) -500 030 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A white Leghorn (IWI) is pedigreed population maintained at ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad. The egg production data of IWI spanning over three generations were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) for deducing factors affecting part egg production parameters up to 40 weeks. Heritability of egg production parameters like Age at Sexual Maturity (ASM), Egg Production up to 20 weeks (EP20), Egg Production up to 40 weeks (EP40), Egg Weight at 28 weeks (EW28), Egg Weight at 40 weeks (EW40) and Body Weight at 40 weeks XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

(BW40) were analyzed using REML Animal Model. The Least Squares Means (LSM) of ASM, EP20, EP40, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February EW28, EW40 and BW40 were 144.28±0.31d (1533), 2.580±0.11 (979) eggs, 109.18±0.54 (1534) eggs, 45.24±3.82 (1525) g, 50.56±0.11 (1470)g and 1349±4.74 g, respectively. The heritability estimates of ASM, EP20, EP40, EW28 and EW40 were 0.086±0.03, 0.055±0.06, 0.036±0.02, 0.20±0.044 and 0.163±0.041, respectively. The ASM, EP20 and EP40 were low heritable whereas EW28 and EW40 were moderately heritable traits in IWI population. Therefore, variability was observed in IWI population maintained at ICAR-DPR and can be utilized for selection of egg higher egg weight at 28 as well as 40th weeks of age. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

143 MTY 394 GENETIC PARAMETERS OF TEST DAY RECORDS AND ESTIMATION OF DIRECT AND CORRELATED RESPONSES IN FIRST LACTATION MILK YIELD IN INDIAN HOLSTEIN CROSSBRED DAIRY HERDS USING MULTITRAIT ANIMAL MODEL

RAJA, T .V.*, RATHEE, S. K., KUMAR, R., PRAKASH, B. AND SINGH, U ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt., Meerut, U.P. State, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A study was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters, direct and correlated responses for different test days and first lactation 305-days milk yield to assess the feasibility of using test day records for genetic improvement in milk production. Data on 973 Holstein crossbred cows sired by 42 bulls calved during 2005 to 2014 atAmbala and Meerut Military farms were collected and after standardization, a total of 9955 daily milk yield records were utilized for the study.Theheritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations for all 11 traits were estimated simultaneously by fitting multi-trait animal model using Wombat program of Meyer (2006). The model consisted of the contemporary groups as fixed effect, additive genetic random effects, linear and quadratic regressions of covariate age at first calving and linear regression of covariate first lactation length. The expected genetic gain(DG), correlated response(CR) in cumulative 305-day yield and vice versa and relative efficiency (RE%) of selection based on different test day yields were also estimated. The results revealed lower heritability estimates for different test days ranging from 0.023 for TD225 to 0.090 for TD135. The heritability of cumulative FL305DMY was estimated as 0.037.The genetic correlations between different test day yields ranged from 0.906 (between TD15 and TD45) to -0.416 (between TD75 to TD285).The overall genetic gain in cumulative 305-day milk yield was estimated as 26.577 kg. The genetic gain estimates for different test day yields ranged from 0.0645 for TD225 to 0.2905 kg for TD135. The higher correlated responses in cumulative 305-day yield estimated through the selection for TD135, TD165 and TD45, in that order indicated that the early selection of sires using test day records would be efficient in genetic improvement for lactational milk yield in Holstein crossbred cattle.

MTY 395 STATUS OF INBREEDING IN A CLOSED FLOCK OF MAGRA SHEEP IN ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN

H. K, NARULA*, A. K. PATEL, ASHISH CHOPRA AND VIMAL MEHROTRA Arid Region Campus, ICAR-Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Bikaner-334006 *Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Magra is an important carpet wool breed of Rajasthan and is found in its purest form in Bikaner and adjoining areas of Nagaur, Churu and Jhunjhunu districts. The wool produced by Magra is most suitable for carpet production and is in great demand due to its lustre. In the present study, the data on 4237 individuals spread over 18 years (1998- 2015) of Magra sheep maintained and improved through selection under institute project at Arid Region Campus of CSWRI was used for analysis of status of inbreeding in flock. The flock was closed for maintaining the purity of the breed and for proper execution of breeding plans. Rams were selected on the basis of Selection index incorporating st NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 6 months body weight and 1 six monthly greasy fleece yield. Mating between parent and offspring, between full sibs and within same sire line was avoided. Rams were procured from the field and introduced in flock twice for genetic variability and avoid inbreeding. Inbreeding in the flock was calculated by Wright’s formula and computed from pedigrees traced in 4237 animals by path coefficient analysis using PEDIGREE VIEWER V6.5b computer

package. The rate of inbreeding was calculated as DFt = (Ft – F t-1) X100/(100-Ft-1), where Ft is the average inbreeding coefficient of individual born in period t. Average inbreeding coefficient was also studied sex wise and in 6 classified periods spread from 1998 to 2015. The incidence of mean inbreeding for a period of 18 years was 0.82%, which was in normal limits. During the first period of three years the F value was 0.0% and it was 1.19% in the sixth period (2013-15). Out of 4237 animals, 36.86 % were found to be inbred but overall mean inbreeding in inbred

144 animals was 2.23%. Only 148 animals have inbreeding level more than 6.25%. Inbreeding in males (0.84) was little bit higher than inbreeding in females (0.79). It has been observed that mean inbreeding level in overall flock was increased gradually in due period of study and reached to 1.11 which is also in the normal limit. However, considerable downfall in mean inbreeding level of inbred animals from first to sixth period was observed. It is difficult to avoid inbreeding completely in the closed flock mating system. Inbreeding depression, can pose a great threat to the management and breeding operations in the closed flock. However, level of inbreeding was in normal limits in Magra sheep flock under study indicating the careful breeding practices. In future, there is further need of introducing germplasm of true to breed Magra animals from field to avoid the risk of increase in inbreeding simultaneously increasing the variability of flock.

MTY 396 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF HF-CROSSBRED IN KERALA UNDER FIELD PROGENY TESTING PROJECT

A. K. DAS*, RAVINDER KUMAR, S.K.RATHEE, K. ANILKUMAR, G. RADHIKA AND B. PRAKESH Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt.-250001, Uttar Pradesh *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The state of Kerala was first state in India to accept crossbreeding as the method for genetic improvement of cattle. As a result more than 95% of cattle of the state are crossbreds. The Field Progeny Testing programme in Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University, (KVASU) Mannuthy, Kerala was initiated in the year 1992 as a co- ordinating unit of ICAR-CIRC, Meerut. Field progeny testing program at this unit is running through seven field units and six artificial insemination centres. A total 268 bulls have so far been inducted in 14 different sets. A total of 107297 artificial inseminations were carried out and 64176 inseminations were followed for pregnancy diagnosis and 25959 pregnancies were confirmed since inception with overall 43.9 % conception rate. The milk yield showed almost increasing trend among the progenies of different sets and the average 305 days milk yield was 1958.4 ± 27.0 kg in first set and 2761.5 ± 47.41 kg in tenth set. The age at first calving showed a positive trend of decreasing and it decreased from 1136.4 ± 13.0 days in first set to948.67±12.57 days in tenth set and there is a remarkable reduction of about 188 days in average age at first calving. Average age at first calving of the progenies was found as 948.67±12.57 days in comparison with 1243.48±27.36 days in contemporaries. Average first lactation milk yield of progenies of eleventh bull set was 2895.31±57.66 kg based on 305 days milk yield. A total six sets of bulls were used in the analysis and the average breeding value of different sets were estimated as 2603.28±125.0, 2691.22±95.91, 2716.72±105.16, 2874.69±101.38, 2930.20±108.17 and 2965.59±143.23 respectively for 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th, 5th and 6th bull set respectively which indicates a progressive improvement in subsequent sets.

MTY 397 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MUTTON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF BANDUR SHEEP VIS A VIS LOCAL SHEEP OF KARNATAKA

REENA ARORA1*, NAVEEN KUMAR, S.2, SUDARSHAN, S.2, SURESH DEVATKAL3, MOHAMED NADEEM FAIROZE2, ANJU SHARMA1, YASHILA GIRDHAR1, R.M. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SREESUJATHA2, SONIKA AHLAWAT1 AND RAMESH KUMAR VIJH1 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132001, Haryana 2 Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bangalore -560024 3 ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad-500092 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Bandur sheep, also known as Mandya or Bannur are mainly distributed in Malavalli taluka of Mandya district of Karnataka. This breed is highly acclaimed for its flavour and fetches a higher price than goat meat. There is a scant

145 literature on the mutton quality of Bandur sheep although it is highly rated for its quality/taste. Despite the local popularity and market potential no scientific information is available on the uniqueness of its mutton quality. Therefore, in the present study body biometry as well as mutton characteristics of Bandur sheep were compared with local sheep. Selected animals were in the two-tooth stage (12-19 months) and their bodyweights ranged from 16-30kg. Carcass measurements like hot carcass weight, back fat thickness, fore saddle, hind saddle, foreleg, hind leg, rib eye area, pH, temperature, water holding capacity etc were recorded. The back fat thickness was observed to be slightly greater in Bandur animals as compared to local sheep. Tenderness of different muscles (longissimus dorsi, brachicephalicus, bicep, semimembranosus, psoas major, semitendinosus and tricep) was measured by taking average of Shear force for a sample in triplicate. Different muscles of the Bandur sheep had lower shear force values (12.74N-22.65 N) as compared to those of local sheep (16.44N-26.19N). The lower shear force values in Bandur sheep indicate greater tenderness which is a desirable trait. Instrumental colour studies indicated that Bandur sheep meat is lighter in colour compared to other local sheep meat. Fat percent (of cooked meat) was significantly higher in Bandur sheep (16.83) as compared to local breeds of sheep (11.16). Sensory evaluation of the mutton revealed slightly higher juiciness and flavour in Bandur sheep meat but the difference between the two groups was not significant. A comprehensive analysis of Bandur sheep mutton will provide scientific evidence supporting consumer preferences.

MTY 398 GROWTH POTENTIAL OF MUZAFFARNAGARI SHEEP UNDER FARM CONDITIONS

GOPAL DASS*, Y. K. KUSHWAH AND NITIKA SHARMA ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura –281 122 India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Muzaffarnagari, the heaviest mutton breed of India, is distributed in and around Muzaffarnagar district of western Uttar Pradesh and also in some parts of Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi states. The breed is purely mutton type as wool production is low and wool quality is very course, not suitable for carpet manufacture. For evaluating growth potential, body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month age were recorded and average daily weight gains (ADG) during 0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-13 and 3-12 months were generated from body weights from 1028 Muzaffarnagari lambs born under Network Project on Sheep Improvement during years 2010-14 at Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura (UP). The overall least squares means for body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months age were 3.52±0.02, 15.51±0.13, 23.62±0.19, 28.05±0.19 and 32.92±0.21 kg, respectively and average daily gains (ADGs) during 0–3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12 and 3-12 months age groups were 133.13±1.38, 88.87±1.23, 54.73±1.20, 54.66±1.14 and 63.50±0.69g, respectively. The effect of sex, year of lambing, parity and type of birth of lambs had highly significant (P<0.01) influence on all growth traits except non significant effect of parity on ADG during 3-6, 9-12 and 3-12 month and non significant influence of type of birth of lambs on ADG during 3-6 and 9-12 months. Male lambs showed superiority over female lambs for all body weights and ADGs. The maximum XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February average daily weight gain recorded during 0-3 months and then it decreases as the age of lambs advanced. Parity of ewes did not show any definite trend for growth traits while type of birth indicated that lambs born as single gained heavier weights at all growth stages. It was observed that after weaning the multiple born lambs gained higher average daily gain (ADG) than single born lambs. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

1146 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SENARION

TECHNICAL SESSION III

INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF BREEDING NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY

Poster Presentations

MTY 301 COMPARISION OF CHROMOSOMAL ARCHITECTURE OF SAHIWAL AND CROSSBRED SAHIWAL CATTLE

B.V.SUBRAMANYAM*, P.JAYA LAXMI, B.PUNYAKUMARI AND A.V.N.SIVAKUMAR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The karyological investigation using 16 purebred Sahiwal and 16 Jersey X Sahiwal cattle (8 males and 8 females of each genetic group) revealed the diploid chromosome number to be 60. All the 29 pairs of autosomes were acrocentric. While the X – chromosome was submetacentric in both the genetic groups. Acrocentric Y chromosome of Sahiwal cattle differed from small submetacentric chromosome of Jersey X Sahiwal cattle in its morphology. The relative length of autosomes ranged from 1.74 ± 0.01 to 5.28 ± 0.02 in Sahiwal and from 1.72 ± 0.01 to 5.26 ± 0.02 in Jersey X Sahiwal crosses. X – chromosome was the second largest chromosome in both the genetic groups. The contribution of X and Y chromosome were 5.07 and 1.99 per cent to the total genome in Sahiwal and 5.06 and 2.20 per cent in Jersey X Sahiwal cattle, respectively. The arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index for the X- chromosome of Sahiwal and Jersey X Sahiwal cattle were 1.89, 0.35, 2.87 and 1.84, 0.36, 2.76, respectively. The arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index for the Y – chromosome of Jersey X Sahiwal cattle were 1.63, 0.35 and 1.41, respectively.

MTY 302 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING AND STUDY OF THE GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE OF INDIGENOUS DUCKS

ARUNA PAL Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B.Sarani, Kolkata-37, West Bengal Email: [email protected]

Ducks are second most important poultry species next to chicken with a population of 23.54 million of which 90- 95 percent is non-descript or desi, contributing Rs. 4 crore to total GDP. The West Bengal is the second largest duck producing state of the country. Indigenous duck egg and meat is very nutritious and popular and it fetches better price. Ducks are very much resistant to common poultry diseases, and are asymptomatic to Avian Influenza outbreak, first reported in the state in 2008. So far indigenous ducks have not been systematically characterized. In the

present study, phenotypic characterization along with molecular characterization with respect to immune response XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity gene as TLR2, TLR7 and its proteomics study of derived peptide had revealed distinct identity of ducks of West Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Bengal. Differential mRNA expression profile of immune response genes (TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and Bu-1) had confirmed the antiviral resistance of ducks at molecular level compared to other poultry species as indigenous chicken (Haringhata Black, Aseel, desi), goose, turkey, quail and Guinea fowl. Other antiviral genes as TLR3 and RIG1 have also been identified and characterized for its antiviral activity through bioinformatics study. Considering the tremendous importance of duck germplasm, we had characterized the ducks through next generation sequencing study for the first time in World as whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of ducks. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Molecular evolutionary study with mitochondrial genes had revealed distinct genetic identity of ducks of West Bengal among the ducks reared globally. Antiviral genes identified from ducks may be inserted for the production of transgenic chicken resistant to Bird flu as future strategy as an attempt to eradicate Bird flu globally .

147 MTY 303 INHERITANCE OF LAMENESS SCORE IN VRINDAVANI COWS

CHANDRA PRAKASH1, G.K. GAUR, 2 N.R. SAHOO,3 BINOY CHANDRA NAHA4 1MVSc Scholar, 2 P.Sc. I/C, LPM Section, 3 Sc. I/C SPF, 4PhD Scholar Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P-243122

A total of 187 Vrindavani cows were screened for lameness score from 1 to 5. Out of the screened cows, 133 (71.12 %) were normal (score 1), 24 (12.83 %) had lameness score 2, 17 (9 %) had score 3, 6 (3.2 %) had score 4 and 7 (3.7 %) had score 5.Altogether 30 Vrindavani cows were lame with score 3 to 5. Prevalence of lameness was 16.04 % in Vrindavani herd at Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar. Effect of age, parity, peak yield and weight was non- significant on lameness score (p d” 0.05). Lameness score, however increased over the age and was the highest (1.80 ± 0.27) in cows with more than 6 years. Lameness score was also highest in middle parity (3-4) cows (1.76 ± 0.24) and in those having peak yield more than 15 kg (1.67 ± 0.094). Sire and error variance components for lameness score were 0.0195 and 1.0045, estimated through Restricted Maximum Likelihood Procedure. The heritability of lameness score was 0.0763 ± 0.01.

MTY 304 COMPARISON OF GENETIC PARAMETERS OF FIRST LACTATION 305 DAY MILK YIELD USING SINGLE VERSUS MULTI-TRAIT ANIMAL MODELS IN MURRAH BUFFALOES

1* SALEEM YOUSUF , ISHFAQ JAMAL AND NASEER AHMAD BABA 1Ph.D scholar, Animal Genetics & Breeding Division, ICAR-NDRI *Corresponding author: [email protected]

First lactation records of 439 Murrah buffaloes, sired by 50 bulls on production traits viz. first lactation 305-day or less milk yield (FL305MY), first lactation length (FLL) and reproduction traits like age at first calving (AFC), first calving interval (FCI) and first service period (FSP) were used to compare the heritability estimates of FL305MY under single-trait animal model (ST-AM) versus multi-trait animal models (MT-AM) in Murrah buffaloes. The heritability estimate of FL305MY was 0.245±0.012 under single-trait animal model. Under two-trait models, the heritability estimate was found to be highest in FL305MY with AFC as covariate combination as 0.329±0.079. Under three-trait models, the heritability estimate was highest (0.235±0.089) in FL305MY, FLL and FSP combination. Comparison of heritability estimates of FL305MY from different models revealed that the estimates were varying from single to multiple traits in different combinations. The lower residual variances (211060 and 240410) and higher heritability (0.329±0.08 and 0.245±0.089) of two-trait (FL305MY with AFC as covariate) and three-trait XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February (FL305MY, FLL and FSP) combinations indicated that these combinations should be used for selection of Murrah buffaloes. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

148 MTY 305 EFFECT OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS ON VARIOUS REPRODUCTION TRAITS IN MURRAH BUFFALOES

ISHFAQ JAMAL1*, SALEEM YOUSUF, MUZAFFAR AHMAD NAIK AND NASEER AHMAD BABA 1M.V.Sc. Scholar, Livestock Production Management division, ICAR-NDRI *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Data of 742 Murrah Buffalo cows spread over a period of 16 years (1999- 2013) were collected and analysed to examine the effect of non-genetic factors on different reproduction traits. The lactation records of 180 days and above were considered in the study to see the effects of season, period and parity on various traits. The data were classified and coded according to different seasons; winter (December - March), summer (April - June), rainy (July - September), autumn (October - November) .The period was classified according to the year of birth for age at first calving and according to the year of calving for all other traits. For AFC the period was classified according to year of birth as , 1994-1997 (I), 1998-2001 (II), 2002-2005 (III) and 2006-2009 (V). For other traits period was classified according to year of calving as, 1998-2001 (I), 2002-2005 (II), 2006-2009 (III) and 2010-2013 (V). In order to observe the effect of parity on the reproduction traits, different lactation records were classified (parity 1-7). Lactation records of above 7th were grouped together due to less number of observations after 6th parity. The data were subjected to Least-Squares Technique (Harvey, 1975) for the effects of seasons, period and parity on AFC, SP, DP and CI,. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to test the significance of differences between treatments’ means. The Overall least square means of age at first calving (AFC), service period (SP), dry period (DP) and calving interval (CI), were 1398.67±7.2 days, 147.85±2.12 days, 121.68±1.39 days and 455.041±3.14 days, respectively. Effect of period of birth was significant (PÂ0.01) on age at first calving (AFC), while period of calving has significant effect (P<0.01) on dry period (DP). Effect of season of calving was significant (PÂ0.01) on age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), service period (SP). Season of calving had significant effect (P<0.05) on dry period (DP). Effect of parity was significant (PÂ0.01) on calving interval (CI) and service period (SP).

MTY 306 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH TRAITS OF SIROHI GOATS

S.S. MISRA*, ARUN KUMAR, I.S. CHAUHAN AND G.R. GOWANE Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan-304 501 *Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Sirohi is a well known medium sized dual purpose goat breed widely distributed in Rajasthan, mostly in the Sirohi, Ajmer, Tonk, Nagaur, Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur districts of Rajasthan and other adjoining states. Under present investigation, the data pertaining to the period of kidding from 2011-16 related to growth traits (body weights and average weight gains) of Sirohi goats at different ages maintained under All India Coordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement (AICRP) in semi arid condition at ICAR-Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute (CSWRI)), Avikanagar, Rajasthan, were analyzed. Different factors like year of kidding, sex and type of birth taking doe weight at kidding as covariate were used in the model. The overall least squares (LS) means for live weights at for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were 2.92±0.07, 12.21±0.41, 19.78±0.63, 26.66±0.81 and 31.43±0.84 kg, respectively. The growth rate in terms of per day average gain was 101.72±4.36 and 69.41±2.67 g from 0 to 3 months (ADG1) and 3 to 12 months (ADG2) of age, respectively. The factors studied were significant on almost all the traits, except type of birth and regression of doe weight on ADG2. The results showed improvement in almost all growth traits over the years. The males and single born kids were heavier than the females and multiple born kids, respectively, at all stages of growth. These findings indicate that there is huge scope of further improvement in growth performances of Sirohi goats through genetic selection and adoption of better management practices.

149 MTY 307 EFFECT OF BIOXCELL™ MEDIUM ON THE FREEZABILITY OF BUCK SEMEN

R. RANJAN*, A. K. GOEL, S. K. JINDAL, S. D. KHARCHE AND SATISH KUMAR Physiology and Reproduction Division ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P.-281122 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Bioxcell™ is an egg yolk-free sterile extender medium from IMV Technologies, which has been widely used in Artificial Insemination (AI) centers. This medium was diluted with double distilled water and added 6% glycerol to make aliquot and kept in -20ºC for further use. The objective of the present study is to compare the freezability of buck semen with Bioxcell™ medium and our conventional routine used Tris Citrate Fructose (TCF) diluent having 10% (v/v) egg yolk and 6% (v/v) glycerol as cryo-protecting agent. The ejaculates (36) were collected twice a week using artificial vagina and divided into two parts and each part was extended to maintain sperm concentration approximately 100 million per dose (0.25 ml) with TCF and Bioxcell™ medium. Filling and sealing of straws were done at 5ºC in cold handing cabinet after 4 h of equilibration period. The straws were vapor frozen for 10 minutes above 2 cm of liquid nitrogen level and finally immersed in to liquid nitrogen. Post thaw motility, live sperm count, abnormalities, acrosomal integrity and hypo osmotic swelling test has been conducted to know the effect of Bioxcell™ medium on goat semen freezibility. The post thaw motility, live sperm count, abnormalities, acrosomal integrity and hypo osmotic swelling positive spermatozoa differed significantly (P<0.05) between Bioxcell™ and TCF. We observed significantly (P<0.05) less post thaw quality in Bioxcell™ medium compared to TCF medium. We conclude that Bioxcell™ medium should not be used for goat semen cryopreservation as compared to TCF medium.

MTY 308 STUDY ON REPLACEMENT RATE AND ITS COMPONENTS IN MALPURA SHEEP IN AN ORGANIZED FARM IN SEMI-ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN

GOVIND MOHAN1*, G.R GOWANE1, N ANAND KUMAR2 AND SALEEM YOUSUF2 Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Organized farm can be managed by disposal (mortality and culling) and replacement index. These two parameters

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity are important indicators of management of any flock. The present investigation was carried out on 2335 lambs born 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February to 609 Malpura sheep spread over a period of 14 years from 1996 to 2009 at ICAR-Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute Avikanagar in the semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Replacement rate (RR) was observed to be 34.39% on total lambs born and 69.10% on female lambs born basis. The overall mortality of female lambs from birth to age at first lambing (AFL) was 17.17% out of which pre-weaning age group contributed highest (6.95%) as compared to 3-12 month (5.99%) and adult (5.29%) age groups. The overall culling in female lambs till they attained AFL was 13.73% out of which culling rate was higher for 6-12 month group (7.15%).The year and dam-age group had highly significant effect on mortality and culling rate in adult sheep but order of parity did not affect mortality and NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL culling rate significantly. The annual replacement index (ARI) ranged from 0.25 to 2.03 in different years with overall mean 1.18, showing positive trend of flock strength with significant variation across year. Significant effect of sire on replacement rate (RR) on female lamb basis was observed, whereas, non-significant effect was observed for RR on total lamb basis. It is concluded that proper management and breeding decisions can account for stable or improved population structure of breeding females without affecting the production.

150 MTY 309 EFFECT OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF MURRAH BUFFALO BULLS

P.RAMAJAYAN1, S.N. SIVASELVAM1*, S.M.K.KARTHICKEYAN1, K. KULASEKAR2, R. VENKATARAMANAN1 AND A. GOPINATHAN1 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding 2 Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai – 600 007 * Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of non-genetic factors such as period, season, age, body weight and scrotal circumference on semen characteristics of Murrah buffalo bulls. Data on 57,394 ejaculates of 77 Murrah bulls maintained from 2005 to 2015 were collected from Exotic Cattle Breeding Farm, Eachenkottai, Tamil Nadu and subjected to least-squares analyses of variance using univariate General Linear Model (GLM). The overall least-squares means for semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm per ejaculate, mass activity, initial motility, post-thaw motility and frozen semen doses per ejaculates were 2.65 ml, 1222.04 million per ml, 3030.10 million, 2.64, 67.45 per cent, 51.73 per cent and 128.80 doses, respectively. Period, season, age, body weight and scrotal circumference had highly significant (P<0.01) effect on all seminal parameters. There was a gradual increase in all the traits over the periods and period V (2014-2015) recorded the highest value for all the semen production traits. South-west monsoon and summer were found to be the best seasons for better quality semen production in Murrah bulls maintained under Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu. Bulls in the age group of 69 months to more than 142 months with body weight and scrotal circumference above 540 kg and 30 cm produced better quality semen and more number of frozen semen doses per ejaculate. The significant effect of non-genetic factors indicated that the environment and good management practice play a vital role in improving the quality and quantity of semen production from Murrah buffalo bulls.

MTY 310 A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF BANNUR SHEEP REARING FARMERS IN KOLAR DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA

P.K. MALLICK*, R. POUROUCHOTTAMANE, S.M.K. THIRUMARAN, G. NAGARAJAN, S. RAJAPANDI, G. MURALI AND A.S. RAJENDIRAN Southern Regional Research Centre ICAR - Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur- 624 103, Tamil Nadu * Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Agriculture and livestock are inter-dependent in our economy and livestock has been recognized as an important Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February approach for sustained livelihood. Karnataka is the second largest sheep rearing state in India with 9.58 million sheep population (Livestock Census, 2012). Sheep rearing is very popular in Kolar district of Karnataka and is having considerable population of Bannur (Mandya), Hassan as well as non-descript sheep.India has made remarkable stride in the area of livestock population in the world. Sheep and goat have an inseparable identity with the farmers in India from time immemorial. The present study focused on the socio-economic condition of the Bannur sheep farmers which is an exclusive variety of Kolar district, Karnataka. The general characteristics of farmers, earning NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL pattern, land holding pattern, other livestock reared, kind and amount of investment, viable marketing channels and recent practicing methods are discussed. This study clearly shows that rearing of Bannur sheep is profitable venture compared to other local breed of Kolar district in improving farmer’s economic condition gradually. The genetic resources of native germplasm of Bannur breed to be conserved for future breeding purposes.

151 MTY 311 ESTIMATES OF DIRECT AND MATERNAL (CO) VARIANCE COMPONENTS AS WELL AS GENETIC PARAMETERS OF GROWTH TRAITS IN NELLORE SHEEP

I. SATISH KUMAR1*, G. GANGARAJU1, C. VIJAYA KUMAR1, SAPNA NATH2 AND A.K.THIRUVENKADAN3 1Network Project on Sheep Improvement, Livestock Research Station, Palamaner-517 408, Chittoor Dist. Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University- Andhra Pradesh India 2Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR - NDRI, SRS, Bengaluru, India 3Professor and Head, Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pottaneri, Salem,Tamil Nadu, India-636453 * Corresponding author: [email protected]

In the present study, (Co) variance components and genetic parameters in Nellore sheep were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood method using six different animal models with different combinations of direct and maternal genetic effects for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (3WT), 6-months weight (6WT), 9-months weight (9WT) and 12-months weight (12WT). Records of 2,075 animals descended from 69 sires and 478 dams over a period of eight years were collected from Livestock Research Station, Palamaner, Andhra Pradesh, India and utilized in this study. Lambing year, sex of lamb, season of lambing and parity of dam were the fixed effects considered in the model and ewe weight was used as a covariate. Best model for each trait was determined by log likelihood ratio test. Based on most appropriate fitted model, direct heritability values at birth, three, six, nine and twelve months of age were found to be 0.08, 0.03, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.10, respectively and their corresponding maternal heritabilities were 0.07, 0.10 0.09, 0.08 and 0.11. Maternal effects were significant during pre-weaning stage and tend to decrease during post-weaning period. Among the different models, model 2 explained better variation for weights at birth, nine months and yearling age, whereas, model 4 observed to be superior for growth traits at three and six months of age. The estimates of direct genetic correlations among the growth traits were positive and ranged from 0.44(BWT- 3WT) to 0.96(12WT-NWT). The positive and high genetic correlation of six months weight with other post-weaning weights indicated that genetic gain will be sustained even if selection is practiced at six months of age. Unreliable estimates of genetic parameters may be obtained with exclusion of maternal effects in the model in Nellore breed of sheep. Hence, to implement optimum breeding strategies for improvement of traits maternal effects should be considered.

MTY 312 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CARCASS TRAITS IN YALAGA, KENGURI AND BANNUR SHEEP BREEDS XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February M. S. HUSSAIN, APPANNAVAR, M, M., YATHISH, H. M.*, ASHARANI, A. D, SURANAGI, M. D. AND U. S. BIRADAR Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bidar-585401, Karnataka *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Identification of new sheep population with efficient mutton production abilities is indispensable to meet the

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL increasing demands for animal produce. Therefore, carcass traits of Yalaga sheep, a non-descript sheep, were evaluated in relative to well established mutton breeds like Bannur and Kenguri. Carcass traits like head weight (HW, kg), skin weight (SW, kg), weight of visceral organ (VW, kg) and dressed weight (DW, kg) were recorded in 6-9months old 60 each rams of Yalaga, Bannur and Kenguri breed. Dressed weight was further divided in to four cuts (cut 1 through 4). Also, Dressing Percentage (DP) was estimated for each sheep breed for carcass traits evaluation. Difference among breeds in these traits was evaluated using one-way ANOVA module of SAS.9.3. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference for HW, SW, VW and DW between Yalaga (1.91±0.04, 2.07±0.05, 3.67±0.09, 12.97±0.40) and Kenguri (1.86±0.03, 2.06±0.03, 3.51±0.07, 12.20±0.45). However, both these breeds were significantly (p<0.01) differing from Bannur (1.63±0.04, 1.97±0.05, 2.93±0.09 and 9.44±0.34). Similarly,

152 Yalaga (3.89±0.12, 2.59±0.08, 1.30±0.04, 5.19±0.16) and Kenguri (4.03±0.15, 2.20±0.08, 1.22±0.05, 4.76±0.17) had non-significant difference for Cut 1 through 4. However, both these breed had significantly (p<0.01) higher values for these cuts than Bannur (2.64±0.12, 1.89±0.07, 0.95±0.03, 4.06±0.15). Analysis for dressing percentage (%) after arcsine transformation showed significantly (p<0.05) higher values for Yalaga (51.43±0.01) than Kenguri (50.02±0.01) and Bannur (47.86±0.01) sheep. The study revealed that Yalaga is also efficient mutton producer like Kenguri and may be popularized as meat breed.

MTY 313 EVALUATION OF POST-WEANING AVERAGE DAILY GAIN AND KLEIBER RATIOS IN MUZAFFARNAGARI SHEEP

GOPAL DASS AND M. S. DIGE* ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura –281 122 India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The sale of surplus animals alone contributes over 65% income of a sheep breeder. Hence, it becomes need of the day to study traits related mutton production. Higher average daily gain (ADG) of a breed results to quicker achievement of market weight. The higher ADG is directly correlated to feed conversion efficiency of the animals. For increasing feed conversion efficiency, the use of Kleiber ratio (KR) in selection programs is very effective (Eskandarinasab et al 2011). The economic traits used for the analysis were ADG from weaning to 6 month of age (ADG1), ADG from 6 month to 12 month of age (ADG2), KR from weaning to 6 month of age (KR1=ADG1/ 6WT.75) and KR from 6 month to 12month of age (KR2=ADG2/12WT.75). Data on 3693 Muzaffarnagari lambs born during 1992-2014 at ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura were analyzed to assess the influence of sex, season, period, parity, type of birth and dam’s weight at lambing on post-weaning growth and Kleiber ratio in Muzaffarnagari sheep. The overall least squares means of ADG1, ADG2, KR1 and KR2 were 85.80±0.82, 43.70±0.56, 8.10±0.06 and 3.30 ±0.04 g, respectively. The effect of sex, season of lambing, period of lambing, type of birth of lamb and dam’s weight at lambing were highly significant (P<0.01) on all ADGs and KRs except non significant influence of season on ADG2 and KR2. Parity of dam had non significant influence on all traits. The results revealed that environmental factors were significant sources of variation for ADG1, ADG2, KR1 and KR2 and these factors need due weightage in the management of flocks. Results further indicated that as the age advances growth rate and Kleiber ratio declines in Muzaffarnagari sheep. Therefore, for achieving higher body weight gains in Muzaffarnagari sheep selection should be made at an earlier age.

MTY 314 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT LACTATION CURVE MODELS IN GIR CATTLE USING WEEKLY MILK YIELDS XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February B.D. SAVALIYA*, S.S. PARIKH, R.B. MAKAWANA, A.R. AHLAWAT AND P.U. GAJBHIYE Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh-362001 Gujarat (India) *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A study was carried out on 1246 normal lactations (1-6 parity) pertaining to 357 Gir cows spread over 15 years (2001-2015) maintained at Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat). Four for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL lactation curve models viz. Exponential, Parabolic exponential, Inverse polynomial and Gamma-type functions were fitted on weekly milk yields and their relative efficiency was compared. Gamma-type function described the best fit with highest coefficient of determination (R2=99.82%) whereas, least coefficient of determination (R2 = 85.25%) was observed in Exponential function. Exponential function could not explain initial and peak phase of the lactation, however, it explains only the descending segment of the lactation curve. The trend of Inverse polynomial function (R2=99.76 %), however, indicated that the function might be most suited to cows which start their lactation at very low level of production, reach their peak very early and then start declining at an early stage. The parabolic

153 exponential function (R2=95.00%) indicated wide diversity between actual and predicted yield till the end of the lactation. Gamma-type and Inverse polynomial functions should be preferred over others for predicting milk yield at any stage of lactation in Gir cows. Gamma-type function is recommended for lactation data of Gir cows to help dairy producers use records to achieve efficient breeding and feeding management of dairy herds.

MTY 315 PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GOATS RAISED UNDER TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MATHURA DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH

MANALI BAGHEL* AND SAKET BHUSAN Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats Makhdoom, P.O. – Farah – 281 122, Dist. Mathura (UP) India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the production and reproduction performance of goats and growth performance of their offspring raised under rural conditions in two villages named Nagla Chandrabhan and Barka Nagla of Mathura District in Western Uttar Pradesh from December 2015 to September2016. Almost all the goats in the area were Barbari type breed and crosses with other breed types viz. Jakharana, Jamunapari and Sirohi. Data pertaining to growth, production and reproduction performance of goats were collected by interviewing 53 goat owners door to door upon a pre-tested questionnaire and time to time personal observation and analyzed on Microsoft excel. Among the total 266 selected goats, 123 were does, 34 were males, 89 were 1-6 month kids and 20 were 6- 12 month kids. Body weight data was recorded by weighing goats with a spring balance and overall mean for body weight at birth, weaning (3 months), 6 months, 9 months and 12 months were observed to be 1.85 ± 0.04, 5.45 ± 0.23, 8.95 ± 0.30, 11.61 ± 0.37and 15.4 ± 0.48kg respectively, whereas, daily weight gain in kids was found to be 30.66 ± 0.04 g/d. The body weight of adult male and female goat was evaluated to be 25.63 ± 0.25 and 23.84 ± 0.30kg correspondingly. Weekly milk production of 46 lactating goats was quantified morning and evening by a measuring beaker. The average milk yield of goats in an average lactation length of 129.41 ± 1.06 days was found to be as 77.84 ± 2.96 litre whereas average daily milk yield was found to be 630 ml. The overall mean for productive and reproductive performance traits of goats viz., age at first service, age at first kidding, kidding interval, service per conception, gestation length, service period, litter size, single kidding, twin kidding, triplet kidding were assessed to be 341.76 ± 1.06 days, 457.97 ± 3.35 days, 223.82 ± 2.49 days, 1.68 ± 0.09, 146.34 ± 1.03 days, 60-70 days, 1.79 ± 0.10 litter, 22.64%, 41.51%, 7.55% respectively. The study suggests improvement in the general management level and breeding methods of goats that will improve reproductive performance and productivity of this breed of goat.

MTY 316 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February ESTIMATING GENETIC AND NON-GENETIC PARAMETERS OF GROWER AND LAYER PERFORMANCE TRAITS IN CARI-DEBENDRA CHICKEN

ANANTA KUMAR DAS1*, SANJEEV KUMAR2, ANIL KUMAR MISHRA3,

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL ABDUL RAHIM4 AND LAXMIKANT SAMBHAJI KOKATE5 Avian Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR- Central Avian Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

To estimate genetic and non-genetic parameters of grower and layer performance traits in CARI-Debendra chicken, 436 chicks hatched out in two hatches were investigated at Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar. The least squares means along with different genetic and non-genetic factors of chick weight, body weights at different ages, age at first egg, egg weights and egg production were estimated using least squares ANOVA. Body weights had

154 significant sex-differences at forth week of age onwards, males being heavier throughout the ages. Hatch-differences were highly significant for the estimates of chick weight, body weights at different ages, and egg production. Chick weight-regression effects were significant for body weights at 2, 4 and 6th week of age, weight of the eggs laid at 40th week of age and egg production. Housing weight-regression effects were also significant for age at first egg and body weight at 40th week of age. Chick weight and different body weight traits were positively correlated at phenotypic (rP) scale. Chick weight and egg weights were also positively correlated and had positive rP with age at first egg and body weights of pullets. Their housing weight had negative rP with age at first egg and positive rP with other layer performance traits. Age at first egg had negative rP with body weights of pullets and egg production. Egg production had positive rP with egg weights and body weights of pullets. This information might be useful for adopting breeding strategy.

MTY 317 LIFETIME PERFORMANCE OF PHULE TRIVENI SYNTHETIC COWS IN INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS

G.S.AMBHORE1*, AVTAR SINGH2, D.K. DEOKAR3, MANVENDRA SINGH4 AND S.K. SAHOO5 1CBF, Igatpuri (MAFSU), 3RCDP, MPKV, Rahuri, 2,4AGB Division, ICAR-NDRI Karnal 5Department of AGB, COVS (GADVASU), Ludhiana *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The performance records of 1775 lactations of 509 Phule Triveni cows(HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN 50% + JERSEY 25% + GIR 25%) calved during 1976 to 2012 (RCDP, MPKV, Rahuri) were studied and it was found that lifetime milk yield up to 3 lactations (LTMY3), lifetime milk yield up to 4 lactations (LTMY4), actual lifetime milk yield (ALTMY), herd life (HL), productive life (PL), milk yield per day of herd life and milk yield per day of productive life and breeding efficiency (BE%) averaged 8712±271kg, 12093±265 kg,12767±267kg, 2863±29 days,1875±28days, 4.01±0.14kg, 6.75±0.26kg and 77.00±0.71% respectively. The fixed effect of the first calving year-season and age at first calving oscillated between different periods, seasons and age groups for all the traits. The estimated heritability were 0.41± 0.26, 0.36±0.32, 0.15±0.11, 0.10±0.12, 0.10±0.11 and 0.01±0.11 respectively for LTMY3, LTMY4, ALTMY, HL, PL and BE for important traits under study. The genetic correlations between LTMY4and HL, PL and ALTMY and HL, PL were very strong, while it was moderate (0.47 ± 0.06, 0.43 ± 0.05 and 0.42 ± 0.06) between LTMY3 and LTMY4, ALTMY and LTMY4 and ALTMY whereas, week between LTMY3 and HL,PL (0.12 ± 0.05, 0.12 ± 0.16) and ALTMY and BE (0.17 ± 0.08) negative and weak between LTMY3, LTMY4 and BE. The common herd environment correlations between LTMY3, ALTMY and LTMY4, ALTMY were moderate and positive (0.32 ± 0.36 and 0.42 ± 0.06), whereas it was weak and positive between the LTMY3 and PL and ALTMY and BE, strong and positive between LTMY3 and LTMY4 (0.52 ± 0.440), LTMY4 and HL, PL (0.70±0.01, 0.80±0.01) and ALTMY and HL, PL (0.98± 0.11, 0.92 ± 0.10), weak and negative between LTMY3 and HL, LTMY and BE (-0.03±0.48 and -0.21±0.07). XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity MTY 318 Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT SIRE EVALUATION METHODS

GEETA LODHI, C.V. SINGH, R.S. BARWAL AND B.N. SHAHI Department Of Animal Genetics and Animal Breeding for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145 Uttarakhand

The records of 1198 crossbred cattle sired by 102 bulls were analysed to estimate breeding values of sires using animal model (DFREML), best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), least squares methods (LSM) and simple daughter average ( D ) sire evaluation. A range of breeding values obtained by , LSM, BLUP, REML, DFREML methods for evaluation of sires are shown in table 4.9, 4.10,4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16 respectively. On the basis of these values the error variances of breeding values of sires were calculated and used for calculating the relative

155 efficiency by Simple Daughters Average Method, Least Squares Method, Best Linear Unbiased Prediction and Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method. The sire evaluation method which estimated the breeding values of sires with the least error variance was taken as the best and most efficient method. The estimated breeding value of sires for AFC, FLMY and LTLL by Least Squares Method showed small genetic variation in compare to other methods. While for FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP and LTMY, BLUP showed small genetic variation in compare to other methods used in the present study. Relative efficiency of above mentioned traits was calculated with respect to the most efficient method.In the present study, Simple Daughters Average () was having highest error variance among all methods of sire evaluation, this could be because of non genetic variations were present and not removed from data prior to the estimation of breeding value of sires, which might have resulted in to the highest error variance and lowest relative efficiency of this method.

MTY 319 ESTIMATION OF FACTORS FOR STANDARDIZING LACTATION YIELD TO MATURE EQUIVALENT BASIS AND FACTORS AFFECTING 305 DAY MATURE EQUIVALENT MILK YIELD IN FRIESWAL CATTLE

SUSHIL KUMAR*, RANI ALEX, UMESH SINGH, T. V. RAJA, RAJIB DEB, RAFEEQUE R. ALYETHODI AND B. PRAKASH Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India

Frieswal cattle are one of the crossbred cattle of India with 5/8 Holstein Friesian and 3/8 Sahiwal blood, developed by Central Institute for Research on Cattle (Formerly Project Directorate on Cattle), Meerut, India in collaboration with Ministry of Defence. The genetic evaluation in dairy cattle in India is mainly focused on projected or actual 305 day milk records. But the age factor was not considered always in these evaluation systems. In this study, it was aimed to calculate the adjustment factors for standardizing lactations to mature age for the Holstein crossbreds reared in various Military Farms in India. Lactation records, from 1987 to 2013 obtained from various Military Farms were used in the study. In order to calculate the adjustment factors to mature age polynomial regression method was used on 29427 lactation records, classified into 127 age groups from 24th to 150th month in Statistical Analysis System for Windows (SAS Version 9.3; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, 2001). Further the mature equivalent 305 day milk yield was predicted for each animal in different lactations. Least squares analysis of variance (Harvey, 1990) was used to study the influence of season, period of calving and farm on ME-305 day milk yield. For obtaining the adjustment factors to mature age, the prediction equation was determined as Milk yield=1854.432+41.505X-0.243X2, where X is the age in months The highest expected milk yield was between 77and 94 months of age, this milk yield (3626 kg) was accepted as mature equivalent milk yield, which divided milk yield of other monthly age groups to obtain adjustment factors for mature age. The trend of multiplying factors was as obviously expected, as it diminished gradually from the youngest age to mature age, and then slowly

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity increased. In the present study the multiplying factors were highest in cows aged above 148 month and the smallest 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February at mature age (72-94 months). The overall least squares mean of mature age was 3590.89±12.19kg. Farm, period and season of calving were found significant sources of variation over mature 305 day milk yield in Frieswal cows. So the adjustments have to be taken for accurate estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values. It may be concluded that since it was based on more than 29000 lactation records, the estimated adjustment factors can be used reliably for selection based on mature 305 day milk yield, after adjusting for other non-genetic factors. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

156 MTY 320 COMPARISON OF PERSISTENCY COEFFICIENTS IN HF X SAHIWAL CROSSBRED CATTLE

NISHA SHARMA, RAMAN NARANG AND NEERAJ KASHYAP Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was undertaken to compare the persistencies methods and to identify the most appropriate persistency method that fits best in our environment. The 686 first lactation daily milk yield records of crossbred cattle that were maintained at GADVASU dairy farm over a period of 25 years from 1991-2015 were utilized to calculate persistency coefficients by four methods Ludwick and Peterson method (P1), Mahadevan method (P2), Ratio method(P3) and Prasad et al., method (P4). Overall least squares means for persistency by Ludwick and Peterson method (P1), Mahadevan method (P2), Ratio method(P3) and Prasad et al., method (P4) were 0.896± 0.096, 1.385±0.224, 187.207± 26.398 and 0.621±0.098 respectively. Highest heritability of persistency and minimum value of standard error was estimated as 0.275±0.11 for Mahadevan method followed by Prasad method (0.197±0.10) by half sib correlation method. Maximum coefficient of variation which indicates available variability was estimated as 20.788 for persistency by Mahadevan method followed by 18.969 for Prasad method. Highest correlation was also observed between P1 and P3 method by Spearman and Pearson’s correlation for least squares breeding value of the sires. On the basis of heritability, standard error of heritability and coefficient of variation, it was concluded that Mahadevan method followed by Prasad method suits best to our environment for animals in first lactation as well as they can be utilized for effective selection for higher persistency in crossbred animals of Punjab.

MTY 321 ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC TRAITS IN MOULI SHEEP OF KARNATAKA STATE

ANAND JAIN1, V.S. KULKARNI2, REENA ARORA1, D.K. YADAV1 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 2Division of Animal Sciences, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka

Evaluation of sheep breeds is an important step for sheep conservation and improvement. For evaluation of Mouli sheep, we surveyed 42 farmers’ flocks from seventeen villages of Bijapur district of Karnataka state. Data on body weight and body biometry (body length, height, chest girth and paunch girth) were recorded on 44 rams and 263 ewes of 2-tooth to 8-tooth of age. The data were subject to least-squares analysis taking flock as random effect and age and sex as fixed. The least-squares means of body weight were 41.4 ±1.4 and 58.6±1.6 kg in ewes and rams XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity respectively. The least-square means for other traits of economic importance viz. body length, height, chest girth Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February and paunch girth were 77.0±0.8, 79.3±0.5, 81.3±0.7, 79.0±1.0 cm in ewes and 85.4±0.9, 88.4±0.7, 89.7±0.9 and 86.2±1.2 cm in rams respectively. The phenotypic correlation coefficients of body weight with body length, height, chest girth and paunch girth were 0.77, 0.77, 0.89 and 0.76 respectively. Similarly, the phenotypic correlation coefficients between length, height and chest girth were 0.67 and above. This indicated that selection for one trait would also result into positive correlated response in other economic traits. All the factors viz. flock, age and sex affected the traits under consideration significantly. The rams were significantly heavier than the ewes. This is due to sexual dimorphism as expected as well as due to high selection intensity in males for body weight. Since flock for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL effect is an indicative of management practices, therefore, higher body weights leading to higher economic returns could be obtained through better management in Mouli sheep. The least-squares means for all the economic traits were substantially higher in 4-tooth animals as compared to those in 2-tooth. There was substantial increase in body weight with increase in age from 2-tooth to 4-tooth and then to 6-tooth of age, however, the increase was marginal from 6-tooth to 8-tooth of age. This indicated that Mouli sheep attained maturity at 6-tooth of age. The sheep farmers must be careful to cull the old ewes with dwindling body weight or becoming unproductive to keep the flock young, reduce maintenance cost, increase reproductive efficiency of the flock and as a result get higher economic gains. 157 MTY 322 PELLET CRYOPRESERVATION OF CHICKEN SEMEN: EFFECT OF DIMETHYLACETAMIDE AND SUCROSE ON POST THAW SPERM QUALITY AND FERTILITY

SHANMUGAM M*. AND R.K.MAHAPATRA ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The effect of cryoprotectant dimethylacetamide (DMA) alone and in combination with non permeating osmo- protectant sucrose by pellet cryopreservation of chicken semen was studied. Semen from PD1 line males was pooled and cryopreserved with DMA at 6% and 9% concentrations alone and along with sucrose (100 mM) and 0.5% BSA in Lake and Ravie diluent. Pellets were formed by plunging the semen mixture drops directly into liquid nitrogen and stored in cryovials for a minimum of seven days before examination and insemination. Semen samples were evaluated pre and post cryopreservation for progressive motility, percent live and abnormal sperm. Thawed semen was inseminated into PD2 line hens (14 birds/treatment) using a dose of 200 million sperm in 0.1ml volume. Insemination was repeated five times at four day intervals. Freshly collected and inseminated semen served as control. Post insemination, eggs were collected and incubated for obtaining fertility data. Sperm progressive motility, live sperm percent and fertility were significantly less (P<0.05) in cryopreserved semen treatments. There was no difference in abnormal sperm percent between fresh and cryopreserved samples. DMA at 6% level produced higher (P<0.05) sperm motility than other cryopreserved semen treatments. The average percent fertility during the study period for control, 6%DMA, 9%DMA, 6%DMA+Sucrose and 9%DMA+Sucrose were 66, 3.9, 11.2, 8.8 and 7.6 respectively. No fertile eggs were obtained ten days after first insemination in cryopreserved semen treatments. In conclusion DMA alone and in combination with sucrose used for cryopreserving chicken semen by pellet method could not produce beneficial effect on post thaw sperm quality and fertility.

MTY 323 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MILK COMPOSITION AND SOMATIC CELL COUNT BETWEEN HEALTHY KOSALI AND THARPARKAR BREED OF CATTLE

SUBRAT KUMAR DASH1, PIYUSHA BHAINSARE2 AND PRIYABRATA BEHERA3 1Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, 3Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana- 141 004 2Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu University, XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Anjora, Durg- 491001, Chhattisgarh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Kosali is a new cattle breed of Chhattisgarh planes in which composition of the milk remain unestablished till now. The present study established the milk composition and somatic cell count in healthy Kosali cow in comparison with Tharparkar breed. Fifteen animals, each from Kosali and Tharparkar cows at early lactational stage were used to study milk composition. The percentage of fat, protein, total solid and solid not fat in the milk of Kosali breed

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL was significantly (p<0.05) lowered than Tharparkar. Lactose percentage in the milk of both Kosali and Tharparkar cow was comparable. Milk enzymes viz. lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and average milk somatic cell count differed non-significantly between healthy Kosali and Tharparkar. The current study established the nutritional and enzymatic composition of the milk of Kosali breed in comparison to Tharparkar. It suggests for the instigation of breeding plans to improve the quality of milk in Kosali breed of cattle.

158 MTY 324 GENETIC UPGRADATION OF LIVESTOCK FOR HIGHER MILK PRODUCTION IN UTTARAKHAND STATE

C.V. SINGH, R.S. BARWAL AND B.N. SHAHI Department of Animal Genetics and Animal Breeding G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145 District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand

Himalayan region of India have a mix of almost domesticated species of livestock, very large in number and very low in productivity across the board. The main purpose of improving animal breeds was to bring about the “white revolution” through livestock sector development for increased family incomes and employment for mountain farmers. Technical innovations were geared to meeting this objective and did succeed in some pockets of the foot hills and in the mid hill regions that were well connected with market towns through roads. In fact, the white revolution programmes mostly benefited comparatively well to do livestock farmers. Who happened to be located in dairy areas in the plains and had access to modern technology. The majority of mountain households- rural and inaccessible with a marginal and fragile resource base remained unaffected. In the Uttarakhand hills, where the white revolution/programme has been going on for about three decades the number of crossbred cattle as per the 2012 livestock census was only 541921 out of a total breeding stock of 464319, furthermore, the number of crossbred cows was not evenly distributed. The reason for such poor performance was because improved breeds of cows were supplied to the weaker sections without providing poor farmers with the means of maintaining them. A large number of artificial insemination centre was opened, but these centre handily touched the rural areas. O n the other hand, the buffalo improvement programmes in Himachal Pradesh were a considerable success. Buffalo breeding, until the 1980s, was introduced in only a few areas. Now artificial insemination facilities for buffaloes are provided in 190 extension stations in the state. The technique has become so popular that demand for Murrah semen strains for exceeds the production. A study has revealed that in the total milk pool of the mountain villages, contribution of buffalo milk was as large as 98%. Nevertheless, the bulk of livestock population in the Himalayan region still consists of local species 95% of the cattle, over 70% of the sheep and most of the goats. This evidently reveals the limited success of institutional policies geared towards promoting cross breeding programmes.

MTY 325 INFLUENCE OF LEVELS OF IMMUNOCOMPETENCE TRAITS ON LAYER ECONOMIC TRAITS IN RHODE ISLAND RED CHICKEN UNDER LONG-TERM SELECTION

ABDUL RAHIM, SANJEEV KUMAR*, JOWEL DEBNATH, ANANTA KUMAR DAS XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity RAMJI YADAV AND AMIYA RANJAN SAHU Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Immuno-competence (IC) traits provide information on general tolerance / resistance to diseases in any livestock

species including poultry. In this investigation, it was envisaged to assess the influence of levels of IC traits on for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL layer economic traits in Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicken that has undergone long-term selection based on 40- weeks part-period egg production. One hundred chicks of selected strain of RIR were immunized with 1% (v/v) Sheep RBCs at 5-6 weeks of age. The immune-competence traits, viz., in vivo antibody response to sheep RBCs, serum lysozyme concentration and serum IgG level were assessed using sera collected after 5th day post-immunization. Immuno-competence traits of individual birds were classified into high, medium and low levels based on their means and standard deviations. Layer economic traits, viz., age at first egg (AFE), egg weight at 28 (EW28), 40 (EW40) and 64 (EW64) weeks of age, egg number up to 40 (EN40) and 64 (EN64) weeks of age were individually recorded in pedigreed RIR chicks (n=100). The effect of levels of IC traits on layer economic traits were analyzed

159 by least squares analysis of variance taking sire as random and level of IC traits as fixed effects in the model. Overall least squares means ± standard error of AFE, BW16, EW28, EW40, EW64, EP40 and EP64 in selected strain of RIR chicken after 30th generation of selection were estimated as 133.60±1.41 days, 1220.18±34.80g, 45.06± 0.53g, 47.89± 0.62g, 51.55±1.32g, 119.98±2.18eggs and 223.20± 6.61 eggs, respectively. Out of the three IC traits analyzed, the influence of serum lysozyme concentration was significant (P<0.05) on EP64. Pullets with high serum lysozyme concentration produced highest number of eggs up to 64 weeks of age (252.95± 15.82) followed by pullets with medium (219.57±6.67) and then low (197.09±12.18) serum lysozyme levels. The investigations suggested that incorporation of levels of serum lysozyme levels as one of the criteria in the genetic improvement programs may lead to enhancement of egg production as well as immune-competence status in RIR chicken.

MTY 326 EVALUATION OF PREDICTION OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY FROM FORTNIGHTLY, MONTHLY AND TEST DAY MILK YIELDS IN CROSSBRED CATTLE

SONI KUMARI, RAMAN NARANG*, NEERAJ KASHYAP, NISHA, AND PUNEET MALHOTRA Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A study was conducted on first lactation record of 642 crossbred cattle maintained at livestock farm GADVASU, Ludhiana, India spread over a period of 24 years (1991–2014) for prediction of milk yield 305 days and lactation milk yield from fortnightly, monthly and test day milk yield. The least squares mean for predicted 305 day milk yield from fortnightly milk yield (FMY305), monthly milk yield (MMY305) and test day milk yield (TMY305) were 3427.00 ±80.69 kg, 3461.55 ±78.44 and 3498.61 ±77.84 kg respectively. The least squares mean for predicted lactation milk yield from fortnightly milk yield (FLMY), monthly milk yield (MLMY) and test day milk yield (TLMY)were 4128.94±125.71 kg, 4211.83±120.35 and 4227.67 ±129.53 kg respectively. The season and period of calving showed non-significant effect and age at calving showed highly significant effect on predicted milk yields. The accuracy of prediction increased with the increasing variable in stepwise regression method from 59.07 to 71.01% for FMY305, 62.89 to 72.92% for MMY305 and 56.51 to 69.60% for TMY305 respectively. The best predicted equation for FMY305 were MY305 = 435.11 + 432 F12 + 3.28 F17 + 3.02 F9 + 3.18 F2 + 2.07 F19 + 1.43F5 for MMY305 were MY305 = 439.21 + 2.07 M6 + 0.89 M4 + 1.62 M9 + 0.99 M1 + 1.30 M8 + 0.86 M5 and for TMY305 were MY305 = 695.27 + 52.18 TD125 + 52.18 TD245 + 34.62 TD65 + 45.16 TD275 + 45.14 TD155 + 16.85 TD35 respectively. The increasing trend of accuracy was observed for FLMY, MLMY and TLMY and was 43.58 to 57.08%, 45.78 to 58.55% and 42.93 to 56.50% respectively. The best predicted equation for FLMY was

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity LMY = -1.85 + 4.98 F6 + 10.88 F19 + 4.09 F2 + 7.91 F11 - 5.20 F13 + 7.57 F16 – 5.19 F15, for MLMY was LMY 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February = 121.96 + 3.88 M9 + 2.10 M4 + 3.36 M10 + 4.21 M6 – 3.16 M7 and for TLMY was LMY = 135.41 + 146.37 TD275 + 47.16 TD5 + 64.48 TD125 + 52.27 TD 305 + 52.80 TD65 + 39.93 TD155. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

160 MTY 327 FACTORS AFFECTING MY305 DAYS AND TEST DAY MILK YIELD

SONI KUMARI, RAMAN NARANG*, NEERAJ KASHYAP, NISHA, PUNEET MALHOTRA Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab *Corresponding author:[email protected]

A study was conducted on first lactation record of 642 crossbred cattle maintained at livestock farm GADVASU, Ludhiana, India spread over a period of 24 years (1991–2014). The data were analyzed to study the effect of season of calving, period of calving, age at first calving (AFC) on milk yield 305 days (MY305), test day milk yield (TDMY) and predicted test day 305 days milk yield (TDMY305). The mixed model least square and maximum likelihood computer program was used to estimate the least square means and effect of various factors. The least square means of MY305 and TDMY305 was 3594.58±89.08 and 3498.61±77.84 respectively. Test day milk yield least square mean ranged from 9.00±0.33 (TD305) to 14.91±0.34 kg (TD35). The effect of season was found to be highly significant (PÂ0.01) for all TDMY and significant (PÂ0.05) for MY305. The MY305 was found to be highest in winter (3766.20±110.63) and TDMY was highest in spring season (16.49±0.48). There was no significant effect of season and period of calving on TDMY305. The period of calving had highly significant (PÂ0.01) effect on MY305, TD65, and significant (PÂ0.05) effect on TD245.However non significant effect was observed on remaining test days. AFC had highly significant effect on MY305, TDMY305 and on all TDMY except TD245 and TD305.The h2 estimate of MY305 was 0.492±0.140 and TDMY305 was 0.467±0.137. The h2 estimate was highest for TD275 (0.633±0.178) and lowest for TD5 (0.266±0.140). The phenotypic and genotypic correlation between MY305 and TDMY305 was 0.749 and 0.962±0.53.

MTY 328 GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF FRIESWAL CATTLE

S. K. RATHEE, T.V. RAJA, A. K. GUPTA*, AVTAR SINGH*, A.K. CHAKRAVARTY* AND SUSHIL KUMAR ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, U.P. *ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana

Frieswal is a synthetic strain of cattle developed by Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut in collaboration with Military Farms by incorporating 62.5% HF and 37.5% Sahiwal inheritance. Data on all lactation production performance of 3006 Frieswal cows born to 88 sires during the period from 1989 -2011 were used to study the XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity effect of farm, month and year of calving, first service period and parity on all lactation production and production Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February efficiency traits by least squares analysis. The linear model used was Yijklmn= µ + Fi + Mj + Pk + Dl + Lm + eijklmn. where, Yijklmno is the dependent variables viz., first lactation total milk yield; first lactation 305-days or less milk yield; first lactation length; milk yield per day of lactation length and milk yield per day of calving interval; µ is th th th overall mean; Fi is the effect of i farm; Mj, is the effect of j month of calving; Pkis the effect of k year of calving; th th Dl is the effect of l service period; Lm is the effect of m parity; eijklmn, is the random error assumed to be normally 2 and independently distributed with mean zero and constant variance i.e. NID (0, óe ). The factors incorporated in the model for LMY, L305MY, LL, MY/ LL and MY/CI accounted for 29.85, 23.85, 65.81, 18.99 and 23.56 per cent for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL of the total variation, respectively. The overall least squares means for TLMY, TL305 and LL FL/LL and FL/CI were 3552.41 ± 57.88 kg, 3292.61 ± 53.06 kg and 327.16 ± 1.91 days, 10.83 ±0.172 kg and 8.290.138 kg respectively. The month and year of calving, first service period and parity had highly significant (P<0.01) effect on TLMY, TL305MY, LL, MY/LL and MY/CI. It was concluded that all lactation production and production efficiency traits of Frieswal cows were significantly affected by month and year of calving, first service period and parity and the effect of these factors are to be adjusted for estimation of reliable genetic parameters.

161 MTY 329 CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH MILK YIELD AND FAT CONTENT IN DEONI COWS

ANAND KUMAR NAGALEEKAR1*, DAS D.N1, SUKANTA MONDAL2, SAPNA NATH1, REVANASIDDU DEGINAL1, MANEESH KUMAR AHIRWAR1 AND RAMESHA K.P1. 1ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (SRS), Bengaluru 2ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiolgy, Bengaluru *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Production traits in dairy animals are low to medium heritable making selection of superior animal difficult based only on phenotype. Identification of candidate genes governing production traits, and then associating different genotypes arising due to SNPs, with production performance of animals can prove to be very helpful in selection of superior animals. CRH gene was characterized in a herd of 200 Deoni cows of NDRI, Bengaluru, for polymorphism and association studies. PCR – RFLP analysis revealed highly conserved monomorphic pattern except for change in 19th position in all animals compared to Bos taurus CRH sequence and association studies could not be carried out. Heritability of FLMY of Deoni cattle was estimated at 0.24 ± 0.20. Mean phenotypic performances of AFC, FLMY, and Fat content were 44.355 ± 0.485 months, 577.645 ± 32.547 kg, and 4.61 ± 0.06 per cent respectively. MPPA was estimated in the range of 350.77 to 947.25 kg. PBV obtained by LSA method using SAS 9.3 software without taking genotype information were in the range from 139.32 to 1520.15 kg. For expression profiling of CRH gene in PBMC, eight Deoni cows in different lactations were selected and blood samples were collected from each animal on day 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 from the date of calving. PBMC was separated immediately followed by total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis. Expression profiling of CRH mRNA was carried out with comparative method of qRT PCR with SYBR green as fluorescent dye. A significant decrease of CRH mRNA expression was found from day 10 of calving to day 60 post calving indicating that levels of stress is higher during parturition than during lactation.

MTY-330 GENETIC VARIATION IN FITNESS TRAITS AMONG CROSSBRED BROILER AND NATIVE KUTTANAD DUCKS OF KERALA

TINA SADAN, SHALU ELIZABETH SIMON AND MARYKUTTY THOMAS Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680651, Kerala XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Enhancement of fitness traits is one of the key areas for sustainable duck production in the context of production, economic and welfare concerns. A retrospective study was conducted among Kuttanad ducks and Vigova Super M crossbred broiler ducks (White Pekin X Aylesbury) to analyze the effect of genetic group and season on the fitness traits. Estimates of fertility percent, hatchability percent on total eggs set and on total fertile eggs set, percentage of healthy ducklings hatched and embryonic mortality recorded from a total of 204 batches of 8,92,499eggs set for the period from December, 2011 to January, 2016 at Government Duck Farm, Niranam were utilized for the analysis.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL The sex ratio for Vigova and Kuttanad ducks were 1: 6 and 1:10 respectively. The effect of genetic group and season were highly significant (pd”0.01) on fertility percent, hatchability percent on total eggs set and on total fertile eggs set, percentage of healthy ducklings hatched and embryonic mortality, percentage of healthy ducklings hatched. The fertility percent of Kuttanad ducks(91.01±0.24) were significantly (pd”0.01) higher than Vigova crossbreds (86.49±0.41). The hatchability percent on fertileeggs set was significantly (pd”0.01) higher for Kuttanad ducks (63.87±0.77) than the Vigova crossbreds (57.48±1.30). The fertility and hatchability percentages were significantly (pd”0.01) higher in monsoon and winter season respectively. Results indicate a clear advantage for Kuttanad ducks over crossbred Vigova ducks in fitness traits.

162 MTY 331 A COMPARATIVE STUDYON EGG QUALITY TRAITS OF VANARAJA AND GIRIRAJA BIRDS KEPT IN INTENSIVE SYSTEM UNDER KONKAN REGION OF MAHARASHTRA

SHALU KUMAR*, R.G. BURTE, B.G. DESAI, D.J. BHAGAT, A.J. MAYEKAR, V.S. DANDEKARAND AND J. S. DHEKALE Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agriculture University) Dapoli– 415 712 Dist. – Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (INDIA) *Corresponding author: [email protected]

An experiment was conducted at Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture Dapoli, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra to assess egg quality traits of two improved and dual purpose indigenous poultry breeds, viz.Vanraja and Giriraja. In this experiment were analysed egg quality traits namely, egg weight (g), egg shape index, albumin weight (g), albumin ratio, albumin index, yolk weight (g), yolk ratio, yolk index, shell weight (g), shell thickness (mm), shell ratio, yolk-albumen ratio, specific gravity and haugh unit at 50 weeks age of birds from 40 eggs (20 from each breed). The results of present experiment showed that means of egg quality traits such as egg weight, egg shape index, specific gravity, shell thickness, shell ratio, albumen index, yolk index, albumin ratio, yolk ratio, yolk-albumen ratio and haugh unit of Giriraja chicken at 50 weeks of age were 57.05±0.90 g, 76.03±1.88, 1.03±0.00, 0.38±0.01 mm, 9.65±0.16,8.26±0.43, 43.41±0.54, 62.60±0.23, 28.00±0.21, 0.45±0.00 and 77.67±1.78, respectively. Whereas, means of egg weight, egg shape index, specific gravity, shell thickness, shell ratio, albumen index, yolk index, albumin ratio, yolk ratio, yolk-albumen ratio and haugh unit of Vanaraja chicken were 57.08±0.98 g, 73.37±1.50, 1.03±0.00, 0.38±0.01 mm, 9.93±0.20, 8.0±0.46, 41.83±0.98,62.21±0.21, 27.94±0.18, 0.45±0.00 and 75.09±1.95, respectively. There were no significant (P>0.01) differences between Giriraja and Vanaraja chicken for egg weight, shape index, specific gravity and shell thickness. It is concluded that Giriraja breed eggs had higher albumin weight, yolk weight and haugh unit score, hence more protein and fat per egg against the Vanarajabreed. It means Giriraja birds had better egg quality than Vanaraja birds under Konkan agro-climatic condition.

MTY 332 EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) AND TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND BLOOD PROFILE OF BROILER CHICKEN IN KONKAN REGION OF MAHARASHTRA XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity SNEHA RASKAR, D.J. BHAGAT, SHALU KUMAR*, R.G. BURTE, N.N. PRASADE, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February B.G. DESAI AND J. S. DHEKALE Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University) Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

An experiment was conducted at Poultry Unit, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Dapoli, Maharashtra, India. This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with garlic and turmeric powder as growth promoter agents on performance, carcass traits and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. A total of 189 day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to nine treatments with four replicates used factorial randomized block design. The dietary treatments consisted of 9 groups as follows; T0L0 (Control), T1L1 (0.5% garlic),T1L2 (1.0 % garlic), T1L3 (2.0% garlic)T1L4 (3.0% garlic), T2L1 (0.5% turmeric),T2L2 (1.0% turmeric),T2L3 (2.0%turmeric) and T2L4 (3.0% turmeric)added to the basal diet. Mean weekly body weight gain, total feed consumption and feed efficiency was recorded throughout the study period. It was observed that the mean total body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P<0.05) different in treated group

163 compared to control. Results of experiment showed that 1.0 per cent turmeric powder significant (P<0.05) increased live body weight gain (1891.81 g), body weight gain (1850.81 g) and feed conversion ratio (1.63) as compared to control (1.84). Serum biochemistry viz., cholesterol (153.43 mg/dl), LDLC (53.98 mg/dl), VLDLC (16.74 mg/dl)

and triglycerides (83.70 mg/dl) were lowest in T1L4(3 % garlic) except HDL (82.71 mg/dl). Protein, glucose and haemoglobin found highest in treatment T2L3(2.0 % turmeric) that was 3.98, 302.01, 13.05 mg/dl, respectively. The T2L1 (0.5 % turmeric) also, increased dressing percentage (73.18%) followed by T1L2(72.52%), T2L2 (72.37%), T2L3 (72.03%), T2L4 (71.98%), T1L4 (71.75%), T1L3 (71.50%) T1L1 (71.48%) and T0L0 (70.98%), respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that 1.0 per cent turmeric powder overall significantly improved growth performance, dressing percentage, meat quality and economical returns than other treatment group and 3 percent garlic and turmeric powder also effectively reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDLC, VLDLC and increased protein and HDLC level. Therefore, herbal additives are beneficial for commercial broiler rearing and optimum feed utilization.

MTY 333 STUDIES ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED DAIRY CATTLE UNDER ORGANISED FARM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

V.S. SALUNKHE, B.G. DESAI*, SHALU KUMAR, R.G. BURTE AND D.J. BHAGAT Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agriculture University) Dapoli 415 712, Dist.:Ratnagiri, Maharashtra *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The study was conducted at Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture Dapoli, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra to assess the productive and reproductive efficiency of 50 to 75 percent Jersey inheritance crossbred (Zebu × Jersey /Local × Jersey) cattle. A total of one hundred twenty (170) crossbred cows were selected and their information regarding productive and reproductive parameters were collected from farm records (Livestock Instructional Unit, College of Agriculture Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri under Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra for a period of 23 years (1977 to 2000). Data representing 170 crossbred cows from 540 total records of production and reproduction performance for a period of 23 years were analyzed to determine persistency index (PI), complete lactation milk yield (CLMY), milk yield at 305 days (MY@305 days), peak yield (PY), days to attain peak yield (DAPY), wet average (WA), lactation length (LL), dry period (DP), service period (SP), calving interval (CI), and age of first calving (AFC). The overall least squares means of PI (166.26±7.77 %), CLMY (1671.58±23.78 kg), MY@305 days (1562.15±22.28 kg) PY (9.69±0.10 kg/day), DAPY (32.77±0.44 kg), WA (5.03±0.06 kg/day), LL (334.48±1.77 days), DP (67.14±1.37 days), SP (110.04±2.27 days), CI (401.72±2.09 days) and AFC (1144.85±22.24 days), respectively. From the investigation, it was revealed that Jersey crossbred cattle has lower values dry period (67.14±1.37 days) and age of first calving (1144.85±22.24 days) in present study. Other parameters also have large satisfactory values in case of

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity persistency index (166.26±7.77), complete lactation milk yield (1671.58±23.78 kg), peak yield 9.69±0.10 kg/day), 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February days to attain peak yield (32.77±0.44 kg), wet average (5.03±0.06 kg/day), lactation length (334.48±1.77 days), service period (110.04±2.27 days) and calving interval (401.72±2.09 days, respectively. Therefore, it may be concluded that Jersey crossbred cattle give optimum productive and reproductive performance under Konkan Region of Maharashtra. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

164 MTY 334 EFFECT OF CORIANDER (CORIANDER SATIVUM), AMLA (EMBLICA OFFICINALIS), ASHWAGANDHA (WITHANIA SOMNIFERA) AND TULSI (OCIMUM SANCTUM) FED SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH AND ECONOMIC RETURN OF BROILERS

SHEETAL PEDHAVI, R.G. BURTE, SHALU KUMAR*, B.G. DESAI, H.M. AGARE, D.J. BHAGAT AND J.S. DHEKALE Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agriculture University) Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

An experiment was conducted at Poultry Unit, College of Agriculture Dapoli, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra to investigate the effect of Ashwagandha, Coriander, Amla, Ashwagandha and Tulsi feeding supplementation on growth and economic return of broiler. A total of 234 day-old vaccinated commercial broiler chicks were divided into 12 dietary treatments viz., T0:(control group), T1L1: (1 % coriander powder), T1L2: (2 % coriander), T1L3: (3 % coriander), T2L1: (1 % amla), T2L2: (2 % amla), T2L2: (3 % amla), T3L1: (1 % ashwagandha), T3L2 : (2 % ashwagandha), T3L3 : (3 % ashwagandha), T4L1: (1 % tulsi), T4L2: (2 % tulsi) and T4L3: (3 % tulsi) with four replication. Control group (T0) was raised without herbal supplementation. The body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency revealed significant (P < 0.05) variations among the groups.

The finding of present experiment showed that 2.0 per cent tulsi leaves powder (T4L2) significantly (P<0.05) increased feed intake, live body weight, body weight gain and better (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio than control group. Also, 2.0 per cent tulsi leaves powder significantly (P<0.05) reduced serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL, and serum glucose except serum protein and HDL cholesterol as compared to control and other supplemented groups. The net profit per bird was higher in fed with 2.0 per cent tulsi (¨ . 96.79) than control group (¨ .76.04). Therefore, it was concluded that supplementation 2.0 per cent tulsi leaves powder within broiler diet to increased growth rate, FCR, economic return and reduced cholesterol level. Hence, 2.0 percent tulsi powder is more beneficial and profitable broiler farming.

MTY 335 SEASONAL VARIATION IN SCROTAL THERMAL PROFILE OF MURRAH BUFFALO BULLS

MANEESH KUMAR AHIRWAR*, MUKUND A. KATAKTALWARE, NAZAR, S., HEARTWIN, P.A., JASH, S., JEYAKUMAR, S. AND K.P. RAMESHA XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Southern Regional Station, ICAR-NDRI, Adugodi, Bengaluru Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to assess the seasonal variation in scrotal thermal profile of Murrah bulls. The thermal profile of proximal pole, mid pole and distal pole of the scrotal surface of109 Murrah bulls maintained at commercial semen production stations was recorded by an FLIR i5 infrared thermal camera following standard procedure. The difference between the proximal and distal surface temperatures of the scrotum was considered as a temperature gradient (TG) of the scrotal surface. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey. The overall least for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL squares means of proximal pole temperature (PPT), mid pole temperature (MPT), distal pole temperature (DPT),temperature gradient (TG) and ocular temperature (OCT) in Murrah bulls were 33.70±0.04p C, 32.60±0.05p C, 31.17±0.06p C, 2.52±0.03p C, and35.69±0.04p C, respectively. The season of the year had significant (P<0.05) on the scrotal surface and ocular temperature of Murrah bulls. During the rainy season, PPT (34.50±0.09p C), MPT (33.44±0.12p C) and DPT (32.11±0.15p C) were found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to the winter and summer seasons. However, TG of the testes was significantly (P<0.05) higher during the winter season (2.90±0.05 p C) as compared to the rainy (2.38±0.07 p C) and the summer (2.11±0.05 p C). The findings of the

165 present study indicated that the scrotal TG decreases in the summer as compared to rainy and winter seasons which means that infrared thermography could be used as an indirect technique to evaluate the influence of heat stress on reproductive performance of buffalo bulls.

MTY 336 ASSESSMENT OF SEMEN PRODUCTION PARAMETERS AND EFFECT OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS IN UMBLACHERY CATTLE OF TAMIL NADU

GOPINATHAN1A.*, SIVASELVAM, S. N1., KARTHICKEYAN, S.M.K1. AND VENKATARAMANAN, R2.

1Dept. of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College 2Post-Graduate Research Institute in Animal sciences, Kattupakkam – 603 203, TANUVAS, Tamil Nadu *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The eastern region of Tamil Nadu state has Umblachery, one of the important draught breeds of cattle, which is noted for its strength and hardiness. This breed was evolved to meet the demands for work in marshy rice fields of Cauvery delta region; they are similar to Kangayam but smaller in stature. The population of this breed is decreasing over the years in the breeding tract, due to crossbreeding and unpredictable monsoon year after year. For pure breeding and conservation purposes, Umblachery bulls are maintained in one of the four frozen semen stations of Tamil Nadu to produce frozen semen straws. Data on 608 semen ejaculates of five Umblachery bulls maintained at Exotic Cattle Breeding Farm, Eachenkottai, Tamil Nadu were collected from 2009 to 2015. Semen quality parameters were assessed and the effect of non-genetic factors such as ejaculate number (I and II ejaculate), year and season of semen collection on semen quality parameters were studied using least-squares analysis. The overall least-squares means for semen volume, sperm concentration, mass activity, initial sperm motility, post-thaw motility and number of doses per ejaculate were 3.74 ml, 1067.12 million per ml, 3.19, 68.94 per cent, 54.93 per cent and 165.16 doses respectively. The ejaculate number had significant (P<0.05) effect on post-thaw motility with II ejaculate being better than I ejaculate. Season had significant (P<0.05) effects on semen volume, initial sperm motility and post- thaw motility with north-east monsoon produced better quality semen. The effect of year was found to have significant effect on all semen quality parameters. The year x season interaction effects were found to have significant (P<0.05) effect on semen volume, mass activity, initial sperm motility and number of doses per ejaculate. The age at first semen collection and age at first freezable semen collection were 1087.25 days and 1194.56 days respectively.

MTY 337 NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN RURAL BUFFALO OF EASTERN UTTER PRADESH XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February SURESH B. GOKHALE, TEJASHREE V. SHIRSATH* AND MANOJ J. AWARE BAIF, Central Research Station, Uruli Kanchan, Pune, Maharashtra-412 202 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Data on 2198 rural Murrah buffaloes between three to eight years age belonging to 2019 farmers spread in 1587 villages spread over to 5 districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh were generated during the period from 2009 to 2013on NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Body measures, feeding practices and milk production. Body Surface Area (BSA) was arrived at using body measures and 2D photographic image with BIOVIS PSM_L1000 software. Body Condition Scores (BCS), Body Size (BS), Total Feed intake, Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP) intake were recorded. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) of feed were estimated using standard procedures. The mean BSA, body weight (BW) and daily milk yield was found to be 3.40 ± 0.22 sq.mtrs and 268 ± 30.37(kg) and 6.35 ± 1.01 (lit) respectively. District wise variation was highly significant for BW, BSA and milk yield. The average total feed Intake was observed to be 12.79 ± 4.18 (kg). The values for DM, CP and TDN were 8.09 ± 2.17 (kg), 1.04 ± 0.34 (kg), 5.28 ± 1.62(kg) respectively as against expected values of DM, CP, TDN 9.81 ± 0.91 (kg), 0.91 ± 0.10 (kg), 4.96 ± 0.46 (kg) respectively. It was concluded that by and large, rural buffaloes are deficient in DM and CP, however TDN was fed more than expected. 166 MTY 338 ESTIMATION OF GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC TRENDS FOR PERFORMANCE TRAITS IN MALABRI GOATS

V. JAMUNA*, R.T.VENKETACHALAPATHY, ROJAN. P.M. AND BIMAL P BASHIR Centre for Advanced Studies on Animal Genetics and Breeding, Mannuthy Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was conducted to estimate the genetic and phenotypic trends of various growth traits and lactation milk yield of Malabari goats in farmers flock. Data were collected from 2233 Malabari goats sired by 108 bucks, spread over a period of ten years from 2005 to 2015 in the seven field centers viz. Thaliparambu, Thalassery, Badagara, Perambra, Kottakal, Tanur and Tirur under All India Co-ordinated Research Projects on Malabari goat improvement. Estimation of genetic and phenotypic trends helps to determine the effectiveness of selection in a population over the years. Monitoring of genetic advancement over the years helps to design most appropriate breeding strategies and aids in maximizing genetic gain. The data was adjusted for significant non-genetic effects such as centre, season and year of birth, using mixed linear models. It is noted that the centre and season of birth had significant effect (P<0.01) on all traits. Summer and autumn seasons were observed to be more favourable seasons of birth for the body weight and production traits in Malabari goats. Heritability estimates of various growth traits viz. three, six, nine and twelve month body weight were 0.22±0.14, 0.56 ±0.09, 0.64±0.26 and 0.54± 0.17, respectively. Heritability of lactation milk yield was estimated as 0.18 ± 0.05. Genetic trends of different traits were estimated using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method. Breeding values of each buck were estimated by fitting a multi trait animal model. Genetic trend of various growth traits viz. three, six, nine and twelve month body weight were 0.82±0.48, 0.62±0.17, 0.42±0.14 and 0.21±0.07, respectively. Phenotypic trend of growth traits viz. three, six, nine and twelve month body weight were 0.53±0.29, 0.57±0.31, 0.29±0.65, 0.46±0.09, respectively. The genetic and phenotypic trend of lactation milk yield was 0.19±0.13 and 0.074±0.004, respectively. All the traits had positive genetic trend, depicting that breeding and selection strategies followed for improvement of Malabari goats by AICRP unit has been found effective over last ten years.

MTY 339 OVARIAN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF GDF9 AND RBP4 GENES IN SOVIET CHINCHILLA AND GREY GIANT RABBITS

ELIZABETH KURIAN1, NAICY THOMAS1, T.V. ARAVINDAKSHAN2 1Department Animal Genetics and Breeding, CVAS, Pookode 2Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala - 680651 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) genes have been shown to be involved Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February in reproduction in many mammalian species. GDF9 has been reported to aid normal ovarian folliculogenesis while RBP4 gene expression is associated with litter size in pigs and goats. However, related information about the ovarian expression of the GDF9 and RBP4 genes of Soviet Chinchilla and Grey Giant rabbits were rarely reported. The present study was conducted to analyze the ovarian expression of GDF9 and RBP4 genes in Soviet Chinchilla and Grey Giant rabbits. RNA was extracted from the ovaries of both breeds (n=6). The expression pattern of GDF9 and RBP4 genes were analyzed using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The fold changes NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL in the relative expression of the genes were normalized by the â -actin as the reference gene. Relative expression of GDF9mRNA was higher in the ovaries of Soviet Chinchilla than Grey Giant but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Relative expression of RBP4 gene was significantly higher in the ovaries of Soviet Chinchilla than Grey Giant (P<0.05). The results of the present study suggest the significant effect of the GDF9 and RBP4 genes on rabbit reproduction and further studies are needed to define the role of these genes as candidate genes for reproductive traits in rabbits.

167 MTY 340 CROSSBRED PROGENY PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN RURAL AREAS OF WESTERN MAHARASHTRA

S.B.GOKHALE AND R. L. BHAGAT* BAIF, Central Research Station, Uruli Kanchan, Pune, Maharashtra-412 202 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Data generated over 20 years period from 1994 to 2013 on 4,092 crossbred progeny (Holstein Friesian x Local) reached to age at first calving (AFC)born out of 186 sires and owned by 864 farmers spread over 140 village in 26 cattle developing centres from Ahmednagar, Pune and Satara district of Western Maharashtra were considered for analysis. Out of these crossbred progeny born 3,206 (78.35%) completed their lactation performance. Major component among data loss was because of animal sale (20.04%). The effect of region (irrigated & unirrigated), source of test bulls (CIRC, BAIF,GADVASU) , level of sire dam’s milk yield (4500, 4501-5500, 5501-6500, 6501- 7500 &>7501 kg), season of calving (rainy-June to September, winter-October to January, summer-February to May), age at first calving (<649, 650-938, 939-1208, 1209-1478 &>1479 days) and progeny birth period (1994-97, 1998-01, 2002-05, 2006-09 & 2010-13) on lactation production performance of progeny was studied. The 305 days milk yield was computed from the fortnightly milk yield records of alternate morning and evening milking and first test milk was recorded within fifteen days after calving. Records of incomplete milk recording due to sale, transfer or death of progeny were excluded from analysis. The average first lactation 305 days milk yield of crossbred progeny under field conditions was recorded as 2974.95±12.03 kg. The effect of irrigation facilities, calving season and period of birth was significant on milk production; however source of test bulls, sire dam’s milk yield and age at first calving did not affect crossbred progeny performance under field conditions. The study is part of data generated under network field progeny testing program sponsored by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) being operated in different parts of country and coordinated through Central Institute for Research on Cattle (CIRC), Meerut.

MTY 341 FARMERS’ PREFERENCE FOR TWINNING UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS IN MADRAS RED SHEEP

KAVIRAJAN, S1., VENKATARAMANAN, R2., KUMARASAMY, P3., GOPI, H2., DEVENDRAN, P2., SIVASELVAM, S. N1. AND DEVI, T4 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 2Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam 3Department of Bioinformatics & ARIS Cell, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 4Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai

A field survey was conducted to assess the farmers’ preference towards multiple births in Madras Red sheep. The objective was to ascertain if Madras Red sheep, introgressed with Fec B gene, known for its prolificacy will be taken up for rearing by these farmers. Data was collected by personal interview method. A structured interview schedule incorporating all the items pertaining to the objectives of the study was framed in consultation with experts, review of literature and field visits. Twenty one Madras Red sheep farmers belonging to ICAR - Network NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Project on Sheep Improvement - Madras Red field unit, functioning at Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Tamilnadu, were interviewed for obtaining the required data. Analysis of survey data revealed that mean flock size of Madras Red sheep was 67.28. Respondents of the study were maintaining sheep for a period ranging from 1 to 60 years. Among the farmers interviewed, 19.04 per cent of them reported incidence of twinning (twinning per cent = 0.33). Majority of the farmers (71.43 %) considered twinning as a bad omen, as both the lambs died. 19.04 per cent farmers sell the ewes along with lambs. Thirty three per cent of the farmers mentioned lack of milk for the young ones as the primary difficulty in rearing of twins. The survey showed that twinning per cent was very low in Madras Red sheep and Madras Red sheep farmers did not favour twinning in their flocks. 168 MTY 342 RELATIONSHIP OF SIRE’S EVALUATION FOR DIFFERENT PRODUCTION TRAITS AND DAUGHTER PREGNANCY RATE IN CROSSBRED CATTLE

SUNIL KUMAR*, D.S.DALAL, C.S.PATIL AND RAKESH VERMA Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was carried out on first lactation records of 276 crossbred cows sired by 49 sires maintained in the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana over a period of 24 years from 1991 to 2014. The data were analyzed to estimate the breeding values of sires for production traits and Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR) using best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) method. Production traits studied were first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation length (FLL), first lactation peak yield (FPY) and first dry period (FDP). The model used for estimation of breeding values of sires contained sire group, period of calving, season of calving and milk yield group as fixed effect and effect of sire within sire group as random effect while age at first calving was taken as covariate. The estimated breeding values (EBVs) obtained by BLUP Method ranged from 1965.04 to 2481.44 kg for FLMY; 292.28 to 337.45 days for FLL; 9.57 to 12.18 kg for FPY; 84.74 to 130.72 for FDP; 0.218 to 0.473 for DPR42; 0.197 to 0.656 for DPR63 and 0.250 to 0.506 for DPR84, respectively. The product moment correlations between sires EBVs for FLMY with those of FPY and FLL were high and positive {0.85 and 0.62, respectively) while corresponding rank correlation were 0.81 and 0.61. The product moment correlation between sires EBVs for various DPR and FLMY were low negative or negligible and ranged from -0.08 to -0.002. Sires were ranked on the basis of EBVs of FLMY by BLUP method and compared with their corresponding ranks based on EBVs of FPY. It was found that out of top five sires for FLMY, four managed to remain in list of top five sires for FPY as well. This showed that there is almost no change in the ranking of top sires for both traits. So, preliminary selection of animals can be done on the basis of FPY

MTY 343 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH TRAITS OF SIROHI GOATS

S.S. MISRA*, ARUN KUMAR, I.S. CHAUHAN AND G.R. GOWANE Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute Avikanagar, Rajasthan-304 501 *Corresponding author:[email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Sirohi is a well known medium sized dual purpose goat breed widely distributed in Rajasthan, mostly in the Sirohi, Ajmer, Tonk, Nagaur, Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur districts of Rajasthan and other adjoining states. Under present investigation, the data pertaining to the period of kidding from 2011-16 related to growth traits (body weights and average weight gains) of Sirohi goats at different ages maintained under All India Coordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement (AICRP) in semi arid condition at ICAR-Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute (CSWRI)), Avikanagar, Rajasthan, were analyzed. Different factors like year of kidding, sex and type of birth taking doe weight at kidding as covariate were used in the model. The overall least squares (LS) means for live weights at for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were 2.92±0.07, 12.21±0.41, 19.78±0.63, 26.66±0.81 and 31.43±0.84 kg, respectively. The growth rate in terms of per day average gain was 101.72±4.36 and 69.41±2.67 g from 0 to 3 months (ADG1) and 3 to 12 months (ADG2) of age, respectively. The factors studied were significant on almost all the traits, except type of birth and regression of doe weight on ADG2. The results showed improvement in almost all growth traits over the years. The males and single born kids were heavier than the females and multiple born kids, respectively, at all stages of growth. These findings indicate that there is huge scope of further improvement in growth performances of Sirohi goats through genetic selection and adoption of better management practices.

169 MTY 344 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CROSS BRED BULLS USING MILK FAT PERCENTAGE OF PROGENIES

PRAKASH, G.*, ANIL KUMAR, K., RADHIKA G. AND MERCEY, K.A Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics College of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala-680651

A study was conducted on progenies of cross bred bulls to find out the effect of batch, exotic inheritance and source of bulls on first lactation (early lactation) milk fat percentage for morning and evening milk at ICAR FPT scheme, College of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala.129 cross bred HF bulls from three different source namely Project Directorate on Cattle(PDC) -26 bulls, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences university(GADVASU)-23 bulls and Bharatia Agro Industries Foundation(BAIF)-80 bulls were classified based on exotic inheritance as Group 1( <50% inheritance- 24 bulls), Group 2( 50-62.5% inheritance- 25 bulls), Group 3(62.5-75% inheritance- 60 bulls) and Group 4 (>75% inheritance- 20 bulls).These bulls were used during the period 2005-2012 and were of different batch as namely batch 5(16 bulls), batch 6(20 bulls), batch 7(18 bulls), batch 8(14 bulls), batch 9(16 bulls), batch 10(24 bulls) and batch 11(19 bulls). A total of 846 progenies were recorded and analyzed for first lactation milk fat percentage. The analysis was done using General linear model. Progenies of bulls in batch 5, 6 & 7 had significantly (p<0.05) high milk fat percentage (3.93%) than progenies of bulls in other batch (3.53%) Results clearly indicated that batch 5, 6 & 7 in breeding bulls are superior to other batch bulls as milk fat percentage is concerned. The effects of exotic inheritance of bulls and source of bulls on milk fat percentage of progenies were non-significant (p>0.05).

MTY 345 GENETIC STUDIES ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION TRAITS IN RAMBOUILLET SHEEP

VIKAS BIN ZAFFER, R. K. TAGGAR, D. CHAKRABORTY*, PEER MOHD. AZHAR, ANAMIKA AND D. KUMAR Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding FVSc & AH, SKUAST-J, R.S.Pura, Jammu-181102 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Data on 300 Rambouillet sheep records maintained at Government Sheep Breeding Farm Panthal, Reasi, J&K, India, were used in the present study. The least squares means were 2.608±0.034 kg, 15.846±0.179 kg, 17.921±0.164 kg, 22.890±0.205 kg, 30.463±0.172 kg and 2.121±0.042 kg birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), 6- XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February month body weight (6-BW), 12-month body weight (12-BW), mature body weight (MBW) and annual wool production (AWP), respectively. The period of lambing had significant effect on all the traits except for BWT. Sex had significant effect on all the traits under study except for 6-BW. The estimates of heritability for the present study in Rambouillet sheep varied from low to medium. The genetic correlation in Rambouillet sheep varied from -0.786±0.630 (MBW & AWP) and 0.915±0.336 (WWT & MBW). The high heritability and high genetic correlations between 6-BW and MBW indicate that 6-BW can be used as selection criteria for MBW. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

170 MTY 346 SIRE EVALUATION BASED ON FIRST LACTATION PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY TRAITS IN CROSSBRED CATTLE

SIMRAN SINGH, DIBYENDU CHAKRABORTY*, A. K. DAS AND R. K. TAGGAR Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, FVSc & AH, SKUAST-J, R.S.Pura, Jammu-181102 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present investigation was undertaken on data of crossbred cattle from Military farm, Jammu Cantonment Military Dairy Farm (MDF) of Jammu. First lactation records of 119 crossbred cattle distributed over 9 years (1998 to 2006) were analyzed. The sire effects and ranks of 22 sires were estimated on the basis of their daughters’ performance. The progeny group size of the sires ranged from 3 to 17. The sires were evaluated for the first lactation production efficiency traits, viz. first lactation milk yield (FLMY), average milk yield per day of lactation (MY/FLL), milk yield per day of first calving interval (MCI) and milk yield per day of age at second calving (MSC). Sire’s breeding values were estimated by best linear unbiased procedure (BLUP). The estimated breeding values (EBV) for FLMY, MY/FLL, MCI and MSC ranged from 2500.45 to 3653.16kg; 8.88 to 12.65kg, 5.94 to 9.45kg and 2.04 to 2.80kg, respectively. The product moment correlations among various traits were high and highly significant. The highest product-moment and rank correlations were obtained between MCI and MSC to the tune of 0.89. The results indicated that sire coding 04 and 08 were the best and can be used for future breeding purpose.

MTY 347 AVERAGES AND CORRELATIONS OF GROWTH TRAITS IN RAMBOUILLET SHEEP

ANAMIKA, DIBYENDU CHAKRABORTY*, PEER MOHD AZHAR, D. KUMAR, R. K. TAGGAR AND AAKRITI SUDAN Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding FVSc & AH, SKUAST-J, R.S.Pura, Jammu-181102 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Data on growth traits of 7161 animals used in present study were collected from the history sheets of Rambouillet sheep maintained at Government Sheep Breeding Farm, Zaban, Reasi, J&K, India. Growth traits included in the study were birth weight (BW), three-month weight (3MW), six-month body weight (6MW), nine-month body weight (9MW) and twelve-month body weight or yearling weight (YW). The average weight gain of individual during 0-3 months (ADG1), 3-6 months (ADG2), 6-9 months (ADG3), 9-12 months (ADG4) and 3-12 months XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity (ADG5) were calculated as weight gain during particular period divided by duration of that period in days. The Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February overall averages were 3.39±0.01kg, 14.16±0.03kg, 19.59±0.04kg, 24.85±0.05kg and 28.71±0.06kg, respectively for BW, 3MW, 6MW, 9MW and YW. The coefficients of variation (CV) for different traits were low to medium and the highest value was obtained for birth weight. The overall averages were 0.119±0.002kg, 0.071±0.001kg, 0.058±0.006kg, 0.056±0.001kg and 0.054±0.001kg, respectively for ADG1, ADG2, ADG3, ADG4 and ADG5. The CV for different ADGs were medium to high. Sex had significant effect on all growth traits under study except for 9 MW, where sex had non-significant. For growth rate traits sex had non-significant effect for ADG1 and ADG4. The correlation co-efficients of between different body weights and average daily weight gain ranges from for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL -0.040±0.01 between ADG1 & ADG5 to 0.97±0.01 between BW and 9W. Most of the correlations values were highly significant barring few exceptions.

171 MTY 348 CYTOGENETIC STUDY OF LEOPARD (PANTHERA PARDUS) USING GTG –BANDING

KHADE, S.B*., SAWANE, M.P., PAWAR, V.D., CHOPADE, M.M., DESHMUKH, R.S. AND KOMATWAR, S.J. Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-12 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Cytogenetic study of two leopards (Panthera pardus) peripheral blood samples received from Aurangabad Animal Zoo was performed at Genetic Investigation Laboratory, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai. The objective was to determine the chromosome number and to study chromosome abnormality, if any. The short term cultures of the peripheral blood samples were set as per routine laboratory protocol. Briefly the cultures were set for 72 hrs at 37°C, in appropriate media with 20% fetal bovine serum, phytohaemagglutinin and penicillin-streptomycin. The colchicine was added at the 69th hour of the culture and the cultures were treated with hypotonic solution and Methanol: Glacial acetic acid fixative to get the chromosome preparations. Conventional Giemsa staining and Giemsa-Trypsin banding were applied to stain the chromosomes. The results showed the diploid (2n) chromosome number of leopard was 38. Morphologically, the chromosomes presented four large submetacentric, two medium submetacentric, four large acrocentric, four medium acrocentric, two large metacentric, two medium metacentric chromosomes. Eight small submetacentric and six small metacentric and 4 small telocentric chromosomes were also observed. The X chromosome was small submetacentric chromosome and the Y chromosome was the smallest submetacentric chromosome. There was no numerical of structural chromosomal abnormality observed in the two Leopard samples in the present study.

MTY 349 LIFETIME FITNESS PERFORMANCE OF AN ORGANISED FLOCK OF CHOKLA SHEEP IN RAJASTHAN

ARNAV MEHROTRA1,*, URMILA PANNU1, ASHISH CHOPRA2, H.K. NARULA2 AND A.K. PATEL2 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Science RAJUVAS, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India 2Arid Region Campus, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan *Corresponding author: [email protected]

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity The Chokla sheep, native to the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, produces the finest carpet wool in India. 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February The breed is hardy and well adapted to the migratory systems of the region. The reproductive performance of the sheep has a direct impact on the farmers’ income. Considering the scanty availability of such information in literature, the current study aims to assess the lifetime fitness performance of the Chokla breed with respect to four traits. Records were collected for661ewes with at least three lambings, born over a period of 20 years (1995-2014). The flock was maintained at Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan before its relocation to CSWRI – ARC at Bikaner in 2012. Study analyzed total lambs born (TLB;4.61 ± 0.92 lambs), total female lambs born (TFLB; 2.31 ± 0.19 lambs), total lambs weaned (TLW; 3.83 ± 0.21 lambs) and total female lambs weaned NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL (TFLW; 2.06 ± 0.19 lambs) per ewe, on a lifetime basis. Data were analyzed using LSMLMW procedure by taking the effect of year and season of birth of ewes and inbreeding coefficient as fixed effects. Highly significant effect (P < 0.01) of year was observed on all the traits. The least squares means for TLB, TFLB, TLW and TFLW for the first period of the study (1995-1997) were 4.23 ± 0.19, 2.31 ± 0.19, 3.83 ± 0.21 and 2.06 ± 0.19 lambs, respectively, which increased to 5.36 ± 0.13, 2.74 ± 0.13, 4.35 ± 0.14 and 2.18 ± 0.13 lambs, respectively, in the fifth period (2007-2009) which is indicative of effective selective breeding policy and improved management over the years. These results suggest further scope of improvement in the ewe’s lifetime productivity which is crucial for the profitability in the sheep farming.

172 MTY 350 EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF CHROMIUM PROPIONATE ON GROWTH OF DEONI FEMALE CALVES MAINTAINED UNDER SEMI- INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

MUKUND A. KATAKTALWARE*, NAZAR, S., MANEESH AHIRWAR, D.N. DAS, S. JEYAKUMAR, B. SRINIVAS, SOHANVIR SINGH AND K.P. RAMESHA ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru *Corresponding author: [email protected]

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of chromium propionate supplementation on physiological, haematological profiles and growth of Deoni female calves. The experiment was conducted on eighteen Deoni female calves (Age- 374.22±25.66 days, Body weight- 121.67±6.50 kg) maintained six each under three groups under identical management system during the winter season. The experimental animals were maintained at Livestock Research Centre of SRS-NDRI, Bengaluru. The animals in Treatment group 1 and 2 were fed antioxidant chromium propionate @ 3 mg/ day and 5 mg/ day respectively. The physiological, haematological parameters, dry matter intake and weight gain were recorded at fortnightly interval using standard methods. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. There was no effect of supplementation of chromium propionate on physiological and heamatological profiles of Deoni female calves during the winter season. The total dry matter intake of Deoni female calves in Treatment 1 group was found to be higher (3.34±0.35 kg) than Treatment 2 (3.29±0.24 kg) and Control group (2.54±0.09 kg), albeit non-significantly. The daily weight gain of Deoni female calves was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Treatment 1 (182.05±28.21 gm/day) and Treatment 2 (171.79±16.58 gm/day) as compared to Control (84.60±18.33 gm/day). On the basis of findings of the present study it could be concluded that supplementation of chromium propionate had significantly improved the weight gain and feeding of the supplement @ 3 mg/day was adequate to improve the growth rate in Deoni female calves during winter season.

MTY 351 NON-GENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING TEST DAY MILK YIELD (TDMY) IN MEHSANA BUFFALOES

G. A. PARMAR1, J. P. GUPTA1, D. P. PANDEY1, J. D. CHAUDHARI1, B. M. PRAJAPATI1, R. N. SATHVARA1, J. R. PATEL2 AND S. B. PATEL 2 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar- 385 506

2 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Dudhsagar Research & Development Association, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mahesana, Gujarat Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of non-genetic factors on test day milk yield (TDMY). The data set comprised 12561 MTDMY records up to the 4th lactation of 7875 Mehsani buffaloes, calved from 1989 to 2013. These buffaloes were sired by 200 bulls under field progeny testing programme of Dudhsagar Research and Development Association (DURDA), Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana, Gujarat. The Least squares maximum likelihood

(LSML) program was used to estimate effects of various non-genetic factors. The least squares means with standard for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL error of monthly test days milk yields ranged from 3.58 ± 0.87 kg (Test day-11) to 9.50 ± 0.84 kg (Test day-2). Mean for Total Milk Yield (TMY) was found to be 2157.54 ± 0.8 kg in the present study. The effects associated with parity, cluster, period as well as age at first calving group were found to be highly significant (Pd”0.01) on the entire test day milk yield as well as on TMY, whereas, non-significant effect of season of calving were obtained on TD2, TD5 and TMY. The milk production of animals belonging to 4th parity, 5th period, 1st season (Oct-March) and of 3rd cluster was estimated to be high. The study emphasized that these factors might be taken in to consideration before estimating genetic parameters for designing improvement programme of Mehsana buffalo based on MTDMY.

173 MTY 352 EVALUATION OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING FAT CORRECTED ENERGY YIELD IN MEHSANA BUFFALOES

B. M. PRAJAPATI1, J. P. GUPTA*1, D. P. PANDEY1, J. D. CHAUDHARI1, G. A. PARMARA, R. N. SATHVARA1, P. A. PATEL2 AND M. N. PRAJAPATI 2 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar- 385 506 2Dudhsagar Research & Development Association, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mahesana, Gujarat *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Mehsana is one of the best dairy breed of buffalo having its breeding tract, mostly in North Gujarat region. Milk is a major source of dietary energy. Breed improvement programmes over the years for Mehsana buffalo have primarily been focused on first lactation milk yield and so far no attempt is being made for the genetic evaluation of breeding bulls for energy corrected milk, which accounts for both milk yield as well as milk fat. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of non-genetic factors on monthly test day fat corrected energy yield (MTDEY) and lactation 305-day fat corrected energy yield (L305EY) in Mehsana buffaloes. Total 80310 MTDFY records comprising first lactations of 7825 Mehsana buffaloes, sired by 200 bulls from 1989 to 2013 under field progeny testing programme of Dudhsagar Research and Development Association (DURDA), Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana, Gujarat, were assessed. DURDA with the help of National Dairy Development Board, Anand, is carrying out field progeny testing programme in Mehsana buffaloes since 1985. Least squares maximum likelihood program was used to estimate the effect of various non-genetic factors. The overall least squares mean with standard error of L305EY was found to be 1215.88 ± 4.65 Kcal similarly, least squares mean for overall MTDEY ranged from 541.65 ± 1.13 cal (TD-1) to 736.59 ± 2.39 cal (TD-11). The effects associated with cluster, period, season as well as age at first calving group was found to be highly signiûcant (Pd”0.01) on L305EY. MTDEY was found to be significantly (Pd”0.01) influenced by all the factors taken under investigation except season of calving. The effect of seasons on various MTDEY was non-significant up to middle of the lactation. Evaluation of Mehsana buffaloes based on MTDEY may necessitate adjustment for these significant non genetic factors.

MTY 353 FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF MEHSANA BUFFALOES UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

J. D. CHAUDHARI1, D. P. PANDEY1, J. P. GUPTA1, G. A. PARMAR1, B. M. PRAJAPATI1, R. N. SATHVARA1 AND M. A. PATEL2 1 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar- 385 506 2Dudhsagar Research & Development Association, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mahesana, Gujarat *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The first lactation production and reproduction records pertaining to 8072 Mehsana buffaloes spread over a period of 25 years from 1989 to 2013 under field progeny testing programme of Dudhsagar Research and Development Association (DURDA), Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana, Gujarat, were analyzed to determine various factors affecting NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL production and reproduction traits. The data available for the study were grouped into various clusters (74 villages clustered into three groups based on geographical location) periods (five periods of each five years) and seasons (3 season viz., winter, summer and rainy). Data were analyzed by least-squares analysis of variance procedures for unequal subclass. The least squares means for first production traits viz., first lactation 305-days milk yield (FL305MY), total milk yield (TMY), first lactation length (FLL) and first dry period (FDP) were estimated to be 2281.78 ± 6.78 litre, 1932.63 ± 6.14 litre, 310.25 ± 0.46 days and 223.09 ± 3.50 days, respectively. Similarly, the least squares means for first reproduction traits viz., first service period (FSP), first calving interval (FCI) and age at first calving (AFC) were 141.38 ± 2.53 days, 515.19 ± 3.21 days and 1392.32 ± 4.26 days, respectively. The effect of cluster was highly significant (p<0.01) for all the traits except FLL; however, period and season of calving 174 significantly influenced all the production and reproduction traits. The lactation yield of Mehsana buffaloes under field conditions in the present study is not only higher than other buffalo genetic resources of Gujarat but quite comparable with most of the buffalo breeds of the country.

MTY 354 PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOME EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EGG QUALITY TRAITS IN GRAMAPRIYA AND VANARAJA AND THEIR CROSSES

BEENA SINHA*, K.G. MANDAL, RAGINI KUMARI AND D.S. GONGE Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-800014 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Profitable marketing of eggs either for table purpose or for hatching purpose, it is desirable that a reasonable uniformity in shape, size and other egg quality traits should be maintained. For achieving the aforesaid aim only those birds which produce good quality eggs should be retained for future breeding purposes. Thus the present study is concerned with the improved varieties of chicken like Vanaraja and Gramapriya and their crosses to see genetic influence on egg quality traits. The study was carried out with total of 211 eggs with more than 50 eggs from each genetic groups namely Gramapriya x Gramapriya (GP x GP), Vanaraja x Vanaraja (VR x VR), Vanaraja x Gramapriya (VR x GP) and Gramapriya x Vanaraja (GP x VR) to examine the phenotypic correlation between different egg quality traits in different genetic groups. The estimates of phenotypic correlation between egg weight and all the egg quality traits were highly significant (P<0.01), positive and very high in magnitude except the correlation with shape index and yolk index in the VR x GP genetic group. Also in GP x VR genetic group the estimates of phenotypic correlation between egg weight and all the egg quality traits were highly significant (P<0.01), positive and very high in magnitude except with yolk index and yolk height. Highly significant (P<0.01) but both positive and negative correlations were also observed among the various egg quality traits, except the correlation between egg length and shape index and between yolk width and yolk index where magnitudes were though high and significant but negative in direction. The estimate of correlation in VR x GP cross were positive in general, and highly significant in comparison to other genetic groups.

MTY 355 ESTIMATION OF REPRODUCTIVE AND FITNESS TRAITS IN NILAGIRI BREED OF SHEEP

ARTH CHAUDHARI1, R. RAJENDRAN1, R. VENKATARAMANAN2, 1 3 S.N. SIVASELVAM AND S. MEENAKSHI SUNDARAM XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 2Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences (TANUVAS), Kattupakkam 3Department of Livestock Production and Management, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Nilagiri sheep, native to the Nilagiri hills of Tamil Nadu is endangered and periodic evaluation of reproductive

and fitness traits is essential. Present study was based on data spread over 27 years (1989–2015), collected from for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah. Reproductive traits studied were age at first service (AFS), weight at first service (WFS), age at first lambing (AFL), ewe weight at first lambing (WFL) and lambing interval (LI) and fitness traits studied were pre-weaning survivability (SUR), total lambs born per ewe over lifetime (TLB) and total lambs weaned per ewe over lifetime (TLW). Depending on the trait, variance components were estimated through simple or longitudinal animal models. The least squares mean were obtained as AFS; 570.58 days, WFS; 22.92 kg, AFL; 876.16 days, WFL; 25.22 kg and LI; 436.42 days, SUR; 92.0% ,TLB; 3.05 and TLW; 2.78. Estimates of heritability (h2) for reproductive and fitness traits were low with values of 0.04 ± 0.04 for AFS, 0.45 ± 0.07 for WFS, 0.12 ± 0.06 for AFL, 0.26 ± 0.06 for WFL, 0.02 ± 0.02 for LI, 0.08 ± 0.05 for TLB and 0.07 ± 0.05 for TLW.

175 Study revealed that for reproductive and fitness traits, there was low to moderate direct additive genetic variance (h2), and thus, scope of further improvement in the traits. Nevertheless, considering the population status and importance of the breed to the hilly region, the available genetic variability could be used to bring improvement in these traits.

MTY 356 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER YEARS ON PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF SAHIWAL COWS

KAISER PARVEEN, A.K.GUPTA, POOJA JOSHI AND SHAHABAT MUMTAZ Animal Genetics & Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

The information related to the present study was collected from records on Sahiwal maintained at Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal spread over 26 years from 1990 to 2015. The climatic parameters like dry bulb temperature (oC), wet bulb temperature (oC), and relative humidity (%) were collected for duration of 26 years (1990-2015) The data were collected from Central Soil Salinity and Research Institute, Karnal for the years 1990-1999 and from the NICRA center (Climate Resilient Livestock Research Center), NDRI, Karnal for the years 2000-2015 of the study. The daily milk yield records of about 700 lactating Sahiwal cows (irrespective of stage of parity) over a period of 16 years from 2000 to 2015 were collected to analyze the effect of THI on the daily milk yield/wet average of the herd. The linear regression of production and reproduction traits with respect to THI values was done using regression analysis to explore the change in production and reproduction traits with unit change in the THI value. The variation in THI values across different months during sixteen years from 1990 to 2015 were evaluated taking month and year as fixed effects and THI value as dependent variable. All the analysis was done using SAS software. The analysis of variance revealed that the effect of month was highly significant (P<0.01) on the THI value and hence also on production and reproduction parameters which are directly or indirectly related to month of calving for production traits and month of artificial insemination for the reproduction traits. The regression analysis of the daily milk yield/wet average indicated negative effects of THI on daily milk yield/wet average of Sahiwal cows significant at (P<0.01). It was observed that the daily milk yield /wet average decreased by 175 grams or 0.175 kg/d per unit increase in the THI value. The regression analysis revealed that the regression of age at first calving on THI is highly significant (at P<0.01). It was observed that the average age at first calving was increased by 3 days with per unit increase in THI value. The analysis revealed that the regression of first calving interval on THI was highly significant (P<0.01). It was observed that the average first calving interval was increased by 2 days with per unit increase in THI value. The present showed that the first calving interval and age at first calving was higher in the animals that are calved in the months with high THI values.

MTY 357 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February AUGMENTATION OF FOLATE CONTENT IN MALABARI GOAT MILK YOGHURT

K.RADHA, ANUSHA KISHORE AND C.T. SATHIAN Department of Dairy Science College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy-680651, Kerala NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL An investigation was carried out to ascertain the possibility of enhancing folate content in yoghurt prepared from Malabari goat milk by utilizing different lactic acid bacterial cultures. The cultures selected for the study include Lactobacillus helveticus (NCDC 194, 288), Streptococcus thermophilus (NCDC 199, 75, 303, 217), Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCDC 291), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCDC 18) Leuconostoc lactis (NCDC 200) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (NCDC 229). These cultures were screened for their ability to produce folate. Among these cultures, two high folate producing cultures were selected for the preparation of folate enriched yoghurt. Yoghurt samples were prepared by incorporating these cultures at 1.5% level in addition to the regular yoghurt cultures containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NCDC 264). Control yoghurt was prepared with regular

176 yoghurt culture. The samples were analysed for pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, water holding capacity and folate content. Highly significant difference in folate content was noticed between the control and treatment groups of yoghurt. The highest folate content (112±0.54 µg/100g) was found in yoghurt prepared with Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCDC 291) as adjunct culture followed by Bifidobacterium bifidum (97±0.65 µg/100g). The control sample had a mean folate content of 43.2±0.51 µg/100g. Significant difference was also noticed in pH, titratable acidity and water holding capacity of yoghurt samples prepared with folate producing cultures when compared to control. However, no significant difference in sensory scores was observed between yoghurt groups. As goat milk is deficient in folate, appropriate selection and utilization of folate producing cultures is a noteworthy approach to enhance the natural folate content in goat milk fermented products.

MTY 358 ESTABLISHMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND CRYOPRESERVATION OF DOUBLE-HUMPED CAMEL (CAMELUS BACTRIANUS) FIBROBLAST CELL LINE

REKHA SHARMA, HIMANI SHARMA, SONIKA AHLAWAT, R. A. K. AGGARWAL, P. K. VIJ AND M. S. TANTIA ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India

Somatic cell bank is extremely important for the recovery of endangered species. Thus double-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) ear marginal tissue fibroblast cell line from five samples, stocking 60 cryogenically-preserved vials (1×10-6 cells/ml) per animal, was successfully established by using primary explant technique and cell cryopreservation. The cells showed typical fusiform morphology with centrally located oval nuclei with radiating, flame like or whirlpool like migrating patterns. Four different commercially available media, known to support fibroblast cultures were tested with respect to growth potential for camel fibroblasts. Maximum total cell count with same seeding (80,000 cells) and under similar culture conditions was 6,75,000, 3,05,000, 13,90,000 and 10,05,000 cells/ml for MEM, DMEM+High glucose, DMEM+Ham’s F12 (1:1) and fibroblast specific media (HiFibroXLTM), respectively. Hence, DMEM+Ham’s F12 (1:1) with 10% FBS was used in subsequent passages. Cells followed a typical sigmoid growth curve with population doubling time of 30.6 hrs. Epithelial and fibroblast cell initially grew together. However, fibroblast cells outgrew their epithelial counterparts in subsequent passages. RT-PCR was performed at different passages of individual samples using primers specific to Cytokeratin19 (CK19) and Osteopontin (OPN) in order to confirm the origin of cells and to identify cross-contamination with non-fibroblast cells. Osteocytes were absent from the beginning whereas, epithelial cells were eliminated after 1st passage. Thus the cells were cryopreserved at 4th to 6th passages. Chromosome karyotyping showed normal diploid (2n = 74) number. Cells were free from microbial contaminations. Cells had more than 90% viability in culture after 1 month of cryopreservation. These cells were morphologically indistinguishable from the cell stocks prior to freezing. This work, not only preserves important genetic resource of Bactrian camel at the cell level, but also serves as a valuable resource for genome, post genome and somatic cell cloning research. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

MTY 359 IN SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF CHARA DUCK ECOTYPE OF KERALA FOR REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SHALU ELIZABETH SIMON, TINA SADAN, MARYKUTTY THOMAS Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680651, Kerala

Chara ducks, one of the major ecotypes of dual purpose Kuttanad ducks is more suited to free range integrated farming in the wetlands of Kuttanad. The aim of the present study was to characterize the reproductive traits of Chara duck variety. Egg production parameters recorded from a total of 995 chara duck ecotype were utilized for the estimation of age at sexual maturity, duck housed egg production at 40 and 72 weeks of age.A data set of 209

177 batches of 3, 15,797 Chara duck eggs set for hatching from January/2012 to January/2016 were used for the analysis of fertility percent, hatchability percent on total eggs set and on total fertile eggs set, percentage of healthy ducklings hatched and embryonic mortality. Age at sexual maturity of Chara ducks averaged 247.75±0.26 days with a standard deviation of 5.47 days. Mean ± S.E of duck housed egg production at 40 and 72 weeks of age were 25.80±0.18 and 127.23±3.94 respectively. The coefficient of variation for duck housed egg production at 40 weeks was 81. 94%. The mean fertility percentage was high (90.93±0.45) with the sex ratio of 1:10. The hatchability percentage on total fertile egg set was 64.33±1.17. Month of egg setting had a significant (pd”0.01 or pd”0.05) influence on all the fertility and hatchability traits studied, with maximum embryonic mortality and lowest fertility% recorded in April.

MTY 360 GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GAROLE SHEEP RAISED IN SEMI-ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN

VED PRAKASH, L.L.L. PRINCE, R. C. SHARMA, ARUN KUMAR AND S.M.K. NAQVI Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304501

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the growth performance and factors affecting it in Garole lambs born and reared under semi-arid conditions at ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan. The growth records of 1058 lambs born during years 1997 to 2015 were analyzed using GLM procedure of SPSS. The overall least squares means for body weights at birth (BWT), 3month (3WT), 6month (6WT), 9 month (9WT) and 12 month (12WT) were 1.18±0.02 kg, 6.42±0.12 kg, 9.87±0.18 kg, 11.77±0.25 kg and 13.74±0.32 Kg, respectively. Over the period increase in body weight was observed. For the period-1 (1997-2000), BWT, 3WT, 6WT, 9WT and 12WT were 1.06±0.03 kg, 6.03±0.20 kg, 8.81±0.31 kg, 10.58±0.41 kg and 12.93±0.49 kg, respectively. For the period-4 (2010-15), BWT, 3WT, 6WT, 9WT and 12WT recorded were 1.36±0.03 kg, 7.54±0.21 kg, 11.41±0.33 kg, 13.28±0.47 kg and 15.46±0.60 kg, respectively. In last 15 year an improvement of 28.30%, 25.04%, 29.51% 25.51% and 19.56 % was observed in BWT, 3WT, 6WT, 9WT and 12WT, respectively. The effect of sex of lamb, type of birth, period of birth, and dam weight at lambing were significant (p<0.01) for all the traits. The effect of season of birth was significant (p<0.01) for BWT, 6WT and 9WT only. The effect of damage at lambing was non-significant whereas, effect of parity of dam was significant only for 12WT. The least squares means of pre-weaning (0-3 month) average daily gain(ADG1) and post weaning (3-6 month) average daily gains (ADG2) were 56.87± 1.22 gm and 40.19 gm, respectively. Improvement in pre-weaning and post weaning average daily gains were observed over the periods. The ADG1 increased from 53.40 gm (period-1) to 67.94gm (period-4). Similarly, ADG2 increased from 37.70gm (period-1) to 47.26 gm (period-4). Results showed that Garole has performed well in the semi-arid conditions and can be successfully reared in these conditions with updated management. Environmental factors play an important role in expressing genetic potential in the lambs.

MTY 361 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON INDIVIDUAL AND SOW PERFORMANCE TRAITS IN LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGS

GOWRIMANOKARI, K.V*., THIAGARAJAN1, R, VENKATARAMANAN, R, H. GOPI AND BALASUBRAMANYAM, D. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam – 603 203 1Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli - 627 358 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of inbreeding on individual and sow performance traits in Large White Yorkshire (LWY) pigs maintained at Pig Breeding Unit, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Tamilnadu. Data were collected for a period of 26 years from 1990 to 2015. Inbreeding was calculated by Wright’s path co-efficient method from pedigree information. The effect of inbreeding on birth

178 weight, weaning weight, pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG), market weight, pre-weaning mortality, age at first fertile service, litter size at birth, number born alive, litter weight at birth, litter size at weaning, litter weight at weaning and farrowing interval was studied using a general linear model with inbreeding coefficient as a fixed covariate. The other fixed effects included in the model were period, season, sex, parity and litter size at birth. The mean inbreeding co-efficient of LWY population studied was 2.45 per cent. Among 7596 animals in the pedigree, 2088 were inbred and the individual inbreeding co-efficient (F) ranged from 0 to 37.5 percent. The regression of most of the traits on inbreeding were non-significant except weaning weight, ADG and Litter weight at weaning, in which ‘enhancement’ was noticed. The regression co-efficient of weaning weight, ADG and Litter weight at weaning were 0.021 kg, 0.457 g and 0.218 kg for every one per cent F. The non-significant effect of inbreeding in reproductive traits might be due to lower level of F in the population. The periodical introduction of new animals from other farms might be a possible reason for lower level of inbreeding in the population.

MTY 362 PRODUCTION AND SOW PERFORMANCE OF DESI PIGS UNDER NORTH EASTERN AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF TAMIL NADU

SANGLI VIKRAM KUMAR, K1*, BALASUBRAMANYAM, D2.,VENKATARAMANAN, R2., JAYASREE, P1., MANJU, G.2 AND ILAVARASI, R.2 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai – 600 007 2 Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam – 603 203 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

A study was conducted to evaluate the production and reproduction performance of desi pigs under north-eastern agro-climatic conditions of Tamil Nadu. Data on 467 animals for the period from 1995 to 1999 were collected from the Pig Breeding Unit, functioning at Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu. Effect of various non-genetic factors on birth weight, weaning weight, pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG), litter size at birth, litter size at weaning, litter weight at birth and litter weight at weaning were studied using least-squares analysis. The least-squares mean for the traits were 0.46±0.02 kg, 6.64±0.20 kg, 110.89±2.68 g, 5.12±0.14, 3.86±0.29, 2.04±0.13 kg and 24.58±2.17 Kg, respectively. Sex had significant influence on all the individual weight traits. Season was significant source of variation for all the traits studied except birth weight. Litter size at birth was maximum in north – east monsoon season, while litter sizes at weaning and weaning weight were maximum for sows farrowing during south – west monsoon season. Period had significant influence on all traits studied except litter weight at weaning. Litter size at birth had highly significant effect on weaning weight. Reports on performance of desi pigs in Tamil Nadu were not available and this study will be useful in suggesting suitable management and crossbreeding plans for the genetic group.

MTY 363 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity MORBIDITY PROFILE OF SANGAMNERI GOAT MAINTAINED Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February AT ORGANISED FARM

SANJAY MANDAKMALE, AMRUTA MORE AND DINESH BIRARI Department Animal Husbandry and Dairy Sciences Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri - 413 722 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL The research entitled, Morbidity profile of Sangamneri goat maintained at organized farm was under taken by utilizing data generated at All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement, (Sangamneri Field Unit), Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra. The data of 1604 goats were recorded over the period from 2007 to 2015 were utilized for the present study. The morbidity of goats were recorded at various age groups viz., 0-3, 3-6, 6-12 months and adult group in relation to year, season of birth, birth weight, age , sex, type of birth and disease observed. The significance of various factors under study was tested by chi-square test. The overall morbidity of Sangamneri goats was 15.52%. The highest kid morbidity (21.58%) was recorded in the early

179 age (0-3 months) and it decreased with the advancement of age. According to their birth weights, the highest morbidity was found in the kids with low birth weights (below 2 kg) than the heavy birth weights (above 2.5 kg). The overall kid morbidity was highest in rainy (17.77%), followed by winter (16.45%) and summer seasons (10.45%). The kid morbidity was higher in females (17.97%) than that of males (12.82%) in all age groups studied. The kids born as multiple (19.98%) had higher morbidity than singles (10.11%). The maximum number of kids was morbid due to alimentary disorders, followed by general systemic disorders and non specific disorder. In the alimentary disorder, diarrhoea was the major cause, while in general systemic disorders, abscess and inflammation accounted for higher kid morbidity in Sangamneri goats. The CRR, CFR, CCR were highest in alimentary disorders followed by non specific, general systemic, miscellaneous disorders and lowest in case of nervous disorders. The overall study on morbidity of Sangamneri goats had given typical direction and pin pointed a specific age i.e. 0-3 month and birth weight below 2 kg on which special attention should be given. To achieve higher birth weight prenatal kid management especially in nutrition should be undertaken and the age group below 3 months of age should be targeted to reduce kid morbidity. In general the kids with lower weight are the victims of morbidity. It is suggested that the kids should be cared according to the prevailing environment conditions. During high humidity, good ventilation should be provided in animal shed. Colostrum should be fed within 2 hours after birth of kids and feeding of kids with milk according to their body weight at 2 to 3 intervals in a day. The hygienic management particularly in feeding and watering should be adopted to cover the morbidity due to digestive disorders.

MTY 364 PREVALENCE OF HAEMOPROTOZOAN INFECTIONS IN CROSSBRED CATTLE OF THRISSUR REGION OF KERALA STATE

DHANUSH KRISHNA B, SYAMALA K AND SYAM K VENUGOPAL Clinical Lab, University Veterinary Hospital, KVASU, Kokkalai

The prevalence of Haemoprotozoan infections in crossbred cattle of Thrissur region of Kerala state was studied. A total of 1329 blood samples presented to the Clinical Lab, University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai for a period of 1 year from January 2016 to December 2016 were examined for the presence of haemoprotozoan parasites by Field’s staining technique. On blood smear examination, 638 blood smears were found to be positive for various haemoprotozoa and rickettsia. Among the positive cases, the majority of haemoprotozoans identified were Theileria spp.342 (21.4 %), followed by Anaplasma spp. 199(12.4%), Babesia spp. 52(3.2%), Trypanosoma spp. 5 (0.3 %) and Ehrlichia spp. 4(0.2%). Mixed infections noted were Anaplasma spp.+Theileria spp. 30(1.8%), followed by Anaplasma spp +Babesia spp 02 (0.1 %), Theileria spp.+Babesia spp. 02 (0.1 %), Theileria spp. + Trypanosoma spp. 1 (0.06 %) . The highest prevalence was found in 2-4 year age group and in monsoon months. The Complete blood count picture revealed reduced Hb, TEC and haematocrit in the infected animals. Among haemoprotozoan parasites, the highest prevalence was observed with Theileria spp. followed by Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. infection. The lowest prevalence was observed with Ehrlichia spp infection. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MTY 365 TOXOPLASMOSIS AMONG GOATS - A SEROPREVALENCE STUDY

TRESAMOL,P. V., MERY, R., ARSHA R., ARTHI, A., ANDREA, L., SUKANYA, S. AND AMEL DEV

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy

Toxoplasmosis is a widely distributed parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. In small ruminants, it is a leading cause of abortion, still births and neonatal deaths. Congenital transmission occurs when female animals get infection during pregnancy and acute infection may cross placenta and multiply in fetal tissue resulting in abnormal development and abortion. The present paper reports the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among goats in and around Trichur district. A total of 132 goats randomly selected from different farms and households, during January to December 2016, were screened for the presence of Toxoplasma specific antibodies using a commercial ELISA

180 Kit (ID Screen Toxoplasmosis Indirect, ID-VET,France) as per manufacturer’s instruction. Among 132 animals 68 were found positive giving an overall prevalence of 51.5 per cent. Prevalence was more among the household animals (60 percent) than farm animals (47.8 per cent). Results of this serologic study confirm the presence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among goats in this region. The higher seroprevalence may reflect the higher magnitude of environmental contamination by oocysts of the parasite. Hence Control measures to reduce the environmental contamination and prevalence of this disease are indicated because it is widely present and may cause economic losses in livestock in the form of abortion and neonatal deaths. Further investigations are needed to find out zoonotic impact of the parasite and to explore the economic losses due to this infection.

MTY 366 ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT INDICATORS FOR GASTRO INTESTINAL WORM BURDEN IN NATIVE GOAT POPULATION OF KERALA REARED UNDER RESOURCE POOR CONDITIONS

SYAMALA. K AND MARYKUTTY THOMAS College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur-68065, Kerala

Implementation of Targeted Selective Treatment (TST), a refugia based worm control strategy calls for the identification of farmer friendly, easy, quick, cheap and reliable indicator for gastro intestinal worm burden in small ruminants. A detailed investigation was conducted to identify TST indicators that were regionally, production system andparasite specific among native goat population of Kerala reared under resource poor conditions. A range of indicator traits inclusive of parasitological (faecal egg count (FEC)) and patho-physiological (haematology, serum biochemistry, anaemia score chart, body condition score (BCS), dag score, and submandibular oedema) were tested. The FEC among goats was over-dispersed with the coefficient of variation of 87.12%.The correlations of FEC with packed cell volume, haemoglobin percentage, albumin level, body condition (lumbar score) were significant (pd”0.05) and negative. Spearman’s correlations of FEC with anaemia score and dag score were highly significant (pd”0.001) and positive.The goats with pale pink and white anaemic score, nasal discharge and body condition score of below 2 had significantly (pd”0.05) higher FEC than others. Recommendations canbe made to treat goatshaving low BCS, high anaemic score, diarrhoea and nasal discharge and leave the rest untreated in TST programme, to maintain refugia worm population and reduce anthelmintic use in the herd.

MTY 367 AUTOGENOUS WART VACCINE IN VECHUR CATTLE –A CASE REPORT

SULFICAR, S., SHYMA, V.H., AMAL DEV, MANOJ, M. AND TRESAMOL, P.V. Department Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

Bovine papillomatosis is a viral disease of cattle characterized clinically by development of multiple benign tumours termed warts. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has six serotypes hitherto (Olson, 1990). The disease is usually spread by direct contact with infected animal and is entered to animal skin by cutaneous abrasions. In this study lesion suggestive of bovine pappilomatosis was observed in eight vechur calves of University Farm Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala. A wart nodule was collected from one of the infected calves and an autogenous vaccine was prepared according to the method of Pearson et al. (1958) with minor modifications. The prepared vaccine kept at 40C was for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL administered subcutaneously 5 ml at weekly interval for three weeks. Complete recovery was observed in all the eight infected calves by twenty-eighth day and hence no further injection was needed as there was no relapse of lesion found for next three months of time. They were sold out after observation period with existing market price.

181 MTY 368 BONE MARROW CYTOLOGY OF DIFFERENT AVIAN SPECIES

REMYA. R. NAIR, SHILPASHREE, C. S., DHANUSH KRISHNA, B., AJITH JACOB GEORGE AND N. DIVAKARAN NAIR Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala

To study the morphology of precursor cells in avian bone marrow and to make a comparison of the same in different avian species, a study was conducted in Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal sciences ,Mannuthy. Bone marrow was collected from proximal Tibio-tarsus bone of different avian species and morphology of haematopoietic cells was studied. Bone marrow smears were prepared and stained using Leishman- Giemsa combination technique. The results of the study indicated that developmental stages of blood cells in the bone marrow and morphology of the cells are similar in different avian species. The mean Myeloid: Erythroid ratio was also determined from the bone marrow smears prepared.

MTY 369 ASSOCIATION OF GAPDH GENE EXPRESSION AND HEAT TOLERANCE DURING ACUTE HEAT STRESS IN VECHUR, KASARGODE (DWARF BOS INDICUS AND CROSSBRED (BOS INDICUS× BOS TAURUS CATTLE) CATTLE

MUHAMMED, E. M.*1, ARAVINDAKSHAN, T. V.2, MATHEW, J.3 AND SISILAMMA, G.4 1, 2 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 3 Department of Livestock Production Management, and 4 Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Global warming and the proposed climate change are likely to become major threats to sustainability of livestock production. Vechur is the smallest breed of cattle originated in Kerala. They are tolerant to high heat and humidity. Heat stress elicits severe perturbations in physiological and molecular levels. We followed 10 each of Vechur, Kasargode (dwarf Bos indicus) and crossbred (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) cattle (n=30) on hot summer days. The traits respiration rate(RR), rectal temperature (RT), and the individual heat tolerance coefficient (HTC, an index calculated using RR and RT) were recorded as physiological responses on acute heat stress in the field environment. The expression profiling of GAPDH gene was also performed. Environmental parameters such as ambient temperature, relative humidity were noted and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) was calculated. The RR, RT and

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity HTC significantly varied among breeds and different periods of exposure, whereas GAPDH expression did not 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February exhibit any significant variation. RR, RT and HTC were found to be good indicators of heat stress. Results showed superior heat tolerance of Vechur and Kasargode cattle compared to crossbred cattle. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

182 MTY 370 ASSESSMENT OF SEMEN QUALITY, FERTILITY AND HATCHABILITY AMONG FOUR LINES OF CHICKEN

AZHAGURAJA, M.*, ANCY, M., SANOODH MOHAMMED, A.V., SREEVEEN, E.N., AND VAIBHAV, S. Centre for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Assessment of semen quality is one of the most important criteria before selection of breeding cocks used for artificial insemination. The semen quality characteristics of poultry birds give an excellent indicator of their reproductive potential and it has been considered to be a major determinant of fertility and hatchability of eggs. The present study was conducted to evaluate the spermatological parameters of four lines of cock. A total of 60 semen samples were collected from 3 White Plymouth Rock, 3 Rhode Island Red (RIR), 3 Australorp and 3 Cornish at 3 days interval for 5 times. Semen was collected by abdominal massage method. Spermatological parameters with respect to ejaculate volume, mass activity, progressive motility, sperm concentration and proportion of live spermatozoa were examined. The highest volume of ejaculate was found in RIR (0.87 ml), the lowest in Australorp (0.47 ml) and other semen quality parameters with respect to progressive motility (72.5%), sperm concentration (5.5 x 106 / mm3) and per cent of live spermatozoa (92.41%) was higher in Australorp when compare to all other breeds. Semen from Australorp cocks showed comparatively higher fertility (96.65%) and hatchability (85.75%). These results suggest that among the four lines of chicken, Australorp has better semen quality as well as fertility and hatchability. This method can be suggested as a criteria for selection of superior cock for better production.

MTY 371 EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS BUCK EXPOSURE ON POSTPARTUM OESTRUS INDUCTION OF MALABARI DOES

UPASANA RATNAKARAN1, ARAVINDA GHOSH2, K.N., R. THIRUPATHY VENKATACHALAPATHY3, METILDA JOSEPH4 AND HIRON M. HARSHAN5 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of continuous buck exposure on the postpartum resumption of ovarian activity, first behavioural oestrus and conception rate in Malabari does. A total of 20 does on day 31 postpartum were selected and were randomly allotted into two groups in equal numbers, viz. continuous buck

exposure and control. All the does were kept under uniform feeding and management conditions. The kids were XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity weaned 30 days after kidding. Ultrasonographic studies were carried out on day 31 of postpartum and on the day of Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February observed oestrus. The time interval from the weaning to the first behavioural oestrus ranged from 3-11 days (33-41 postpartum) in buck exposed and 48-18- 42 days (72 postpartum) in control animals (P<0.05). All the does showed signs of oestrus within 72 days of kidding. A non-significant higher conception rate of 50% was observed in buck exposed group when compared to 30% in control group. A comparative study was also made between conceived and non-conceived does and it was found that the does possessing a follicular diameter of more than 0.7 cm at the time of observed oestrus had a higher chance of conception. Further, it was concluded that, does with continuous NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL buck exposure showed earlier resumption of ovarian cyclicity and oestrus with improved conception rate in comparison to the control group.

183 MTY 372 COMPARISON OF THE SIZE OF MILK FAT GLOBULES IN THREE DIFFERENT GENETIC GROUPS OF GOATS IN KERALA

CHANGCHUP DORJAY*, R. THIRUPATHY VENKATACHALAPATHY, BINDYA LIZ ABRAHAM, SUDHARSAN, M. AND SILPA, M.V. Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Malabari and Attappady Black are the two native goat varieties of Kerala. Attappady black goat hail from the Palakkad district of Kerala and are used mainly for meat purpose and Malabari goats, a dual purpose breed inhabit the Calicut, Kannur, Waynad and Malappuram districts of Kerala. Twelve animals each from three different genetic groups of goat viz., Malabari, Attappady Black and Crossbred goats reared in the University Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy were randomly chosen and their morning milk samples were collected with the objective of estimating their fat globule size. The milk samples were first subjected to microscopic examination and then to two micro- counting techniques using ocular and stage microscopes. An overall mean fat globule size of 1.697 ± 0.13 µm with a coefficient of variation of 26.62% was obtained for the pooled samples. Among the three groups of animals, Malabari had a higher mean fat globulin size of (1.788± 0.30 µm) when compared to Attappady Black (1.702 ± 0.14 µm) and Crossbred goats (1.603 ± 0.12 µm). The fat globule size between the genetic groups differed significantly (p<0.01). Since the digestibility of goat milk is found to be associated with fat globule size, it can be concluded from the study that the digestibility of Attappady Black goat milk is in comparable terms with that of Malabari and there exists a scope for more practical utility of the genetic group for milk quality, in addition to it’s meat attributes.

MTY 373 EFFECT OF DAYS TO ATTAIN PEAK YIELD AND NON- GENETIC FACTORS ON PERSISTENCY OF MILK YIELD IN CROSSBRED CATTLE (HF X SAHIWAL) OF EXOTIC INHERITANCE

NISHA SHARMA, RAMAN NARANG, NEERAJ KASHYAP AND SONI KUMARI Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of various non - genetic factors on persistency of milk production.

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity In the present study effect of different non-genetic factors viz. year, season, level of production and days to attain 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February peak yield on persistency of milk yield in crossbred cattle were studied. The 686 first lactation daily milk yield records of crossbred cattle that were maintained at GADVASU dairy farm over a period of 25 years from 1991- 2015 were utilized to study the effect of non-genetic factors on the Ludwick and Peterson method (P1), Mahadevan method (P2), Ratio method (P3) and Prasad et al method (P4). Effect of level of production on all four Methods was significant (P<0.05). The effect of season of calving on persistency of milk yield was found to be significant in all estimates obtained by four methods. Summer and Autumn calvers were most persistent whereas spring and winter

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL calvers were least persistent for (P2, P3 and P4 method). The medium producer cows (2861.45-4033.88 kg) were most persistent and low producer cows (< 2861.45) were least persistent for P1, P2, P3 and P4 method. The persistency of milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) affected by days to attain peak yield in P1 and P2 methods. Maximum persistency was obtained in animals attaining peak at 41-57 days of lactation and minimum in < 41 days for Mahadevan method and Ratio method. Data on 686 crossbred cattle were analyzed to investigate the peak milk yield and days to attain it. Peak milk yield varied due to year, season of calving and year by season interaction. Negative phenotypic trend in peak yield and reduction in days to peak over the years needs further studies.

184 MTY 374 PREDICTION OF FIRST STANDARD LACTATIONON THE BASIS OF TEST DAY MILK YIELD USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL

H. A. SHARMA1*, P. U. GAJBHIYE2, A. R. AHLAWAT1, A. L. RAMANI1 AND V. B. DONGRE3 1 Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, J.A.U., Junagadh, 2Cattle Breeding Farm, J.A.U., Junagadh, 3 Cattle Breeding Farm, Udgir Veterinary College, Udgir,Latur Dt. Maharashtra *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The records of first lactation provide most efficient measure to assess inherent capacity of an individual and breeding value of a dairy animal accurately. Therefore, consideration of 305 day first lactation yield has been standard practice to compare production performance of dairy animals. However, it requires daily milk recording of the animals, which is cost prohibitive under field conditions, particularly under Indian condition, where most of the farmers are small and marginal. To save time and cost of the expenditure of different breeding plans monthly test day milk recording can be a better option for earliest prediction of expected standard lactation yield. Previous studies have revealed fairly large predictability of test day milk yields due of its high association with standard lactation yield records in different species. An attempt has been made to predict the standard lactation yield in Jaffarabadi buffaloes on the basis of monthly test day milk yield records using stepwise backward elimination method of multiple linear regression model. The present investigation was conducted on monthly test day milk yields and standard lactation milk yield records of 213 primipara Jaffarabadi buffaloes spread over a period of 24 years (1991–2014), maintained at Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The aim of the study was to develop the prediction equation for 305 day first lactation yield on the basis of the monthly test day milk yields in Jaffarabadi buffaloes. The test day milk yields were recorded from 4 to 304 day of lactation at thirty days intervals and were used to predict standard lactation yield using multiple linear regression analysis. Based on fitting of regression models, the equation having four variables viz., TD-2, TD-4, TD-5 and TD-6 was considered most appropriate for prediction of standard lactation yield with 78.28 % accuracy and 16.71 % error of prediction.

MTY 375 HOST RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE TO NATURAL GASTRO- INTESTINAL PARASITISM IN GOAT POPULATION OF HUMID TROPICAL KERALA: COMPARISON BETWEEN MALABARI AND ATTAPPADY BLACK GOAT BREEDS XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MARYKUTTY THOMAS AND SYAMALA, K. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur-68065, Kerala

The genetic improvement of host resistance to parasitism is regarded as a sustainable alternate approach for worm control in resource poor small holder goat productionsystemsinthe context of high treatment costs, mounting anthelmintic resistance and chemical residues.The objective of this study was to evaluate the breed, age and gender NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL influences on resistance and resilience to natural gastro- intestinal parasitism amongMalabari and Attappady Black Goats of Kerala. Resistance was assessed by faecal egg count (FEC) and resilience by patho-physiological measurements (haemoglobin%, haematocrit value, serum total protein, albumin%, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) and FAMACHA© score. Breed differences were detected (pd”0.05 or less) for FAMACHA© score and haemoglobin % but not for FEC. Malabari goats were less anaemic with lower FAMACHA© score and high haemoglobin levels than Attappady Black goats. The gender influences were significant (pd”0.05 or less)on FEC, FAMACHA© score and haemoglobin %. The effects of parasitism were more in female goats than male with higher FEC, FAMACHA© score and haemoglobin %. Being more resilient to gastro intestinal parasitism, Malabari goats may be a preferred choice for the genetic control of parasitism through breed selection in Kerala. 185

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION IV

BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING

Lead Papers

Lead Paper BIODYNAMIC FARMING AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

ANI S. DAS Executive Director Centre for Bioresources and Agricultural Services Department of Agriculture, Government of Kerala Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Biodynamic farming conceptualized by the ideas of Rudolf Steiner in 1920 was initially a model for sustainable production system with modified approaches on organic farming. But now it has developed into a practical solution for healthy living and sustainable ecofriendly agriculture.the term developed from Greek word ‘bios’ (life) and ‘dynamics’ (energy).It takes into healthy soil rich in humus and healthy plants for producing healthy foods for man and healthy feed for animals into a sustainable comfortable environment.Methods unique to biodynamic farming include the treatment of animals ,crops and soil as single system, on local production and distribution and getting it integrated with energy sources from cosmic sources and basing solar calendar.

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LEGISLATION

Congress’s 1990 “Farm Bill” stated that:”the term sustainable agriculture means an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term satisfy human food and fiber needsenhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy dependsmake the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controlssustain the economic viability of farm operationsenhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.”

HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM ORGANIC FARMING?

Organic farming can be defined as a commitment to the principle of health, ecology, fairness and care. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationship and a good quality of life.

Biodynamic farming principles have a greater focus on astrological cycle and the idea of the farm as single organism. It should be conceived as single entity and should remain as enclosed from their surrounding eco system .It is

structured around lunar and astrological cyclethat are said to affect the biological systems. Biodynamic farms are XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity built to integrateall the living organisms within the system including plant, livestock and farmer. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

METHODS

Biodynamic methods use managemental practices that are intended to restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony. Crops, livestock and farmer - the entire socio economic farm environment form a unique interaction so that the farm is converted into an organism. A self contain identity with its own individuality that is self contained. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL It’s important feature includes the use of livestock manure to sustain plant growth (recycling of nutrients) and health and wellbeing of crops and animal. The approach considers that there are linear and astrological influences on soil and plant development.

FIELD PREPARATIONS

Horn manure has a major role as a preparation.it is a humus mixture prepared by filling the horns of a cow with cow manureand burying it in ground (40 to 60 cm below surface) in the autumn. It is left to decompose during the winter and renewed for use the following spring. 187 RELEVANCE

Biodynamic farming not only avoids pesticides or fertilizers or genetically modified crops and animals. But the entire environment of a farm and living of animals is important too. Polluted air loaded with industrial loads of wastes, deleted ground water, deforested and over grazed pastures upset sustainable living environment. Restoring the most beneficial environmental conditions has been an important aim of biodynamic farming. Overgrazing has been one of the central environmental concerns related to livestock activities. It can lead to degradation of grass lands and desertification in semi arid areas. Global environment outlook al so lay emphasis on de vegetation and land degradation from over grazing, gaseous emissions and water pollution from livestock farming. Biodynamic farming settles both these.

CONVERTING FARM INTO A BIODYNAMIC FARM

While converting your farm to a Biodynamic farm the most relevant is type of animals. Genetically modified animals are not permitted. Local breeds of animals adaptable to the climate have to be selected. It was noted that with the local adaptable animals a closed population with good productivity and disease resistance will develop within a few years. The animals will be resistant to external parasites and accustomed to local feed stuff. In 3 to 4 years, it will be a good closed herd apart from males. Animals will not only be adapted to environment but to buildings, crops and humans around too. Suitable bulls or semen can be introduced. But not embryo transfer techniques.

Variety or type of animals to be introduced can be decided. If it is a dairy farm, apart from dairy cows goats or sheep can be introduced which will give more flexibility. Similar is the case with pigs and poultry. If it is a rainy area the nitrogen and other nutrients may leach out. It will reduce fertility and harm environment. Manure has to be set into heaps covered with semi permeable layers permitting air. So they compost quickly and effectively.

Feeding of animals is important. Bedding straws also become part of manure. Buying straw is a compromise. Crop rotation and fodder production has to be planned for sufficient production of organic straw and fodder. With farm organism principle what belong to the place has to be fed. But in exceptional circumstances Demeter standards permit to by non-organic with strict conditions on composting of manure and bed straw. At least 60% of dry matter of rations has to be from roughage, freshor dried fodder or silage. Feeding of young mammals must be based on natural milk preferably maternal milk for a minimum period based on species.

The minimal standards in relation to animal welfare are primarily to be focused on local situation. Dry litter or group penning is prescribed for farm animals. Tethering is not accepted. Indoor area has to be supplemented with outdoor area of minimum 70% of indoor area.

View of livestock should be changed from considering them as passive (receivers) to active parts of sustainable production system. Focus has to shift to capabilities of animals from requirements of animals. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February In dairy farming both the issues of milk yield of cows and handling of bull calves have to be addressed. The average yield of in biodynamic production will be in general 10% lower than commercial farming. It imparts high price for the milk or products sold. Bull calves are sold at early age to be reared as commercial or killed as new born. This is against principles of biodynamic farming.

In pig production, main approach is to have sows kept on grass lands and porkers reared on barns where the pigs at NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL the same time have access to an outdoor run often made out of concrete. The sows are often given a nose ring to prevent rooting and damage of pasture and male pigs are usually castrated. Nose ringing is questioned in biodynamic principles.

It will take three years for normal conversion of a farm to biodynamic farm as per Demeter standards. For an organic farm it will take one year to convert to biodynamic farm for Demeter conversion if biodynamic preparations are used correctly.

188 CONCLUSION

The biodynamic farming wil lead to more balanced overall production of farm, natural living of animals, crops and healthy food. For this an extra premium is paid by the health conscious and social conscious consumers.

Does it end with that? Considering the air pollution and depletion of ground water reserves globe is turning to be a non-livable sphere. The expenses that is incurred for addressing issues of global warming, water shortage, health hazards, genetic disorders of new born, life style diseases, environmental hazards etc the premium that is paid on products of biodynamic farming is not an extra. It is lower than the actual expenditure from state exchequer.

It is not he heath conscious people who consume Biodynamic products and support Biodynamic farming. It is the environment conscious and global conscious that promote biodynamic faring as tool not only for susataibale farming but for sustainable comfort living in this earth.

REFERENCES

Beharrel, B. &MacFie, J.H. 1999.Consumer attitudes to organic foods. Brit. Food. J. 93: 25-30. Eder, M.; Kirner, L. &Zollitsch, W. 2000.Animal husbandry in alpine organic farming – regional diversity and critical obstacles in Austria.Proceedings of the Second NHAWOA Workshop. http://www.veeru.reading.ac.uk/ organic/proc/eder.htm Kristensen, T. & Mogensen, L. 2000: Danish organic dairy cattle production systems – feeding and feed efficiency. In: Ecological Animal Husbandry in the Nordic Countries. Proceedings from NJF-seminar No 26 303 16-17 September 1999. (Eds: J.E. Hermansen, V. Lund & Erling Thuen). DARCOF-report No 2: 35-40. Lorand, Andrew Christopher. 1996. Biodynamic Agriculture ? A Paradigmatic Analysis. The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agricultural and Extension Eduation. PhD Dissertation. 114 p Lund, V. 2000. Is there such thing as “organic” animal welfare? Proceedings of the Second NAHWOA Workshop.http:/ /www.veeru.reading.ac.uk/organic/proc/lund.htm Michelsen, J. 2001: Recent development and political acceptance of organic farming in Europe. Sociologica Ruralis. 41: 3-20. Nielsen, B. &Thamsborg, S.M. 2001. Organic beef production based on dairy breed bull calves: a questionnaire survey among farmers in Denmark. Submitted, Livest. Prod. Sci. vanPutten, G. 2000. An ethological definition of animal welfare with special emphasis on pig behaviour. Proceedings of the Second NAHWOA Workshop. http://www.veeru.reading.ac.uk/organic/proc/vanP.ht Younie, D. &Hermansen, J.E. 2000.The role of grassland in organic livestock farming. Grassland Science in Europe 5: 493-509. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

189 Lead Paper ROLE OF LESSER KNOWN BUFFALO GENOTYPES IN BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING

K.P. SINGH ICAR-Central Research Institute for Research on Buffaloes Sirsa Road, Hisar-125001, Haryana Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

India’s livestock sector has continuously provided essential support to the rural economy as an important inclination for farmers, next only to crops cultivation. India has emerged the largest producer of milk in global market with 18.5 percent of share in total milk production in the world, achieved an annual output of 146.3 million tons during 2014-15 as compared to 137.69 million tons during 2013-14, recorded annual growth rate 0f 6.26 percent. The per capita availability of milk in India has increased from 176 grams per day (1990-91) to 322 grams per day (2014- 15). It is more than the world average of 294 grams per day (2013).

The role of buffalo in livestock sector is pulsating and can be appreciated from the significant contribution (53%) in country milk pool and also the exports earning through buffalo meat (86%). India’s exports of animal products was reported Rs.33128.30 crore in 2014-15, which include the major share @ 86 percent of buffalo meat (Rs.29282.60 Crore). The importance of buffaloes again implicit from the increasing trend of buffalo population in 19th Livestock Census (2012), with a population estimated at 108.70 million, about 3.41 percent higher than the 18th livestock census (2007), whereas, the population of cattle revealed decreasing trend (-4.10%) in 2012.

India has a number of climatic zones with varied natural resources, climatic conditions and differing socio-economic cultural systems. Several of such stable systems have resulted in unique local and genetically stable buffalo genotypes and populations that make significant contribution in the local milieu. Indian riverine buffaloes are represented by thirteen well recognized breeds and 17 lesser known defined population. The buffalo biodiversity ranges from high yielding dairy type (Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Banni, Mehsana etc) to extensively managed semi-wild Toda.

The major points on Buffalo genetic resources, importance and contribution are: • Best germplasm of buffalo in the world. • Buffalo have best feed utilization efficiency and can utilize poor quality fodder and crops residues. • High fat and low cholesterol contents in buffalo milk. • Lean meat with low fat, high iron and amino acid contents. • Genetic resistance to BSE, Scrapes and CPPR. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February • India is largest producer and consumers of milk and products in the world (with 146.3 million tons milk production in 2014-15) • The growing number of people (in developed countries) who suffer from cow’s milk allergy (cma), fortunately this is not the case with Buffalo Milk which is suitable for many suffers from cow’s milk allergy. • Buffalo milk has 58 percent more calcium, 40 percent more protein and 43 percent less cholesterol than cow’s milk.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL BUFFALO POPULATION TREND

The importance of buffaloes again implicit from the increasing trend of buffalo population in 19th Livestock Census (2012), with a population estimated at 108.70 million, about 3.19 percent higher than the 18th livestock census (2007), whereas, the population of cattle revealed decreasing trend (-4.10%) in 2012.This indicated that buffalo ultimately emerge as the future animal of Indian dairy-cum-meat industry. In the last 30-40 years farmers have preferred buffalo rearing over cattle in different part of the country. The females are used as a potential dairy animal and contribute substantial quantity of milk and males used for meat and draft.

190 Table 1: Recognized breeds and Non-descript buffalo population (DAHD, GoI, 2013) Sr No Name of the Breed Pure (no) Graded (no) Total No. % of total Popn. 1 Murrah 1,16,86,198 3,65,68,676 4,82,54,874 44.39 2 Surti 18,86,280 20,06,614 38,92,894 3.58 3 Mehsana 26,76,699 9,48,426 36,25,125 3.33 4 Jaffarabadi 5,71,077 12,00,421 17,71,498 1.63 5 Bhadawari 5,83,599 11,70,188 17,53,787 1.61 6 Nili Ravi 1,29,411 5,47,834 6,77,245 0.62 7 Pandharpuri 2,87,751 1,95,987 4,83,738 0.45 8 Banni 2,39,572 1,42,550 3,82,122 0.35 9 Marathwadi 2,78,502 98,093 3,76,595 0.35 10 Nagpuri 73,584 1,17,410 1,90,994 0.18 11 Kalahandi 1,15,213 26,802 1,42,015 0.13 12 Toda 3,003 2,533 5,536 0.01 13 Chilika 2,599 787 3,386 0.00 Total Indigenous Breed 1,85,33,488 4,30,26,321 6,15,59,809 56.63 Non-descript —— ——- 4,71,42,313 43.37 Total Buffaloes 1,85,33,185 4,30,23,385 10,87,02,122 —-

Table 2: Livestock Population Trend (Livestock Census 2007 and 2012) Sr. No. Species Livestock Population in Million % Change 2007 2012 1 Buffalo (Overall) 105.34 108.70 + 3.19 2 Female Buffalo 85.75 92.60 + 7.99 3 Buffalo Male 19.59 16.10 - 17.83 4 Breeding Bulls 8.66 8.36 - 3.46 5 Cattle 199.07 190.90 - 4.10 6 Goat 140.54 135.17 - 3.82 7 Sheep 71.56 65.07 - 9.07

The population status and trend (Table-1 and 2) revealed that pure bred animals are: 1,85,33,185, graded population 4,30,23,385 and non-descript 6,15,59,809 heads (total 108.70 million).But major concern and disappointing scenario for buffalo is decline in overall male population (-17.83%) during the year 2007 to 2012 (Table 2),also the number of breeding males has come down from 8.66 to 8.36 million (-3.46%). This may be due to the cost involved in rearing and management of breeding bulls and farmers also fail to realize the long term consequences which affect the buffalo improvement programmes, if the declines continue to be at the same rate.

MILK AND MEAT PRODUCTION XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February India’s milk production is estimated at 140 million tons during 2014-15 and it grows around 6 million tons every year and currently contributes 16.43 % of global milk production. India also has the largest population of milking/ meat producing buffaloes in the world with 108.70 million. With such a large buffalo wealth, India produces enough milk to cater to its population of 1.22 billion people to have a per-capita consumption of 307 gm per day. India is also leading the list of developing countries with high per-capita consumption of milk and now, the export figures suggest India’s growing potentials on the export front too. India moves fast in exports of livestock products and there are strong indications on the forward growth of export potentials of buffalo products. As the internal for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL production of milk and meat grows substantially every year, Indian exports too are on the rise. The total exports recorded a whopping 62% growth during the last three financial years (Table 4) and buffalo meat covered 89 % of the total exports during 2014-15 and India stands tall as the largest exporter country. India started exporting of meat in the year 1969 and has earned an enviable reputation through these years. And now India is regarded as areliable exporter and its products are considered risk-free, lean, nutritious and are competitively priced. Not even a single incidence of livestock or poultry disease outbreak was reported in any of the 64 countries through importing of Indian meat.

191 EXPORT OF BUFFALO PRODUCTS

The export of animal products also indicate the importance of buffalo in export earnings from animal products, the total export earnings in 2014-15 was Rs. 32,593.20c rore, in which, Rs. 29,282.58 crore was from buffalo meat export (Table 3). The rapid increase in milk, meat production and their products demand in national and international market, India has resulted in expansion of buffalo production both in terms of increased numbers as well as their production potential, be it milk, meat, draught etc. the demand is more in urban areas while the purchasing powers and population concentration is fuelling the demand. In brief, buffaloes in India have a place of pride in all respects: production, productivity, population size, germplasm diversity, livelihood support to landless poor – small – marginal farmers, rich food / nutrition and rural livelihood.

Table 3: Livestock Products Export Products 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value (,000 Tone) (Rs. Cr.) (,000 Tone) (Rs. Cr.) (,000 Tone) (Rs. ,000) Buffalo meat 1,107.506 17,412.89 1,449.759 26,457.86 1,475.526 29,282.58 Dairy products 87.824 1,412.10 159.228 3,318.57 66.424 1,205.40 Sheep & Goat meat 16.046 425.66 22.608 694.12 23.611 828.11 Poultry products 577.864 494.93 437.673 565.87 556.699 651.19 Process meat 0.797 9.37 0.489 6.92 0.406 14.20 Casings 0.602 18.37 0.352 28.46 0.260 19.33 Other meat & products 15.508 648.75 13.742 771.80 10.555 592.39 Total —— 20,422.07 —— 31,843.60 —- 32,593.20

LESSER KNOWN AND SWAMP BUFFALO POPULATIONS

Apart from the thirteen registered breeds, there are several lesser known / defined buffalo populations many of which remains to be characterized and yet contributing significantly to the rural livelihood. The lesser known buffalo populations include Assamese, Tarai, South Kanara, Godawari, Parlakhemundi, Jerangi, Manda, Sambhalpuri, Sikkimese, Kuttanad, Gojri, Swamp, Manipuri andKujang (Table 4).

India is home to river as well as swamp type buffaloes. Several breeds of buffaloes like Toda. Chilika, Assamese etc were earlier presumed to be swamp type based on their morphological appearance. But cytogenetic studies on these buffaloes proved them to possess 50 chromosomes typical to that of riverine type (Mishra et al., 2009).However, screening of buffaloes in other regions of the country especially in coastal regions of Orissa and North-East region have revealed the presence of domesticated swamp buffalo population in India (Yadav et al., 1988 and Mishra et al., 2010). The Manipuri buffaloes in the hilly region are mainly used for draught and meat purposes and recently, cytogenetic profiling and mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed Manipuri buffaloes as pure swamp type (Mishra et al. 2010). Paralakhemundi buffaloes are medium sized animals and are reported to be swamp type as they were XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February found to possess 48 chromosomes (Bidhar, 1985).

Tarai Buffalo: Tarai buffaloes are found in tarai region of Uttar Pradesh (Philibhit and Bareilly Districts) and Uttarakhand (Nainital and Udhamsingh Nagar Districts).Typical Tarai buffaloes have been described as medium size animals of strong built. The coarse head slightly convex at the center, drooping towards the base of the horns and a prominent nasal bone with slight depression under the eye. Temperament of female is docile, however, but males are aggressive as usual. The body colour is generally grayish brown to black. Sometimes there is a white

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL blaze on the fore head. The orientation of horns is mostly backward and black in color. Shape of horn is slightly curved to sickle shape with tips projecting mostly upward. Shape of udder is round and small teats with pointed tips. Performance traits of Tarai buffaloes viz. lactation milk yield, lactation length, service period and calving interval reported as: 1080.09 ± 28.58 kg, 291.19 ± 3.63 days, 197.07 ± 6.59 days and 470.62 ± 18.07 days, respectively (Singh et al. 2013).

South Kanara Buffalo: South Kanara buffaloes originally found in the coastal regions of the erstwhile South Kanara region in Karnataka state, which included the Mangalore and Udupi regions. This region is bounded by coast line on the west; while a range of mountains called the Western Ghats separates it from the east. Towards the

192 Table 4: Lesser Known Buffalo Populations of India Sr. No. Lesser Known Popn. State / Breeding Tract Utility 2n / No. 1 Tarai Uttar Pradesh milk, meat & draught 50 2 South Kanara Karnataka Draught & milk 50 3 Godawari Andhra Pradesh milk 50 4 Parlakhemundi Orissa & Andhra Pradesh Draught & Meat 48 5 Jerangi Orissa & Andhra Pradesh Draught & Meat 50 6 Manda Orissa Draught & Meat 50 7 Sambalpuri Orissa & Madhya Pradesh Draught & Meat 50 8 Assamese Assam Milk & agri. Work 50 & hybrid C 49 9 Sikamese Sikkim Draught & meat 50 10 Kuttanad Kerala Draught & meat 50 11 Gojri Himachal Pradesh Milk 50 12 Swamp Assam Milk & meat 48 13 Manipuri Manipur Draught & meat 48 14 Kujang Orissa Milk & draught 50 15 Mizorami Mizoram Draught & Meat 48 16 Dharwari Karnataka Milk & Agri. work 50 17 Diara Bihar Milk 50 east, the Western Ghats gradually fade into semi-mountainous regions and the plane lands of the Shimoga district. However, the presence of buffaloes in their original habitat has decreased substantially; while more such animals are found in the adjoining Shimoga district (Kathiravan et al., 2008). The population of buffaloes (comprising South Kanara, Murrah-graded and non-descript buffaloes) in DakshinKannad and Udupi are considerably lower, but high population of buffaloes reported in Shimoga district. South Kanara buffaloes are well-built medium-sized animals. Coat colour varies from brown to silver grey and black and skin is black. Below knees, hair colour is generally brownish white. The head is fairly long with a broad forehead. Horns are flat, corrugated and curved, projecting backward, sideward and downward at the neck. The neck is long with moderately thick dewlap. South Kanara buffaloes are moderate milk producers and average daily milk yield reported 3.9 ± 0.3 liters. The average age at first calving and calving intervals reported as 41.4 ± 1.9 months and 543.4 ± 51.3 days, respectively. These buffaloes are dual purpose used for milk production as well as agricultural operations in wet fields (Kathiravan et al (2010).

Godavari Buffalo: The main breeding tract of these buffaloes lies in East and West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. Godavari buffaloes originated from interbreed crossing, followed by grading –up of local non-descript buffaloes with Murrah breed. These buffaloes are medium-statured with compact body. Colour is predominantly black with spare hair coat of coarse brown hairs. The horns are short, flat, curved, slightly downwards, backwards and then forward with loose ring at the tip. Udder is medium in size, bowl-shaped and well-paced medium-sized teats. 305 days first lactation milk yield reported 2062 kg (Sethi, 2011). The mean peak yield, lactation length and

dry period were 9.3 ± 0.19 liters per day, 417.87 ± 8.80 days and 148.99 ± 4.68 days respectively. The average age XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity at first calving, calving interval and service period were found to be 44.23 ± 0.37 months, 570.17 ± 10.66 days and Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 265.95 ± 10.37 days respectively (Kumar, 1990).

Paralakhemundi Buffalo: These buffaloes are found in Gajapati, Ganjam and Rayagada districts of Orissa, besides adjoining hilly regions of Andhra Pradesh. Coat colour of these animals ranges from black to blackish grey. These buffaloes have flat foreheads with golden hairs on it. Few animals are characterized with unique whitish marks as necklace in the neck region. Besides the use of this buffalo for milk and draft purpose, the horns are used NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL in making handicrafts and house hold items, which adds to the economic utility of these buffaloes in the native tract. Horns are long, broad and semi-circular, extending backward and inward. The average age at first calving and calving interval reported as 1458.24 ± 3.43 days and 540.43 ± 2.64 days, respectively. Bidhar et al. (1986) found chromosome numbers of Paralakhemundi buffaloes to be 2n = 48 and classified these buffaloes as swamp type. These buffaloes are moderate milk yielders having average daily milk yield of 2.6 lt. and average lactation yield of 737 lt. in 285 lactation days. These buffaloes are known for their working ability and disease resistance in the native tract (Dash, 2011).

193 Jerangi Buffalo: These buffaloes are found in Jerangi hills in Ganjam district of Orissa and adjoining northern part of Vishakhapatanam district of Andhra Pradesh. This is a small sized buffalo and has a maximum height of just 114 cm. The buffaloes have short face, small barrel and very short tail. Skin is thin and black-coloured. Horns are small, conical and run backward. These buffaloes are very useful for ploughing in water-logged paddy fields, with moderate draught capacity (Dash, 2011).

Manda Buffalo: These buffaloes are found in whole Koraput district and adjoining parts of Malkangiri and Nawarangpur districts in Orissa. Body colour of these buffaloes is ash grey and grey with copper coloured hairs, some animals also having silver white colour. The lower part of the legs up to elbow is light colour with tuft of yellowish/copper coloured hairs at knee and fetlock. Horns are broad and emerge slightly laterally, extending backward and inward making half circles. Average age at first calving and calving interval in Manda buffaloes reported 1534.43 ± 3.76 days and 557.78 ± 2.54 days, respectively. These buffaloes are moderate milk yielders having lactation milk yield of around 700 lts. in a lactation period of 290 days. Average daily milk yield is about 1.5 kg on a single milking basis. These animals are famous for longevity, hard work and length of working life. Female Manda buffaloes at some places are used in agricultural operations along with buffalo bullocks (Dash et al, 2009). Looking to size and body confirmation of Manda buffaloes might be good germplasm used for meat production.

Sambalpuri Buffalo: These buffaloes are found in Sambalpur and Baragarh districts in Orissa and adjoining Bilaspur and Raigadh districts of Chhatishgarh. Animals are quite large in size, powerful, having long and narrow barrel. Forehead is prominent, broad and flat. Horns are short, narrow and curved into a semi circle, extending backwards, upward and then forward at the tip. Tail is long with white switch. Body and coat colour is black, rarely brown or ash grey. Buffaloes are regular breeder and comparatively more productive breed of the region. These buffaloes have age at first calving of four years and calving interval of 18 months. The animals produce 4-6 kg milk per day for a period of about 8 months (Ahlawat et al. (2003). Some exceptional buffaloes may yield as high as 2300-2700 kg milk in about 340 days lactation period (Pathak and Singh, 2001).

Kuttanad Buffaloes: Kuttanad buffaloes are found only in Kuttanad area of Kerala, comprising two districts namely Kottayam and Alappuzha. The buffaloes are for plaughing paddy field where use of tractors and tillers are difficult as the fields are mostly submerged in water and having thicker muddy layer (Anil Kumar, 2004). They are poor milkers and the female buffaloes are used only for producing the calves and most of the milk is fed to the male calves, which would become a good bullock for draft and agricultural work. The coat colour of majority Kuttanad buffaloes are grey, but a few with black coloured coat. The most important character which distinguishes Kuttanad buffaloes is the presence of two white lines, one at brisket region and the second seen in the upper part of ventral side of neck. The marking in the brisket region is large and extends between the two armpits. The marking at the upper neck area is short and is seen in the joining of neck with head. The farmers consider these white markings as the mark of purity of the animal. The buffaloes are mostly medium-sized. The average heart girth of the Kuttanad buffaloes was measured as 162.32 ± 1.18 cm and height at withers as 109.02 ± 0.78 cm. The average body length was 111.01 ± 1.12 cm. Milk production in Kuttanad buffaloes is very low and reported around 1 to 2 litres per day. They are usually milked only once and major part of the milk is given to male calves. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Assamese Buffalo: Assamese buffaloes are largely distributed in the upper, lower and central Brahamputra valley in Sibsagar, Dibrugarh, Jorhat, Kamrup, Marigaon, Sonitpur, Golaghat, Barpeta, Nalbari, Darrang, Goalpara, Cachar, Karimganj and Hailakandi districts. These buffaloes are reared traditionally in an extensive management nomadic system under zero input conditions, locally known as “Khunti” system. Cytogenetic profile in Assamese buffaloes from central Assam region revealed that they are largely riverine type (2n = 50 in 41 animals) with few animals being riverine X swamp hybrid (2n = 49 in 5 animals) type (Mishra et al., 2010). These findings clearly indicate the existence of some swamp type germplasm in Assam. Assamese buffaloes are medium sized animal with body NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL colour being primarily black and with varying shades from dark to grayish black. The horn pattern is mostly of macrocerous type, being nearly straight and turning at the ends. Assamese buffaloes are mainly reared for milk and sale of young male calves which are used for carting and agricultural operations. Milk yield is generally low with high fat percentage averaging about 8.5 percent.

Manipur Buffalo: Census, 2003). The population trend in Manipuri buffalo indicates a steep decline of about 45 % during last 20 years. The Manipuri buffaloes in the hilly region are mainly used for draught and meat purposes while the animals in the valley are used primarily for agricultural operations and carting. Manipuri buffaloes are reared under zero input system, in hilly region buffaloes are largely let loose in the forest for grazing and stay in the

194 forest even at night. Cytogenetic screening of Manipuri buffaloes revealed a diploid chromosome numbers 2n = 48 (Mishra et al., 2010), which is typical of swamp type and thus confirmed the swamp status of Manipuri buffaloes of north-east India. The Manipuri buffaloes are generally grey to grayish-black in colour. Horns are sickle shaped (curved) with broad horn base and mostly corrugated. The buffaloes are medium built and compact with strong legs. Typical white or grayish white colour is observed between hoofs to knee in majority animals. The hilly type animals are comparatively shorter, but they are stouter than their valley counterparts. The Manipuri buffaloes have typical white markings.

Mizorami Buffalo: Mizorami buffaloes have swamp like features similar to Manipuri buffalo and are relatively small in numbers (around 6000 as per Livestock Census, 2003). They are concentrated in valley region mainly around paddy cultivation areas of North Van-Lai-Phai, Thenzawl and Champhai. Buffaloes are left in the jungles for most of the time and they are brought to fields during paddy cultivation season of June-August. Other than draft, buffaloes are also utilized for meat purpose during special occasions. Mizoram buffaloes are short and stout with markings and body features similar to Manipuri buffaloes. These buffaloes are never milked and milk is left for calves to suckle invariably. Cytogenetically Mizoram buffaloes are typical swamp type (2n = 48).

Sikamese Buffalo: Sikamese buffaloes are the native of the Sikkim state. This is a small size hardy buffalo (250- 400 kg) with compact body and thick coat with black and gray colour. These buffaloes are suited for hilly terrain and are poor milker.

Swamp Buffalo: The buffalo population of Assam is basically swamp type. Swamp buffaloes reared under semi- domesticated (semi-intensive) and nomadic (extensive) production system. Body colour of swamp buffaloes is generally black with varying shades from dark slaty gray to black. Horn pattern is characteristic, essentially macrocerous being nearly straight and tuning at the ends, but in few animals’ spirocerous type horn curving upwards to form a circle also found. Swamp buffaloes have 48 chromosomes (24 pairs), out of which 23 pairs of autosomes revealed 4 pairs as sub-metacentric, 1 pair metacentric and 19 pairs acrocentric. The one pair of sex – chromosome reported that X-chromosome is largest acrocentric while Y chromosome is smallest (AAU, 1998). Average age at first calving, lactation milk yield, lactation length, service period and calving interval reported as: 59.03 ± 0.42 months, 506.0 ± 3.14 kg, 283.40 ± 1.44 days, 181.70 ± 2.39 days and 507.80 ± 2.39 days, respectively (Ahlawat et al. 2003). Also Das et al (2010) studied the production performance traits of swamp buffaloes maintained at Livestock Research Station, AAU, Khanapara and reported the means for first lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield and days to attained peak yield as: 414.00 ± 15.85 kg, 307.00 ± 3.33 days, 2.17 ± 0.11 kg and 61.66 ± 0.97 days, respectively.

Dharwari Buffalo: Dharwari buffaloes are also known as Holesal or Mundargi buffaloes. Previous reports opined that Pandharpuri buffaloes in North Karnataka are called Dharwari. Eighty per cent of the buffaloes found in Karnataka are of this type (Jayashankar and Govindaiah, 2001). The buffaloes are found in Dharwar, Belgaum and Bijapur districts of northern Karnataka, closely resembling Pandharpuri. A strong herding instinct is the characteristic behavior of the Dharwari buffaloes, with the male acting as leader; but docile in nature. Dharwari buffaloes are medium-sized animals. Body length, height at withers and chest girth range from 150-175, 125-142 and 200-215 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity cm, respectively. Body is slate blackish in colour, covered with long hairy coat. Hair at chest floor, abdominal Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February region and on legs appears dense. Horns are projected laterally and backward from the head, long, flat and sweeping in nature; usually carried parallel to neck almost crossing the shoulder blade, ending with sharp upward point. Tail hangs below the hock joint, seldom touching the ground. Age at first calving in Dharwari buffaloes reported around 4-4.5 years. They are regular calvers with a calving interval of 14-16 months. The buffaloes yield milk with a range of 500 – 1500 kg in a lactation period of 265 – 325 days. The buffaloes are maintained by the tribal community Gavali or Gowli, spread over Western Ghats and in suburban areas in Belgaum, Dharwar and North Kanara districts of Karnataka. Only natural service is followed, as the tribal people are reluctant to adopt Artificial Insemination. for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL The women folk of the community are ardent lovers and totally dedicated for rearing of buffaloes for milk production. A distinct feature of varietals cutting of the ears of these buffaloes is done for identification and beautification.

Diara Buffalo: The South and North Gangetic plains of Bihar are densely populated with buffaloes locally called “Diara or Deshila”. Diara buffaloes are true breeding population evolved in Tal and Diara region of Bihar state. These buffaloes are medium in body size, having a different and typical horn orientation, light black to silver grey coat colour and light black skin colour. Diara buffaloes are well adapted to the local climatic conditions as well as the buffalo management system prevailing in the Gangetic plain. The population of Diara buffalo in its breeding

195 tract is about 1.3 million (Singh et al. 2010). Diara buffaloes are maintained under low input production system and contributing about 32% of the State Milk Pool. On the basis of physical attributes the buffaloes in Bihar state are grouped in to three distinct types (i) Punjabiya (graded Murrah) (ii) Deshila (Diara) and (iii) non-descript Findings of few studies have been revealed that the animals under three groups i.e., Graded Murrah, Diara and non-described are phenotypically different among themselves. The molecular characterization findings revealed that Diara buffaloes are genetically different from Murrah. The average daily milk yield and peak yield in Diara buffaloes reported 4.65 ± 0.11 and 7.50 ± 0.19 kg, respectively (Singh et al, 2010). Reproductive traits viz. service period and calving interval reported 106.53 ± 2.14 and 420.53 ± 2.43 days, respectively.

Gojri Buffalo: Gojri buffalo reared by the Gujjars community from Mohali, Roopnagar and Pathankot districts in Punjab and Nurpur, Jassur, Chawari, Jyot, Sahu, Bhamaur and Tissa area in Kangra and Chamba division of Himachal Pradesh. Buffaloes are maintained under migratory and low in-put production system for exploiting high quality seasonal grasses in western dry land and Himalayan mountainous region. Gojri buffaloes are unique and posses distinct phenotypic appearance from Murrah, Murrah crosses and Nili-Ravi breeds found in the same area. Physical characteristics of Gojri buffaloes include black coat colour with brown thick hairs; white patches may present on black face and black muzzle. Males are brownish to black in colour. Horns are medium to large sized with curved orientation which moves backwards and then forwards to complete loop, locally called “Pattih wale seengh”. Udder is small round shaped but well placed with cylindrical teats and milk vein visible but not so prominent. Average daily milk yield recorded ranged from 3 to 6 kg / buffalo/day. Calving interval in Gojri buffaloes ranged between 20-25 months and average age at first calving reported 4 to 5 years. These buffaloes are reared for milk production and primary commodity sold in the market is paneer and raw milk (Vohraet al.2013).

REFERENCES

APEDA (2016). Animal Products Report: Country wise. Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics (2010). Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, New Delhi. Bidhar G C, Pattnaik G R, Rao P K and Patro B N (1986). Chromosome number and morphology of Paralakhemundi buffaloes in Orissa. Buffalo Bulletin 5: 54-56. FAO (2000). Water buffalo: An asset undervalued. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. http://empaeg.com/UserFiles/File53242.pdf. (Verified 12 Aug. 2014) Livestock Census (2007). Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi, India. Mishra, B P, Prakash, B, Kataria, R S, Kathiravan, P, Sadana, D K, Joshi, B K, Das, G C, Goswami, R N, Bhasin, V K, Rasool, T J and Bujarbaruah, K M (2010). Genetic characterization of buffalo population from North-East India. Proc. International Buffalo Conference, held at New Delhi, pp. 113-116. Mishra, B P, Prakash, B, Kataria, R S, Kathiravan, P, Sadana, D K, Das, G C, Joshi, B K, Bhasin, V K, Rasool, T J and Bujarbaruah, K M (2009). Cytogenetic profiling and mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed existence of swamp buffalo population in Manipur state. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 80 (1): 29-35. Satish Kumar, MuniyandiNagarajan, Jasmeet S Sandhu, Niraj Kumar and VandanaBeha (2007). Phylogeography XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February and domestication of Indian river buffalo. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7: 186. Vohra, V, Niranjan, S K, Mishra, A K, Kataria, R S and Sharma, A (2015). Buffalo genetic resources of India: Gojri. Bulletin No. 88 / 2015, pp:1-37, Pub. By ICAR-NBAGR, Karnal. Wanapat, M., and S.C. Kang (2013). World buffalo production: Challenges in meat and milk production, and mitigation of methane emission. Buff. Bullet. 32:1–21. Yadav, B R, Balakrishnan, Balaine, D S and Kumar, P (1988). Cytogenetic confirmation of the presence of swamp buffaloes in India. Proce. 2nd World Buffalo Congress, New Delhi, India, II: 174-77. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

196 Lead Paper INDIGENOUS CATTLE AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

K.P. RAMESHA*1 AND ARUN PRATAP SINGH2 1Head, Southern Regional Station, Icar-ndri, Bangalore-560030, Karnataka, India 2Ph.d Scholar, Animal Genetics And Breeding Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India *Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Cow rearing has been an integral part of the socio-economic and cultural fabric of rural India since time immemorial. Animals provide nutrient-rich food products, draught power, dung as organic manure and domestic fuel, hides & skin, and are a regular source of income for rural households. India has the largest bovine (cattle and buffalo) population in the world and ranks first among the world’s milk producing nations since 1998. The Indian breeds of cattle are suited to tropical climatic conditions, are able to resist the heat stress, need less water, can walk long distances, survive on local grasses and resist tropical diseases. They can also be turned into high milk producers given the right kind of feed and environment. Indigenous livestock generally require low maintenance energy. Thus the impact of climate change will be minimal on low and medium producing animals as compared to high yielding animals. Many cattle breeds of Indian origin have made major contribution to the development of composite breeds elsewhere in the world.

Introduction

India has some of the best breeds of cattle with traits for dairy, draught power and dual purposes. These breeds of livestock are essentially the products of long term natural selection and are better acclimatized to tropical fodder, environment and diseases, and perform under low and medium inputs. Some of these breeds are suited to particular agro-climatic conditions in the country. The different production systems like zero input – low output, low input – moderate output, intensive input – high output are characteristics of dairy production system in India (Ramesha and Divya, 2013).

India has contributed richly to the international livestock gene pool and improvement of animal productivity in the world. Brahman cattle are found in 45 countries while Sahiwal breed is found in 29 countries (Ramesha et al., 2007). As per the BAHS, 2012, In India there are about 12.5% of world’s cattle (199.07 million). India is number one milk producer in the world since 1997. In India there are 40 recognised breeds of cattle which XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

Figure1. Categorization of Indian cattle Figure 2. Milk Production and corresponding growth rate (%) in India breeds from 1980-81 to 2013-14. Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2014 and earlier years

197 account for about 11% of the total cattle population. Vast majority of Indian cattle are of Non-descript type (Fig.1). The milk productivity of Indigenous cow, crossbred cow, buffalo and goat is only 2.20, 6.80, 4.53 and 0.40kg/day respectively. The differences in milk production of crossbreds and indigenous milch breeds do not seem to be substantial considering the fact that not much selection has gone into the improvement of indigenous breeds for milk yield. Several measures have been initiated by the government to increase the productivity of milch animals, which has resulted in increased milk production from 17 MT in 1950 to 137.4 MT in 2013-14 and the per capita availability of milk was around 307 grams per day in 2013-14 as depicted in the figure 2.

Among Indigenous breeds, cows producing good quality milk in a lactation have been recorded under Central Herd Registration Scheme for breeds like Gir (3038-3263 kg), Ongole (2000-2544 kg) and Hariana (1671- 4015 kg.). Even among Maland Gidda-dwarf cattle with body weight of 80-120 kgs, many cows give 3-4kgs of milk per day with regular calvings under low input production system (Ramesha, 2013). This indicates that there exists genetic potential for high milk production in indigenous breeds but it needs to be exploited.

Role of Indigenous breeds of cattle Locally adapted breeds enable these vast areas to be used in sustainable manner. Indigenous cattle have the function of savings and insurance besides providing a means of livelihood diversification, enabling cattle rearers to cope with fluctuations in income from wage labour or crop production. Most of the agricultural operations and transportation in rural India still depend to a large extent on draught power. Besides these, the animals also provide dung, which is used for fertilizing the fields as well as fuel in the form of dung cakes in villages. Highly diverse cattle genetic resources are essential for food security in view of the impending climatic change. The loss of cattle genetic diversity puts in jeopardy the sustainability of animal agriculture and the ability of the sector to respond to changing environmental conditions, such as disease, climate, production systems as well as future consumer preferences and food security particularly during disaster.

Special characters of Indigenous cattle: impending climate change Indigenous breeds are well known for heat tolerance, hardiness and ability to survive and perform even under stressful conditions and low input regimes. Zebu cattle have the ability to convert low protein, high fiber roughage materials into high-grade foodstuffs with the aid of omasal symbionts. So they can thrive and perform well on inferior fodders. They have the ability to reverse down metabolism during extremes of scarcity but show quick response in the form of better reproductive and productive efficiency when nutrients are plenty. This is of great use in situations like drought, famine etc. Zebu cattle are efficient foragers and their tight sheath and small teats avoid injuries during grazing. The sloppy rumps in draft breeds make them suitable for quick and hard work. The white or light colored, short, sleek, densely, reflecting and glistering coat in indigenous cattle does not attract vectors and dislodge them. Flexible tail tip helps as a brush to repel vectors. Premunity is high and reticuloendothelial system is well developed in zebu cattle. Usually longevity XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

Figure 3. Malnad Gidda cow Naggi a wonder cow which delivered 20 calves in 24 years of her age

198 is more than 15 years with high reproduction rates and more number of lifetime calves and many animals give more than 15 calves in their life time. They have outstanding mothering ability. They calve with ease and dystokia is rarely reported. There is a great degree of genetic variation in indigenous breeds of livestock with respect to their size, productivity, growth rate, reproductive efficiency which can be made use for the improvement of livestock worldwide.

The Malnad Gidda cow named ‘NAGI’, is now 24 years old and gave birth to 20 calves successively without any interruption/delay between calving (Fig.3). Indigenous cattle have lower basal metabolic rate, better capacity for heat dissipation through cutaneous evaporation and thus adaptation to tropical heat and resistance to diseases specially the tick-borne diseases than taurine cattle. Indigenous cattle possess natural resistance to various insects, as their skin has a dense texture, making it difficult for blood sucking insects to penetrate. Several studies indicate the differential disease resistance of indigenous cattle compared to exotic cattle on Theileria parva (Ndungu et al., 2005), on tick infestation (Mwangi et al., 1998), on symptoms of babesiosis (Aulakh et al., 2005). The CRC (2006) work in Australia confirms tick resistance but also shows the poorer temperament in Brahman cattle. Most of the indigenous cattle can withstand and graze even at atmospheric temperatures of 40oC. Aggarwal and Singh (2006) reported Upper (UCT) and Lower Critical Temperatures (LCT) for different breed types as 38ºC and 10ºC respectively for Indigenous breeds, 24ºC and 2ºC for Jersey and crosses, 20ºC and 10ºC respectively for Holsteins. Ghosh et al (2006) reports temperatures at which milk production starts to reduce as 21ºC for Holsteins, 24/27ºC for Jersey and Brown Swiss and 32ºC for Zebu type. Due to these special characteristics of indigenous cattle, they are able to conceive after drought while crossbreds fail to conceive after lack of feed and water and many times sent to slaughterhouse (Ramesha, 2003). The study conducted in Kerala Veterinary University using Vechur cattle showed that Vechur cattle did not show symptoms of heat stress even after exposure to sunlight. There had been only slight increase in body temperature after exposure to sun (Venkatachalapathy and Iype, 2010).The extensive area covered by the dewlap, loose body skin, more sweat glands and hair coat play a vital role in its heat tolerance.

Distinctive characteristics of Indigenous breeds of cattle for better human health Man has been in search of a Nectar or Amrita, a sip or two of which could make him liberate from all sufferings and make him immortal. It is not kenned yet, whether such an Amrit ever subsisted but India’s Antediluvian scripture have described cow milk as Amrita. This has been verbalized by Indra, the king of gods. Ergo one donates a cow, he donates Amrita. (Rig Veda 1-71-9) withal states “Gosh Priyamamritamrakshmana”. It bulwarks us from disease. Raj Nighantu an authoritative treatise on “Ayurveda” withal describes milk as Amrita or Piyush. There are kindred descriptions in a number of other scriptures, which have limpidly pronounced that if at all there authentically is something called Amrit in the world, it definitely and decidedly is cow’s milk alone. CharakShastra is one of the most archaic books in the history of medical science. Charak has described milk as “Swadu, Shitam, Mridu, Snigdham, Shalakshanpichhlam. Guru, mand, prasanna cha gavyamdashagunapaya (CharakSutradhan 27-214). This designates cows milk is savory, saccharine,has a fine flavor, is dense contains fat, but is easily digestible. Dhanvantri, another archaic Indian Medico has verbally expressed that cow milk is desirable and preferred diet in all types of ailments. Not only that, its customary use bulwarks the human body from vata, pitta and heart diseases. Similarly even XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity modern science tells us that cow milk avails in remedying uric acid ailments and acidity conditions in stomach. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February There are number of mantras in all the four Vedas which describe the consequentiality of cow and cow milk not only as consummate ailment but withal as a curative drink. The feed and fodder given to cows was withal required to be of a very high quality and having sundry herbs as its essential ingredients. Rigveda in its Mantra of the 73rd Sukta in 10th Chapter (10-73-9) verbally expresses that cow provides in its milk the curative and prophylactic effects of the medicinal herbs. In another mantra (5-19-4) cow milk is described as the most desirable and relished drink. Properties of milk as provider of vitality and vigor are verbally expressed in the following mantra (4-21-6) of the Atharva Veda. The cow, through its milk, transforms an impuissant for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL and sick person into an energetic person, provides vitality to those without it and by doing so, makes the family prosperous and venerable in the civilized society. Curative value of cow milk in heart diseases and Leucoderma has been described in the Atharva veda. The Vedas describe ‘Ghee’ not only as an ingredient essential for performing “Yagna or Havan” but withal has the first and most essential among all foods. The utilization of Ghee invigorates the body and enhances life span. It is because of these qualities of cow milk that cow has been treated as”Gou-Matha-Cow Mother”, a provider of Amrita, health, wealth, prosperity and veneration.

199 The cow touches all our religious, cultural, economic activities since ancient times and is the backbone of nutritional and economic security of the Indian masses besides environmental protection. Indian agriculture from ancient times makes use of cow based products such as cow dung and urine as natural fertilizers and pesticides. In Indian Health Systems, produce of cows namely milk, curd, ghee, dung and urine (panchagavya) and butter milk are extensively used to cure various diseases. Cow milk (Gau-Dugdha) has fat, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, antimicrobial substances and other health promoting agents. Dung (Gau-Maya) is used for fertilizing the fields as well as fuel in the form of dung cakes and to purify the environment as it checks toxic radiation. Dung as a manure prevents soil erosion, reducing the incidence of landslides and floods. Fertility of soil is best nurtured and sustained by urine and dung.

The main utilization of panchagavyam is not only for the external cleanliness but also for the internal cleansing. Ghee predicated medicines (Go Gritham) have been used for remedying epilepsy, dementia, Schizophrenia, cancer, leprosy, migraine. In traditional system of medicine, it is believed Gou-mutra predicated medicines are a remedy for many types of diseases- cancer, blood pressure, diabetes, mouth ulcer, and asthma. Cow predicated medicines are available for several of the current day diseases including cancer. Some of these utilities of cow’s produce have received patents in USA. I. USA PATENT NO 7297659: 20/NOV/2007 Plant growth promoting bio control composition II. USA PATENT NO 610659: 25/JUNE/2002 Enhancing antimicrobial effect of antibiotics III. USA PATENT NO 20040198769: 07/OCT/2007 protecting/repairing DNA from oxidative damages IV. USA PATENT NO 6896907: 24/MAY/2005 Cow urine distillate as a bio enhancer of anti- infective , anti- cancer agents and nutrients

Milk and milk products from indigenous cows: Milk and milk products are the most common foods consumed around the world. Milk contains two protein molecules: whey and casein. Casein makes up to about 80% of the protein in the milk. Casein is made up of 209 amino acids linked together in sequence. Milk from Indian zebu cattle and buffaloes contain only A2 allele of beta-casein protein which is considered to be safe for human consumption whereas A1 allele of beta casein is found to have higher frequency in most of Bos taurus breeds which has been implicated in certain diseases, namely type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), ischemic heart disease (IHD), arteriosclerosis and neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. The difference in A1 and A2 beta-casein is the amino acid histidine in A1 and proline in A2 at position 67. Milk in which more than 99% of the beta-casein is the A2 variant is known as ‘A2 milk’. In both beta-casein A1 and A2, there is a side chain amino acid that comes off from amino acid 67. This side chain amino acid is called BCM7. The bond between histidine and its linked amino acids (BCM 7) is much weaker and much more easily broken than the bonding of proline in A2. This breakdown happens during the digestive process and releases a peptide called beta casomorphin 7 (BCM7). This peptide is released on digestion from A1 beta-casein. BCM7 is not released on digestion from A2 beta-casein. Beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM7) is a hepta-peptide with opioid characteristics and a strong affinity for mu-opioid receptors. Its derivative BCM5 has even stronger opioid activity. There are several reports available on the adverse effect of this peptide on health which includes Type 1 diabetes, Heart disease, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, autism, digestive disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, intolerance, allergies, XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February autoimmune conditions etc. The BCM7 related health conditions is linked to the peptide being able to pass from the digestive system to the circulatory system. BCM7 is a 7 amino acid peptide that is resistant to degradation. It takes very strong immune response to break this molecule down effectively. This immune response often takes place in the gut and causes digestive distress and leaky gut syndrome. The most susceptible individuals are those who already have digestive problems and infants who naturally have increased intestinal permeability. The experiments in laboratory animals have shown that BCM7 passes into the bloodstream; it is able to cross through the blood brain barrier. In the brain, it can bind to opioid receptors and cause symptoms NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL of schizophrenia, autism, and other mood and neurodevelopment issues. Research performed on rats has shown autistic and schizophrenic type behavioral changes after the rats were injected with BCM7. Recently, Curtin University in Western Australia conducted the first human digestion clinical trial testing the A1 and A2 milk proteins. First human digestion trial published in European Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported a digestive difference between A1 and A2 protein supporting previous studies. Presently, there is increasing demand for A2 milk and organic milk and milk products to meet the requirements of health conscious population. The Netherlands based A2Milk Company (A2MC) is already selling A2 milk (free from a1 milk) in Netherland, Australia and other countries and already introduced A2 Platinum® infant formula which has

200 got good market demand at premium price.

Traditionally Indian cows are reared mainly based on grazing which results in milk production with low saturated fats. The indigenous cow’s milk has high level of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) content besides a rich source of carotenoids (yellow color of indigenous cow’s milk is due to high carotenoids which is good for eyes), Vit D and Vit B12 besides antimicrobial substances. The cholesterol level in milk and other products of indigenous cattle is lower than European cattle. The medicinal properties of milk, urine, dung of indigenous cattle are well known in Ayurveda system of medicine.

Indigenous cattle and environment The practice of pruning forest trees and moderate cattle grazing allows sunlight to reach the ground level to facilitate green undergrowth in forests. This undergrowth stabilizes the forest soil and also promotes multiplication of beneficial microbes. Researchers with the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) reported that if cattle are allowed to graze moderately, soil quality can be restored and emissions of carbon dioxide can be reduced which substantiates the description in the Vedas that a herd of cows converts waste land into farm land. Even the work done by Allan Savory to restore the greenery in Africa by re-establishing herds of cattle, sheep and also other wildlife supports the statement.

Potential impacts of climate change on livestock production in India are yet to be exhaustively studied. Indigenous livestock generally require low maintenance energy. Thus the impact of climate change will be minimal on low and medium producing animals as compared to high yielding animals. Temperature increase in mid altitude and in high altitude is liable to amend pasture production by incrementing the season of pasture production. Local breeds are liable to benefit from warmer winter. In plains and dry land areas, extreme conditions like drought and water shortage may increase substantially. In areas near deserts, livestock deaths due to heat strokes may increase. However, indigenous cattle due to low basal metabolic rate and their feeding habit are liable to be less affected compared to high yielding exotic breeds and crossbreds. In coastal zones, due to increasing temperature and sea level, the area available for grazing or fodder production may reduce. In view of climate change, adaptations to changing environment and resistance to incipient diseases will be paramount criteria in livestock production. It is liable to impact housing, feeding, health care, etc. in livestock sector. Climate change is liable to affect disease pattern and epidemiology, ailment and fodder availability (Pilling and Hoffmann, 2011). The water scarcity for livestock production is a serious issue. The climate change is likely to aggravate water scarcity problem.

Cattle biodiversity will become handy to identify new breeds and amend their production in the changed climatic condition. It is essential to map the felicitous breed for a particular area predicted on the likely changes in climate. There could be shift in the suitability of breeds from one place to another place. All the products from the cattle are environment friendly and have no adverse impact on the environment. The indiscriminate utilization of chemical fertilizers has led to the deterioration in the soil quality and research has proved that the productivity levels have come down drastically with the sustained utilization of these fertilizers. Most of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have detrimental effect on soil as well as water quality XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity and have been the major source of environmental pollution and diseases. In fact, cow dung and the cow urine Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February along with other organic matters are foremost among kenned substances that amend and sustain soil quality and fertility. Cow dung is a very good disinfectant. In earlier days, cow dung used to be commixed with water and applied in front of houses every day as a disinfectant. Our misplaced sense of cleanliness in modern times has relegated cow dung as dirty. Nothing can be farther from the truth. Neem and certain other leaves commixed with cow urine is a very efficacious pest repellant. This has no deleterious effect on environment and health. Chemical pesticides are highly toxic and have astringent detrimental effect on environment and health. Gobar gas has proven to be a very cost efficacious and environment amicable for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL alternative fuel for rural households. Utilization of bulls in agriculture eliminates pollution as compared to diesel powered tractors and other farm equipments which lead to high calibers of pollution and environmental degradation. In recent times even agricultural lands eradicated by Tsunami and rendered unfit for agriculture, were reclaimed by applying cow dung in sizably voluminous quantities. The smoke from the cow dung cake has a purifying effect on the environment. Research in Russia has proved the disinfectant and anti pollution qualities of the smoke from Gomaya.

201 Epilogue Indigenous livestock have evolved over a long time in the diverse, stressful, tropical environment with adaptive traits. This situation enables them to live and engender in these conditions. Indigenous cattle breeds are not able to compete with “improved breeds” in terms of production; on the other hand they fulfil a much wider range of functions and support farming community with wider range of quality products. The milk productivity of indigenous cattle could be enhanced substantially through proper breeding and feeding and managemental strategies. The challenge is to utilize this genetic diversity for the benefit of livestock production.

References

Aggarwal, A. and Singh, M. 2006. Impact of Micoclimatic Modification on Production of Dairy Animals in Summer. Indian Dairyman, 58: 3. Aulakh, G.S., Singla, L.D., Kaur, P. and Alka 2005. Bovine Babesiosis due to Babesia bigemina: Haematobiochemical and therapeutic studies. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 75 (6): 617-622. Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2006, 2012, 2014. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. CRC Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies 2006. Annual Report 2005/2006, Armidale, NSW, Australia Ghosh C., Roy B., Pankaj P K., Prasad S. and Brahma B. 2006. Managemental Strategies to Alleviate Heat Stress in Dairy Animals. Indian Dairyman, 58:4. Mwangi E K, Stevenson P, Ndung’u J M, Stear M J, Reid S W J, Gettingby G. and Murray M. 1998. Studies on Host Resistance to Tick Infestation among Trypanotolerant Bos indicus Cattle Breeds in East Africa. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 849: 195-208. Ndungu S G, Brown C G. and Dolan T T. 2005. In vivo comparisons of susceptibility between bos indicus and bos taurus cattle types to Theileria parva infection. Journal of Veterinary Research 72: 13-22. Pilling, D. and Hoffmann, I. 2011. Background Study Paper No. 53. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, FAO, Climate change and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture: state of knowledge, risks and opportunities. Ramesha, K. P. 2003. Indigenous cattle and their role in this millennium, Swadeshi Pathrike, Page 28-32 Ramesha, K. P. Pourouchottamane R, Kataktalware M A. and Sarkar M. 2007. Intellectual property Rights (IPR) issues in livestock biodiversity –Indian perspective.58-66. Proceedings of the National Symposium on “Role of animal genetic resources in rural livelihood security. Feb 8-9, 2007.Ranchi, India. Ramesha, K. P. 2013. Intellectual Property Rights Regime. In Handbook of Animal Husbandry. Fourth Revised and enlarged Edition. 2013. ISBN:978-81-7164-086-7. Page 1444-1451. Venkatachalapathy R T. and Iype S. 2010. Adaptability studies on Vechur cattle of Kerala, Proceedings of the national conference on native livestock breeds and their sustainable uses. 27, 28 September, 2010. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

202 Lead paper COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION APPROACH FOR INDIAN LIVESTOCK

D.K. SADANA Principal Scientist (Retd.)ICAR-NBAGR Indigenous Livestock Society-India, KARNAL 132 001 (Haryana) Email: [email protected]

Introduction

A local breed is always associated with a state or a region and often linked to some community. As the local livestock breeds are a direct resource to their livelihoods, the communities are interested and can play a vital role in conserving the breed. Communitiespossess the strength of traditional knowledge or knowledge practices necessary to sustain the breed in tune with the local production system and the overall environment. It is imperative to understand why communities are necessary to saving the breeds and how the alternate approaches hardly met any success. Case studies show some conservation achieved by civil society, NGOs and by formation of breed society by the community. Breed conservation can be achieved by, first and foremost, involving the communities, and by building their capacity to take a joint approach by involving as many stakeholders as feasible.

Current Status of AnGR in India

Identification of breeds is first major step to saving the country’s genetic wealth.Some good progress has been made in the country in respect of identification of new breedsduring the last decade. States like Gujarat and Odisha successfully identified some breeds in recent years. Some other states - like Telangana - are strongly coming forward highlighting the local unique germplasm. Increased awareness on the importance of AnGR and the guidelines from NBAGR (www.nbagr.res.in) has prompted different stakeholders to identify new populations, record their details for documentation and bringsuch populations to state and national map. Of the 160 registered breeds (thus far) and an equal number of lesser known breeds, there are very few which are safer than the need for conservation, like Murrah, Gir, Kankrej and MalnadGidda. Most of the defined breeds and populations need conservation support and many need to be acted on more seriously/urgently.In respect of saving and conserving the local breeds, some progress has been made by civil society and NGOs in stark comparison with little gains from the institutional system. Undertaking community based conservation with planned support to building the capacity of the communities could be the next important step to saving the endangered locally valuable AnGR.

AnGR & Conservation XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

Several of the indigenous livestock breeds show reducing trends in their numbers. Livestock keepers are unable to sustain the populations due to progressively reduced returns/outcome by maintaining the local breed or, otherwise, the alternatives becoming available more easily - like crossbreds for more milk or tractors for farming. The only option to saving the local breeds from extinction calls for major efforts for ‘value addition’ from the livestock products and policy-level recognition to overall servicesobtained from livestock including environmental, and local proximal food (availablewithout food-miles).The progress by civil society NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL has largely been achieved by involving communities, and in some cases, bynew breed societies formed by the community members.Gujarat and Kerala are the leading states in respect of forming new breed societies; Gujarat has institutionalized formation of breed societies after the leading examples of Banni buffalo and Kharai camel from Kutch. Kerala has the distinction of forming four breed societies by the civil groups. On the other hand, conservation by the institutional system – the case of ‘Threatened Breed Conservation’ by AH Department – could not make an impact on conserving the local breeds as per NABCON assessment. Conservation schemes and efforts are necessary for rejuvenation of local breeds and in this respect better results have been obtained in all cases where communities were involved.

203 What is Community-based Conservation?

It is well known that locally important productive activities of individuals or groups in society take place in communities. Communities provide the easiest means for people to take socially valuable action as well as to express their concerns. It has variously been expressed that if the communities are properly empowered and informed, they can contribute to decisions that affect them and play an important part in providing sustainability to local production systems.Communities can play a vital role because they have a vested interest in AnGR and other natural resources on which their livelihoods depend, and have the most to lose in the event of loss of these resources. Moreover, being local, they have a better understanding of what it takes to manage their traditional resources for continued use.

A local community refers generally to people who have common interests and live in a defined geographical area within a broader society. Thus, ‘community-based’ management of breeds refers to a system of breed and ecosystem management in which the livestock keepers are responsible for the decisions on priority setting and the implementation of all aspects of conservation and sustainable use of the breeds. It’s a myth to believe that communities are static, traditional and do not change. A recent Meet of Pastoralists from different parts of the country (in Delhi, 2016) showed that their lifestyles are no morejust traditional, and also showed how dynamic these communities are in taking on the new technologies and strategies while maintaining and utilizing the strengths of their traditional lifestyle.

Communities are engaged in in situ conservation: Their actions are oriented to efficiently utilizing the local resources such that the resources remain available to meet long-term needs.In situ AnGR managementprogrammes wherever implemented by involving local communities have shown higher impact. There are cases where communities are also looking at ex situ conservation for improvement of their breeds. Communities are attending to improving their stocks by the use of better semen, embryos and even coming forward to producing quality semen for wider use. Use of electronic gadgets is already a part of the their lifestyle.

Who are the stakeholders of a breed, and its conservation?

A stakeholder is one concerned with managing the livestock for utilizing the products/ services, trade of its products, or concerned with development and conservation of the breed. The primary stakeholders are the livestock keepers/farmers and other stakeholders include consumers of products/services, traders, scientists, policy makers, NGOs, concerned organizations and interested individuals. Consumer as a group would include users of products like milk & meat, as well as users of other items like dung for soils, skins for tannery, minor products and other services. Besides, the Animal Husbandry Department of the state/centre, research institutions (e.g. ICAR), NGOs and other organizations also play a valuable role and are important stakeholders. In addition to grossly managing health aspects of livestock, AH Department also caters to improvement and promotion of livestock including the local breeds. ICAR has species-specific institutions with the mandate of improving the local species/breeds. ICAR-NBAGR has the mandate to characterize and conserve local XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February livestock & poultry breeds, and has implemented conservation models in field conditions. Many of the stakeholders took up conservation of livestock.

The three broad groups have different approaches to undertaking conservation.

(i) Livestock keepers are directly associated with managing the livestock as a production system largely as a livelihood option. Of course, the farmers and livestock keepers have traditionally and historically been the NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL real custodians, improvers and conservators. In today’s context, we must acknowledge that the livestock keepers are the embodiment of traditional knowledge; they are the only amongst the stakeholders who are directly connected with managing and keeping the livestock as a daily practice. They have the capacity to associate and jointly work for a cause if right environment is provided. Farmers have formed defined/ undefined social groups and achieved conservation of breeds. For instance, the ‘Spiti Horse Association’ in Himachal Pradesh is a traditional association continuing over the ages. In all such cases, conservation has been achieved by working in a participatory manner and involving the farmers/ livestock keepers in the conservation process.

204 (ii) NGOs have worked closely with farmers and implemented breed conservation. There are several examples in the country, prominent amongst these are: Sahjeevan NGO [Bhuj, Gujarat] has established Banni Breeding Society and conserved Banni buffaloes while raising their productivity and marketability, and another one ‘Kharai Camel Association’. SURE NGO [Barmer, Rajasthan] are conserving Tharparkar cattle by raising elite bulls and distributing these. Anthra NGO [Telangana] conserved Deccani sheep in areas surrounding Hyderabad.KamdhenuGaushala in Nurmahal near Jalandhar are now conserving Sahiwal and Gir cattle; Timbaktu Collective [Anantpur, AP] have conserved Hallikar cattle; SPS (SamajPragatiSahayog) NGO [Bagli, MP] are now saving local desi birds and the Kadaknathpoultry. SEVA NGO [Madurai] has established some local breed societies viz. Malaimadu Cattle Herders’ Association at Sethunarayan village in TN, Umblachery Cattle Herders’ Association at Nagapattinam village, Katchakatti Sheep Herders’ Association, Vembur Sheep Herders’ Association in Virudhunagar district, Toda Buffalo Pastoralists’ Association in Nilgiris and Pullikulam Cattle Herders’ Association in Shigangai, TN. In all such cases conservation has invariably been achieved by the NGOs by working jointly with local communities.

(iii) Institutional System has also attempted conservation under different Government schemes. A centrally sponsored scheme on Conservation of Threatened Breeds of Small Ruminants, Yak, Mithun, Rabbits, Pigs, Pack Animals and Equines was started by Govt. of India with an outlay of Rs.15 crore during 10th plan and continued in the 11th plan with an allocation of Rs.45 crore. However, The scheme met with paltry success and that too in very few (only 8 out of 25) locations. ICAR-NBAGR undertook conservation and raised number of breed animals in the case of Beetalgoats which has been highlighted as a ‘success story’ and few other cases. NDDB has been reported to have undertaken conservation of Rathi cattle, but the details have not been reported in scientific literature/internet.

Why conservation by Institutional system has failed?

The impact of conservation efforts by institutional system in the country did not show much tangible results. 1. AH Department, GoI scheme ‘Conservation of Threatened Breeds of Livestock’was initiated in the States of Arunanchal Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Predesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal for conservation of breeds of Pony (Spiti, Bhutia& Manipuri), Horse (Kathiawadi, Grey Sindhi &Marwari), Pig (Doom, Zovawk, Ankamali, Doom, Mali &Ghoongroo), Yak (Yak &Hazi), Goat (Long Haired Goat, Black Bengal &Malabari) and Sheep (Bandur&Bonpala). The progress assessed by NABCON [NABARD Consultants] revealed that in most locations the scheme did not make any impact in respect of conservation of the breed. Out of the 25 locations where conservation was planned, there was practically no gains in 17 i.e. two third of the locations. There is no evidence that the local community was involved in these cases which ultimately showed poor results. 2. NPCBB [National Project on Cattle and Buffalo Breeding] implemented during 2000 to 2010 had narrated focus on the development and conservation of important indigenous breeds with separate funds earmarked for conservation. Except few cases, there was no visible impact on conservation of livestock breeds during the decade. The only highlight of the scheme was in Odisha where “four native breeds of cattle XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

and one buffalo breed were identified and registered as breeds”. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

Reasons for poor results There were no assessment-studies reported showing any attempts on finding the reasons why the planned conservation efforts/funds did not show any gains in conserving the breed. Based on the observations, however, it can be surmised that ‘conservation’ as a concept has been limited to raising the number of breed animals without considerations of the surrounding environment, and the limited approach to establishing a livestock farm by purchasing/ procuring breed animals from the surrounding areas, and, in the process, also cutting off for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL the animals from their natural habitat. Several livestock farms in the country that have been opened were subsequently closed - in a few years, if not sooner. Moreover, in terms of productivity/utility, farm livestock could never match with the field livestock. Termed as ‘ex situ in vivo’ conservation, it’s only in extremely few farms where the animals did perform well. In general, the concept of opening a new farm to conserve a breed has largely failed.

The singular approach of raising the number of breed animals is also not enough, without strengthening the facilitating environment covering feed, fodder, water, environment and management. A community, in general,

205 has the innate capacity to raising the number of animals as well as improving the resourcefulness of the surroundings. The biggest asset of the community is it’s traditional knowledge in managing the local breed. By not involving the local community, the chances of success in respect of conservation are meager.

How does community based conservation operate?

A community possesses the requisite knowledge for managing the local breed and this knowledge percolates down from generation to generation, thereby the breed continues to be maintained over time. As a sustainable production system, the breed, by virtue of its being a locally efficient system, continues to provide benefits to the community members, who, in turn, continually manage and maintain the breed. Attempts at conserving a breed without involving the community hardly turns out to meet any success. Some NGOs have demonstrated how involvement of community leads to conservation of breeds as in the case studies narrated below.

In general, NGOs worked closely with the farmers, assessed their requirements and utilized the traditional knowledge in management and selection of the breed animals. This resulted in greater success in raising the number of purebred animals in the areas undertaken. For example, ANTHRA undertook in situ conservation for Deccani sheep using traditional knowledge of the farmers. The rams for breeding were selected by a joint team of shepherds and researchers. In addition, ANTHRA established farmers’ meeting points (named as ‘Sangam’). A Sangam was a housing place where the community members would meet periodically, discuss their problems and take joint solutions for the prevalent problems. Animal scientists also joined such informal meetings to provide on the spot solutions. The scheme was very popular with the shepherds who got involved with the process. ANTHRA also made marketing interventions and provided support for the sale of wool products. Over the period, it was recorded that there was an increase in the average number of Deccani sheep kept by individual family as well as total number of families maintaining the breed also increased in the project area.

Sahjeevan, another NGO, established a Banni Breed Association [‘Banni Pashu Uchherak Maldhari Sanghatan’] by involving the Banni buffalo keepers (i.e. Maldhari community members) in the Banni tract (Gujarat). Maldharis participated in the society activities and arranged Banni Pashu Melas (10th fair during 2016), an annual feature. By marketing through the Breed Association, the Banni keepers obtained higher price (on an average 27%) for their buffaloes during the first year of their establishment. As the awareness increased through the fairs, demand for Banni buffalo also increased. This has helped in conservation of the breed. Under the banner of the Society, the Maldharis arrange periodic meetings to discuss common problems on water availability, grazing, feed-fodder, veterinary, health and marketing issues. For any conservation scheme to succeed, it is necessary to attend to all these interventions as the ‘supporting environment’ of the breed.

SEVA [Sustainable Agriculture Environment Voluntary Action], an NGO, are engaged in community based approach to conservation of local indigenous livestock breeds in Tamil Nadu. In order to promote local breeds they have undertaken supporting activities in regard with Pastoralists and traditional Grasslands XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February (‘Korangadu’). They also facilitate community loan system based on collections made within community just because the banks are not coming forward to provide loans for fodder cultivation. The NGO arranges procurement and distribution of purebred bulls and pure-breed animals. In order to improve the availability of water, the NGO has de-silted the water ponds to strengthen water-recharging mechanisms. With the involvement of the community, the needed environment to support the breed animals has been strengthened. In Rajasthan, SURE [Society to Uplift Rural Economy] NGO has undertaken the activities to select young purebred males of Tharparkar cattle and established “breeders’ associations” in the villages and provided NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL purebred bulls for Natural Service. They monitor effective NS from the provided bulls and have developed arrangements with the community members to record calvings and milk yield from the progeny as an incentive to pure-breeding and selection. They also arrange regular meetings of the Breeders’ Associations in the villages. A significant increase in the number of Tharparkar cattle in the undertaken villages was recorded.

In an interesting case, the farmers of the Anantpur (AP) area were to decide on the type of cattle that would suit their agricultural requirements. During 2007, Timbaktu (an NGO) took the initiative and the farmers were shown the production system of crossbred HF cattle in the vicinity, but the farmers selected Hallikar

206 cattle which the community people said would provide some milk but more valuable draught power without the need for elaborate feed/fodder or veterinary care requirements. The local community has been able to raise the number of Hallikar cattle and also meet the draft power requirements.

Epilogue

Conservation of livestock breeds has been attempted at Government level (Institutions and Animal Husbandry Department), some NGOs, some Gaushalas (for cattle) and at individual level. NGOs have successfully achieved conservation of breed animals in field areas by involving the local communities. The approach to conservation should be a joint activity involving all the stakeholders/ agencies working for the breed, and, at the same time, the emphasis is to be given not only to increasing the number of animals but also to the system around the animals covering water-availability, feed-fodder systems and marketing. The experiences generated by NGOs working on local breeds should be utilized in undertaking breed conservation which is achieved best by involving the community managing the breed. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

207 Lead Paper BIODYNAMIC FARMING: A CONCEPT OF TRADITIONAL, ORGANIC AND ALTERNATIVE FARMING

SAKET BHUSAN Genetics and Breeding Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats Makhdoom, P.O. Farah 281 122, Distt. Mathura (UP) Email: [email protected]

Modern agriculture has tried to come to terms with this ageing of the earth with a chemical approach.To maintain the level of crop production and to control diseases, farmers use massive applications of sophisticated chemicals. But this is leading to an environmental disaster with the poisoning of the soil, water and air.Most people are now somewhat familiar with organic farming but they may not hearthe biodynamic farming. The main principle of biodynamic farming is that the entire farm exists as a single entity without the need for outside inputs. In other words, where an organic farm may purchase organic seeds or organic feed for livestock, a biodynamic farm must produce everything on the premises.Actually biodynamic agriculture is a means of healing the soil, plant, animals and ultimately the human being.Hence, it makes healthy not only soil,plant and animalseven the food we eat. This is achieved through various cultural practiceswith deeply personal relationship between the farmer and the farm. Biodynamic approach includesits treatment of animals, crops and soil as a single system. It uses and develop traditional local breeds and varieties.However, biodynamic farming is a holistic, ecological and ethical approach of farming for better food and nutrition.Biodynamic farming principles have a greater focus on astrological cycles and the idea of the farm as a single ‘organism’. A biodynamic farm is conceived as a single entity that can be viewed as an organism in and of itself. Biodynamic farms should remain as enclosed from their surrounding ecosystems as is possible. Biodynamic farms are structured around lunar and astrological cycles that are said to affect the biological systems. Biodynamic farms are built to integrate all the living organisms within the system including plants, livestock and farmers. The soil is seen as the central component of all biodynamic agriculture farms.

Biodynamic principles and practices are based on the spiritual insights and practical suggestions of Dr. Rudolf Steiner (1860-1925) and have been developed through the collaboration of many farmers and researchers since the early 1920’s. Steiner’s lectures werepublished in November 1924 and the first English translation appeared in 1928 as The Agriculture Course.These lectures, the first known presentation of organic agriculture were held in response to a request by farmers who noticed degraded soil conditions and deterioration in the health and quality of crops and livestock. For this purpose, Steiner established a research group, the “Agricultural Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners of the General Anthroposophical Society”. His thought was influenced to a great extent by oriental philosophy like Hinduism, Buddhism and the Vedic Scriptures. Biodynamic farming treats soil fertility, plant growth and livestock care

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity as ecologically interrelated tasks, emphasizing spiritual and mystical perspectives.Steiner built up his 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February agricultural knowledge from traditional farmer practice, scientific study and deep spiritual research. He enables people to recreate and work with natural forces in the fields of agriculture. Steiner taught, “Matter is never without Spirit and Spirit never without Matter”.Steiner advocated discontinuing the use of chemical and fertilizers altogether. He felt thathigher chemicals could not maintain life of plant and animals and fertility of soil can be maintained by different indigenous practices such as crop rotations, incorporating plenty of organic matter and the bio-dynamic preparations.Steiner believed that the quality of the food we grow and eat is directly dependent on the cosmic energy that can come into a living soil. Planting and harvesting is done by NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL the phases of the moon and astral conditions like those our grandparents followed using the Farming Calendar.Steiner pointed out that plants grew not only through the fertility of the soil but also with support from the cosmos like effect of the sun, moon, planets and astrological calendar. According to Steiner, as the earth becomes older the soil naturally becomes weaker and is less able to receive these cosmic rhythms than in previous times. He felt that a renewal in agriculture was necessary in order to find a way to make livelier the earth so the cosmic energies could again stream strongly into the soil. He introduced the practice of making preparations based on cow manure, silica and various herbal plants to open up the soil to these influences again. Biodynamic farmers strive to create a diversified and balanced farm ecosystem that generates

208 health and fertility as much as possible from within the farm itself. Preparations made from fermented manure, minerals and herbs are used to help restore and harmonize the vital life forces of the farm and to enhance the nutrition, quality and flavor of the food being raised. Biodynamic practitioners also recognize and strive to work in cooperation with the subtle influences of the wider cosmos on soil, plant and animal health.Diversity in crop rotation and perennial planting is required and no annual crop can be planted in the same field for more than two years in succession. Bare tillage year round is prohibited so land needs to maintain adequate green cover.

Biodynamic farming involves managing a farm utilizing the principles of a living organism. In such a system there is a high degree of self-sufficiency in all systems of biological survival. Fertility and feed arise out of the recycling of the organic material the system generates. The prime objective is always to encourage healthy conditions for soil fertility, plant and animal health and qualityproduct.The farmer seeks to enhance and support the forces of nature that lead to healthy crops and rejects farm management practices that damage the environment, soil, plant, animal or human health. Disease and insect control are addressed through botanical species diversity, predator habitat, balanced crop nutrition and attention to light penetration and airflow. Weed control emphasizes prevention including timing of planting, mulching and identifying and avoiding the spread of invasive weed species. Biodynamic agriculture differs from many forms of organic agriculture in its spiritual, mystical, and astrological orientation. It shares a spiritual focus as well as its view toward improving humanity, with the “nature farming”. Important features include the use of livestock manures to sustain plant growth through recycling of nutrients, maintenance and improvement of soil quality and the health and wellbeing of crops and animals. Cover crops, green manures and crop rotations are used extensively and maintain the diversity of plant and animal life and to enhance the biological cycles and the biological activity of the soil.Biodynamic agriculture has focused on the open pollination of seeds hence farmers generally growing their own seed and develops for locally adapted varieties. The seed stock is not controlled by large or multinational seed companies. German agronomist Erhard Bartsch was also formed to test the effects of biodynamic methods on the life and health of plants and animals. They published a monthly journal “Demeter”. There are certification agencies for biodynamic products most of which are members of the international biodynamics standards group “Demeter International”. The Demeter Association recommends that minimum of ten percent of the total farm acreage be set aside as a biodiversity preserve.

Organic Farming: By definition, “Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.” Organic farming can be defined by a commitment to the principles of health, ecology, fairness and care.The principle of health refers to the idea that all organic farming should enhance and sustain everything involved in the process from the soil all the way to the people who consume the food. The principle of ecology says that the practices of organic farms should work with existent ecological cycles and systems. The principle of fairness says that organic agriculture should be practiced in ways that are fair to the environment and to the opportunities of those in the farm’s community. The principle of care says that organic agriculture should always be managed in a responsible manner that protects the health of both people and the environment.In 19th century conventional way of farming was practiced now call organic farming. Water is efficiently cycled through the XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity system. Farmers did not use much artificial fertilizers. They put all the dung from their overwintering barns Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February back on the field along with growing soil-sustaining green crops and the sound use of crop rotation hence they maintained high soil fertility. However, even with good soil and animal husbandry, farmers found their crops were not doing as well as they should, seeds were not as viableandthere was an increase in animal ill- health.

Similarities between organic and biodynamic farming: Both organic and biodynamic farms grow their food without or limited use of pesticides, herbicides or genetically modified organisms (GMOs). As a result, for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL both practices produce significantly healthier food and produce. At the foundation of both practices is also a respect for ecological processes and the environmenteven used natural remedies to combat insects and disease. Both practices take care of the environment, food and the people who consume it.A long term trial evaluating the biodynamic farming system in comparison with organic and conventional farming systems, found that both organic farming and biodynamic farming resulted in enhanced soil properties but had lower yields than modern farming.

209 Biodynamic certification: The biodynamic certification Demeter, created in 1924, was the first certification and labeling system for organic production. To receive certification as a biodynamic farm, the farm must meet the standards of agronomic guidelines, greenhouse management, structural components, livestock guidelines, post-harvest handling and processing procedures.The term Biodynamic is a trademark held by the DemeterAssociation of Biodynamic Farmers for the purpose of maintaining production standards used both in farming and processing foodstuffs. The trademark is intended to protect both the consumer and the producers of biodynamic produce. Demeter International an organization of member countries, each country has its own Demeter organization which is required to meet international production standards. The original Demeter organization was founded in 1928.The U.S. Demeter Association was formed in the 1980s and certified its first farm in 1982. In France,Biodivin certifies biodynamic wine. In Egypt, SEKEM has created the Egyptian Biodynamic Association (EBDA), an association that provides training for farmers to become certified.

Biodynamic preparations: In his “agricultural course” Steiner prescribed nine different preparations to aid fertilization and described how these were to be prepared. He prepared substances for preparing fields and for making compost. The field sprays contain substances that stimulate plant growth.Regarding compost development beyond accelerating the initial phase of composting some positive effects have been noted.

Field preparations: 1. Horn-Manure:A humus mixture is prepared by filling the horn of a cow with cow manure and burying it in the ground (40–60 cm below the surface) in the autumn. It is left to decompose during the winter and recovered for use the following spring. 2. Crushed powdered quartzis prepared by stuffing it into a horn of a cow and buried into the ground in spring and taken out in autumn. It can be mixed with horn manure but usually prepared on its own as a mixture of 1 tablespoon of quartz powder to 250 liters of water. The mixture is sprayed under very low pressure over the crop during the wet season in an attempt to prevent fungal diseases. It should be sprayed on an overcast day or early in the morning to prevent burning of the leaves.

The application rate of these biodynamic field spray preparations are 300 grams per hectare of horn manure and 5 grams per hectare of horn silica. These are made by stirring the ingredients into 20-50 liters of water per hectare for an hour.

Compost preparations: Compost preparations are made by herbs which are frequently used in medicinal remedies. Many of the same herbs are used in organic practices to make foliar fertilizers turned into the soil as green manure or in composting. The preparations include: 1. Yarrowblossoms (Achilleamillefolium) are stuffed into urinary bladders from Red Deer (Cervuselaphus), placed in the sun during summer, buried in earth during winter and retrieved in the spring. 2. Chamomile blossoms (Matricariarecutita) are stuffed into small intestine from cattle, buried in humus- rich earth in the autumn and retrieved in the spring. 3. Stinging nettle (Urticadioica) plants in full bloom are stuffed together underground surrounded on all XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February sides by peat for a year. 4. Oak bark (Quercusrobur) is chopped in small pieces, placed inside the skull of a domesticated animal, surrounded by peat and buried in earth in a place where lots of rain water runs past. 5. Dandelion flowers (Taraxacumofficinale) are stuffed into the mesentery of a cow and buried in earth during winter and retrieved in the spring. 6. Valerian flowers (Valerianaofficinalis) are extracted into water.

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL The compost preparations are applied with quantities of 1–2 cm3 each per 10 m3 compost, farm-yard manure or liquid manure. The preparations should then be evenly sprayed out on the land as soon as possible after stirring.One to three grams (a teaspoon) of each preparation is added to a dung heap by digging 50 cm deep holes with a distance of 2 meters from each other, which is stirred into 5 liters of water and sprayed over the entire compost surface. All preparations are thus used in homeopathic quantities. Each compost preparation is designed to guide a particular decomposition process in the composting mass. One study found that the oak bark preparation improved disease resistance in zucchini.

210 BENEFITS OF BIODYNAMIC FARMING

Mechanisms for improved quality: Intensive farming with its use of artificial fertilizers and monoculture leads to poor quality soils. In such soils vegetables of good quality cannot possibly be grown and by adding yet more artificial chemicals to the soil, the problem is simply made worse. However, through biodynamic methods using compost, manure and organic preparations, the soil is naturally fertilized and revitalized. This allows the soil in its structure and nutritional content to improve the plants and also become more resistant to drought. This provides the optimal conditions for vegetables to grow to their full potential. However, it is not purely what is added to the land that promotes the quality of biodynamic crops but apply the choice of crops and the way in which they are grown. For instance, growing legumes helps to add extra nitrogen to the soil while crop rotation does not just boost the fertility of the soil but it helps with regard to pest control as well.

Improved nutrient quality: It follows that nutritious food can only grow in nutrient rich soils. A large scale study reported by researchers in the UK in 2007 found that organically grown vegetables had between 20 and 40% higher levels of vitamins than those grown using artificial means. This was the case for antioxidant vitamins seen in tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, lettuce and onions. Levels of iron and zinc were also shown to be considerably higher in spinach and cabbage than food grown using conventional farming methods. The same researchers based at the University of Newcastle published a detailed review in 2011 of the evidence to date on this topic and concluded that eating organically grown vegetables and fruit is equivalent to eating 12% more in quantity. Looking specifically at vegetables grown biodynamically, figures quoted on the Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association in Australia from available research indicate that in comparison to more intensive farming , vitamin C content is 47% higher, magnesium is 13% higher and potassium is 8% higher.

Developed Disease Resistant: Resistance to disease and pests can also be encouraged through making careful decisions in relation to timings of planting and harvesting using the astronomical calendar and the provision of habitat for natural predators. Studies in animals fed biodynamic or organic food have shown them to suffer less from illness due to both vitamin C and zinc support the immune system to fight infections. Additionally, as antioxidants, magnesium and potassium of these foods have been demonstrated to be beneficial with regards to heart health and heart disease. Increasing the production of milk, meat, cereals, vegetables and fruit etc. by biodynamic means would make these nutrients more widely available in food to allow a good intake of vitamins and minerals by the people.

Enhanced flavor: It leads that plants and animal products have higher nutrient content and have been able to maximize their ability to generate products that are more flavorsome. In a Californian study reported in the American Journal of Ecology and Viticulture in 2005, it was shown that grapes grown with the addition of biodynamic preparations were of ideal taste quality in comparison to those grown merely in organic conditions. This was based on the Brix score which relates to sugar content. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Higher yields: Intensive farming may be favored by many growers for its higher yields but there is evidence Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February that biodynamic methods can equally produce large quantities of crop and animals, with those that are produced of higher quality into the bargain. A German Study showed greater yields and higher quality fruit when apples grown using biodynamic methods were compared with other forms of cultivation. By meeting the needs of the farm from within and avoiding the need for outside inputs, biodynamic agriculture is sustainable in every way and has the potential to meet demands for produce, not just in America, but across the world.

CONCLUSION for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

Most biodynamic initiatives seek to embody triple bottom line approaches i.e. ecological, social and economic sustainability. Community supported agriculture (CSA) was also pioneered by biodynamic farmers and many biodynamic practitioners work in creative partnerships with other farms. Biodynamic is thus not just a holistic agricultural system but also a potent movement for new thinking and practices in all aspects of life connected to food and agriculture.No much difference in beneficial outcomes has been scientifically established between certified biodynamic agricultural techniques and similar organic

211 practices.Critics have characterized biodynamic agriculture as pseudoscience on the basis of a lack of strong evidence for its efficacy and suspicion about aspects characterized as magical thinking.

References

Balzer-Graf U, Hoppe H and Straub M.1998.Apples – organic and biodynamic. Harvest volume and vital quality in comparison. Living Earth 49 (5) 387-97. Brandt K, Leifert C, Sanderson R and Seal CJ. 2011.Agroecosystem management and nutritional quality of plant foods: the case of organic fruits and vegetables. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30, 177-97. Desai B K. 2007. Sustainable agriculture: a vision for the future. New Delhi: B T Pujari/New India Pub. Agencyp. 228–9. Ikerd J. 2010. “Sustainability, Rural”.Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food.ABC-CLIO p. 347–349. Lejano RP, Ingram M, Ingram HM. 2013. Narratives of Nature and Science in Alternative Farming Networks. Power of Narrative in Environmental Networks. MIT Press p. 155. Lotter Donald W. 2003.Organic Agriculture.Journal of Sustainable Agriculture21 (4): 59–128. Nemoto K and Nishikawa Y. 2007. Seed supply system for alternative agriculture: Case study of biodynamic agriculture in Germany. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture March issue p. 73-81. Paull J. 2011. Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwits to the World, 1924-1938.Journal of Organic Systems6 (1): 27–41. Paull J. 2011.Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course:Rudolf Steiner’ Agriculture Course at Koberwits, 1924.European Journal of Social Sciences21 (1): 64–70. Paull J. 2011.The secrets of Koberwits: the diffusion of Rudolf Steiner’s agriculture course and the founding of biodyninic of biodyhnimic.Journal of Social Research and Policy2 (1): 19–29. Paull J. 2016. Organics Olympiad 2016.Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture.Journal of Social and Development Sciences 7(2):79-87. Raupp J and UJ K.1996. Biodynamic preparations cause opposite yield effects depending upon yield levels. Biol. Agric. & Hort. 13: 175-188. Reeve J R, Carpenter-Boggs L,Reganold J. P., York Alan L,McGourty Glenn, McCloskey Leo P. 2005.Soil and Winerrape Quality in Biodynamically and Organically Managed Vineyards.American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 56 (4): 367–376. Smith D. 2006.On Fertile Ground Objections to Biodynamics. The World of Fine Wine (12): 108–113. Vogt G.2007. The Origins of Organic Farming. Organic Farming: An International History. CABI Publishing 9– 30. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

212 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION IV

BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING

Oral Presentations

MTY 497 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PURGI GOAT FARMING IN SELECTED POCKETS OF KARGIL (J&K)

SAFEER ALAM1, NAZIR AHMAD1, GURJEET KAUR2 AND MARIA ABBAS1 1Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K 2MGCGVV Chitrakoot, Satna, M.P. *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Kargil is the second largest town in Ladakh after Leh, scattered over an area of 14,086 Sq.kms., having population of 1,43,388 and an average literacy rate of 74.49%. More than 90% of the population is engaged in animal husbandry activities. Sheep and goat rearing is the core activity of rural masses in the state and plays a vital role in socio- economic upliftment of weaker section of the society viz; Gujjars, Bakarwals, Chopans, Gaddies and Changpas. The Gujjars and Bakarwals have adopted the sheep and goat rearing as their primary occupation from times immemorial prior to independence. In J&K, the goat population is 23,47,000 and the number of persons involved in goat farming business are 2,35,985, whereas number of goats per thousands household is 1062. The goat population is 3.56 lakh in Ladakh and Kargil possesses 94,440 thousands of goats, out of which, about 80% shared by Purgi breed of goats. The Purgi breed of goat is small in size (adult’s body weight 18.5-23.5 kg) with dull black & white coat colour and plays a vital role in livelihood support in the area. The breed is being used by the breeders/farmers for meat as well as fibre production and is known for the chevon having good market. The declining population of this goat may be due to socio-economic conditions of the breeders/farmers, social status and the management practices prevailing in the area. Hence it becomes necessary to have a comprehensive study of this breed. The present study attempts to investigate the socio-economic and technical characteristics of Purgi goat farming and their husbandry practices in selected pockets of Kargil. Fifty Purgi goat breeders were randomly selected in eight villages and interviewed using pre-structured questionnaire. The data generated included: socio-economic characteristics of the breeders, housing, breeding, feeding, watering, health care and other management practices. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistics (percentage). The result showed the influence of some socio-economic variable on Purgi goat production. The study revealed that most of the respondents belonged to the age group of 40-60 years and maximum breeders had education level of middle to matric standard. All the farmers belonged to schedule tribe (Muslims) community and were literate. The land holding (irrigated) size was in between 0-0.75 hectare with 96% of the breeders. About 72% of purgi breeders had experience of goat rearing and mean flock size was 26.96 with flock composition of 2.36 breeding buck, 16.39 does and 7.21 young ones. Purgi breeders had other livestock species also and mean herd/ flock size per household was found to be 0.63, 3.58, 7.21and 10.51percent for local cattle, cross-bred cattle, sheep and back-yard poultry respectively. The mean total annual income from all sources of the breeders was Rs 1,42,134/- which includes other sources, agriculture and livestock (Rs 28,969/-, 57,151/- and 36,575/-) respectively. The income from goats only was 19,439/- per year, whereas, the

income per goat/year was Rs 939.24. Mostly houses are pucca with both open and close type. Animals are kept XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity during night time only in the houses which are nearby or inside the dwelling house. Animals are maintained on Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February semi-intensive feeding system and fed on an average 1.5 kg of greens/bhusa/dried alfa-alfa per goat per day especially during chilling winters when animals cannot be taken out. Animals are fed lahori salt adlib and allowed to drink water of streams/ponds twice a day by almost all the farmers. Mating of animals is done by natural methods during September15-November15 (66.16%), kidding (70.25%) takes place during March-April with 97.33% single kidding. Animals are mostly treated by paravets followed veterinary assistant surgeons and owners by allopath and indigenous medicines respectively. Deworming is done twice in a year. The most common diseases in the area are contagious NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL caprine pleuro pneumonia, Peste des petitis ruminants, foot and mouth disease, goat pox and foot rot in the area. The vaccinations are being practiced by the farmers on regular basis for infectious diseases. Thus purgi goats are dual purpose (meat and fibre) type and play vital role in livelihood security of Kargil tribes.

213 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 214 of thegoatkeepers. upto 12goatsisprofitabletherebyproblemsmayberaisedduetouncontrollablesituationswithexistingresources definitely requiredandmoreincomeisalwaysrelatedwithlarger flocks.Generallygoatrearingwithflocksizeof education levelandcasteofthefarmers,butforpropercaremanagementtheirgoats,basicis which hasasocialvalue. Thus itcanbeconcluded thatincomefromgoatkeepingisnotdirectlyrelatedwith an averageannualincomeofRs2748/-perdoeyearenablinggoatkeeperstosolvemanyfamilyfinancialcrisis ± 892.64)andMurshidabadcluster(Rs2878.57897.02)withaflocksizeof7,5,3goatsrespectively, and cluster (Rs8706.07±360.94),followedbySundarban4360.54372.55),Jhargram cluster(Rs3589.29 per yearwithaverageflockstrengthof5.65±0.21goats,andthemaximumannualincomewasrecordedinNadia in goatrearingtheprojectareaandincomegeneratedfromwereRs6073.44±240.82perfamily Illiterate (Rs6795.02±410.14andRs6645.831083.25respectively).However, mostlythewomenwereinvolved annual incomefromgoatrearingwasrecordedamongthekeeperswhowereeducateduptoPrimaryleveland adopted villageswereeducateduptoSecondarylevelwithanannualincomeofRs5620.75±308,buthigher 5792.65 ±388.29,Rs10666.65742.17and19473.001142.68 respectively. Mostofthegoatkeepersinall to 4goats,followedby58912morethangoatsandearnedannuallyRs3399.89±349.75, Class (Rs5100.00±748.36)andlastly Tribal goatkeepers(Rs3270.83±787.94).Majorityofthefarmerskept1 General Categoryfarmers(Rs7858.47±372.58),followedbyScheduleCaste5167.11 ±381.56),OtherBackward young goatsweresoldat6to12monthsofageandhigherannualincomefromgoatrearingrecordedin agro-climatic zonesof West Bengalundertheproject“AICRP onGoatImprovement”during2015-16.Mostly Socio-economic associationofBlackBengalgoatrearingwasstudiedamong256ruralfarmersdistributedinfour MTY 498 MANORANJAN ROY SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF BLACKBENGAL GOAT REARING IN F/O Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West BengalUniversity of Animal andFisherySciences 1 Department of Animal Genetics&Breeding, DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONESOF WEST BENGAL * Corresponding author 1* , UTTAM SARKAR 37 KshudiramBoseSarani,Kolkata-700037 : [email protected] 2 Department ofLivestockProductionManagement, 1 , SANTANU BERA 2 AND P. K.SENAPATI 1 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SENARION

TECHNICAL SESSION IV

BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING

Poster Presentations

MTY 401 VALUE ADDITION STRATEGIES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATIVE CATTLE VARIETIES AND THEIR HABITATS

BINDYA LIZ ABRAHAM Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics College of Veterinary & Animal Sciencess, Mannuthy, Thrissur -680651 Email: [email protected]

The heat-tolerant and disease resistant indigenous cattle breeds or varieties that provide healthy A2 milk are usually thought to be economically less feasible on account of their low milk yield. There is hence an urgent need to standardize the conservation and management practices of native cattle genetic resources towards a more sustainable approach based on the value addition of cattle dung and urine, in addition to milk. The present study was therefore undertaken to explore the various value addition strategies of milk, dung and urine of native cattle maintained at the indigenous cattle conservation unit of Instructional Farm, Pookode. The compositional quality and mineral profiling of milk of various desi cattle were undertaken to assess their specific suitability for dairy processing into ghee, paneer, whey and channa with a premium nomination under GI tag certification. Several value added products of organic origin with medicinal and disinfectant properties were also formulated from dung and urine. A specific formulation of Panchagavya, a bio-fertilizer made from the combination of five livestock products was also prepared and standardized. Field trials were conducted on fodder and orchid plants in horticultural nurseries to assess the utility of Panchagavya in bio-dynamic eco-friendly agricultural operations. The studies revealed that the flowering rate, flower size, germination rates, drought hardiness and pest resistance of the plants improved by around 30% after the application of Panchagavya. Prospects of establishing marketing linkages with some of the leading Ayurvedic R & D centers of Kerala for the collection of fresh native cattle urine were also discussed. The distillation of Vechur cow urine was undertaken using a sophisticated mechanized approach for the production of Go-Ark, already proved to have immuno-modulant, anti-oxidant and bio-enhancing properties in bacterial, fungal and cancerous conditions. The economics of the institution-level adoption of these value addition processes and products were also estimated. The study has thrown light on the possibility of the value addition strategies of native cattle to play a significant role in bio-dynamic farming, the Indian systems of medicine and an eco-friendly healthy life style.

MTY 402 MOBILE BASE FOR M & E ACTIVITY – AN EXPERIENCE

J.R.KHADSE, VINOD POTDAR AND YUVRAJ GAUNDARE XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity BAIF, Pune, Maharashtra Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

BAIF Development Research Foundation (BAIF) works for poor farmers and economically marginalized communities in association with State-level organizations functioning in different states of India. The organization use the frozen semen technology, backed by a semen production facility at Uruli Kanchan and anchored around a Cattle Development Center (CDC). BAIF offers door-to-door breeding services to farmers by employing and training

local youth as Artificial Insemination technicians (AIT). The Godhan project of BAIF has been in operation for for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL more than six years commencing from December, 2009 to July, 2016 in three states of India namely Bihar, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The Godhan project, with its multi-locational cattle-development programme incorporating diverse implementation models, provided a unique opportunity of recording field level operational data which would be useful for concurrent programme management through an M&E system, as well as for analyzing effectiveness of alternate Models to draw important learning for future programme replication and up-scaling. Such a database would also provide rich field-level information for scientific and management research. Monitoring and Evaluation was taken up as a concurrent exercise with focus on recording the baselines, trends and impacts; and also as a learning tool for on-line refinements to the program. As the scope of the project was fairly complex

215 in terms of the varying contexts within the program areas in different States, and the multiple combinations of various CDC models, a thorough planning of the M & E activity was taken up right from the outset. This was made possible by setting up the right MIS through a Windows-based Data Capture and Management System. Handheld electronic data entry devices were introduced for use by AITs for recording of physical performance and financial data. This recorded data was downloaded at the Area Offices for compilation and analysis. The information from data loggers was used for program management, timely corrections, and fast and effective feedback to the farmers on various dairy management issues for improving their efficiency and benefits. The data was also analyzed and feedback provided to project staff to reinforce successes and modify working wherever necessary. The benchmark data was also used for impact assessment. The database was available offline to the AIT on his mobile phone. Over the five years of the implementation period the system has helped to capture herd information from 2, 55, 926 farmers in the three States and covering 4, 14, 064 dairy animals. Information on all the AIs performed, Pregnancy Diagnosis, calving details along with milk recording has been captured. In view of the versatility of the system, it is worth applying in other similar programmes.

MTY 403 ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BETTER MANAGEMENT OF ANGR ALONG WITH ENHANCED INCOME OF FARMERS: NEW INITIATIVES

P.S.PANWAR Senior Technical Officer National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal -132001

Recent DNA based technology has shown potential of multi fold increase in genetic gain. Such revolutionary step is due to advancement in Information Technology specifically in computational science as well as genomic technology like SNP chip. Information Technology has a role not only in advance phenomics but also has a role in throughput genotyping for genomic selection of livestock. Further android based app can revolutionize real time data collection and such technology can be also used for random check for data authentication. Indian dairy breeds have major impediments mainly due to economic non-viability. The useful genes (HT, DR & type A2 Milk) were flowing mostly by semen utilization within and between breeding habitats. Inbreeding due to maximum use of tagged bulls enhances the challenge. As a result the framework grid was proposed & published for semen conservation. Semen is integral product of dairy biodiversity. The CBD requires fulfilling international obligation in sustainable use of semen and fair & equitable sharing of benefits earning out of the semen utilization. Therefore, proposed structured modules require discussion and acknowledgement from the experts in the surrounding of decision makers to get it suitably modified & adopted. The DADF launched website http://epashuhaat.gov.in/ with 3 options viz germplasm marketplace for animals, frozen semen and embryos with centralized repository of information and list of suppliers.

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity Further IT tools are now becoming backbone of modern agriculture of 21st century changing India. Recently 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Agriculture Ministry has launched digitization tools viz: Kisan Suvidha for weather information, market prices, crop diseases; PUSA Agriculture to know new varieties of seeds and latest techniques; Agri Market to know the mandi prices in a radius of 50 km from the location of farmer; Crop Insurance for fasal bima; Crop Cutting Experiments for knowing crop cutting experiments. 250 mandies in 10 states have been integrated under the e- NAM portal for better price recovery and wider access. Demonetization is a big step to encourage farmers to move towards cashless transactions; Direct Benefits Transfer of payments and easing out of middle-men / commission agents from mandi operations and tiny measures to ensure that farmers get at least the minimum support price for NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL their dairy semen, milk, eggs, fish and agricultural produce. Web based portal can provide a better market dynamic in term of price forecasting, demand in supply & gap, availability of wholesale and related information. Success of such programme depends on critical mass sensitization and incentives to farmers. More aggressive campaigning is required to make farmers and related people realize the importance and benefits of such program. Digital literacy of farmers can play role critical role in paving the pathway in supplementing income, in long run it may lead to substantial increase in income translating the goal of doubling the income of farmer in to reality.

216 MTY 404 HUSBANDRY AND TRADITIONAL PRACTICES IN FIELD FLOCKS OF MADRAS RED SHEEP

ARTHY V.1*, VENKATARAMANAN R.2, SREEKUMAR C.2, MANONNMANI G.2 AND GOPI H.2 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai – 600 007 2 Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam – 603 203

A survey was conducted on the husbandry and traditional practices currently followed in field flocks of Madras Red sheep. Information on 107 beneficiary flocks of the ICAR-Network Project on Sheep Improvement-Madras Red field unit (NWPSI), Kattupakkam, was utilized for the study. All the flocks were maintained under extensive system of management. The flock size ranged from 25 to 180, with majority having between 30-60 breeding females. Nearly half of the flocks were housed in thatched sheds (52.4%), while others left their animals in open within fences made of chain-link or thorny bushes. It was found that 68.2% of farmers owned agricultural land and they used crop residues like groundnut haulms during lean months of summer. Accordingly, grazing time in most of the flocks (66.4%) was from 12 noon to 6 PM, after agricultural operations. Natural mating was the norm, with rams maintained in the flock throughout. Sex ratio (ram/ewe) ranged from 0.59 to 9.09% with a mean value of 2.64%. Identification of animals was practiced in some flocks using paint (12.1%) or ear notching (1.9%). Disposal of aged ewes was by selling to the butcher (98.1 %), while some farmers (1.9%) maintained them until death. The main source of income was through sale of ram lambs, which was done through middlemen (95.3%) or directly to the butcher (3.7 %).Very few farmers (0.9 %) slaughtered the animals for sale of mutton themselves. In addition to sheep, farmers also reared other livestock such as goats (24.3%), buffaloes (4.7%), cows (1.9%), poultry species (1.9%) and a combination of these (67.2%). Nomadic system of grazing was practiced by some farmers (13.1%) during summer. The water source for the animals included lakes (68.2%), bore wells (29.9%), ponds (0.9%), and wells (0.9%). None of the farmers maintained records, insured their animals or cultivated fodder. Traditional treatment practices like use of kumkum for cataract , hot iron for convulsions, camphor and neem oil for maggot wound, lard for oral lesions of foot and mouth disease, application of hot oil for dog bite wound to name a few, were followed by farmers in general. Scientific management practices like provision of salt licks, mineral mixture supplementation, hoof trimming and spraying of drugs for ectoparasites was followed by all the farmers as the inputs were provided by the NWPSI. Superstitious beliefs among the farmers included selling of twinning and early lambing ewes and maintaining one black coloured animal. Shrinking of grazing area, disease, predation by stray dogs and safety for the women grazers were some of the problems encountered by these sheep farmers.

MTY 405

IMPACT OF TRAININGS ON KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February GOAT KEEPERS IN KERALA

BIMAL.P.BASHIR1*, THIRUPATHY VENKATACHALAPATHY R.1, JAMUNA VALSALAN1 AND P. K. ROUT2 All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Goat (Malabari Unit) 1Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 2Project Coordinator, AICRP on Goat, CIRG, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura-281122 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was conducted to assess the impact state level vocational training on goat farming during the financial year 2015-16. Data were collected from 243 participants of four on-campus and three off-campus training conducted by All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Goat (Malabari Unit) in Kerala. Parameters such as extent of satisfaction, opinion and suggestion regarding training programme were collected from the

217 participants. The impact of training was measured in terms of gain in knowledge and data were analyzed using paired t-test. Women participation was more in off-campus trainings (66.39%) compared to on-campus trainings (9.68%). Most of the respondents were fully satisfied with major instructors (74.49%), relevance to the trainee’s need (71.60%), programme in general (69.96%). The trainees were not satisfied with lodging facilities (46.91%), availability of reading materials (37.04%) and physical facilities in classroom (25.93%). Study also revealed that 85 per cent of the respondents had medium to high favorable opinion regarding the training. Major suggestion given by trainees includes provision of more off-campus training preferably in their villages during summer season. The‘t’value ranged from 3.29 to 27.90 for seven trainings. Gain in knowledge on different aspects of goat rearing was found to be highly significant. Study indicates the need to organize more off-campus training for better participation of women and also to upgrade the boarding and lodging facilities for on campus trainings.

MTY 406 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME IN LIVESTOCK

B. L. SAINI*, AKANSHA SINGH, ADESH KUMAR, VANDANA YADAV, SHEIKH FIRDOUS AHMAD AND SONU KUMAR JAIN Division of Animal Genetics ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh - 243122 *Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Livestock sector plays a critical role in the welfare of India’s rural population. It is an integrated component of agricultural activities in the country. Due to rising demand for animal products and changing food preferences of the next generation consumers, the Indian livestock sector has to improve its performance. India has vast livestock population with low productivity and most of them are non-descript type. Department of animal husbandry is implementing centrally sponsored schemes such as – central herd registration scheme, key village scheme, intensive cattle development project, progeny testing programme, most authentic and reliable tool for genetic up-gradation in the progeny. The Network Project on Buffalo Improvement was initiated in 1993 with the aim to produce progeny tested bulls for improvement in buffalo population in the country. Genetic improvement in bovines is a long-term activity and Government initiated a major programme ‘National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding’ (NPCBB) in October 2000 for a period of ten years, National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre” for development, conservation and preservation of Indigenous Breeds will be set up, as a Centre of Excellence to develop and conserve Indigenous Breeds in a holistic and scientific manner, Rashtriya Gokul Mission has been initiated by the Department with the aim to conserve and develop Indigenous Breeds in a focused and scientific manner and All India Coordinated programme has been initiated for improving the production performance of Indian breeds of goat and sheep through crossbreeding. A cross breeding scheme was initiated in 1997 to introgress the FecB gene from India’s most valuable germplasm “Garole sheep” of a hot and humid environment into the non-prolific and large size mutton sheep breed “Malpura” best adapted of a semi-arid tropical environment to produce the Garole X Malpura (GM) crossbred carrying FecB gene. These schemes need to be strictly implemented so as to have genetic enhancement of livestock XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February to fulfil growing food demand of the country in terms of nutritional security and employment generation.

MTY 407 IMPROVED BIOGAS PLANTS VIS A VIS FUTURISTIC ENERGY ALTERNATIVE FOR RURAL INDIA NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL S. S. SOOCH AND SIMARJEET KAUR* School of Renewable Energy Engineering, P.A.U. Ludhiana-141004 *Directorate of Livestock Farms, GADVASU, Ludhiana- 141004

Biogas plant installation programme in Punjab was initiated under the guidance of Late Shri Jash Bhai Patel, then advisor to Khadi Village and Industries Commission (KVIC) Mumbai. The work of construction of biogas plants was taken up through Department of Agriculture, Punjab. People were reluctant to install such plants because of high cost and only affluent farmers showed interest. Thereafter efforts were madeto reduce cost of the plant, increase

218 its life and efficiency of gas production. ICAR sanctioned All India Coordinator Research Project on Biogas Technology for Agriculture and Agro based Industries to PAU, Ludhiana. The improvement aspect of biogas plant was entrusted to the Department of Civil Engineering, PAU and the major objective was to modify the design to reduce the cost of plant, so as to bring it within the reach of small farmers. Before taking up of laboratory study to reduce the cost, detailed extension survey was carried out around the villages located in District Ludhiana. A model of Katcha-Pucca biogas plant (Janta Model) was developed and the cost reduced significantly in whereby inlet, outlet and dome as gas holder were in masonry work but digester was a katcha pit. The farmers were satisfied with the performance of these kind of biogas plants and at present as many as 80 plants are functioning in a single village. Now more than 40 – 50% of the total biogas plants installed in Punjab as well as Haryana States are ofthe design developed by PAU. India ranks sixth in total energy consumption while 4th largest electric power producer in the world but with dismally low per capita energy availability i.e., 883 kWh as compared to world’s average of 2892 kWh and for many of developed countries the figure is as high as 10,000 – 15,000 kWh. Future energy requirements and available energy sources should be matched to meet the power demands. Bioenergy is a viable alternative and seems promising enough to attain sustainable source of energy without adversely affecting the environment. Bioenergy can help government to minimize both the import of fuel derivatives and curtail solid waste processing cost. This demanded a significant improvement in the utilization of non-conventional and particularly agro-based energy resources. The two non – conventional energy sources that can be exploited in rural Punjab are solar and biogas energy but for livestock farmers, biogas energy is more viable option than wasting the dung as dung cakes or plastering the walls. So having a biogas plant as community biogas plant or family biogas plant is the need of rural Punjab. The importance of biogas can be gazed from the fact that 1m3 of biogas produces energy that can save energy resources like ½ litre of diesel or 3.5 kg of firewood or 1.6 kg of coal. Besides the biogas is lesser environment pollutant fuel than other fuels thus matching world emphasis on green environment? Utilization of biogas as power generation is even more remunerative and especially helpful during power-cuts which are quite frequent in rural areas. It can also be converted into compressed natural gas (CNG) after a scrubbing process that removes carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The slurry obtained from biogas plant which is nearly odourless is best utilized as manure in the agricultural fields. Moreover, the slurry thus produced has higher fertilizer potential than conventional farm yard manure. The installation of bio-gas plant is an important step towards meeting zero energy input dairy farming and paves a way for its use in far flung rural areas having deficient power supply.

MTY 408 STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC CONSERVATION OF INDIGENOUS DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS

ANEET KOUR*, A.K. CHAKRAVARTY, EKTA RANA, T. KARUTHADURAI AND GEDAM ETE Animal Genetics and Breeding Division ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132001, Haryana *Corresponding author: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Conservation can be defined as the strategies, plans, policies and actions undertaken to ensure the maintenance of cattle genetic resource for social, economic, cultural and ecological use. Breed conservation contributes to the diversity of the species. Also, it helps to satisfy basic human needs for food and livelihood security. The conservation of indigenous dairy cattle breeds is required to ensure the multiplication of the germplasm so that the breeds are not endangered in future. While going for conservation of indigenous dairy cattle breeds, the economic sustainability should be kept in the mind. Economic sustainability can be defined as the extent to which a genetic resource can be exploited for economic benefits so as to ensure its maintenance for future generations. A breed is said to be for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL economically sustainable when its performance is balanced in terms of production, reproduction and longevity (health). For ensuring economic sustainability, prior attention should be given to the dairy breeds since they give higher returns than the other breeds. Therefore, prioritization of the dairy breeds for conservation is pivotal. It has been observed that the high producing indigenous dairy cattle breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Tharparkar are more economical than the low producing breeds. However, looking into the sustainability of the dairy cattle breeds, the strategy should be to develop the relative importance of production, reproduction and longevity for sustainable economic conservation of dairy cattle breeds. Globally, many countries particularly Nordic countries have developed the relative importance of production, reproduction, health and longevity for the selection and 219 multiplication of dairy breeds and incorporated it in their conservation programmes. The above strategy will not only boost up the sustainable conservation of indigenous dairy cattle breeds but will also help to increase the economic livelihood of the dairy stakeholders in the country.

MTY 409 COST OF UNIT MILK PRODUCTION UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES IN KERALA

ASWANI, P.A., MERCEY, K.A., SASEENDRAN, P.C., UNNIKRISHNAN, T. AND GLEEJA, V.L. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy Thrissur-680651

Farmers are introducing different feeding regimes in cattle farming and there is high variation among the cost of different feed items and hence in cost of unit milk production. Therefore it is important to find out the cost of unit milk production in different feeding regimes. Data pertaining to the study were collected from the ICAR project entitled “Study on Livestock Economy of Kerala” which was implemented in the Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The data pertaining to 1051 farmers were utilized for the present study. The data was classified into nine feeding regimes depending upon the feed and fodder given to the animals as follows. Group 1-Blancedfeed+ Green grass; Group 2-Balanced feed+ Straw; Group 3- Balanced feed+ Green grass+ Straw; Group 4-Homemade feed+ Green grass; Group5-Homemade feed+ Straw; Group6-Homemadefeed+ Straw+ Green grass; Group7- Concentrate feed+ Homemade feed+ Green grass; Group8- Concentrate feed+ Homemade feed+ Straw; Group9- Concentrate feed+ Homemade feed+ straw+ green grass; The data consisted of variables such as Age, Gender, Educational qualification, Land under cultivation, Number of milking animals, Quantity of concentrate purchased, Quantity of straw, Quantity of grass, Total cost of ingredients and Total milk. The objectives of the study were to compare the cost of unit milk production in different feeding regimes. Analysis of variance was used for comparing cost of unit milk production. Cost of unit milk production was lowestinGroup4 followed by Group2.The study also revealed that cost of unit milk production vary significantly depending on size of land holdings of the farmers and number of milking animals. The variables that influence the cost of unit milk production in different feeding regimes were identified in the study.

MTY 410 A STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGY, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PRODUCTION ABILITIES OF MALNAD GIDDA CATTLE IN THEIR BREEDING TRACT XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February V.B. SHETTAR, PRAGATHI K.S AND RUDRESH B.H Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Veterinary College, Vinobanagar, Shivamogga-577 204

Malnad gidda cattle which are small sized, native to heavy rainfall areas of Western Ghats region in Karnataka is currently recognized as a distinct breed [Accession number INDIA- CATTLE-0800-MALNAD GIDDA-03037].

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Malnad gidda cattle are distributed predominately in Malnad and adjacent coastal districts of Karnataka viz. Shivamogga, Chikmagalur, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada and parts of Hassan and Kodagu districts of Karnataka. The population of this breed is estimated to be about 14 lakhs. They are adapted to the agro- ecological systems of Western Ghats and have ability to withstand stressful environmental conditions, thrive on grazing and play a unique role in the farming systems. Phenotypically the coat colour in majority of animals is black with light shades of fawn on thigh and shoulder region. Brown colored animals with light fawn shades are also observed. The orientation of their ears is horizontal, tail is long and switch almost touches the ground. Males have characteristic small but well defined hump and adult females have small bowl shaped udder. Horns are small and stout in males while they are small, thin and curved in females. A survey carried out in Shivamogga district under department of

220 Animal genetics and Breeding, Veterinary college, Shivamogga for studying utility, managemental practices of the breed revealed that these cattle are kept by almost every household and that each household has 2-3 animals and each village has a minimum of 15-20 and maximum up to 50 households. The farmers generally utilize this breed for manure, milk and draft purposes. An open and kutcha type but a separate housing was provided for these cattle. Feeding systems varied with seasons; they are let for grazing in jungles during rainy and winter whereas during summer they are fed with dry paddy and maize straws in addition to grazing. Most farmers practice natural service as breeding method within the herd itself and artificial insemination is rare. Milk yield is averaged between 1.0 kg to 2.0 kg per day and lactation length was about 150-200 days. There is an urgent need to select males to improve their performance without affecting their adaptability. Efforts are being made to bring genetic improvement of this breed through selection and breeding strategies.

MTY 411 GENETIC MANIPULATION OF LIVESTOCK FOR CONTROL OF SEX RATIO

SAPNA NATH1*, I. SATISH KUMAR2, P. M. NATH3 1Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Dairy Production Section, ICAR-NDRI, SRS, Bengaluru 2Livestock Research Station, Palamner, SVVU, A.P. 3Livestock Product and Technology, L.C.V.Sc, AAU, Joyhing, N.L. * Corresponding author: [email protected]

The main approaches to control the sex ratio in livestock involve sexing of embryos (by use of PCR with primers specific for sequences that occur on the Y chromosome) or using a variety of physical or physiological approaches to separate X-bearing sperm from Y- bearing sperm. Different sexes have preference in different species of livestock based on the industry. Male sexed semen has potential in commercial meat production industries, as they are more profitable due to their growth rate. Utilisation of sexed semen for AI in beef industry is practised but the technique of AI is in nascent stage in large scale lamb or pig production systems. In dairy production, it was observed that producers could afford to pay approximately double the price for semen that would produce only female calf. The greatest potential for semen sexing is in IVM/IVF programmes because it enables the production of desirable single-sex embryo families. A different approach to alter the sex ratio involving the use of the SRY (sex-determining region on Y- chromosome) gene is being explored. This gene is located on the short arm of the Y chromosome, near to the pseudo-autosomal region. The SRY gene is identified to provide the initial trigger which causes the undifferentiated gonad in an embryo to develop into a testis rather than an ovary. The research on possibility of COLLEGE OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA COLLEGE OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY, inserting multiple copies of this gene into autosomes by means of transgenesis is initiated. All the XX (female) I animals which inherited one or more of these autosomes would be phenotypically male. This would lead to production of more males in addition to 50 percent of offspring that would be normal to XY males. However, they would also be sterile, which could confine their utility to the slaughter generation. 8-10 FEBRUARY 8-10 FEBRUARY MTY 412

IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC MERIT FOR CONSERVATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY CONVENTION OF SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION XIV ANNUAL OF INDIGENOUS DAIRY CATTLE

EKTA RANA*, A.K. CHAKRAVARTY, ANEET KOUR, GEDAM ETE AND T. KARUTHADURAI Animal Genetics and Breeding Division ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132001, Haryana *Corresponding author: [email protected] SCENARIO ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC NATIONAL

Genetic merit can be defined as how an indigenous dairy animal ranks, relative to other selected candidates for its ability to produce milk as well as superior offspring. Phenotype (performance) of an animal is the sum of genotype (genetic effects or genes or SNPs) and environment effects. Estimated Breeding Value (EBV) is the estimated genetic merit of animal. Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) is the half of an animal’s Estimated Breeding Value

221 and can be used to determine the expected performance change of progeny if the animal in question is used as a parent. All available information is required to make a “best-bet” estimate of genetic merit. In 2012, India with 191 million cattle had 19% of the world cattle population. Of this, 79% i.e. 151 million were indigenous cattle. Indigenous cattle (Zebu) are suited for milk production as they possess A2 allele of Beta Casein in milk which confers resistance to diseases. Zebu cattle are also well known for their heat tolerance quality, cow dung (organic manure) and cow urine (medicinal value). The decline in milk production and reproductive efficiency due to adverse climate change has been found least in indigenous breeds. Over the years, indigenous cattle breeds are subjected to fast genetic degradation and dilution because of crossbreeding, introduction of exotic germplasm and unplanned breeding without considering genetic merit. At present, in-situ method of conservation for indigenous dairy cattle considers breed characteristics without giving much importance to their genetic merit. The future conservation strategy should include genetic merit of animals as well. This will help to multiply the indigenous dairy cattle with high genetic merit that will enhance their milk production as well as reproduction potential.

MTY 413 ROLE OF SPECTRAL KARYOTYPING IN CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND DISEASE DIAGNOSIS

PRIYABRATA BEHERA*1, SUBRAT KUMAR DASH2 AND SIMARJEET KAUR1 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding 2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004 Punjab, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Spectral karyotyping is a fluorescence in situ hybridization-based technique that identifies and evaluates (size, shape and number) all the chromosomes at one time using specific fluorescent color for each chromosome. Extra or missing chromosomes or abnormal positioning of chromosomes create problems in growth, development and body functions in animals and humans. Spectral karyotyping detects these disarrangements as a whole in health and diseased conditions. It has been currently used for identifying chromosomal aberrations that are involved in human/ animal health and diseases. Spectral karyotyping is used for detecting chromosomal mutations, abnormalities and complex genetic rearrangements in various types of cancers including leukemia. It is recently used to analyze chromosomal aberrations in mammary gland tumors in mice with mammary tumour virus-cmyc transgene. Spectral karyotyping is also used in many laboratories for pre and post- natal characterization of numerical and structural chromosomal rearrangements. Detection of chromosomal abnormalities in unborn child through amniocentesis is a vital application of spectral karyotyping. Applications of this technique in investigation of various clinical conditions as well as in diagnosis of genetic and metabolic diseases in animals and human are increasing. However, more studies are needed on its sensitivity and specificity aspects to fully establish it as a diagnostic technique.

MTY 414 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCES IN CURRENT GENETIC RESEARCH: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH

PRIYABRATA BEHERA1*, SUBRAT KUMAR DASH2 AND SIMARJEET KAUR1 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India. *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Next generation sequencers play a vital role in genomic and genetic research. Release of ion torrent’s personal genome machine, pacific biosciences real time sequencer and the Illumina MiSeqhas revolutionized the sequencing process. Ion torrent’s personal genome technology is based on the semiconductor technology and detect the protons released as nucleotides that are incorporated during synthesis.Single molecular real time sequencer is based on the excitation of fluorophores in the vicinity of the polymerase. A distinctive pulse of fluorescence is detected in real

222 time as each base is incorporated. Illumina technique adopted a sequencing by-synthesis approach utilizing fluorescently labeled reversible-terminator nucleotides, on clonally amplified DNA templates. Key features of these new platforms are their speed and decreasing run time. However, data generated using the ion torrent platform is having higher error rate (~1.8%) than Illumina (<0.4%). Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms using real-time platform was not accurate; the use of single molecule sequencing to detect low level variants within populations remains unproven. Real time sequencer is currently not fully optimized and extensive method development is still required. Currently these techniques are used in conducting research on animal/human genetic diseases, single nucleotide polymorphism detection, detection of mutations, disease causing and resistance genes in animals as well as in clinical laboratories for detection and diagnosis of diseases. The limited yield and high cost per base currently prohibit the use of real-time sequencers for large scale sequencing. The personal genome machine and Illumina techniques are quite similar in terms of utility and ease of workflow. The decision on whether to purchase one or the other will depend on the available resources, existing infrastructure, personal experience and application needed.

MTY 415 PHYSIOGENOMICS AND ITS USE IN LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT

SHALU KUMARI PATHAK* AND AVINASH KUMAR Animal Genetics Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly,UP *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Physiogenomics is an emerging field that brings together the disciplines of genomics and cell, organ and whole animal systems integrative physiology in an effort to attach function to the DNA sequences of complex living systems. Physiogenomics utilizes an integrated approach composed of genotypes and phenotypes and a population approach deriving signals from functional variability among individuals. In physiogenomics, genotype markers of gene variation or “alleles” (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs], haplotypes, insertions /deletions) are analyzed to discover statistical associations to physiological characteristics (phenotypes). Variability in a genomic marker among individuals that tracks with the variability in physiological characteristics establishes associations and mechanistic links with specific genes. Different tools like chromosomal substitution, linkage analysis, mutagenesis, genetic manipulation etc. are used for physiogenomic study. Physiogenomics has also been described as “the future preventative health care” by offering, rather than a one size fits all approach. It is a personalized approach to health care, where a personalized lifestyle program including diet, nutrition, stress management, exercise and sleep is developed according to individual unique genes. It may also identify various pathways linked to the metabolism of livestock.

MTY 416 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES ON ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

ADESH KUMAR, SHEIKH FIRDOUS AHMAD*, VANDANA YADAV, BABU LAL SAINI, AKANSHA SINGHAND SONU KUMAR JAIN Division of Animal Genetics Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

Climate change poses formidable challenges to the development of livestock sector. Global temperature will rise by 2-3ºC by mid-century and the temperature increase could be 4.8ºC by 2100;and short-term weather events will occur frequently. Specifically, the focus is on the genetic resources of domesticated mammalian and avian species that contribute to food security. Climate change is likely to challenge many aspects of animal husbandry, posing threat to different production systems. This is estimated to threaten the existence of different animal genetic resources and their sustainability. General unpredictability and many of the specific challenges associated with climate change (high temperatures, disruptions to feed supplies, disease outbreaks, etc.) give immense thrust to retain diversity in

223 our genetic resources. The genetic mechanism influencing fitness and adaptation is not well explored while as the adaptation traits are usually characterized by low heritability. Breeding indices, thus, need to be balanced to include weightages for adaptation traits of heat resilience, feed conversion efficiency, disease tolerance, longevity along with other such traits. Additionally, higher productivity and genotype environment-interactions (G×E) should be given more consideration to identify animals more adapted to specific conditions ensuring natural stratification of breeds. Recent genetic discoveries and decipherences in animal world, like slick hair gene in cattle, halothane gene in pigs and naked-neck gene in poultry ask for extensive efforts for finding significant correlations for stress, exploitation of heat shock proteins(HSP) and good laying performance on higher temperature conditions. Keeping all the facts and circumstances in mind, we need to be equally resilient as well as dynamic in our approach to sustain any further challenges to our livestock resources or the production systems concerned.

MTY 417 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION THROUGH TRANSGENESIS INTO THE LIVESTOCK WORLD

SHEIKH FIRDOUS AHMAD*, ADESH KUMAR, BABU LAL SAINI, VANDANA YADAV, SONU KUMAR JAIN AND AKANSHA SINGH Division of Animal Genetics Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India – 243 122 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Shrinking agricultural land along with the figures showing huge numbers of malnourished people across the globe, there is threat to our concept of a food secure nation. With the ceiling effect of (green & white) revolutions and the time consuming factor of conventional breeding strategies, the only apparent answer remains with the intervention through biotechnological techniques into the livestock world. Biotechnological research is important as our response to ever increasing pressure of growing human population. Transgenesis refers to one such intervention technique involving the deliberate manipulation and propagation of genes from one organism into the genome of other organism of same or different species. Transgenesis is not a sudden science, but it has been backed up with the inventions and discoveries from the basic sciences. Transgenic animals, besides helping us in the improvement of livestock sector, have been used as bioreactors for medicinal uses, vaccine production, studying gene function and to create models to study human and animal diseases. Whole genome sequencing of various species has aptly cushioned the concept of transgenesis. Application of transgenesis as industrial bioreactors has immense implications for pharmaceutical interference into human societies. Significant interventions of transgenesis have been made into various livestock species using different methods for incorporation, with different success rates. Though facing some ethical issues, the concept of transgenesis is ever evolving and is currently being allowed by several food related organizations. Once the hurdles are passed, this concept is aimed to be one of the biggest revolutions of the scientific world and has the potential to change the world towards its betterment. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February MTY 418 MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION: AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD TO CONTROL GASTRO-INTESTINAL NEMATODEINFESTATION IN GOATS

THIRUNAVUKKARASU, S.B.,*1, ILAYAKUMAR, K.1 AND RAVIKUMAR, D.2 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL 1M.V.Sc. Scholar, Animal Genetics Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute – Izatnagar 2M.V.Sc. Scholar, Animal Genetics Division, National Dairy Research Institute – Karnal *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Goats play a vital role in improving the socio-economic conditions of the rural masses with aadvantages of goat farming like low input cost, short generation interval etc.. From the past decade, research focus is on identification of goat breeds having natural resistance towards variety of infections has increased, specially in the times of climate change, such innately adapted animals can provide livelihood security for future generations. More emphasis

224 have been given towards deadly diseases like bluetongue and PPR because of their rapid spread and high mortality rates but the gastro-intestinal nematodiasis have been neglected. A higher magnitude of economic losses has been attributable to the Haemonchus contortus. Importance of chemotherapy cannot be flouted in spite of certain concerns like: anthelmintic resistance, higher cost of therapy, and drug residues in meat and milk of the treated animals. These issues have stimulated current investigations to develop improved and/or alternative methods for controlling Haemonchus contortus such as marker assisted selection of resistant goat is necessary. Selection of resistant animals can provide a long term solution for management of these parasites; Moreover, resistance is heritable (% of inheritance) from one generation to another generation of animals. These animals can be selected and used for future breeding programs. Selection and breeding for genetically nematode resistant animals are relatively simple and cheap method of reducing the effects of nematode infestation.

MTY 419 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME IN LIVESTOCK

B. L. SAINI*1, AKANSHA SINGH1, ADESH KUMAR1, VANDANA YADAV1, SHEIKH FIRDOUS AHMAD1 AND SONU KUMAR JAIN1 1M.V.Sc Scholar, Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh - 243122 *Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Livestock sector plays a critical role in the welfare of India’s rural population. It is an integrated component of agricultural activities in the country. Due to rising demand for animal products and changing food preferences of the next generation consumers, the Indian livestock sector has to improve its performance. India has vast livestock population with low productivity and most of them are non-descript type. Department of animal husbandry is implementing centrally sponsored schemes such as – central herd registration scheme, key village scheme, intensive cattle development project, progeny testing programme, most authentic and reliable tool for genetic up-gradation in the progeny. The Network Project on Buffalo Improvement was initiated in 1993 with the aim to produce progeny tested bulls for improvement in buffalo population in the country. Genetic improvement in bovines is a long-term activity and Government initiated a major programme ‘National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding’ (NPCBB) in October 2000 for a period of ten years, National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre” for development, conservation and preservation of Indigenous Breeds will be set up, as a Centre of Excellence to develop and conserve Indigenous Breeds in a holistic and scientific manner, Rashtriya Gokul Mission has been initiated by the Department with the aim to conserve and develop Indigenous Breeds in a focused and scientific manner and all India coordinated programme has been initiated for improving the production performance of Indian breeds of goat and sheep through crossbreeding. A cross breeding scheme was initiated in 1997 to introgress the FecB gene from India’s most valuable germplasm “Garole sheep” of a hot and humid environment into the non-prolific and large size mutton sheep breed “Malpura” best adapted of a semi-arid tropical environment to produce the Garole X Malpura (GM) crossbred carrying FecB gene. These schemes need to be strictly implemented so as to have genetic enhancement of livestock XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity to fulfil growing food demand of the country in terms of nutritional security and employment generation. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February

MTY 420 APPLICATION OF REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNIQUE IN ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES AND LIVELIHOOD SECURITY NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL VANDANA YADAV*1, AKANSHA SINGH1, ADESH KUMAR1, B.L SAINI1 AND SHEIKH FIRDOUS AHMAD1 1M.V.Sc Scholar, Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh - 243122 *Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Livestock systems occupy about 30 per cent of the planet’s ice-free terrestrial surface area (Seinfeld et al., 2006) and are a significant global asset with a value of at least $1.4 trillion (around 66764950000000.00 Indian Rupees).

225 The livestock sector is increasingly organized in long market chains that employ at least 1.3 billion people globally and directly support the livelihoods of 600 million poor farmers in the developing world (Thornton et al., 2006). Livestock rearing, a rural activity serves as the source of livelihood security for 70% of families in India. Keeping livestock is an important risk reduction strategy for vulnerable communities; and livestock are important providers of nutrients and traction for growing crops in smallholder systems. Livestock production can make the most efficient use of resources, some of which may otherwise be unusable. Livestock products contribute 17 percent to kilocalorie consumption and 33 per cent to protein consumption globally. Logically, the animals sacrifice themselves for us and everything from them is available for one or the other use of humans. They produce quality nutrients in terms of meat, milk, eggs, along with important byproducts such as leather, bones, horns, and manure for the livelihood of the human society. These products find their use in ensuring food security, providing nutritious food, fertilizer use, and use for ornamental purposes. With population explosion, securing livelihood poses a huge pressure on animal genetic resources. Biotechnological interventions are helpful in maximizing the production level of animals eventually helping us secure our livelihood. The applications of reproductive biotechnologies provide the way for the genetic improvement of livestock in considerably less time. Artificial insemination (AI) was the first great biotechnology applied to improve reproduction and genetics of farm animals. Considerable progress has been made since then into this field and its applications into the animal world. It is because of these reproductive bio- techniques that it is now possible to predetermine the sex of offspring with an accuracy of 85-95% that has emerged as a boon for dairy industry. These bio-techniques (ETT, IVF, Cloning, Transgenesis, etc) serve as connecting link between humans and farm animals. There is still a tremendous scope for these biotechnologies to be applied on our genetic resources in order to maximize their potential to ultimate limits, thereby providing a need to stress upon the use of these biotechnologies in the improvement of animal performance.

MTY 421 NUTRIGENOMICS: AN APPROACH TO PROMOTE ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTIONS

AKANSHA SINGH1, RAJNI CHAUDHARY 2, VANDANA YADAV1, LALRENGPUII SAILO2, BABU LAL SAINI1 ADESH KUMAR1 AND SHEIKH FIRDOUS AHMAD1 1M.V.Sc. Scholar, Animal Genetics Division, 2 Ph.D. Scholar, Animal Genetics Division Indian Veterinary Research Institute – Izatnagar *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Nutrigenomics has emerged as a novel and multidisciplinary research field in molecular nutrition in response to genes to improve animal health and production. Interaction of genes and gene products with dietary components to alter phenotype and conversely, how genes and their products metabolize nutrients is known as “Nutritional Genomics” or “Nutrigenomics. Profiling technologies like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics together with bioinformatics constitute the discipline of functional genomics. Application of these tools allow progressively more detailed molecular studies in animals, human and cell cultures indicating that nutrients and XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February other bioactive food compounds can interact with genes affecting transcription factors, protein expression and metabolite production. These aspects have motivated current trend in research to study how nutrient affects the homeostasis between health and disease by altering the expression of genes. Thus, it plays an efficient role in various fields of animal health like nutrition, production, reproduction, disease process etc. Nutrigenomics approaches will enhance researcher’s abilities to maintain animal health, optimize animal performance and improve milk and meat quality. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

226 MTY 422 COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION OF CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IN INDIA

SAPNA NATH1*, I. SATISH KUMAR2, P. M. NATH3, AND D. N. DAS1 1Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Dairy Production Section, ICAR-NDRI, Bengaluru, 2Scientist, Livestock Research Station, Palamner, SVVU, A.P. 3Assistant Professor, Lievstock Product & Technology, LCVSc, AAU, Joyhing, N.L. * Corresponding author: [email protected]

The livestock sector in India is rapidly changing especially, trade in live animals, genetic materials and livestock products has grown substantially with globalization and trade liberalization. Primarily, livestock production in India is dependent on large number of high-yielding breeds. These developments have caused the loss of many breeds of livestock in Northern India. Losses in the South India are limited, but still many breeds are at risk. These developments have stimulated international efforts in breed conservation. Food and agriculture organization is guiding the compilation of a global State of the World Report that shall lead to a global action plan for breed conservation. However, international negotiations so far have failed adequately to include the livestock keepers who are the originators of the breeds. Pastoralists, especially, known as skillful breeders have fashioned numerous breeds that are able to survive under harsh conditions. These breeds are of rising interest to researchers and breeders searching for genes of potential value. While in many countries it is possible to patent the genes of animals, indigenous knowledge is not protected by international law and regulations. In the view of these developments, it is of paramount importance to secure the rights of pastoralists and enable them to benefit from the wider use of their breeds and local knowledge. Furthermore, institutional support, access to grazing land, education, services and other supportive measures will enable at least some pastoralists to continue livestock production and their valuable contribution to breed creation and conservation. XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

227 ADDENDUM

Comprehensive In Silico Analysis of SNPs in Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene of Cattle: An Approach to Predict their Functional Impact

Manoj Kumar Singh, Rakesh Ranjan, Monika Sodhi, Avnish Kumar Bhatia, Ankita Sharma, RS Kataria, SaketKumar Niranjan and ManishiMukesh ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana

Heat shock proteins have been identified as major proteins induced during cellular responses to various stresses such as heat shock and oxidative stress. These proteins act as molecular chaperons in regulating cellular homeostasis and folding-unfolding of damaged proteins during thermal or any other physiological stresses. This study deals with heat shock protein 70.1 (HSP70.1) gene,one of the major chaperones for cataloguing all variations reported in dbSNP database and in Indian native cattle. The dbSNP database contained a total of 137 SNPs for HSP70.1 gene, out of which 77 were non- synonymous (nsSNPs), 57 synonymous, 1 each for stop gained, frame deletion and frameshiftvariation. ThensSNPs identified in dbSNP databasewere evaluated using SIFT, Polyphen-2 and ConSurf server toolsand 12of them were judged deleterious. Simultaneously, the sequence data generated previously for HSP70.1 gene in 85 random animals of 14 Indian cattle breedsrevealed a total of 23 SNPs. Out of these, 14 were synonymous and 3 were nsSNPs.The 17 SNPs were in coding region, 5 in 5’UTR and 1 in 3’UTR of HSP70.1 gene. The3 nsSNPs in Indian native cattle were predicted to be ofnon-deleterious, non-damaging and variabletypes using SIFT, Polyphen-2 and ConSurf server tools.Different physiological parameters of 12 nsSNPs from dbSNP and 3 nsSNPs from Indian cattle were predicted by ProtPram Server.Further, systematic in-silico analysis of 15 nsSNPs (12 from dbSNPs and 3 from native Indian cattle breeds) identified four highly deleterious nsSNPs {(rs443101756 (T145P), rs444047738(G201), rs444047738 (G201R) and rs439440803(A259D)}. The analysis with PROVEAN, I-Mutant, PANTHER, PhD-SNP and SNPs&GO tools revealed pathogenic natureof these 4 nsSNPs. Additionally, secondary structure of HSP70.1 with 15 nsSNPwere predicted and compared. The secondary structure of HSP70.1 sequenceconsisted of 265 alpha helices(41.34%), 134 extended strand(20.90%), 51 beta turn (7.96%) and 191 random coil(29.80%). The 3D models of native and mutated sequences were generated through RaptorX web server and visualized using UCSF Chimera and PyMoL. The quality of these models were evaluated by RAMPAGE and WHAT IF web server. Further, unlikedbSNPdatabase wherein no variation has been reported in5’UTR of this gene, 85 sequences of HSP70.1 gene in Indian cattle revealed5 variations. Out of these, 3 variationsat positions -32(+141) T>G, -91(+82) C>T, and -133(+40) C>T with respective frequencies of 0.165, 0.023 and 0.459 were analyzed for minimum free energy (MFE) and centroid MFE using RNAfold server and compared with reference sequence of Bostaurus. The MFE and CMFE for reference sequence were -45.20 and - 31.80 Kcal/mol, respectively. For the three variantsin Indian cattle at position -32, -91 and -133 in 5’ UTR theMFE and centroid MFE values were -48.30 and -47.70 Kcal/mol, -44.80 Kcal/mol and -12.11, and -44.70 and -25.40 Kcal/mol, respectively. The estimated MFE of secondary structure decreased from -45.20 Kcal/mol in the references sequence to -48.30 Kcal/molin Indian native cattlefor one of the variation at position -32 (T>G).For other two

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity variations at -91 (C>T) and -133 (C>T), the analysis predicted increase in energy level. This type of variation in 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 5’UTR could impact the translation efficiency and protein expression of a particular gene. Our results suggest that application of computational pipeline as followed in the present study could provide an alternate approach to select potential target SNPs for assessing their impact on protein structure and function. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

228 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : BIODYNAMIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY UNDER CHANGING GLOBAL SCENARIO

TECHNICAL SESSION V

YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD

MTY 501 EVALUATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF LACTATION CURVE IN MURRAH BUFFALOES

V. JAMUNA*, A.K.GUPTA, A.K.CHAKRAVARTY, VIKAS VOHRA AND M.A.MIR Dairy Cattle Breeding Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001 *Email: [email protected]

Lactation curve is the graphical representation of rate of milk secretion with the advancement in lactation.Non- linear parametric modeling of lactation curve for milk yield helps in predicting total milk yield, milk yield at any stage of lactation, lactation persistency, and aids in designing suitable breeding and management strategies for dairy animals. The present study was undertaken to develop best lactation curves in Murrah buffaloes based on 1281 lactations records of monthly test day milk yield of 565 Murrah buffaloes. The data was spread over a period of 23 years from 1993 to 2015, maintained at DCB Division NDRI, Karnal. Lactation curves for monthly test day milk yield were developed using Wilmink function. Standardization of Wilmink function was done based on ‘k’ values. Lactation curve was predicted based on different k values and standardized based on goodness of fit criteria (R2 value and average error). The result showed that constant factor (k-value) of Wilmink function in Murrah buffaloes was found to be 0.07 for best prediction. Four types of curve viz., standard, continuously increasing, reverse standard and continuously decreasing types were obtained in the herd. Standard curve and continuously increasing curves were classified as desired curves, where as reverse standard and continuously decreasing type curves were classified as non-desired curves. Genetic profiling of lactation curve was also done using leptin gene. Exon 2 region of leptin gene was found to be polymorphic and Murrah buffaloes with CC and TC genotypes depicted more desired lactation curve and had milk yield in comparison to buffaloes with TT genotype. The study concludes that in Murrah buffaloes modified Wilmink function could be used for best profiling lactation curve and buffaloes with CC and TC genotypes of leptin gene could be selected for higher milk yield.

MTY 502 RNA INTERFERENCE MEDIATED SILENCING OF ACETYL CO-A CARBOXYLASE GENE IN CHICKEN HEPATIC CELLS IN VITRO

A. RAJENDRA PRASAD*,T.K.BHATTACHARYA1, R.N.CHATTERJEE1, KUMAR, P2 BHUSHAN, B2, P.GURU VISHNU2,N.GOVARDHANA SAGAR2AND D.DIVYA1 1ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar , Hyderabad-500030 *2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P-243122 *Email: [email protected] XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis, which catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. The RNA interference mediated by shRNAs was widely used in invertebrates and vertebrate models for studies like gene knockdown, target gene validations and therapeutic purposes. Further, knockdown of gene by RNAi has the advantage of circumventing undesirable effects due to complete abolition of gene function and simultaneously accomplishing desired alteration in function of gene.In the present study, BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer was used to design five different shRNA sequences targeting the Open Reading Frame (ORF) of ACACA gene. All five shRNA constructs including scrambled shRNA were first for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL cloned in BLOCK-iT U6 RNAi Entry Vector kit transfected into primary chicken hepatic cells by electroporation. The cells were harvested after 48 hours of transfection and total RNA was isolated for further analysis. The mRNA expression levels of target gene ACACA along with immune response genes (IFNA, IFNB and BLB) and reference gene (GAPDH) were quantified by using Real-Time PCR.In the current study, we evaluated five shRNA molecules for transient RNAi silencing analysis of ACACA gene in primary chicken hepatic cells. The primary hepatic cells th 0 were cultured from 14 day chicken embryo using M-199 medium with 10% FBS at 37 C temperature and 5% CO2 in CO2 incubator. The shRNA molecules were first cloned into BLOCK-iT U6 RNAi Entry Vector and the recombinant

229 vectors were transfected to the hepatic cells. The expression of ACACA, IFNA, IFNB, BLB and GAPDH genes were determined from the transfected cells cultured for 48 hours.Effect of shRNA molecules on expression of ACACA gene in primary hepatic cells was compared with that in control cell population, which in other word used as mock control in RNAi experiment. Comparison of shRNA molecules 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 with mock control revealed 1.03, 0.9, 1.8, 2 and 0.5 folds of lower expression of ACACA gene in the shRNA treated cells. The results revealed that the molecule 3 and 4 had significantly lower expression as compared to control.As far as immunogenicity of transfected cells being coordinated by shRNA molecule were concerned, IFN-á showed 1.5,1.5, 1, 1.2 and 1.03 folds of higher expression was observed in five shRNA molecules, respectively in comparison with control. The IFN-â gene also showed 8, 1.1, 0.5, 1.3 and 0.9 folds of higher expression in shRNA treated cells as compared to control. The expression of BLB gene was found to be differed non-significantly between transfected cells and control.The present study identified potential shRNAs showing efficient silencing of ACACA gene expressionin primary hepatic cell culture. Hence, the anti ACACA shRNA construct having maximum knock down efficiency may be used for generating ACACA knockdown chicken and therefore, suggests a strategy for reducing fat synthesis in chicken. However, further studies with the aim to increasing the stable expression of anti ACACA shRNA construct, need to be conducted before harnessing this technology under in vivo conditions.

MTY 503 PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR GENTIC STUDIES ON DRAUGHTABILITY OF UMBLACHERY BREED OF CATTLE

KOUSALYA DEVI, M1*.,KARTHICKEYAN, S.M.K2. , SIVASELVAM, S.N.3, VENKATARAMANAN, R.4 AND TIRUMURUGAAN5, K.G. 1,2,3Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 4Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam – 603203 5Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Chennai – 600051 *Email: [email protected]

A study was conducted to assess the draught potential of Umblachery cattle of Tamil Nadu. Phenotypic traits related to draughtability and their associations with 16 SNPs in six candidate genes (ACE, ADRB2, BDKRB2, GPX-1, IGF-1 and VEGFA) and five microsatellites in two candidate genes (IGF-1 and VEGFA) were studied in 112 Umblacherybullocks aged 2.5 to 12 years in the breeding tract. The mean body length, chest girth and height at withers were 120.21±0.89, 151.92 ±1.04 and 123.94 ±0.72 cm respectively. The estimated average body weight was 265.64 ± 5.88 kg. Draughtability parameters (in 43 pairs of bullocks) viz. stride length, speed of ploughing and horse power generated during ploughing averaged 1.20 ± 0.21 m, 0.95 ± 0.03 m/s and 0.39 ± 0.04 hp (for an average draught load of 27.5 ± 2.05 kg obtained in this study) respectively. Among the draughtability parameters, only stride length had highly significant positive correlation with all the three morphometric traits. Optimum draft load at which Umblachery bullocks could give uniform and maximum power output was found to be 75 to 78 kg. The mean serum creatine kinase and lactate were estimated to be 52.35 ± 5.04 U/L and 52.87 ± 8.22 mg/dL before XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February work; and 35.92 ± 4.17 U/L and 35.98 ± 1.68 mg/dL after work respectively. Microsatellite locus, VEGFA-(ACAT)n was found to be significantly associated with serum creatine kinase and lactate, with 373/373 and 365/365 bp as

favorablegenotypes. Microsatellite locus, VEGFA-(GA)n was found to be highly significantly associated with serum lactate alone, with 175/177 and 177/177 bp as favorable genotypes. SNPs ACE 2620 (A>G) and BDKRB2 41872 (G>A) were found to be significantly associated with body weight and creatine kinase respectively, with GG genotypes in both SNPs as favorable. Thus, ACE, BDKRB2 and VEGFA genes could be used as potential candidate markers for selecting Umblachery cattle breed with high draught power. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

230 MTY 504 EXTENSIVE DIVERSITY AT IMMUNE RESPONSIVE MHC CLASS II GENES IN INDIAN WATER BUFFALOES: AN EVIDENCE OF HIGHER DISEASE RESISTANCE

SHAILENDRA KUMAR MISHRA1, SAKET KUMAR NIRANJAN1*, BHASWATI BANERJEE2 AND RANJIT SINGH KATARIA1 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 2Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh *Email: [email protected]

Higher genetic diversity at Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) loci enhances probability of recognizing a wider array of pathogens, providing an evolutionary advantage to the host to combat against diseases. Water buffalo (Bubalusbubalis-Bubu), an important bovine of India, is thought to be well adapted to disease-predominant, sub- tropical climate. In this study, genetic diversity of genes encoding MHC class II molecules– responsible for antigen binding and presentation–was assessedin330water buffaloes including riverine (169 of 5 breeds) and swamp (161 of 6 populations) types. During preliminary screening of diversity, PCR-RFLP was performed for exon 2 of DQ (DQA, DQB) and DR (DRA, DRB3) genes in all the animals. A total of 115 MHC class II alleles including 67 Bubu-DQA, 28 DQB, 6 DRA and 14 DRB3were identified, through examining PCR-RFLP patterns followed by cloning and sequencing. Higher non-synonymous substitution at peptide binding sites compared to synonymous in Bubu-DQ and DR demonstrated strong positive selection. A total of 92 percent buffaloes were found to possess more than one DQA and/or DQB locus in their genomic region. Presence of multiple functional copies of DQ loci (DQA1, DQA2 and DQA3; DQB1, -DQB3 and -DQB4), as observed by qPCR and unique alleles, is advantageous to the species in recognizing a larger array of pathogens including evaders. Nearly all of the buffaloes were found to carry two or more alleles in at least one of the four class II loci. Further, we also established that duplicated DQ loci might have an effect on lower mastitis occurrence in buffaloes, as observed through association study in Nili Ravi (30 mastitis affected, 30 Non-affected) buffaloes.The study determines high allelic diversity, extreme heterozygosity and multiplicative MHC class II region in buffaloes, putting an earnest claim that our Indian buffaloesare more disease tolerant and/or resistant.

MTY 505 SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS AND MOLECULAR BREEDING VALUE ESTIMATION OF DAIRY TRAITS IN CROSSBRED CATTLE OF KERALA

1* 2 3 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity LALI, F. A , ANILKUMAR K. AND ARAVINDAKSHAN T. V. Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India- 680 651 *Email: [email protected]

The effect of fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on dairy traits and the accuracy of breeding values estimated using the average effects of alleles were investigated in crossbred cattle of Kerala. A total of 144 crossbred cattle comprising two herds of 104 and 40 animals were genotyped for the polymorphic sites by restriction fragment for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL length polymorphism (RFLP). The distribution of genetic variants of all the SNPs was according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except three. Association of SNPs with dairy traits was analysed by general linear model univariate considering marker, season of calving and parity as fixed effects and dairy trait as dependent variable. Allele substitution effects and breeding values for respective genetic variants were estimated. The phenotypic values for dairy traits were predicted in a separate herd of 40 animals using the breeding values derived from the first herd. The predicted and observed values for dairy traits were not different (p>0.05) according to paired t-test. The results confirmed the influence of SNPs on milk yield 305 day (GH/C1547T), daily milk yield (GH/C1547T), fat yield (GH/C1547T) and fat (DGAT1/K232A, PPARGC1A/A3359C, OPN/C8514T and IGF1/C512T), protein (DGAT1/

231 K232A), SNF (DGAT1/K232A and OPN/C8514T) and lactose content (OPN/C8514T). These markers can be suggested for marker assisted selection (MAS) for future breeding programmes.

MTY 506 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY OF FERMENTED MALABARI GOAT MILK

P.SATHYA1, K.RADHA2 AND C.T. SATHIAN3 MV.Sc. Scholar1, Assistant Professor2, Professor and Head3 Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy-680651, Kerala *Email: [email protected]

Astudy was conducted to investigate the potential of different lactic acid bacterial cultures to produce antihypertensive peptides (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitory peptides) in fermented Malabari goat milk. Goat milk fermented with 14 different lactic acid bacterial cultures including Lactobacillus helveticus (NCDC 288 and NCDC 192), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NCDC 009 and NCDC 253), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCDC 024 and MTCC 8712), Lactobacillus plantarum (NCDC 417 and NCDC 379), Lactobacillus casei (NCDC 297 and NCDC 017), Lactobacillusparacaseissp. paracasei (NCDC 022), Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCDC 015, NCDC 298 and MTCC 10307) were studied for their Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitory activity. Fermented goat milk was prepared by using these cultures at two different inoculum sizes (3% and 4%). The fermented goat milk samples were analyzed for pH, Titratable acidity, Microbial count, Proteolytic activity and ACE inhibitory activity. The pH of the fermented milk samples ranged from 3.85- 5.57. Titratable acidity ranged from 0.28 - 1.13 percent lactic acid. Microbial count ranged from 25-168×108 CFU/g. Proteolytic activity varied from 0.20 - 0.66 and ACE inhibitory activity ranged from 62.50 - 98.66 %. The highest ACE inhibitory activity was observed in goat milk fermented with Lactobacillusplantarum (NCDC 379). The lowest ACE inhibitory activity was observed in goat milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei (NCDC 297). The inoculum size had a positive correlation with ACE inhibitory activity.

MTY 507 KNOCKDOWN OF MYOSTATIN BINDING RECEPTORS (ACVR2A) EXPRESSION BY RNAi ENHANCES MYOD GENE IN CHICKEN MYOBLAST CELLS

P. SATHEESH KUMAR*3, T.K. BHATTACHARYA1, S.K. DHARA2, PUSHPENDRA KUMAR2, R.N. CHATTERJEE1 AND CHANDAN PASWAN1 1ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030 2 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February 3ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India *Email: [email protected]

Activin Receptor Type-IIA (ACVR2A) is the receptor for Myostatin(MSTN), a member of TGFâ super family in chicken and other animals. MSTN, normally function to limit muscle growth. The activin type II receptor pathway has been identified to be critical in regulating skeletal muscle size. Several ligands, including MSTN, GDF11,

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL BMP3, activin, signal through this pathway, suggesting that receptors are major regulatory nodes in the regulation of muscle mass as well as bone mass in chicken. Five siRNA molecules were used to knockdown the expression of ACVR2A gene in chicken embryo myoblast (CEM) cell culture. As compared to mock transfected CEM cells, ACVR2A gene was down-regulated by all five shRNA. Expression of immune related genes such as IFNá and BLB were up-regulated by 3.03 to 7.01 folds irrespective of shRNA molecules. Thepercent knock-down of ACVR2A gene due to five shRNA molecules in CEM varied from 60 to 82% which results the up-regulation of myogenic regulatory factor of MyoD and Myogenin. The MyoD gene up-regulation was noticed 2.75 to 4.72 folds. Finally, it is concluded that shRNA may successfully reduce the expression of ACVR2A gene in cell culture. The highly conserved MyoD and Myogenin genes are collectively expressed in the skeletal muscle lineage. This study will be helpful in future to induce faster growth with increased muscle mass in chicken. 232 Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity (SOCDAB)

India is the pride possessor of the world’s most varied forms of fauna and flora. The presence of more than 151 breeds of various livestock species is unparalleled worldwide. These farm animal genetic resources have remained the backbone of Indian agrarian economy through the production of milk, meat, eggs, fibers and manure. More recently, modern breeders have applied the science of genetics and breeding to produce more efficient, high producing farm animals mainly through crossbreeding with exotic germplasm. In the process, the populations and genetic base of several valuable indigenous breeds and strains of animals are shrinking rapidly. We need to consider the conservation of farm animal genetic resources as insurance that our generation and future generations have a healthy and adequate food supply. The animal genetic resources are regarded today as being important to efforts that are designed to maintain and enhance the competitiveness of Indian agriculture on domestic and international markets. Realising the growing concern that urgent action is needed on the issue of conservation of farm animal genetic resources, a group of concerned professionals met, discussed and resolved to provide a platform to dedicated and enthusiastic conservationists. The establishment of the Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity (SOCDAB) with its headquarters at National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources in June, 1998 is the culmination of dedicated efforts of such professionals.

The chief motto behind the establishment of SOCDAB has been, “Let’s not take our future food needs for granted Let’s bank on our native farm animal genetic resources” Objectives

1 To create awareness in all sections of society about Domestic Animal Diversity and need for conservation. 2. To undertake such activities which foster sustainable management of domestic animals. 3. To emphasize the importance of judicious use of animal wealth. 4. To generate programmes and suggest measures to various agencies for conserving the endangered species and breeds of the animals. 5. To provide a forum for the amateurs and professionals to undertake activities directed towards conservation. 6. To promote research, education and development of domestic animals which would result in their profitable utilization. 7. To undertake programmes for monitoring the loss of domestic animal biodiversity and forecasting their status. Activities XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February ƒ Organization of National/ International Seminars/ Symposia/ Workshops/ group meetings on characterization and conservation of indigenous animal genetic resources. ƒ Creation of mass awareness about the domestic animal biodiversity in the scientific community as well as in general public through activities of the society. ƒ Creation of awareness among the general public about torture and abuses to the indigenous animal genetic resources which they roam about after completing their useful and productive lifespan. for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL ƒ Dissemination of knowledge and technologies about sustainable management and economic utilization of animals through published literature or other mss media. ƒ Listing of endangered/ threatened indigenous animal genetic resources and forecasting their status for their conservation.

233 Executive council 2015-2017

ƒ President (Ex-officio) Dr. Arjava Sharma, Director, NBAGR, Karnal

ƒ Vice Presidents Dr. M.S. Tantia, Principal Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal Dr. P. Kumarasamy, Head Dept. of Bio-informatics, Madras Vet. College, Chennai Dr. G.C. Gahlot, Prof. &Head, Dept. AGB, COVAS, RUVAS, Bikaner Dr. R.S. Gandhi, ADG (AP&B), ICAR, New Delhi

ƒ General Secretary Dr P.K. Singh, Principal Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal

ƒ Joint Secretaries Dr. N. K. Verma , Principal Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal Dr. D.V. Singh, Prof. &Head LPM, COVAS, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

ƒ Treasurer Dr. Vikas Vohra, Senior Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal

ƒ Executive Members Dr. K.N. Raja, Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal Dr R.K.Pundir, Principal Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal Dr. R.A.K. Aggarwal, Principal Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal Dr. S.K. Niranjan, Senior Scientist, NBAGR, Karnal Dr. K. P. Ramesha, Principal Scientist, NDRI, SRS, Bangalore Dr S.K. Singh, Principal Scientist, CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura Dr. Simarjeet Kaur, Asstt. Professor, GADVASU, Ludhiana Dr. Umesh Singh, Principal Scientist, CIRC, Meerut Dr. Aruna Pal, Assistant Professor, WBUAFS, Kolkata Dr. D. Balasubramanyam, Directorate of CAPS, TANUVAS, Chennai XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

234 SOCDAB Events- At a glance SN Type of Theme Date & Host Institute Organizing Event Year Secretary 11st National Livestock Biodiversity Vis-à-vis Feb 11-12 NBAGR, Dr. R.K. Pundir Symposium Resources Exploitation: 2004 Karnal- 13200 An Introspection 1 Haryana 22nd National Domestic Animal Diversity: Feb 10-11 NBAGR, Dr. B. Prakash Symposium Status, Opportunities and 2005 Karnal- 132001 Challenges Haryana 3 Workshop Crossbreeding at the Oct 22, Veterinary College, Prof. M.G. Cross-roads 2005 Banglore-560024 Govindaiah (K.V.A.F.S. University, Bidar) 43rd National Conservation and Improvement Feb 9-10 NBAGR, Dr. P.K. Singh Symposium of Animal Genetic Resources 2006 Karnal- 132001 Under Low Input System: Haryana Challenges and Strategies 54th National Role of Animal Genetic Feb 8-9 Birsa Agricultural Dr. D.K. Singh Symposium Resources in Rural Livelihood 2007 University, Ranchi ‘Dron’ Security 834 006 (Jharkhand) 65th National Symposium Redefining Role of Indigenous Feb 15-16 Veterinary College, Dr. M.R. Animal Genetic Resources in 2008 Banglore-560024 Jayashankar Rural Development (KVAFS University, Bidar) 76th National Livestock Biodiversity Feb 12-13 NBAGR, Dr. D.K. Sadana Symposium Conservation and Utilization: 2009 Karnal- 132001 Lessons from Past and Future Haryana Perspective 87th National Challenges to Domestic Animal Feb 10-11 Anand Agricultural Dr. D.N. Rank Symposium Biodiversity and Action Plan for 2010 University, Anand its Management and Utilization 388001, Gujarat 98th National Animal Genetic Resources for Feb 18-19 Orissa Livestock Dr. Sanat Mishra Symposium Sustainable Livestock Sector 2011 Resources Development in India Society (OLRDS), Bhubaneswar, Orissa 10 9th National Role of Indigenous Animal Feb 24-25 BAIF Development Dr. A.B. Pande Symposium Genetic Resources in Rural Food 2012 Research Foundation, Security vis-à-vis Climate Change Pune (Maharashtra) 11 10th National Integrated Development of Vast Feb 7-8 GBPUAT Dr. C.V. Singh Symposium biodiversity of Indigenous 2013 Pantnagar XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Livestock for Long Term Rural (Uttarakhand) Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Livelihood Security 12 National Technological and Policy March 14 PDC, Meerut (U.P.) Dr. Umesh Singh Seminar Interventions for Sustainable 2013 Cattle Breeding in India 13 11th National Harmonizing Phenomics & Feb. 6-7 NBAGR, Karnal Dr. N.K. Verma Symposium Genomics for sustainable 2014 management of livestock vis-à-vis NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL upliftment of rural masses 14 12th Sustainable management of animal Feb 13-14 TANUVAS Dr. Peria G International genetic resources for livelihood 2015 Chennai Kumarasamy Symposium security in developing countries 15 13th National Policy planning for livestock Feb 11-12 SKAUST-J, Symposium security through domestic animal 2015 Jammu Dr. R.K. Taggar biodiversity

235 Life Membersof The Society SOCDAB 0001 Dr. A.E. Nivsarkar SOCDAB 0070 Dr. Ranvir Singh SOCDAB 0138 Dr (Mrs.) Anupma Mukherjee SOCDAB 0002 Dr. R. Sahai SOCDAB 0071 Dr. Pushpendra Kumar SOCDAB 0139 Dr. D.S. Balain SOCDAB 0003 Dr. S.K. Prasad SOCDAB 0072 Dr. Arjava Sharma SOCDAB 0140 Dr. S. P. Dixit SOCDAB 0004 Dr. Gurmej Singh SOCDAB 0073 Dr. Umesh Singh SOCDAB 0141 Dr. Safeer Alam SOCDAB 0005 Dr. (Ms) S. Bhatia SOCDAB 0074 Dr. G.K. Gaur SOCDAB 0142 Dr. B.C. Sarkhel SOCDAB 0006 Late Dr. V. Shanker SOCDAB 0075 Dr. Arun Kumar SOCDAB 0143 Dr A. R. Sirothia SOCDAB 0007 Dr. B. Prakash SOCDAB 0076 Dr. V.K. Saxena SOCDAB 0144 Dr. R.N. Chatterjee SOCDAB 0008 Dr. S.C. Gupta SOCDAB 0077 Dr. Rajvir Singh SOCDAB 0145 Dr. S. Pan SOCDAB 0009 Dr. R.K. Vij SOCDAB 0078 Dr. C.V. Singh SOCDAB 0146 Dr. Rakesh Goyal SOCDAB 0010 Dr. (Mrs.) N. Gupta SOCDAB 0079 Dr. R.K. Sharma SOCDAB 0147 Dr. A.K. Gupta SOCDAB 0011 Dr. P.K. Vij SOCDAB 0080 Dr. Devendra Kumar SOCDAB 0148 Dr. B. P. Kushwaha SOCDAB 0012 Dr. M.S. Tantia SOCDAB 0081 Dr. R.J. Sharma SOCDAB 0149 Dr. S.P. Dahiya SOCDAB 0013 Dr. Anand Jain SOCDAB 0082 Dr. Elizabeth Kurien SOCDAB 0150 Dr. Abhijit Mitra SOCDAB 0014 N.K. Verma SOCDAB 0083 Dr. Anshu Rahal SOCDAB 0151 Dr. S.M. Deb SOCDAB 0015 R K Pundir SOCDAB 0084 Dr. S.S. Tomer SOCDAB 0152 Dr. B.K. Joshi SOCDAB 0016 Avnish Kumar SOCDAB 0085 Dr. S.S. Lathwal SOCDAB 0153 Late. Dr. Ashwani Sharma SOCDAB 0017 Dr. (Mrs). Reena Arora SOCDAB 0086 Dr. S.L. Goswami SOCDAB 0154 Dr. Ananad Laxmi SOCDAB 0018 Dr. Gautam Sahana SOCDAB 0087 Dr. B.R. Yadav SOCDAB 0155 Dr. Archana Verma SOCDAB 0019 Dr. (Mrs) Dechama SOCDAB 0088 Dr. A.K. Mohanty SOCDAB 0156 Dr. G.K. Sachdeva SOCDAB 0020 Dr. Dinesh Kumar (BT) SOCDAB 0089 Dr. M.L. Kamboj SOCDAB 0157 Dr. Rupesh Kumar Srivastava SOCDAB 0021 Dr. P.K. Jain SOCDAB 0090 Dr. T.C. Roy SOCDAB 0158 Dr. M.G. Govindiaha SOCDAB 0022 Jyotsna SOCDAB 0091 Dr. M.K. Singh SOCDAB 0159 Dr. Sandeep Jain SOCDAB 0023 Dr. A.K. Pandey SOCDAB 0092 Dr. S.K. Singh SOCDAB 0160 Dr. M. R. Jayashankar SOCDAB 0024 Dr. (Mrs) M. Sodhi SOCDAB 0093 Dr. (Ms) Bina Mishra SOCDAB 0161 Dr. C. S. Nagaraja SOCDAB 0025 Dr. Rahul Behl SOCDAB 0094 Dr. B.P. Mishra SOCDAB 0162 Dr. (Ms) M.Vasundhara Devi SOCDAB 0026 Rekha Sharma SOCDAB 0095 Dr. Dinesh Pandey SOCDAB 0163 Dr.K.S.Prathap Kumar SOCDAB 0027 Dr. P.S. Panwar SOCDAB 0096 Ms. Neelam Sheoran SOCDAB 0164 Dr. H. N. Narsimha Murti SOCDAB 0028 Ms. Namita Dipak SOCDAB 0097 Sh Brijesh Singh Sisodia SOCDAB 0165 Dr. Prabhakar M. G. SOCDAB 0029 Dr. S.C. Mehta SOCDAB 0098 Sh S. S. Bulandi SOCDAB 0166 Dr Darshan Raj G. SOCDAB 0030 Dr. P.K. Raut SOCDAB 0099 Dr. K. Anil Kumar SOCDAB 0167 Dr Naveen Kumar S. SOCDAB 0031 Dr. Ajay Mandal SOCDAB 0100 Dr. S.B. Gokhale SOCDAB 0168 Dr. Manjunatha Prabhu B. H. SOCDAB 0032 Dr. S.N. Kala SOCDAB 0101 Dr. Bhagat, Ramchandra SOCDAB 0169 Dr. Chandrashekhar Y. B. SOCDAB 0033 Dr. P.N. Bhargava Laxman SOCDAB 0170 Dr. (Ms) Bindya Liz Abraham SOCDAB 0034 Dr. M.P. Yadav SOCDAB 0102 Dr. Amrinder Kaur SOCDAB 0171 Dr. Suresh S. C. SOCDAB 0035 Dr. P.Thyagaraja Naidu SOCDAB 0103 Dr. Surjeet Singh SOCDAB 0172 Dr. Bhajantri Shankarappa SOCDAB 0036 Dr. Vineet Bhasin SOCDAB 0104 Dr. Gautam Kaul SOCDAB 0173 Dr. H. S. Prayag SOCDAB 0037 Dr. S.P.S. Ahlawat SOCDAB 0105 Dr. (Mrs) A. Raut SOCDAB 0174 Dr. Raviprakasha K. SOCDAB 0038 Dr. J.V. Solanki SOCDAB 0106 Dr. Navneet Saxena SOCDAB 0175 Dr. Vijay Kumar Agarwal SOCDAB 0039 Dr. P.H. Vataliya SOCDAB 0107 Dr. (Mrs) P. Sikka SOCDAB 0176 Dr. Suresh Malik SOCDAB 0040 Dr. D.N. Rank SOCDAB 0108 Dr. C.P.S. Solanki SOCDAB 0177 Sh. Sunil Kumar SOCDAB 0041 Dr. P.K. Singh SOCDAB 0109 Dr. V.B. Dixit SOCDAB 0178 Sh. Karambir Malik SOCDAB 0042 Dr. K.P. Singh SOCDAB 0110 Dr. S.R Bhardwaj SOCDAB 0179 Sh. H. R. Arya SOCDAB 0043 Dr. K.L. Raheja SOCDAB 0111 Dr. Pawan Singh SOCDAB 0180 Sh. Sushil Kumar Aggarwal SOCDAB 0044 Dr. Z.S. Rana SOCDAB 0112 Dr. J.K. Singh SOCDAB 0181 Dr. Bharat Bhushan SOCDAB 0045 Dr. C.P. Malik SOCDAB 0113 Dr. R.K. Sharma SOCDAB 0182 Dr Shiva Kumar SOCDAB 0046 Dr. J.S. Poonia SOCDAB 0114 Dr. M.L. Sharma SOCDAB 0183 Dr Siya Ram Singh SOCDAB 0047 Dr. B.S. Punia SOCDAB 0115 Dr. Anil Saini SOCDAB 0184 Dr Krishna Gopal Mandal SOCDAB 0048 Dr. S.S. Dahiya SOCDAB 0116 Dr. Sanjay Khanna SOCDAB 0185 Sh. Kanwal Tikoo SOCDAB 0049 Dr (Ms) Mamta Chauhan SOCDAB 0117 Dr. Praveen Malik SOCDAB 0186 Dr Neelkant XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February SOCDAB 0050 Dr. D.K. Sadana SOCDAB 0118 Dr. R.K. Goel SOCDAB 0187 Dr. Vivek chaudhary SOCDAB 0051 Dr. R.A.K. Aggarwal SOCDAB 0119 Dr. Sandeep Khurana SOCDAB 0188 Sh. Amit Kumar SOCDAB 0052 Dr. P.S. Dangi SOCDAB 0120 Dr. R.K. Chaturvedi SOCDAB 0189 Dr. Vijay Paul SOCDAB 0053 Dr. Vijay Chaudhary SOCDAB 0121 Dr. Yashpal Sharma SOCDAB 0190 Dr. Poonam Pandey SOCDAB 0054 Dr. H.N. Singh SOCDAB 0122 Dr. Neeraj Dilbagi SOCDAB 0191 Dr. Ranjit Singh Kataria SOCDAB 0055 Dr. A.K. Patel SOCDAB 0123 Dr. Namita Singh SOCDAB 0192 Dr. Narender Nagpal SOCDAB 0056 Dr. C. K. Ved Pathak SOCDAB 0124 Dr. Vinod Chokkar SOCDAB 0193 Dr. S.K. Das SOCDAB 0057 Dr. K.C. Sharma SOCDAB 0125 Dr (Ms) Priyanka Siwach SOCDAB 0194 Sh. Birbal Singh SOCDAB 0058 Dr A.K. Thiruvenkadan SOCDAB 0126 Dr. N.V. Patil SOCDAB 0195 Mr. Lydia Dhanammal Britto NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SOCDAB 0059 Dr. Manishi Mukesh SOCDAB 0127 Dr. Ghanshyam Singh SOCDAB 0196 Sh Sanjeev Kumar SOCDAB 0060 Dr. O.P. Kaila SOCDAB 0128 Sh. T.P. Singh SOCDAB 0197 Dr Yogesh Shivlal Akshey SOCDAB 0061 Dr. Y.P. Thakur SOCDAB 0129 Sh. R.S. Pippal SOCDAB 0198 Ms Riti Singh SOCDAB 0062 Dr. Kamlesh Gupta SOCDAB 0130 Ms Reetu Taneja SOCDAB 0199 Ms Sarvesh Raghav SOCDAB 0063 Dr. Sanjeet Katoch SOCDAB 0131 Dr M.A.Kataktalware SOCDAB 0200 Dr. Dhruv Malakar SOCDAB 0064 Dr. Pardeep Kumar Dogra SOCDAB 0132 Dr.Ram Avtar .Pachori SOCDAB 0201 Sh. M.D. Mostafa SOCDAB 0065 Dr. Chand Lal Marwaha SOCDAB 0133 Dr. S.K. Kakkar SOCDAB 0202 Dr. Sachinandan De SOCDAB 0066 Sh. S.T. Bharani Kumar SOCDAB 0134 Dr. Raj Karan Singh SOCDAB 0203 Dr Sohan Veer Singh SOCDAB 0067 Dr. A.K.S. Tomer SOCDAB 0135 Dr. Avtar Singh SOCDAB 0204 Dr. R.S. Gandhi SOCDAB 0068 Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma SOCDAB 0136 Dr. N. Shyamsana Singh SOCDAB 0205 Dr. H.K. Narula SOCDAB 0069 Dr. T.K. Bhattacharya SOCDAB 0137 Dr. Shasikanth SOCDAB 0206 Mrs. Sharda Chaudhury

236 SOCDAB 0207 Sh. Ramesh Chandra SOCDAB 0277 Dr. M.R. Pachegaonkar SOCDAB 0347 Ramesh V. Choudhary SOCDAB 0208 Dr. Shive Kumar SOCDAB 0278 Dr. D.K.Singh ‘Dron’ SOCDAB 0348 Patel Upendar Kumar SOCDAB 0209 Dr. Ravinder Singh Barwal SOCDAB 0279 Ms Kusum Khalko Gopalbhai SOCDAB 0210 Dr. Ashis Kumar Ghosh SOCDAB 0280 Ms Rani Kumari SOCDAB 0349 Dr. Prem Prakash Dubey SOCDAB 0211 Dr. Devender Singh. Dalal SOCDAB 0281 Ms Jyoti Kumari Jha SOCDAB 0350 Dr. K.P. Ramesha SOCDAB 0212 Dr. A.K. Chakravarty SOCDAB 0282 Dr. I.D. Gupta SOCDAB 0351 Ram Kailash Mishra SOCDAB 0213 Dr. M.L. Mehra SOCDAB 0283 Dr. (Mrs) Kirty A Sirothia SOCDAB 0352 P.U. Gajbhiye SOCDAB 0214 Ms Simarjeet Kaur SOCDAB 0284 D. Sakaram SOCDAB 0353 Dr. Lal Babu Singh SOCDAB 0215 Dr. Iqbal Singh Bajwa SOCDAB 0285 Tushar Ramrao Gawande SOCDAB 0354 Dr. Rajendra Yadav SOCDAB 0216 Dr. P.K. Trehan SOCDAB 0286 Nandedkar Pandit Virbhadra SOCDAB 0355 Dr. Satish Kumar SOCDAB 0217 Dr. O.S. Parmar SOCDAB 0287 Dr. Nitin H. Fuke SOCDAB 0356 Dr. Anup Kumar Sinha SOCDAB 0218 Dr. Gurvinder Singh Brah SOCDAB 0288 Pradyuaman S Baviskar SOCDAB 0357 Dr. Geeta Singh SOCDAB 0219 Dr. Moti Lal Chaudhary SOCDAB 0289 Sharad Kumar SOCDAB 0358 Dr. Amit Kumar SOCDAB 0220 Dr. Amrit Lal Saini SOCDAB 0290 Dr. Girin Kalita SOCDAB 0359 Dr. Subodh Kumar SOCDAB 0221 Smt. Shweta Gupta SOCDAB 0291 Dr. M.K. Rao SOCDAB 0360 Dr. B.R. Ulmek SOCDAB 0222 Dr. Rajiv Kapila SOCDAB 0292 Dr. B.P. Singh SOCDAB 0361 Dr. U.Y. Bhoite SOCDAB 0223 Dr (Mrs) Suman Kapila SOCDAB 0293 Ms. Geetu Malik SOCDAB 0362 Dr. Harini H. SOCDAB 0224 Dr. Dalpat Singh Malik SOCDAB 0294 Dr. James Reecy SOCDAB 0363 Dr. Shiv Shankar SOCDAB 0225 Dr. Saltan Singh SOCDAB 0295 Dr. Vijayakuma B Shettar SOCDAB 0364 Dr. Rashmi S. SOCDAB 0226 Dr. Ashwini Raut SOCDAB 0296 Dr. Sahnmugam M SOCDAB 0365 Dr. Arunji Joy T. K. SOCDAB 0227 Dr. S.K. Phulia SOCDAB 0297 Dr. M.L. Sangwan SOCDAB 0366 Dr. Chandrasekar M. SOCDAB 0228 Dr. P.S. Yadav SOCDAB 0298 Dr. Ashish Chopra SOCDAB 0367 Dr. Girish K.R. SOCDAB 0229 Sh. Sushil Kumar SOCDAB 0299 Dr. Sachin G Kumbhare SOCDAB 0368 Dr. Gunasekaran M. SOCDAB 0230 Sh. Rakesh Kumar SOCDAB 0300 Dr. A Dhali SOCDAB 0369 Dr. Y.P. Singh SOCDAB 0231 Dr. Ashwani Saini SOCDAB 0301 Dr. H Chowdhary SOCDAB 0370 Dr. Vinubhai Manilal Patel SOCDAB 0232 Sh. Janak Raj Aggarwal SOCDAB 0302 Dr. N S Parmar SOCDAB 0371 Dr. K.P Agarwal SOCDAB 0233 Dr. M.J. Kaledhonkar SOCDAB 0303 Dr. Dhrmedra Kumar SOCDAB 0372 Mr. Digpal Singh Gaur SOCDAB 0234 Dr. Anju Manuja SOCDAB 0304 Dr. Srinivasa Raghavan V. SOCDAB 0373 Dr. Sachin Singh SOCDAB 0235 Dr. Balwinder Kumar SOCDAB 0305 Dr. Dhrambir Singh SOCDAB 0374 Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Tiwari SOCDAB 0236 Dr. R.K. Malik SOCDAB 0306 Dr. Kajal Sankar Roy SOCDAB 0375 Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Tiwari SOCDAB 0237 Dr. D.V. Singh SOCDAB 0307 Dr. S. Mukherjee SOCDAB 0376 Dr. Abbas M. SOCDAB 0238 Dr. Chandra Shekhar SOCDAB 0308 Dr. B.P. Brahmkshtri SOCDAB 0377 Sh. Sonu Bhaskar Mukhopadhyay SOCDAB 0309 Dr. Ashok Kumar Jain SOCDAB 0378 Rajni kant Mittal SOCDAB 0239 Dr. Amit Kumar SOCDAB 0310 C.S. Bahga SOCDAB 0379 Dr. Mahesh Gajanan Sahare SOCDAB 0240 Dr. Vinaya Kumar Katneni SOCDAB 0311 Dr. Puneet Malhotra SOCDAB 0380 Dr. Avirat Dewanand Sawailul SOCDAB 0241 Dr Sarvajeet Yadav SOCDAB 0312 Srikala, R. SOCDAB 0381 Sh. Jadhav VijayKumar SOCDAB 0242 Dr. Krishan Kumar Chauhan SOCDAB 0313 Navpreet Kaur Sharwan SOCDAB 0243 Dr Kailash Chandra SOCDAB 0314 Dr. Tanman Kaur Sidhu SOCDAB 0382 Dr. Patange Dhyaneshwar SOCDAB 0244 Dr. Eeshwari Narain Yadav SOCDAB 0315 Dr. Samita Saini Devrao SOCDAB 0245 Dr Nagendra Singh SOCDAB 0316 Sh. Mohan Grover SOCDAB 0383 Dr. Vikram Singh SOCDAB 0246 Dr Shivendra Kr Singh SOCDAB 0317 Dr. C.M. Sajjanar SOCDAB 0384 Dr. D N Das SOCDAB 0247 Dr. Ravinder Kumar SOCDAB 0318 Dr. Satheesha, G.M. SOCDAB 0385 Dr. Shivakumar B.M. SOCDAB 0248 Dr. Satbir Singh SOCDAB 0319 Ms. Suruchika Soni SOCDAB 0386 Dr. Santosh Kumar SOCDAB 0249 Dr. Ramesh Kumar SOCDAB 0320 Smt. Karuna Asija SOCDAB 0387 Rajesh Sudhakar Wakchaure SOCDAB 0250 Dr. S.S. Dhaka SOCDAB 0321 Dr. P.K. Malik SOCDAB 0388 Dr. C N Dinesh SOCDAB 0251 Dr. Ramesh Chander SOCDAB 0322 Late Sh. K.C. Sharma SOCDAB 0389 Dr. J.R. Khadse SOCDAB 0252 Dr. Rachagani Satyanarayana SOCDAB 0323 Ms. Archana Sehrawat SOCDAB 0390 Dr. Anuj Chauhan SOCDAB 0253 Sh. Yogendra Kumar SOCDAB 0324 Mr. Sudhir Ranjan Gupta SOCDAB 0391 Dr. Thakur Krishna Shankar SOCDAB 0254 Dr. Pawar Vikrant Dhanji SOCDAB 0325 Dr. Maroof Ahmed Rao SOCDAB 0255 Dr Sahdeo Dnyandeo Bhosale SOCDAB 0326 Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Sharma SOCDAB 0392 Dr. S. Ramesh SOCDAB 0256 Dr. O.P. Pathodiya SOCDAB 0327 Dr. Nilesh Patil SOCDAB 0393 Sh. K. Gnanasivam

SOCDAB 0257 Sh Suresh Chandra Jingar SOCDAB 0328 Dr. Dinesh B. Shisode SOCDAB 0394 Dr. S.V. Kuralkar XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity SOCDAB 0258 Sh Balbir Singh Khadda SOCDAB 0329 Dinesh Bhagwat Chavan SOCDAB 0395 Dr. Babasaheb Manikrao Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February SOCDAB 0259 Dr. S. Jogi SOCDAB 0330 Mr. Divya Bagga Thombre SOCDAB 0260 Dr. Mohan Singh SOCDAB 0331 Dr. Ashok Kumar SOCDAB 0396 Dr. Chauhan Dinesh Singh SOCDAB 0261 Dr. K. Mukherjee SOCDAB 0332 Vinod Kumar Gupta SattanarayanSingh SOCDAB 0262 Ms Geetha E SOCDAB 0333 Reshu Agarwal SOCDAB 0397 Dr. Sanjay Dattatraya SOCDAB 0263 Sh Alok Pandey SOCDAB 0334 Dr. Saket Bhushan Mandakmale SOCDAB 0264 Dr K.N. Raja SOCDAB 0335 Dr. R. Roy SOCDAB 0398 Dr. Salunke Megha Shivaji SOCDAB 0265 Dr Dinesh Kannan S. SOCDAB 0336 Dr. Gopal Dass SOCDAB 0399 Dr. Thiyam Randhir Singh SOCDAB 0266 Dr. Umesh Kumar Bissa SOCDAB 0337 Dr. Amitosh Kumar SOCDAB 0400 Dr. Karn Pratap Singh SOCDAB 0267 Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Bhure SOCDAB 0338 Dr. Sriram Kushwaha SOCDAB 0401 Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SOCDAB 0268 Sh Pawan Kumar Bansal SOCDAB 0339 Dr. Dhananjay Mishra SOCDAB 0402 Dr. Mahdi Mahdipour SOCDAB 0269 Vinod Verma SOCDAB 0340 Dr. Govind Tiwari SOCDAB 0403 Dr. Ranjit Kumar Bardoloi SOCDAB 0270 Ms Priti Gawande SOCDAB 0341 Sh. Manish Kumar Thakur SOCDAB 0404 Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Chadha SOCDAB 0271 Sh Jagdish Prasad SOCDAB 0342 Sh. Yatender Singh SOCDAB 0405 Dr. Murthyunjaya M. SOCDAB 0272 Sh Rajiv Mehta SOCDAB 0343 Sh. Sandeep Kumar Appannavar SOCDAB 0273 Sh Virender Singh SOCDAB 0344 Dr. Thingujam Chaa SOCDAB 0406 Dr. S. Vinoth Kumar SOCDAB 0274 Dr A Subramanian Tolenkhomba SOCDAB 0407 Dr. R Rajendran SOCDAB 0275 Dr P Kumarasamy SOCDAB 0345 Kale Deepak Sukhdeo SOCDAB 0408 Dr. T. Veena SOCDAB 0276 Dr. S.N. Sivaselvam SOCDAB 0346 Dr. Vijay Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0409 Dr. R Jayashree

237 SOCDAB 0410 Dr. Y B. rajeshwari SOCDAB 0479 Dr. Dinesh Kumar Yadav SOCDAB 0544 Dr. Dhaware Sanjay SOCDAB 0411 Dr. K Satyanarayan SOCDAB 0480 Dr R K Singh Abhimanyu SOCDAB 0412 Dr. Subhash SOCDAB 0481 Dr. Shakti Kant Dash SOCDAB 0545 Dr. Kachare Raju CnamanRao SOCDAB 0413 Dr. Patel Ketankumar SOCDAB 0482 Ms. Shweta Sahu SOCDAB 0546 Dr. Kasabe Sagar Satyawan Shamalbhat SOCDAB 0483 Dr. P.Kathiravan SOCDAB 0547 Dr. Dinesh Hari Pawar SOCDAB 0414 Dr. Manjunath S. Palegar SOCDAB 0484 Dr. Inderasen Chauhan SOCDAB 0548 Dr. Ratanlal C, Bhagure SOCDAB 0415 Dr. P Devendran SOCDAB 0485 Dr. Mandeep Singh Azad SOCDAB 0549 Dr. Koringa Prakash G. SOCDAB 0416 Dr. B Punya Kumari SOCDAB 0486 Dr. D. Balajvnramawyam SOCDAB 0550 Dr. G.C. Gahlot SOCDAB 0417 Dr. Sagari R Ramdas SOCDAB 0487 Dr.S. M.K.Karthickeyan SOCDAB 0551 Dr. Biradar Suryakant Maruti SOCDAB 0418 Dr. S Ramesh SOCDAB 0488 Dr.Kailash Mahajan Rao SOCDAB 0419 Dr. Sanjay Kumar SOCDAB 0489 Dr.Indrajit Ganguly SOCDAB 0552 Dr. R.R. Shah SOCDAB 0420 Dr. A Sudhakar SOCDAB 0490 Dr.Saurav Kumar Panigrahi SOCDAB 0553 Dr. Kuldeep Kumar Tyagi SOCDAB 0421 Dr. M Babu SOCDAB 0491 Dr.Balasundaram . B SOCDAB 0554 Dr. A.P. Chaudhary SOCDAB 0422 Dr. G S Naveen Kumar SOCDAB 0492 Dr.V.S.Raina SOCDAB 0555 Dr. H.H. Pandrasana SOCDAB 0423 Dr. Dongre Vilas Bhagwanrao SOCDAB 0493 Dr.A.K. Gupta SOCDAB 0556 Dr. Amita Sharma SOCDAB 0424 Dr. Jaspreet Singh Arora SOCDAB 0494 Dr.Ritwik Hazra SOCDAB 0557 Ms. Snehal Deepak Patil SOCDAB 0425 Sh. Mukesh SOCDAB 0495 Dr.Jay Prakash Gupta SOCDAB 0558 Dr. Jayesh S.Patil SOCDAB 0426 Dr. Syed Zakir Ali SOCDAB 0496 Dr. Dibyendu Chakraborty SOCDAB 0559 Dr. Manisha Deshpande SOCDAB 0427 Dr. Dilip R. Ambulkar SOCDAB 0497 Dr.B.Ekambaram SOCDAB 0560 Dr. BharatSinh SardarSinh SOCDAB 0428 Dr. Abhijeet N Motghare SOCDAB 0498 Dr. Amrita Chattopadhyay Rathod SOCDAB 0429 Dr. Surendra Bhagwan Parate SOCDAB 0499 Dr. R.C. Upadhyay SOCDAB 0561 Dr. Kansara Jigar Dineshkumar SOCDAB 0430 Dr. Vitthal M Gawali SOCDAB 0500 Dr. Anjan Dandapat SOCDAB 0562 Dr. Jignesh Kumar Vishnubhai SOCDAB 0431 Dr. Kuldeep A. Hadole SOCDAB 0501 Dr.G.V.P.P.S. Ravi Kumar Patel SOCDAB 0432 Dr. G Kathirvel SOCDAB 0502 Dr. T.A. Khan SOCDAB 0563 Dr.Savaliya F.P. SOCDAB 0433 Dr. R Saravanan SOCDAB 0503 Dr. Abhishek Kumar SOCDAB 0564 Dr. Prajakta Jadhav SOCDAB 0434 Dr. Rohit Bishist SOCDAB 0504 Dr.Dhirendra Kumar SOCDAB 0565 Dr. K. Khanna SOCDAB 0435 Dr. Yajuvendra Singh SOCDAB 0505 Dr. Brijesh Singh SOCDAB 0566 Dr. R.S. Joshi SOCDAB 0436 Dr. S. Usha SOCDAB 0506 Dr.Sanjoy Datta SOCDAB 0567 Dr. Manoj . M SOCDAB 0437 Dr. Amit Kumar SOCDAB 0507 Dr.Joydip Mukherjee SOCDAB 0568 Dr. Shukla Rajnikant Kamala SOCDAB 0438 Dr. P.K. Senapati SOCDAB 0508 Dr.Dilip Kumar Swain Shanker SOCDAB 0439 Dr.Ashish Kumar Samanta SOCDAB 0509 Dr. Dipak Banerjee SOCDAB 0569 Dr. Prakash Sidgonda SOCDAB 0440 Dr. Partha Das SOCDAB 0510 Dr. Raman Narang Dhamanna Patil SOCDAB 0441 Dr. Keshab Dhara SOCDAB 0511 Dr. K. Rengarajan SOCDAB 0570 Dr. Uday Dattatraya Umrikar SOCDAB 0442 Dr. N.M. Markandey SOCDAB 0512 Dr. Deepak Sharma SOCDAB 0571 Dr. Ninan Jacob SOCDAB 0443 Dr. G. U. Yadav SOCDAB 0513 Dr.Jeyakumar SOCDAB 0572 Dr. N. Kumaravelu SOCDAB 0444 Dr.Vinod Potdar SOCDAB 0514 Dr.Asit Jain SOCDAB 0573 Dr. K.RashBehari Singh SOCDAB 0445 Dr. V.B. Khardari SOCDAB 0515 Dr. Kanoj Nitin Pandurang SOCDAB 0574 Dr.Ravikant Gupta SOCDAB 0446 Dr. Ashok Rathore SOCDAB 0516 Dr.Surendar Pratap Singh SOCDAB 0575 Dr. Nilkanth Shanker Rao SOCDAB 0447 Dr. Vijay Kumar SOCDAB 0517 Dr.Siddhartha Shankar Layek Bhosle SOCDAB 0448 Ms. Deepika SOCDAB 0518 Dr. Sandeep Kaswan SOCDAB 0576 Dr. Rahul Dutta SOCDAB 0449 Mr. Amit Kishore SOCDAB 0519 Dr. Chandan Kumar SOCDAB 0577 Dr. Deepak Sinha SOCDAB 0450 Anurodh Sharma SOCDAB 0520 Dr. Kalyan De SOCDAB 0578 Dr. Nirish Chandra Sahu SOCDAB 0451 Dr.Jagdeeshan K SOCDAB 0521 Dr. Sonawane Gokul SOCDAB 0579 Dr.Pankaj Kumar Jain SOCDAB 0452 Dr.S.P.S.Somvanshi Sadanand SOCDAB 0580 Dr. Chinmoy Mishra SOCDAB 0453 Mr. Deepak Sharma SOCDAB 0522 Dr. Mahadeo Pandurang SOCDAB 0581 Dr. Vijay Kumar Sharma SOCDAB 0454 Mr. Pardeep Gupta Sawane SOCDAB 0582 Ms. Ruheena Javed SOCDAB 0455 Ms.Shubham Goyal SOCDAB 0523 Dr. R. Selvam SOCDAB 0583 Dr.Sunil Kumar Khatkar SOCDAB 0456 Ms. Jigyasa Aggarwal SOCDAB 0524 Dr. Alok Pratap Singh SOCDAB 0584 Dr Ahlawat Anshu Rampal SOCDAB 0457 Poonam Yadav SOCDAB 0525 Dr. Sachin Kumar Shandilya SOCDAB 0585 Dr Sonika Ahlawat SOCDAB 0458 Ms. Anju Chahal SOCDAB 0526 Dr. Neha Chaudhary SOCDAB 0586 Dr. Sunil Kumar SOCDAB 0459 Mr. Praveen Kumar Dubey SOCDAB 0527 Dr. P. Kowsigaraj SOCDAB 0587 Dr.Peaush Kumar Singh

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity SOCDAB 0460 Dr. Ramesh Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0528 Dr. Rana Ranjeet Singh SOCDAB 0588 Dr. T. Ravimurugan 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February SOCDAB 0461 Dr. Navneet Kaur SOCDAB 0529 Dr. G P Sabapara SOCDAB 0589 Dr.M.Chellapandian SOCDAB 0462 Mr. Avishek Maitra SOCDAB 0530 Dr.Mamta Janmeda SOCDAB 0590 Dr. Sayed Sajid Ali SOCDAB 0463 Mr. Anurag Sahu SOCDAB 0531 Dr.Keviletsu Khate SOCDAB 0591 Dr. Siddiqui Mohd Basir Ahmed SOCDAB 0464 Ms. Kabita Tripathy SOCDAB 0532 Dr. Atul Chandrashekhar SOCDAB 0592 Dr.Swapnil Bhajandas Kamble SOCDAB 0465 Mr. Manoj Kumar Vyas Mahajan SOCDAB 0593 Dr. Rajalaxmi Behera SOCDAB 0466 Ms. Arti Sharma SOCDAB 0533 Dr. Satyendra Pal Singh SOCDAB 0594 Dr. Pradeep M.C. SOCDAB 0467 Mr. Harikesh Singh Yadav SOCDAB 0534 Dr.Madhu Tiwari SOCDAB 0595 Anil Kumar SOCDAB 0468 Dr. Nitin Sudhakar Magar SOCDAB 0535 Dr. Sumati Kumar SOCDAB 0596 Dr. Birendra Kumar SOCDAB 0469 Dr. Yathish. H. M SOCDAB 0536 Dr. Umakant Jaiswal SOCDAB 0597 Dr. Katkade Baliram NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SOCDAB 0470 Dr. Kamble Nitin Machindra SOCDAB 0537 Dr. Ramsahay Yadav Shatrughan SOCDAB 0471 Ms. Jyoti Joshi SOCDAB 0538 Dr.Satish Balkrishna SOCDAB 0598 Dr. Vaidya Milind Sudhir SOCDAB 0472 Ms. Priynka Banerjee Deshpande SOCDAB 0599 Dr. Kokate Laxmikant Sambhaji SOCDAB 0473 Dr. Nawale Vishwasrao SOCDAB 0539 Dr. Prajakte Shailendra SOCDAB 0600 Dr. Laxman Singh Sudhakar Kuralkar SOCDAB 0601 Dr. Khade Krishnadeo Rao SOCDAB 0474 Dr. Sanjeev Kumar SOCDAB 0540 Dr. Pravin Suryakant Bankar SOCDAB 0602 Dr. Vikas Vohra SOCDAB 0475 Dr. Atul Gupta SOCDAB 0541 Ms Vrushali PrakashRao Bhise SOCDAB 0603 Dr. Alka Chopra SOCDAB 0476 Dr. Sumit Bansal SOCDAB 0542 Ms. Kranti PralhadRao Kharkar SOCDAB 0604 Dr. S.K. Niranjan SOCDAB 0477 Dr. Muneendra Kumar SOCDAB 0543 Dr. Mahesh Madhukar SOCDAB 0605 Dr. Soumen Naskar SOCDAB 0478 Dr. Asimabha Batobyal Chopade SOCDAB 0606 Dr. Kaiser Parveen

238 SOCDAB 0607 Dr. Neeta Mishra SOCDAB 0678 Dr. Soma Goswami SOCDAB 0744 Dr. Karan Veer Singh SOCDAB 0608 Dr. Hitesh Kumar Mishra SOCDAB 0679 Dr. Soumendu Chakaravarti SOCDAB 0745 Dr. Alok Kumar Yadav SOCDAB 0609 Dr. Prabir kumar Karmakar SOCDAB 0680 Dr. Mukesh Kumar Thakur SOCDAB 0746 Dr. Ankita Gogoi SOCDAB 0610 Dr. Alokendu Das Roy SOCDAB 0681 Dr. Probhakar Biswas SOCDAB 0747 Dr. Sushant Singh SOCDAB 0611 Dr. Manoranjan Roy SOCDAB 0682 Dr. Jaswant Singh SOCDAB 0748 Dr. Gurjeet Kaur SOCDAB 0612 Dr. Anuradha Singh SOCDAB 0683 Dr. Ravinder Singh Grewal SOCDAB 0749 Dr. Shahid Ahmad Shergojry SOCDAB 0613 Dr. Chanda Nimbkar SOCDAB 0684 Dr. Rajni Kumari SOCDAB 0750 Dr. Utkarsh Kumar Tripathi SOCDAB 0614 Dr. Saroj Kumar Sahoo SOCDAB 0685 Dr. Upendra trimbakpro SOCDAB 0751 Suresh Kumar SOCDAB 0615 Dr. Neeru Bhooshan Mundhe SOCDAB 0752 Dr. Nishant Verma SOCDAB 0616 Dr. Sanjeev Singh SOCDAB 0686 Dr. Soumya Dash SOCDAB 0753 Dr. Prashant Dewangan SOCDAB 0617 Dr. Ravindra Kumar SOCDAB 0687 Dr. Manimohan P. SOCDAB 0754 Dr. Neha Batla SOCDAB 0618 Dr. Varun Sankhyan SOCDAB 0688 Dr. Divya P. SOCDAB 0755 Dr. Rajni Chaudhary SOCDAB 0619 Dr. Sajal S Kulkarni SOCDAB 0689 Dr. Nitin M. Attupuram SOCDAB 0756 Dr. S.M.K. Naqvi SOCDAB 0620 Dr. Ulhas Shivaji Gaikwad SOCDAB 0690 Dr. M.. Saibutcha Rao SOCDAB 0757 Dr. Prasanta Kumar Mallick SOCDAB 0621 Dr. Dinkar Keshav Kamble SOCDAB 0691 Dr. Prashant Haridas Kadam SOCDAB 0758 Dr. Basanti Jyotsana SOCDAB 0622 Dr. Korake Ravindra Laxman SOCDAB 0692 Dr. Vivekanand Bahuguna SOCDAB 0759 Dr. R.N. Goswami SOCDAB 0623 Dr. S. Jayakumar SOCDAB 0693 Dr. Arpan Upadhyay SOCDAB 0760 Dr. Parul Gupta SOCDAB 0624 Ms. Surekha N. Kale SOCDAB 0694 Dr. Manju Nehara SOCDAB 0761 Dr. Muzamil Abdullah SOCDAB 0625 Ms Lata Sharma SOCDAB 0695 Dr. A.Siva Kumar SOCDAB 0762 Dr. Achun Panmei SOCDAB 0626 Dr. Sukanta Basak SOCDAB 0696 Dr. Subodh Kumar SOCDAB 0763 Dr. Krishanender Dinesh SOCDAB 0627 Dr. Manas Kumar Das SOCDAB 0697 Dr. Sarin K. Kunnath SOCDAB 0764 Dr. Sumana Kundu SOCDAB 0628 Dr. Dr. K. Sri Rajaravindra SOCDAB 0698 Dr. Virendra Kumar SOCDAB 0765 Dr. P. Vijaya Kumar SOCDAB 0629 Dr. Soumya N.P. SOCDAB 0699 Dr. K. Thilak Pon Jawahar SOCDAB 0766 Dr. Rakesh Kumar SOCDAB 0630 Dr. Tripti Jain SOCDAB 0700 Dr. Yashwant Singh SOCDAB 0767 Dr. Pankaj Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0631 Dr. Sandeep Das SOCDAB 0701 Vijay Kumar Vidyarathi SOCDAB 0768 Dr. Yogender Singh SOCDAB 0632 Dr. A. Ramanathan SOCDAB 0702 Dr. Mahesh Vishwas Chaudhari SOCDAB 0769 Dr. Dhaman Kumar SOCDAB 0633 Dr. A. Manikandan SOCDAB 0703 Dr. Shobhana Kaushal SOCDAB 0770 Dr. Ramendra Das SOCDAB 0634 Dr. M. Murugan SOCDAB 0704 Dr. A.Sakthivel Selvan SOCDAB 0771 Dr. Ashwani Arya SOCDAB 0635 Dr. Anil Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0705 Dr. Rohit gupta SOCDAB 0772 Dr. Anshuman Kumar SOCDAB 0636 Dr. Shrabani Saugandhika SOCDAB 0706 Dr. Yogendra Singh Jadoun SOCDAB 0773 Dr. Vineeth. M.R. SOCDAB 0637 Dr. Rajesh Kumar SOCDAB 0707 Dr. Muhammad Aslam M.K. SOCDAB 0774 Dr. Anil Chitra SOCDAB 0638 Dr. Bijay Kumar Chudahri SOCDAB 0708 Dr. Shailendra Kumar Rajak SOCDAB 0775 Dr. Shyam Sundar Tripathy SOCDAB 0639 Dr. Pankaj Kumar Maurya SOCDAB 0709 Dr. Neeraj Kashyap SOCDAB 0776 Dr. Pramod Prabhakar SOCDAB 0640 Dr. Sulochana Sen SOCDAB 0710 Dr. Bharti SOCDAB 0777 Dr. Aruna Pal SOCDAB 0641 Dr. Rupal Pathak SOCDAB 0711 Dr. Sanjay Kumar Suman SOCDAB 0778 Dr. P. Guru Vishnu SOCDAB 0642 Dr. Vaishali Sah SOCDAB 0712 Dr. Thiagrajan. R SOCDAB 0779 Dr. Rakesh Kumar Verma SOCDAB 0643 Dr. Rakesh Ranjan SOCDAB 0713 Dr. Binoy Chandra Naha SOCDAB 0780 Dr. B.V. Subramanyam SOCDAB 0644 Dr. P. Silambarasan SOCDAB 0714 Dr. Manish Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0781 Dr. Joginder Singh Duhan SOCDAB 0645 Dr. Tapas Kumar Patbandha SOCDAB 0715 Dr. Gajendra Namdeo SOCDAB 0782 Dr. Khade Amol Sudhakar SOCDAB 0646 Dr. A K Mishra Bhangale SOCDAB 0783 Dr. Rafeeque Rahman SOCDAB 0647 Dr. Shinde Pravin Ramdas SOCDAB 0716 Dr. Regula Vinoo Alyethodi SOCDAB 0648 Dr. Sandeep Kausahl SOCDAB 0717 Dr. Mukund Narayanrao SOCDAB 0784 Dr. Rani Alex SOCDAB 0649 Dr. Muqtaza Manzoor Patond SOCDAB 0785 Dr. Muhasin Asaf SOCDAB 0650 Dr. Anil Kumar SOCDAB 0718 Dr. Anuradha Bhardwaj SOCDAB 0786 Dr. M. Seevagan SOCDAB 0651 Dr. S.K.Singh SOCDAB 0719 Dr. R. Thirupathy SOCDAB 0787 Dr. Rojan P.M. SOCDAB 0652 Dr. Pankaj Deori Venkatachalapathy SOCDAB 0788 Dr. S. Vani SOCDAB 0653 Dr. Zahoor Ahmed Ganie SOCDAB 0720 Dr. Sanjeev Kumar SOCDAB 0789 Dr. Pankaj Jain SOCDAB 0654 Dr. Sumit Singh Nayal SOCDAB 0721 Dr. Raman Kant Taggar SOCDAB 0790 Dr. Mohar Singh Kushwah SOCDAB 0655 Dr. Amit Kumar SOCDAB 0722 Smt. Parvesh Kumari SOCDAB 0791 Dr. Vipin Kumar Upadhyay SOCDAB 0656 Dr. Krishnendu Mondal SOCDAB 0723 Dr. Sudam Bag SOCDAB 0792 Dr. Shiv Pratap Singh SOCDAB 0657 Dr. Sushil Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0724 Dr. Jamuna Valsalan SOCDAB 0793 Dr. Jitendra Singh

SOCDAB 0658 Dr. B.N. Sahi SOCDAB 0725 Sh. Asit Jaitly SOCDAB 0794 Dr. P. Ganapathy XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity SOCDAB 0659 Dr. Tejas Chandrakant Shende SOCDAB 0726 Dr. Cauveri D. SOCDAB 0795 Dr. Vivek Mahla Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February SOCDAB 0660 Dr. Gaurav M. Pandya SOCDAB 0727 Dr. Shafiqul Islam SOCDAB 0796 Dr. Manvendra Singh SOCDAB 0661 Dr. R. Venkataramanan SOCDAB 0728 Dr. Nikhil Shantilal Dangar SOCDAB 0797 Dr. Shashank Shekhar SOCDAB 0662 Dr. Gopinathan SOCDAB 0729 Dr. Mohan Singh Thakur SOCDAB 0798 Dr. Ved Prakash SOCDAB 0663 Dr. D. Anandha Prakash Singh SOCDAB 0730 Dr. Santanu Banik SOCDAB 0799 Dr. Pranay Bharti SOCDAB 0664 Dr. Ashish Bhaladhare SOCDAB 0731 Dr. Kshetrimayum Mahesh SOCDAB 0800 Dr. Arun Pratap Singh SOCDAB 0665 Dr. Ramji Yadav Singh SOCDAB 0801 Dr. Avinash Singh SOCDAB 0666 Dr. Thirumaran, S.M.K. SOCDAB 0732 Dr. Lalthansanga Khiangte SOCDAB 0802 Ms. Sanjna Jain SOCDAB 0667 Dr. Sharadindu Shil SOCDAB 0733 Dr. Lalrengpuii Sailo SOCDAB 0803 Dr. Jagish Kour Reen SOCDAB 0668 Dr. Ankit kumar SOCDAB 0734 Dr. Rajnarayan Yadav SOCDAB 0804 Dr. Sapna Nath for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SOCDAB 0669 Dr. Ramesh kumar SOCDAB 0735 Dr. Pushpraj Shivahre SOCDAB 0805 Dr. Nisha Sharma SOCDAB 0670 Dr. Mahavir Chaudhari SOCDAB 0736 Dr. Mamta SOCDAB 0806 Dr. Gurjot Kaur Mavi SOCDAB 0671 Dr. Dharmendra Kumar SOCDAB 0737 Dr. Manav Singh SOCDAB 0807 Dr. Achintya Kumar Das SOCDAB 0672 Dr. Praduman Pal Singh SOCDAB 0738 Dr. Suman Kumari Joshi SOCDAB 0808 Dr. Roshan Jadhav SOCDAB 0673 Dr. Amit Kumar SOCDAB 0739 Dr. Srinivas Sathapathy SOCDAB 0809 Hisham A SOCDAB 0674 Dr. Piyali Mondal SOCDAB 0740 Dr. Abhilasha Singh SOCDAB 0810 Dr. A.S. Selva Ramesh SOCDAB 0675 Dr. Donna Phangechopi SOCDAB 0741 Dr. Susavi Kumari SOCDAB 0811 Dr. Jawane Vishnu Bhagwan SOCDAB 0676 Dr. Pramod Kr. R. SOCDAB 0742 Dr. Shilpi Kerketta SOCDAB 0812 Dr. Joshi Akshay S. SOCDAB 0677 Dr. Suman Biswas SOCDAB 0743 Dr. Santosh Kumari SOCDAB 0813 Dr. Shankar Dayal

239 SOCDAB 0814 Dr. T.V. Raja SOCDAB 0880 Dr. Abdul Rahim SOCDAB 0950 Dr. Ranjana Sinha SOCDAB 0815 Dr. Geeta Lodhi SOCDAB 0881 Sh. Raushan Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0951 Dr. Ajeet Singh SOCDAB 0816 Dr. L. Leslie Leo Prince SOCDAB 0882 Dr. Himani Tewari SOCDAB 0952 Dr. Swati Aggarwal SOCDAB 0817 Dr. Krovvidi Sudhakar SOCDAB 0883 Dr. Rajashree Rath SOCDAB 0953 Dr. Shalu Kumari Pathak SOCDAB 0818 Dr. S.S. Misra SOCDAB 0884 Dr. Kalpna Tyagi SOCDAB 0954 Dr. Santu Mondal SOCDAB 0819 Dr. Nihan Ranjn Sahoo SOCDAB 0885 Dr. Anurag Kumar SOCDAB 0955 Dr. Akhil Patel SOCDAB 0820 Dr. P.K. Santhosh SOCDAB 0886 Dr. Beena Sinha SOCDAB 0956 Dr. Shiwani Tiwari SOCDAB 0821 Dr. Nirupama Dalai SOCDAB 0887 Dr. S. Gurdeep Singh SOCDAB 0957 Dr. Jai Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0822 Dr. M. Jayasree SOCDAB 0888 Dr. Aneet Kour SOCDAB 0958 Dr. T. Geetha SOCDAB 0823 Dr. R. Nithiaselvi SOCDAB 0889 Dr. Manorama Saha SOCDAB 0959 Dr. Shekhar Sahu SOCDAB 0824 Dr. M.S. Kannadhasan SOCDAB 0890 Dr. Vineeta Singh SOCDAB 0960 Dr Meenakshi Pradhan SOCDAB 0825 Dr. M. Babu SOCDAB 0891 Dr. Jyoti Beniwal SOCDAB 0961 Dr. Dharmendra Singh SOCDAB 0826 Dr. M.S. Dige SOCDAB 0892 Dr. Gedam Ete SOCDAB 0962 Dr. Rohit Kumar SOCDAB 0827 Dr. Basavraj Inamdar SOCDAB 0893 Dr. Ekta Rana SOCDAB 0963 Dr. Satish Kumar SOCDAB 0828 Dr. Arun Kumar Laljibhai SOCDAB 0894 Dr. Meera K. SOCDAB 0964 Dr. Kamal Kumar Gupta Ramani SOCDAB 0895 Dr. Laishram Arjun Singh SOCDAB 0965 Dr. Shiv Kumar Yadav SOCDAB 0829 Dr. A. Sangaran SOCDAB 0896 Dr. Amol Talokar SOCDAB 0966 Dr. Siddaling Swamy Hiremath SOCDAB 0830 Dr. V. Jeichitra SOCDAB 0897 Dr. Satish Chandra SOCDAB 0967 Dr. Jai Prakash Khichar SOCDAB 0831 Dr. Smruti Smita Mohapatra SOCDAB 0898 Dr. S.B. Thirunavukkarasu SOCDAB 0968 Dr. S. Bhakthavatchalam SOCDAB 0832 Dr. Hardik Kumar Ashokbhai SOCDAB 0899 Dr. Ravi Kumar D. SOCDAB 0969 Dr. Savita Laxmanrao Pawar Sharma SOCDAB 0900 Dr. T. Karuthadurai SOCDAB 0970 Dr. Avneesh Kumar SOCDAB 0833 Dr. A. Poorani SOCDAB 0901 Dr. K. Ilaya Kumar SOCDAB 0971 Dr. Sandeep Jagannath SOCDAB 0834 Dr. Shailendra Shankarrao SOCDAB 0902 Dr. Nandani Kumari Komatwar Kamble SOCDAB 0903 Dr. Amiya Ranjan Sahu SOCDAB 0972 Dr. Sahane Pranita Prataprao SOCDAB 0835 Dr. D. Raja SOCDAB 0904 Dr. Tripty Soni SOCDAB 0973 Dr. Tambe Deepali Rajendra SOCDAB 0836 Dr. A. Sudharshan SOCDAB 0905 Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0974 Dr. Revanasiddu Deginal SOCDAB 0837 Dr. Sosamma Iype Painkra SOCDAB 0975 Dr. N. Anand Kumar SOCDAB 0838 Dr. Jayadevan N. SOCDAB 0906 Dr. Satheesh Kumar. P SOCDAB 0976 Dr. A. Kavitha SOCDAB 0839 Dr. M. Brahmadathan SOCDAB 0907 Dr. Mohsin Ayoub Mir SOCDAB 0977 Dr. K.Sangli Vikram kumar SOCDAB 0840 Mostafa Kamal Nassar SOCDAB 0908 Dr. Saleem Yousuf SOCDAB 0978 Sh. Basant Kumar Bhinchhar SOCDAB 0841 Dr. Ramesh.R. SOCDAB 0909 Dr. Govind Mohan SOCDAB 0979 Dr. Uma Kant Verma SOCDAB 0842 Dr. K.V. Gowrimanokari SOCDAB 0910 Dr. Aakriti Sudan SOCDAB 0980 Dr. Sushil Kumar SOCDAB 0843 Dr. Vishal Chandrakant SOCDAB 0911 Dr. Anamika SOCDAB 0981 Dr. Amit Baranwal Kedaree SOCDAB 0912 Dr. Anil Ghorela SOCDAB 0982 Dr. Neersa Govardhan Sagar SOCDAB 0844 Dr. P. Veeramani SOCDAB 0913 Dr. Tanveer Ahmad Sofi SOCDAB 0983 Dr. Siddharth Deswal SOCDAB 0845 Dr. P. Kanagaraju SOCDAB 0914 Dr. Peer Mohmmad Azhar SOCDAB 0984 Dr. S. Kavirajan SOCDAB 0846 Dr. B. Nityanand SOCDAB 0915 Dr. Suraj Ashokrao Amrutkar SOCDAB 0985 Dr. V. Arthy SOCDAB 0847 Dr. Kuraparthy Vamsi SOCDAB 0916 Dr. Neeturani Jangade SOCDAB 0986 Dr. S. Parmeswari SOCDAB 0848 Dr. G. Mahesh Kumar SOCDAB 0917 Dr. Dillip Kumar Karna SOCDAB 0987 Dr. R. Priyadharsini SOCDAB 0849 Dr. Uday Kannegundla SOCDAB 0918 Dr. Ankuya Kanubhai Jivabhai SOCDAB 0988 Dr. Vandana Yadav SOCDAB 0850 Dr. Koppula Swathi SOCDAB 0919 Dr. Nawal Kishor Pareek SOCDAB 0989 Dr. T. Chandrasekar SOCDAB 0851 Dr. S. Saraswathi SOCDAB 0920 Dr. Ankit Magotra SOCDAB 0990 Dr. Sathiyabarathi SOCDAB 0852 Dr. Naicy Thomas SOCDAB 0921 Dr. Satyendra Singh Tomar SOCDAB 0991 Dr. M. Mohan SOCDAB 0853 Dr. Radhika. G SOCDAB 0922 Dr. Akhilesh Pandey SOCDAB 0992 Dr. Manjari Pandey SOCDAB 0854 Dr. Pragathi K.S. SOCDAB 0923 Dr. Vaishali Khare SOCDAB 0993 Dr. Vivek Kumar Nayak SOCDAB 0855 Dr. T.K. Mohanty SOCDAB 0924 Dr. Rajesh Kumar Vandre SOCDAB 0994 Dr. Padmakar Jayram Kapadnis SOCDAB 0856 Dr. K. Balasundaram SOCDAB 0925 Dr. Tarun Baghel SOCDAB 0995 Dr. A P Usha SOCDAB 0857 Dr. Patil Chandrashekhar SOCDAB 0926 Dr. Rajesh Kumar SOCDAB 0996 Dr. E.D. Benjamin Santosh SOCDAB 0927 Dr. Ankit Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0997 Dr. P.T. Suraj SOCDAB 0858 Dr. Prabakar G SOCDAB 0928 Dr. Kawardeep Kaur SOCDAB 0998 Dr. Lali F. Anand SOCDAB 0859 Dr. Sreela. L SOCDAB 0929 Dr. Martina Pukhrambam SOCDAB 0999 Er. Lovey Sharma

XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity SOCDAB 0860 Sr. Sourabh Sulabh SOCDAB 0930 Dr. Verma Ankita Dilipkumar SOCDAB 1000 Dr. Shanmathy Muthuvel 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February SOCDAB 0861 Dr. Narender Kumar SOCDAB 0931 Dr Priyabrata Behera SOCDAB 1001 Shailendra Kumar Mishra SOCDAB 0862 Dr. Manoj Kumar SOCDAB 0932 Dr. Raman Vohra SOCDAB 1002 Dr. M.V. Silpa SOCDAB 0863 Dr. Poonam Ratwan SOCDAB 0933 Dr. Momi Sharma SOCDAB 1003 Dr. Charlotte Coretta Rodricks SOCDAB 0864 Dr. Arul Prakash M. SOCDAB 0934 Dr. Feroz Din Sheikh SOCDAB 1004 Dr. C.B. Bimal SOCDAB 0865 Dr. Nilotpal Ghosh SOCDAB 0935 Dr. Satish Kumar Rathee SOCDAB 1005 Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh SOCDAB 0866 Dr. Vikas Mahajan SOCDAB 0936 Dr. B.G. Desai SOCDAB 1006 Dr. Chandan Paswan SOCDAB 0867 Dr. Lukumoni Buragohain SOCDAB 0937 Dr. Shalu Kumar SOCDAB 1007 Dr. Arup Giri SOCDAB 0868 Dr. Brijesh Kumar SOCDAB 0938 Dr. Simran Singh SOCDAB 1008 Dr. D. Sreekumar SOCDAB 0869 Dr. Dimpee Singh Gonge SOCDAB 0939 Dr. Syed Shanaz NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL SOCDAB 0870 Dr. Ragini Kumari SOCDAB 0940 Dr. Gajanan S Ambhore SOCDAB 0871 Dr. Shabahat Mumtaz SOCDAB 0941 Dr. M. Abhina SOCDAB 0872 Dr. Varsha Jain SOCDAB 0942 Dr. Janipallinikhil Kumar Tej SOCDAB 0873 Dr. Pooja Joshi SOCDAB 0943 Dr. Thulasiraman P. SOCDAB 0874 Dr. Nishant Kumar SOCDAB 0944 Dr. Subhash Chandra SOCDAB 0875 Dr. Reebeka Sinha SOCDAB 0945 Dr. Khade Shrikant Bhimrao SOCDAB 0876 Dr. Prajwalita Pathak SOCDAB 0946 Dr. Gutti Bharathi SOCDAB 0877 Dr. Rajib Deb SOCDAB 0947 Dr.Anjali Kumari SOCDAB 0878 Dr. Raj Kumar Sah SOCDAB 0948 Dr. Tripti Kumari SOCDAB 0879 Dr. Ashok Kumar SOCDAB 0949 Dr. Indu Devi

240 Author Index Aakriti Sudan 171 Azhaguraja M. 183 Dige M. S. 153 Abdul Rahim 71, 77, 154, 159 Aziz A. 37 Dillip Kumar Karna 85 Abdul Sadam 86, 87 B.M. Prajapati 174 Dinesh Birari 179 Abhijit Mitra 80, 81 Babu Lal Saini 223, 224, 226 Dinesh C.N. 91 Adesh Kumar 218, 223, 224, 225, 225, 226 Balasubramanyam D. 178, 179 Divakaran Nair N. 182 Agare H.M. 165 Balkrishna Brahmkshtri 96 Divya D. 105, 229 Aggarwal R.A.K. 177 Bansal B. K. 24 Divya P. 93, 99 Ahirwar Maneesh Kumar 89 Barwal R.S. 124, 155, 159 Diwesh Kumar Niraj 88 Ahlawat A.R. 153, 185 Basavaraj Inamdhar 31 Dongre V.B. 185 Ahlawat S. 33,41, 102, 145, 177 Beena Sinha 99, 175 Ekta Rana 100, 219, 221 Ajith Jacob George 182 Behl J. 96 Elizabeth Kurian 73, 94, 167 Akansha Singh 218, 223, 224, 225, 225, 226 Bhagat A.J. 163 Gahlot G.C. 1, 38, 88 Alok Kumar Yadav 71, 77 Bhagat D.J. 25, 163, 164, 165 Gajbhiye P.U. 36, 153, 185 Alyethodi R. R. 24,116, 156 Bhagat R. L. 168 Gamit P.M. 36 Amal Dev 180, 181 Bhakthavatchalam S. 97 Ganapathi P. 30, 35 Ambhore G.S. 155 Bharat Bhushan 82, 86, 87, 88, 93 Gangadhar Nayak 85 Amit Kumar 74, 79, 80, 81, 88, 93 Bharathi G. 38, 41 Gangaraju G. 152 Amitosh Kumar 88 Bharti Deshmukh 88 Gaur A.K. 43 Amiya Ranjan Sahu 82, 159 Bhaswati Banerjee 231 Gaur G.K. 93, 148 Amod Kumar 30, 93 Bhattacharya T.K. 78, 105, 143, 229, 232 Gaurav Pandya 96 Amol 30 Bhushan B. 105, 229 Gedam Ete 100, 219, 221 Amrutha D. 85, 179 Bimal C. B. 32, 101 Geeta Lodhi 155 Anamika 170, 171 Bimal P. Bashir 167, 217 Ghosh S.K. 80, 81 Anand Jain 35 Bindya Liz Abraham 184, 215 Gleeja V.l. 220 Anand Kumar Nagaleekar 89, 150, 162 Binoy Chandra Naha 148 Gnana Prakash M. 86 Ananta Kumar Das 154, 159 Biradar U S 29, 152 Gnana Prakash M. 97 Ancy M. 183 Biswas T. K. 96 Goel A. K. 150 Andrea L. 180 Borah, S. 25 Gokhale S.B. 45, 168 Aneet Kour 100, 219, 221 Brijesh Patel 83 Gonge D. S. 96, 175 Ani S. Das 187 Burte R.G. 163, 164, 165 Gopal Dass 153 Anil Kumar K. 102, 145, 170, 231 Cauveri D. 77, 91, 100 Gopi H. 168, 178, 217 Anil Kumar Mishra 154 Chakraborty D. 170 Gopinathan A. 151, 166 Anju Sharma 145 Chakravarty A.K. 161, 219, 221, 228 Gopu P. 45 Ankit Magotra 99 Chandan Paswan 78, 143, 232 Goswami R. N. 133 Ankita Aradhana 85 Chandra Prakash 30, 148 Govardhana Sagar N. 105, 229 Ankita Dilipkumar Verma 86, 87 Changanamkandath Rajesh 75 Govind Mohan 150 Ankita Gurao 90, 104 Changchup Dorjay 184 Gowane G.R. 149, 150, 169 Ankita Sharma 97, 228 Charlotte Coretta Rodricks 101 Gowrimanokari K.V. 178 Annal Villi R. 45 Chatterjee R.N. 78, 105, 143, 229, 232 Grewal R. S. 24 Anu Bosewell 94, 101, 103 Chaudhari J.D. 173, 174, 174 Gupta A. K 77, 84, 161, 176, 228 Anuj Chauhan 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88 Chaudhary V.K. 88 Gupta I. D. 71, 83, 98, 100 Anupama Mukherjee 39, 71, 77 Chauhan I.S. 149, 169 Gupta J.P. 173, 174, 174 Anusha Kishore 176 Chennuru Sreedevi 85 Gurao K.S. 31 Appannavar M.M. 29, 80,81, 152 Chinmoy Mishra 79, 80, 81 Gurjeet Kaur 213 Aravinda Ghosh, K.N. 183 Chopade M.M. 32, 172 Guru Vishnu P. 105, 229 Aravindakshan T. V. 32, 40, 47, 72, 73, 94, Chouhan H. 38 Gyanendra Singh 88 101, 101, 103, 167, 182,231 Dahiya S.P. 23 Heartwin P.A. 165 Archana Verma 71, 83, 98, 99, 100 Dahiya S.S. 137 Himani Sharma 41, 177 Arjava Sharma 74 Dalal D.S. 169 Hiron M. Harshan 183 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Arnav Mehrotra 172 Dandekarand 163 Hussain M. S. 29, 152 Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Arsha R. 180 Dangi P. S. 25, 25 Ilavarasi R. 179 Arth Chaudhari 175 Das A. K. 143, 145, 171 Ilayakumar K. 224 Arthi A. 180 Das D. N. 93, 162, 173, 227 Imsusosang Longkumer 39 Arthy V. 100, 217 Das G.C. 37 Indrasen Chauhan 26 Arun Kumar 26, 149, 169, 178 Das P. J. 96 Ishfaq Jamal 149 Arun Pratap Singh 197 Dayal N. Das 89 Ishwar Dayal Gupta 99 Aruna Pal 74, 147 Deginal Revanasiddu 89 Jagadeswara Rao S. 92 Arup Giri 97 Deokar D.K. 155 Jamuna V. 167, 217, 228 Arvind Sonawane 91 Desai B.G. 25, 163, 164, 165 Jana C. 30 for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Asharani A D 29, 152 Deshmukh R.S. 32, 172 Jash S. 165 Ashish C. Patel 73, 90 Devendran P. 168 Jay Prakash Gupta 93 Ashish Chopra 31,144, 172 Devi T 168 Jaya Laxmi P. 147 Ashwaniarya 100 Dhanush Krishna B 180, 182 Jayakumar S. 96 Aswani P.A. 220 Dhara, S.K. 78, 232 Jayashankar M.R. 95 Atish Kumar Chakravarty 83 Dharma Rao M.V. 34 Jayasree P. 179 Avinash Kumar 223 Dhekale J. S. 163, 163, 165 Jeichitra V. 82 Avnish Kumar Bhatia 228 Dhruva Sharma 90 Jeyakumar S. 93, 165, 173 Avtar Singh 155, 161 Dibyendu Chakraborty 171, 171 Jindal S. K. 150 Jinty S. 101, 103

241 Jowel Debnath 159 Mettei, S. L. 25 Prakash B. 24, 116, 144, 156 Jyotsnabehl 34 Mir M.A. 228 Prakash G. 40, 170 Kabeer M 23, 42 Mishra A.K. 35, 35, 96 Prakesh B. 145 Kaiser Parveen 77, 176 Misra S.S. 149, 169 Praneeth D.V. 92 Kakki M. 37 Mohamed Nadeem Fairoze 145 Prasade N.N. 163 Kalita D. 133 Mohan Kishore M. 87 Pravesh Kumar 71 Kamble S.S. 29 Mohan Sing 33 Preeti Verma 97 Karthickeyan S.M.K. 77, 91, 151, 166, 230 Mohanty AK 71 Prem Kumar 95 Kartikesh S.M. 80 Mohd. Ashraf 88 Prince L.L.L. 178 Karuthadurai T. 219, 221 Monika Sodhi 71, 97,228 Priyabrata Behera 158, 222, 222 Kataria R.S. 33, 71, 96,228 Morothung Ezung 39 Pundir R. K. 25, 25 Kavirajan S. 168 Muhammed E.M. 182 Puneet Malhotra 160, 161 Kavitha A. 100 Muhasin Asaf 93 Punyakumari B. 38, 41, 86, 87, 147 Kerekoppa P. Ramesha 89 Mukund A. Kataktalware 89, 93, 165, 173 Purnendu Biswas 74 Khade S. B. 32, 172 Murali G. 151 Pushp Raj Shivahre 33 Khadse J.R. 215 Murali N. 45, 84, 105 Pushpendra Kumar 88, 93, 232 Kharche S. D. 150 Muralidhar M. 92, 92 R.M. Sreesujatha 145 Kokani S.C. 32 Muzaffar Ahmad Naik 149 Radha K. 23, 176, 232 Komatwar S.J. 39 Nagaleekar Anand Kumar 89 Radhika G. 72, 101, 102, 103, 145, 170 Komatwar S.J. 32, 172 Nagaraja R. 95 Rafeeque R. Alyethodi 156 Kousalya Devi M. 230 Nagarajan G. 151 Rafeeque 116 Krovvidi Sudhakar 84, 85, 92 Naicy Thomas 73, 94, 101, 167 Raghavan K.C. 72 Kulasekar K. 151 Naqvi S.M.K. 107, 178 Ragini Kumari 93, 98,99, 175 Kuldeep Tyagi 96 Narasimha Reddy Y. 97 Rahul Behl 34 Kumanan K. 77, 91 Narendra Nandania 43, 44, 44 Raja A. 82 Kumar A. 25 Narinder Singh 24 Raja T .V. 24, 116, 144, 156, 161 Kumar D. 43, 170, 171 Narula H. K. 31, 107, 144 , 172 Raja, K.N. 35 Kumar P. 105, 229 Naseer Ahmad Baba 86, 87, 149 Rajapandi S. 151 Kumar R. 144 Nath P. M. 221, 227 Rajendiran A.S. 151 Kumarasamy P. 54, 168 Nath Sapna 89 Rajendra Prasad A. 105, 229 Kumaravelu N. 30 Naveen Kumar G.S. 31, 95 Rajendran R. 82, 175 Lakshmiparvathi A. 41 Naveen Kumar S. 145 Rajib Deb 156 Lali F.A. 102, 231 Nazar S. 165, 173 Rajkumar U. 143 Lalrengpuii Sailo 226 Nazir Ahmad 213 Rajni Chaudhary 78, 79, 80, 81,79 Lawar V.S. 29 Neeraj Kashyap 88, 184, 157, 160, 161 Rak Aggarwal 33 Laxmikant Sambhaji Kokate 154 Nihar R. Sahoo 78 Rakesh Kumar 98, 99 Leslie Leo Prince L. 26 Nikita Goyal 71 Rakesh Ranjan 228 Lovey Sharma 25 Nimbkar C.B. 32 Rakesh Verma 169 Mahanta N. 25 Niranjan M. 143 Ramachandra B. 81 Mahapatra R.K. 158 Niranjan S.K. 34, 71, 96 Ramajayan P. 151 Makawana R.B. 36, 153 Nisha Sharma 157, 184 Raman Narang 157, 160, 161, 184 Malarmathi M. 45 Nisha 160, 161 Ramani A.L. 185 Malik Z.S. 23 Palat Divya 89 Ramendra Das 33 Mallick P.K. 151 Pander B. 23 Ramesh Bhatti 43, 44, 44 Mamta Janmeda 96 Pandey D.P. 173, 174, 174 Ramesh Kumar Vijh 145 Manali Baghel 154 Panduranga Reddy P. 34 Ramesha K.P. 93, 99, 162, 165, 173, 197 Mandal K.G. 175 Panneerselvam S. 84 Ramji Yadav 159 Maneesh Ahirwar 162, 165, 173 Panwar P.S. 216 Ran Vir Singh 74 Manishi Mukesh 62, 71, 97,228 Paresh Nath Chatterjee 74 Rani Alex 116, 143, 156 Manjit Panigrahi 82, 86, 87, 93 Parikh S.S. 36, 153 Ranjan R. 150 Manju G. 179 Parmar G.A. 173, 174, 174 Ranjit Singh Kataria 75, 95, 231 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Manoj J. Aware 166 Parmar S.N.S. 11, 39 Rank D.N. 43, 44, 44, 73, 90 Manoj Kumar 83 Patel A. K. 31, 107, 144, 172 Rathee S. K. 143,144,145, 161 Manoj Kumar Singh 228 Patel J.R. 173 Rathod B. S. 24 Manoj M. 32, 40, 101, 181 Patel M.A. 174 Ravikumar D. 224 Manonnmani G. 217 Patel P.A. 174 Ravimurugan T. 42 Manoranjan Roy 214 Patel S.B. 173 Ravinder Kumar 143, 145 Manvendra Singh 84, 155 Patil C.S. 169 Ravinder Singh 75, 90, 95, 104 Marappa Basavaraju 89 Pawar V. D. 32, 39, 172 Reen Jagish Kour 89 Maria Abbas 213 Peer Mohd Azhar 170, 171 Reena Arora 34, 145 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL Marykutty Thomas 162, 177, 181, 185 Piyusha Bhainsare 158 Rekha Sharma 41, 177 Mathew J. 182 Ponnala A. K. 32, 40 Remya. R. Nair 182 Mayekar V.S. 163 Pooja Joshi 71, 77, 84, 176 Revanasiddu Deginal 93, 162 Meena Shri 71 Pooja Mankad 73 Rojan P.M. 167 Meenakshi Sundaram S. 175 Poonam Ratwan 83 Rout P. K. 217 Meeti Punetha 84 Pourouchottamane R. 151 Rudresh B.H. 220 Mehta S. C. 41, 137 Prabhat Kumar 97 Sabyasachi Das 43, 44, 44 Mercey K.A 170, 220 Pragathi K.S. 102, 220 Sabyasachi Mukherjee 39 Mery R. 180 Prajapati M.N. 174 Sadana D. K. 43, 44, 203 Metilda Joseph 183 Prajapati B.M. 173, 174 Safeer Alam 213

242 Sahoo S.K. 155 Shettar V.B. 220 Swati Kesari 71 Sahoo N.R. 148 Shilpashree C. S. 182 Syam K Venugopal 180 Saini B. L. 218, 225, 225 Shireesha S. 92 Syamala K 180,181,185 Sakaram D. 97 Shoor Vir Singh 74 Taggar R. K. 170,171,171 Saket Bhusan 154, 209 Shrikant Joshi 39 Tantia M. S. 33, 34,41 62, 177 Saket Kumar Niranjan 75, 95,231,228 Shrikant Kulkarni 81 Tejashree V. Shirsath 166 Saleem Yousuf 149, 150 Shyma V.H. 181 Thakur M. S. 11 Salunkhe V.S. 164 Siddalingaswamy Hiremath 80 Thiagarajan R. 178 Samiddha Banerjee 74 Silpa M.V. 101 Thirumaran S.M.K. 151 Sanat Mishra 75 Simarjeet Kaur 24, 218, 222, 222 Thirunavukkarasus B. 224 Sandip Bhat 88 Simran Singh 171 Thirupathy Venkatachalapathy R. 23,42, Sangamesh 80, 81 Singh C.B. 143 73,167, 183, 184, 217 Sangli Vikram Kumar K. 179 Singh C.V. 124, 155, 159 Thiruvenkadan A.K. 84, 105, 152 Sanjay Mandakmale 179 Singh K.P. 37, 190 Tina Sadan 162, 177 Sanjeev Kumar 154, 159 Singh P. K. 25, 25 Tirumurugaan K.G. 77, 91, 230 Sanjeev Ranjan 93 Singh R. K. 96 Tomar S. S. 39 Sankaralingam S. 23, 42 Singh S. 35 Tresamol P.V. 180, 181 Sanoodh Mohammed A.V. 183 Singh U 144 Tripti Dadheech 90 Santanu Bera 214 Sisilamma G. 182 Umed Ramani 96 Santosh Haunshi 143 Sivakumar A. 80, 81 Umesh Singh 24, 116, 156 Santosh Kumari 99 Sivakumar A.V.N. 147 Umrikar U.D 39 Sapna Nath 152, 162, 221, 227 Sivaselvam S. N. 77, 91, 100,151, 166, 168, Unnikrishnan T. 220 Saravanan R. 45, 84, 105 175, 230 Upasana Ratnakaran 183 Sarkar M. 88 SSneharaskar 163 Urmila Pannu 172 Sarmah S. 37 Sohanvir Singh 173 Usha A. P. 18, 72 Saseendran P.C. 220 Sonawane, D. R. 45 Uttam Sarkar 214 Satheesh Kumar P. 30, 78, 232 Soni Kumari 82,160, 161, 184 Vageesh Pandith S. 95 Sathian C.T. 176 Sonika Ahlawat 41, 145, 177 Vaibhav S. 183 Sathian 232 Sonu Kumar Jain 218, 223, 224, 225 Vaishali Hiremath 80, 81 Sathvara R.N. 173, 174, 174 Sooch S.S. 218 Vandana Yadav 218, 223, 224, 225, 225, 226 Sathya P. 232 Sourabh Sulabh 86, 87 Varsha Jain 83 Satish Kumar I 150, 152, 221, 227 Sreekumar C. 217 Ved Prakash 26, 178 Satish Kumar 74, 82 Sreeveen E.N. 183 Velusamy S. 105 Savaliya B.D. 36, 153 Srikanth Dodamani 31 Venkata Seshaiah Ch. 92 Savino N. 33 Srinivas B. 173 Venkataramanan R. 100, 151, 166, , 168, 175, Sawane M. P. 32, 39, 172 Srinivasa Rao K. 85 178, 179 217, 230 Seetaram Gupta 88 Subhashis Batobyal 74 Verma H. K. 24 Sekhon M. S. 24 Subhashree Parida 86, 87 Verma N.K. 33 Senapati P. K. 214 Subodh Kumar 74, 78, 79, 80,81, 96 Vij P.K. 177 Shabahat Mumtaz 71, 77, 84, 176 Subramanyam B.V. 147 Vijay Kumar Agrawal 88 Shahi B.N. 124, 155, 159 Subrat Kumar Dash 158, 222, 222 Vijaya Kumar C. 152 Shailendra Kumar Mishra 75, 95, 231 Sudarshan S. 145 Vijh R.K. 34 Shalu Elizabeth Simon 162, 177 Sudharsan M 184 Vikas Bin Zaffer 170 Shalu Kumar 25, 163,163,164, 165 Sudhir Kumar Kashyap 90, 104 Vikas Vohra 33, 3, 75, 83, 95,228 Shalu Kumari Pathak 223 Sukanta Mondal 162 Vikay K Bharti 97 Shankar M. 30 Sukanya S. 180 Vimal Mehrotra 144 Shanmugam M. 158 Sulficar S. 181 Vineeta Singh 100 Sharma A.K. 30 Sunil Kumar M.A. 31 Vineeth M.R. 99 Sharma H. A. 185 Sunil Kumar 169 Vinod Potdar 215 Sharma R. 33 Suranagi M.D 29, 81, 152 Vinod U. 41 Sharma R.C. 26, 178 Surekha J. 86 Vinoo R. 92, 92 XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation Domestic Animal Biodiversity

Sheetalpedhavi 165 Suresh B. Gokhale 166 Vishnu Kharadi 96 Kerala Thrissur, and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, I College of Veterinary 8-10 February Shefali Macwan 73 Suresh Devatkal 145 Vivek R Kasaralikar 80 Sheikh Firdous Ahmad 82, 218, 223, Suresh J. 86, 87 Vjay Agarwal 1 224, 225, 225, 226 Susant Kumar Dash 75 Vohra V. 35 Shelesh Swami 71 Sushil Kumar 116, 156, 161 Yashila Girdhar 145 Shersinh Chauhan 43, 44, 44 Swati Agrawal 78 Yathish H.M. 29, 78,79, 80, 80, 81, 81, 152 Yogita Patel 90 Yuvraj Gaundare 215 Zaman G. 37 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming NATIONAL

243 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 244 Notes Notes 245

NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM : Biodynamic Animal Farming for The Management of Livestock Diversity Under Changing Global Scenario XIV Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity 8-10 February I College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 246 Notes