Chronology of Anselm's Life

APPENDIX A Chronology of Anselm's Life

(See Eadmer; Southern; Charlesworth, pp. 8-21.)

1033 Born at Aosta in Burgundy c.1053 His mother dies; 'the ship ofhis heart, having lost its anchor, drifted among the waves of the world' 1056 Quarrels with his father; leaves home and wan• ders through Burgundy and France 1060 Enters the Benedictine monastery of Bee in Normandy 1063 Succeeds Lanfranc as Prior of Bee 1076 Monologion 1077-8 Proslogion 1078 Succeeds Herluin as Abbot of Bee 1080-5 de Grammatico, de Veritate, de Libertate Arbitrii 1085-90 de Casu Diaboli 1092-4 Epistola de Incamatione Verbi 1093 Reluctantly enthroned as Archbishop of Canter• bury 1094--8 Cur Deus Homo 1097 Exiled by William II; journeys to Rome, and stays at Lyons 1099-1100 de Conceptu Virginali 1100 Death of William II; Anselm recalled by Henry I 1102 de Processione Spiritus Sancti 1103 Exiled by Henry I; at Lyons 1106 Returns to England 1106-7 Epistola de Sacrijicio Azymi et Fermentati; de Sacra• mentis Ecclesiae 1107-8 de Concordia ?1108 de Potestate 1109 Dies, 21 April ?1163 Canonised

87 APPENDIX B Anselm's Reductio

It may be helpful to set out more rigorously the interpretation of Anselm's reductio which is explained informally on pp. 12-15 above. In the main the formalisation follows Lemmon; but there are several points needing explanation: (i) Abbreviations: 'b' for 'The Fool' 'xUy' for 'x understands "y"' 'xMy' for 'y is in x's understanding' 'xi: P' for 'x can imagine that P' 'Ex' for 'x exists in reality' 'xGy' for 'x is greater than y' 'xi : Fy' for 'x can imagine something F'. (ii) Rules: Rlmag: From 'al: Fb' deduce 'al: Fx'. (If someone can imagine that b is F, he can imagine something F.) RAAAns: If B is absurd and is deduced from A1, A2, ••• , A.., infer 1 Ai (for any i, 1 ~ i ~ n) on assumptions A1, ••• , Ai -I> Ai +l• ••• , A... (Reductio ad absurdum Anselmianum: cf. above, p. 15.) (iii) Definitions: (Dl) Aa =df(3:y)yl:zGa. (D2) ex =df(1x)--, Ax. In theproofthatfollows, (1)-(5) answer to (Pl)-(P5) and (6) answers to (NC*) ; the order of reasoning is approximately that taken by my informal account. 1 (1) bUcx A 2 (2) (VX) (yy) (xUy-+xMy) A 3 (3) (VX) (yy) (xMy-+xl: Ey) A 4 (4) (yy) (((3:x)xMy & •Ey)-+(yz) (Ez-+ zGy)) A 88 5 (5) (yP) (yQ) ((P~Q)~(yx) (xi:P~xi:Q)) A 6 (6) -.Eat A 2 (7) (yy) (bUy-+-bMy) 2 UE 2 (8) bUat~bMat 7 UE 1, 2 (9) bMat 1, 8 MPP 3 (10) (yy) (bMy~bi:Ey) 3 UE 3 (11) bMat~bi:Eat 10 UE 1, 2, 3 (12) bi:Eat 9, 11 MPP 4 (13) ((3:x)xMat & 1 Eat)~(yz) (Ez~zGat) 4 UE 1, 2 (14) (3:x)xMat 9 EI 1, 2, 6 (15) (3:x)xMat & ...,Eat 6, 14 & I 1, 2, 4, 6 (16) (yz) (Ez~zGat) 13, 15 MPP 1, 2, 4, 6 (17) Eat~atGat 16 UE 5 (18) (yQ) ((Eat~Q)~(yx) (xi:Eat~xi:Q)) 5UE 5 (19) (Eat~atGat)~(yx) (xi:Eat~xl:atGat) 18 UE 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 (20) (yx) (xi:Eat~xl:atGat) 17, 19 MPP 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 (21) bi:Eat~bl:atGat 20 UE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (22) bl: atGat 12, 21 MPP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (23) bl: zGat 22 Rlmag 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (24) (3:y) (yl:zGat) 23 EI 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (25) Aat 24 Dl 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (26) [('x) •Ax]A[('x) -.Ax] 25 D2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (27) ..., ..., Eat 6, 26 RAAAns I, 2, 3, 4, 5 (28) Eat 27 DN

The reader may care to set this beside the formalisation in Adams, pp. 31-2. Adams' acute and rigorous analysis of Anselm's arguments appeared after my manuscript had gone to press.

89 References

There is a large but by no means exhaustive bibliography on the Ontological Argument in Hick and McGill; new work can be discovered through such publications as The Philosopher's Index. The list given here contains only those books and articles which are referred to in the text. Abbreviations: An Ana!Jsis APQ American Philosophical Quarter!J BJPS British Journal for the Philosophy of Science I Inquiry JP Journal of Philosophy JTS Journal of Theological Studies M Mind PAS(S) Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (supplementary volume) P R Philosophical Review RM Review of Metaphysics Where a publication is assigned more than one place of ap• pearance (indicated by the sign' ='),page references in the text are to the asterisked source.

(a) Anselm and Descartes Anselm: [1] Monologion [2] Proslogion [3] Responsio ad Gaunilonem [4] de Grammatico [5] de Veritate [6] de Libertate Arbitrii [7] de Casu Diaboli [8] Epistola de Incarnatione Verbi [9] Cur Deus Homo 91 [10] de Concordia praescientiae et praedestinationis et gratiae Dei cum libero arbitrio [11] de Potestate The standard edition is Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia, ed. F. S. Schmitt, in five volumes (a two-volume reprint has recently appeared: Stuttgart: Frommann, 1968). [1]-[7] are contained in vol. I (Edinburgh: Nelson, 1946); [8]-[10] in vol. II (Rome: n.p., 1940). My references to these works are generally by page and line number of Schmitt's text. [11] was discovered and edited by Schmitt in 1936; it is re-edited by R. W. Southern and F. S. Schmitt in Memorials of St Anselm (London: Oxford U .P., for the British Academy, 1969) - vol. I of Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi - and I cite it by page and line of this edition. Translations in the text are my own. St Anselm: Basic Writings, trans. S. N. Deane, 2nd ed. (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1962) contains English versions of [1], [2], [3] and [9], and also of Gaunilo; Deane's versions of [2] (chaps ii-iv), [3], and Gaunilo are reprinted in Plantinga [2]. Hick and McGill contains translations by A. C. McGill of [2] (chaps ii-iv), [3], and Gaunilo; Schmitt's text of [2], [3], and Gaunilo is reprinted opposite a new translation in Charlesworth. Descartes: [1] Discourse on the Method (1637) [2] Meditations (1641) [3] Replies to Objections (1641; enlarged 1642) [4] Principles of Philosophy ( 1644) [5] Notes against a Programme (1647) The classic edition of Descartes' works is by C. Adam and P. Tannery, in 13 volumes (Paris: Cerf, 1897-1913). The standard English translation is by E. S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1911); it is in two vol• umes: vol. I includes [1], [2], [4] and [5]; vol. II is taken up by [3]. My quotations follow Haldane and Ross in the main; references are to volume and page of their translation.

(b) General Adams, R. M., 'The Logical Structure of Anselm's Argu• ments', PR, LXXX (1971) 28-54. Alston, W. P., 'The Ontological Argument Revisited', PR, LXIX (1960) 452-74 =Plantinga [2]. 92 Ambrose, A., and Lazerowitz, M. (eds), G. E. Moore: Essays in Retrospect (London: Allen & Unwin, 1970). Anscombe, G. E. M., and Geach, P. T., Three Philosophers (Oxford: Blackwell, 1961). Aquinas: [1] Summa contra Gentiles, editio Leonina (Rome: n.p., 1934). [2] Summa Theologiae, editio Leonina (Rome: Marietti, 1948). Aristotle: [1] de Interpretatione, ed. L. Minio-Paluello (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949). [2] Ana!Jtica, ed. W. D. Ross (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964). [3] Metaphysics, ed. W. Jaeger (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957). Augustine: [1] de Doctrina Christiana, ed. J. Martin, Corpus Christianorum, series Latina, XXXII (Turnhout: Brepols, 1962). [2] de Trinitate, ed. W.J. Mountain, Corpus Christianorum, series Latina, L (Turnhout: Brepols, 1968). Bambrough, R. (ed.), New Essays on Plato and Aristotle (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965). Barth, K., Anselm: Fides Quaerens Intellectum, trans. I. Robertson (London: S.C.M. Press, 1960). German edition first pub• lished in 1931. Boethius, Philosophiae Consolatio, ed. L. Bieler, Corpus Christian• orum, series Latina, XCIV (Turnhout: Brepo1s, 1957). Brown, P., 'St Thomas' Doctrine of Necessary Being', PR, LXXIII (1964) 76--90. Cahn, S. M., 'The Irrelevance to Religion of Philosophic Proofs for the Existence of God', APQ, VI ( 1969) 170-2. Cartwright, R. L., 'Negative Existentials',JP, LVII (1960) 629- 639 =*Caton. Caton, C. E. (ed.), Philosophy and Ordinary Language (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1963). Charlesworth, M. J., St Anselm's Proslogion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965). Chisholm, R. M. (ed. ), Realism and the Background of Phenomen• ology (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1960). Daniels, A., Quellenbeitriige und Untersuchungen ;:.ur Geschichte der Gottesbeweise im XIII. Jahrhundert, Beitrage zur Geschichte der 93 Philosophie des Mittelalters, vm 1-2 (Munster: Aschendorff, 1909). Eadmer, The Life of St Anselm, ed. R. W. Southern (London: Nelson, 1962). Findlay, J. N.: [1] 'Can God's Existence be Disproved?', M, Lvn (1948) 176-83 =Flew and Macintyre =Findlay [2] = *Plantinga [2]. [2] Language, Truth and Value (London: Allen & Unwin, 1963). Flew, A. G. N.: [1] (ed.), Logic and Language, First Series (Oxford: Blackwell, 1951). [2] (ed.), Essays in Conceptual Anarysis (London: Macmillan, 1956). [3] God and Philosophy (London: Hutchinson, 1966). Flew, A. G. N., and Macintyre, A. C., New Essays in Philo• sophical Theology (London: S.C.M. Press, 1955). Frege, G.: [1] The Foundations of Arithmetic, trans.J. L. Austin, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953). First published in 1884. [2] 'Function and Concept', in Frege [5]. First published in 1891. [3] 'On Concept and Object', in Frege [5]. First published in 1892. [4] 'On Sense and Reference', in Frege [5]. First published in 1892. [5] Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, ed. P. T. Geach and M. Black, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Black• well, 1960). [6] 'Dialog mit Plinjer iiber Existenz', in Frege [7]. [7] Nachgelassene Schriften, ed. H. Hermes, F. Kambartel and F. Kaulbach (Hamburg: Meiner, 1969). Gassendi, in Descartes [3]. Gaunilo, Responsio pro lnsipiente. See Anselm. Geach, P. T.: [1] 'Form and Existence', PAS, LV (1954-5) 251-72 =*Geach [3]. [2] 'What Actually Exists', PASS, xm (1968) 7-16 = *Geach [3]. [3] God and the Soul (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969). Grant, C. K., 'The Ontological Disproof of the Devil', An, xvn (1956-7) 71-2. 94 Hartshorne, C.: [ 1] *The Logic of Perfection (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1962) =(partially) Hick and McGill. [2] Anselm's Discovery (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1965). Henry, D. P.: [1] 'Remarks on St Anselm's Treatment of Possibility', Spicilegium Beccense, I (1959) 19-22. [2] The Logic of St Anselm (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967). [3] 'Proslogion Chapter 3', in Schmitt. Hick,J.: [1] 'God as Necessary Being',JP, LVII (1960) 725-34. [2] 'A Critique of the "Second Argument"', in Hick and McGill. Hick, J., and McGill, A. C. (eds), The Many-Faced Argument (London: Macmillan, 1968). Hintikka, K. J. J.: [1] 'Language-Games for Quantifiers', in Rescher [2]. [2] 'On the Logic of the Ontological Argument', m Hintikka [3]. [3] Models for Modalities (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1969). Hodges, M., 'On "Being About"', M, LXXX (1971) 1-16. Hume, D.: [1] A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. L.A. Se1by-Bigge (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1888). First published in 1739. [2] An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962). First published in 1748. [3] Dialogues concerning Natural Religion, ed. N. Kemp Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935). First published in 1779. Kahn, C. H., 'The Greek Verb "to be" and the Concept of Being', Foundations of Language, n ( 1966) 245-65. Kant, 1., Critique of Pure Reason, trans. N. Kemp Smith, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1933). First published in 1781. Kaufman, W., Critique of Religion and Philosophy (New York: Harper, 1958). Kennick, W. E., 'Moore on Existence and Predication', in Ambrose and Lazerowitz. Kenny, A.J. P.: [1] 'Necessary Being', Sophia, I (1962) 1--8. [2] 'Oratio Obliqua', PASS, XXXVII (1963) 127-46. [3] 'God and Necessity', in Williams and Montefiore. [4] Descartes (New York: Random House, 1968). [5] 'Descartes' Ontological Argument', in Margolis. [6] The Five Wl!Jis (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969). 95 Kneale, M., 'Eternity and Sempiternity', PAS, LXIX (1968-9) 223-38. Kneale, W. C., 'Is Existence a Predicate?', PASS, xv ( 1936) 154-74. Kneale, W. C., and Kneale, M., The Development of Logic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962). Leibniz, G. W., Nouveaux Essais sur l'Entendement, ed. C. J. Gerhardt (Berlin: Weidmann, 1882); excerpts in *Plantinga [2]. Lejewski, C., 'Logic and Existence', BJPS, v (1954-5) 104-19. Lemmon, E. J•, Beginning Logic (London: Nelson, 1965). Linsky, L., Referring (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968). Lyons, J., Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1968). McGill, A. C., 'Recent Discussions of Anselm's Argument', in Hick and McGill. Malcolm, N., 'Anselm's Ontological Arguments', *PR, LXIX (1960) 41-62 =Plantinga [2] =Hick and McGill. Marcus, R. B., 'Interpreting Quantification', I, v (1962) 252-9. Margolis, J. (ed.), Fact and Existence (Oxford: Blackwell, 1969). Mascall, E. L., 'Faith and Reason: Anselm and Aquinas', JTS, n.s., XIV (1963) 67-90. Matthews, G. B., 'On Conceivability in Anselm and Malcolm', PR, LXX (1961) 110-11. Meinong, A., 'The Theory of Objects', in Chisholm. 'Vber Gegenstandstheorie', first published in 1904. Moore, G. E.: [1] 'Imaginary Objects', PASS, XII (1933) 55-70 =*Moor~ [3]. [2] 'Is Existence a Predicate?', PASS, xv (1936) 175-88 =*Moore [3] =Plantinga [2]. [3] Philosophical Papers (London: Allen & Unwin, 1959). Owen, G. E. L., 'Aristotle in the Snares of Ontology', in Bam• brough. Pailin, D. A., 'An Introductory Survey of Charles Hartshorne's Work on the Ontological Argument', in Schmitt. Pears, D. F., 'Is Existence a Predicate?', in Strawson [3]. Penelhum, T., Survival and Disembodied Existence (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970). Pike, N ., God and Timelessness (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970). 96 Plantinga, A.: [1] 'A Valid Ontological Argument?', PR, LXX (1961) 93-101 =Plantinga [2]. [2] (ed.), The Ontological Argument (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965). [3] God and Other Minds (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell U.P., 1967). [4] 'De Re and de Dicto', Nous, m (1969) 235-58. Prior, A. N., Objects of Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). Quine, W. V. 0.: [1] 'On What There Is', RM, 1 (1947-8) 21-38 =PASS, xxv (1951) 149-60 =*Quine [4]. [2] Mathematical Logic, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U.P., 1951). [3] Word and Object (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1960). [4] From a logical point of view, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U.P., 1961). [5] 'Existence and Quantification', in *Margolis= Quine [6]. [6] Ontological Relativiry (New York: Columbia U.P., 1969). Rainer, A. C. A., 'Can God's Existence be Disproved?', in Flew and Macintyre. Rescher, N.: [1] 'On the Logic of Existence and Denotation', PR, LXVIll (1959) 157-80. [2] (ed.), Studies in Logical Theory, A.P.Q. Monograph 2 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1968). [3] 'The Concept ofNon-Existent Possibles', in Rescher [4]. [4] Essays in Philosophical Ana!Jsis (Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1969). Rhees, R., Without Answers (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969). Russell, B.: [1] 'On Denoting', M, XIV (1905) 479-93 =*Russell [4]. [2] 'The Philosophy of Logical Atomism', The Monist, xxvm (1918) 495-527; XXIX (1919) 32-63, 190-222, 345- 80 =*Russell [4]. [3] A History of Western Philosophy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1946). [4] Logic and Knowledge, ed. R. C. Marsh (London: Allen & Unwin, 1956). Ryle, G.: [1] 'Systematically Misleading Expressions', PAS, XXXII (1931-2) 139-70 =*Flew [1]. 97 [2] 'Imaginary Objects', PASS, XII (1933) 18-43. [3] 'Mr Collingwood and the Ontological Argument', M, XLIV (1935) 137-51 =Hick and McGill. Schmitt, F. S. (ed.), Analecta Anselmiana, vol. I (Frankfurt-am• Main: Minerva, 1969). Scholz, H.: [I] 'Der anselmische Gottesbeweis', in Scholz [2]. [2] Mathesis Universalis, ed. H. Hermes, F. Kambartel and J. Ritter (Basel/Stuttgart: Schwabe, 1961). Searle,]. R., Speech Acts (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1969). Seneca, Naturales Quaestiones, ed. F. Haase (Leipzig: Teubner, 1898). Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Dogmaticos, ed. H. Mutschmann (Leipzig: Teubner, 1914). Shaffer, J., 'Existence, Predication and the Ontological Argu• ment', M, LXXI (1962) 307-25 =*Hick and McGill. Smart, J. J. C., 'Can God's Existence be Disproved?', in Flew and Macintyre. Southern, R. W., St Anselm and his Biographer (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1963). Strawson, P. F.: [1] Individuals (London: Methuen, 1959). [2] 'Singular Terms and Predication',JP, LVIII (1961) 393- 412 =*Strawson [3]. [3] (ed.), Philosophical Logic (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1967). [4] 'Is Existence Never a Predicate?', Critica, I (1967) 5-15. Thomson, J ., 'Is Existence a Predicate?', in Strawson [3]. Vendler, Z., Linguistics in Philosophy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell U.P., 1967). Warnock, G.J., 'Metaphysics in Logic', PAS, LI (1950-1) 197- 222 =*Flew [2]. Williams, B., and Montefiore, A. C. R. G. (eds), British Anarytical Philosophy (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966). Ziff, P.: [1] 'About "God'", in Ziff [2]. [2] Philosophic Turnings (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell U.P., 1966).