SUMMARY of RESULTS AFROBAROMETER ROUND 5 SURVEY in ZIMBABWE Mass Public Opinion Institute (MPOI)

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

AFROBAROMETER ROUND 5

SURVEY IN ZIMBABWE

Compiled by: Mass Public Opinion Institute (MPOI)

Survey Overview The Quality of Democracy and Governance in Zimbabwe Afrobarometer Round 5, 2012

Dates of Fieldwork: 16-30 July 2012 Sample size: 2400 Sampling frame: 2011 projected population figures based on 2002 National Census Population Figures provided by Zimbabwe Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) Sample universe: Citizens aged 18 years or older, excluding institutions Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multistage, probability sample design. Stratification: (i) Sub-national area (Province) and (ii) Place of residence (rural-urban) Stages: Rural Areas: Randomly select SSUs (Wards), PSUs (EAs), starting points, households and respondents. Urban Areas: Randomly select PSUs (EAs), starting points, households and respondents PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS) Cluster size: 8 households per PSU Household selection: Randomly select start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval. Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between males and females. Respondents of appropriate gender are listed, after which a household member draws a numbered card to select the respondent. Weighting: Weighted to account for individual selection probabilities. Margin of Error: +/-2% with 95% confidence level Fieldwork by: Mass Public Opinion Institute (MPOI) Survey Languages: Shona, Ndebele and English Main Researcher(s): Eldred V. Masunungure Outcome Rates: Contact rate: 96.% Cooperation rate: 77.7% Refusal rate: 10.2% Response rate: 75.1% EA Substitution Rate: 2.7% (8 EAs)

Afrobarometer Round 5 Survey Findings

Summary of Results for Zimbabwe

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys covering up to 35 African countries in Round 5 (2011-2012). Based on representative national samples, the surveys assess citizen attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The first round of surveys was conducted between 1999-2001 and covered seven Southern African countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe), three countries in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria and Mali) and two in East Africa (Uganda and Tanzania). Round 2 surveys were completed by November 2003 with four new countries added: Kenya, Senegal, Cape Verde and Mozambique. Round 3 surveys were conducted from March 2005 to February 2006 in the same countries, plus Benin and Madagascar. The 4th Round of surveys covered 20 countries between 2008 and 2009, with the addition of Burkina Faso and Liberia.

Between 16 and 30 July in 2012, the Afrobarometer surveyed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 2400 Zimbabweans. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by the Afrobarometer team based at the Mass Public Opinion Institute in Harare (Zimbabwe), in three languages: English, Shona and Ndebele. The Institute for Democracy in South Africa (Idasa), a Core Partner in the Afrobarometer Network, provided technical backstopping for the survey.

The sample was drawn by taking the smallest geographic units, Census Enumeration Areas (EAs), and stratifying all EAs across the country into separate lists according to districts and geographical area). Three hundrend (300) EAs were then randomly selected from these lists with the probability proportionate to its size in the overall population as represented in the 2011 projected population figures. This ensured that every eligible adult had an equal and known chance of being selected. Eight households were then randomly selected within each EA, and a respondent 18 years of age or older was randomly selected from each household. A gender gender quota was filled by alternating interviews between males and females. A sample of this size is sufficient to yield an overall margin of error of +/- 2 percent at a confidence level of 95 percent.

Below is an outline of the survey findings from all the questions posed to respondents. We also present the findings by some critical demographics such as gender and place of residence (urban- rural).

We gratefully acknowledge the support of the UK Department for International Development (DfID), the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) for Afrobarometer Round 5.

www.afrobarometer.org

Contact Information:

Contact Persons:

Eldred V. Masunungure Executive Director Mass Public Opinion Institute 64 Denbigh Road Belvedere Harare Zimbabwe Telephone: +263-4-771358/772 100 409 E-mail: [email protected]

Stephen Ndoma Principal Researcher Mass Public Opinion Institute E-mail: [email protected]

Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA) Contact Person: Anyway Chingwete, Afrobarometer Project Manager 357 Visagie Street/Cnr Prinsloo Pretoria South Africa Telephone: +27 (0) 12392 0500 [email protected] www.Idasa.org

Afrobarometer Round 5 Zimbabwe Survey Demographics

Note: All figures in the following tables are percentages, rounded to whole numbers. Due to rounding, columns may not add up to exactly 100. Also note that a figure of “0” reported indicates that at least 1 response, but less than 0.5 of all responses, were in this category, whereas a dash (“-“) or blank cell indicates that there were no responses in this category. For Questions 1 through 100, weighted frequency distributions are reported.

DEMOGRAPHICS Gender Weighted Unweighted Male 50.0 50.0 Female 50.0 50.0 Location Urban 32.7 33.0 Rural 67.2 67.0 Age Group 18 – 30 36.0 35.9 31 – 45 37.6 37.8 46 – 60 16.2 16.0 61+ 10.2 10.3

Region Harare 13.3 13.0 Bulawayo 7.7 7.7 Midlands 11.0 11.0 Masvingo 10.8 10.7 Mashonaland East 9.7 9.7 Mashonaland West 10.5 10.3 Mashonaland Central 10.3 10.3 Matebeleland South 7.2 7.3 Matebeleland North 8.3 8.3 Manicaland 11.2 11.3 Education Level No formal schooling 4.3 4.3 Informal schooling only 0.3 0.3 Some primary schooling 9.3 9.3 Primary school completed 15.2 15.2 Some secondary school/high school 26.9 26.8 Secondary school completed/high school 30.0 30.2 Post-secondary qualifications, not university 9.4 9.5 Some university 1.4 1.3 University completed 2.4 2.5 Post-graduate 0.7 0.8

Let’s begin by recording a few facts about yourself.

1. How old are you? Total Urban Rural Male Female 43 32 18-30 35 37 36 38 38 31-45 38 37 38 14 17 46-60 16 16 16 5 13 61+ 11 9 10

2. Which Zimbabwean language is your home language? Urban Rural Male Female Total English 1 0 0 1 0 SiNdebele 21 19 20 20 20 Shona 54 32 41 38 40 Zezuru 10 11 11 11 11 Korekore 2 8 5 7 6 Karanga 4 13 9 10 10 Manyika 4 4 4 4 4 Ndau 1 4 3 3 3 Venda 0 1 1 1 1 Kalanga 1 1 1 1 1 Tonga 1 3 2 2 2 Shangani 0 0 1 1 1 Nambya 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1 1 1 1 1

Let’s discuss economic conditions. 3A. In general, how would you describe: The present economic condition of this country? Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Bad 13 15 15 14 14 Fairly bad 27 28 29 27 28 Neither good nor bad 29 21 24 24 24 Fairly good 29 33 31 32 31 Very good 2 2 2 2 2 Don’t know 0 1 0 1 0

3B. In general, how would you describe: Your own present living conditions? Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Bad 9 17 15 14 14 Fairly bad 25 30 29 28 29 Neither good nor bad 33 23 26 26 26 Fairly good 30 27 27 29 28 Very good 3 3 3 2 3

4. In general, how do you rate your living conditions compared to those of other Zimbabweans? Urban Rural Male Female Total Much Worse 4 6 6 6 6 Worse 18 25 22 23 23 Same 31 36 35 34 34 Better 41 29 32 33 33 Much Better 5 3 4 3 3 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1

5A. Looking back, how do you rate the following compared to twelve months ago? Economic conditions in this country? Urban Rural Male Female Total Much Worse 3 4 4 3 3 Worse 22 18 19 20 20 Same 38 44 42 42 42 Better 33 30 31 31 31 Much Better 4 3 4 2 3 Don't know 0 1 0 1 1

5B. Looking back, how do you rate the following compared to twelve months ago? Your living conditions? Urban Rural Male Female Total Much Worse 2 4 4 4 4 Worse 19 19 18 19 19 Same 41 45 43 45 44 Better 33 29 30 30 30 Much Better 4 3 4 3 3 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

6A. Looking ahead, do you expect the following to be better or worse? Economic conditions in this country in twelve months time? Urban Rural Male Female Total Much Worse 5 5 6 5 5 Worse 17 13 14 14 14 Same 17 18 18 18 18 Better 35 38 38 36 37 Much Better 16 14 14 15 15 Don't know 10 12 10 12 11

6B. Looking ahead, do you expect the following to be better or worse? Your living conditions in twelve months time? Urban Rural Male Female Total Much Worse 5 6 6 6 6 Worse 12 12 12 13 12 Same 20 18 19 19 19 Better 37 38 38 37 38 Much Better 18 16 17 16 17 Don't know 8 9 8 9 9

7. What about the overall direction of the country? Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? Urban Rural Male Female Total Going in the wrong direction 46 39 43 40 41 Going in the right direction 42 53 49 49 49 Don't know 11 8 8 11 9

8A. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Gone without enough food to eat? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 61 32 43 41 42 Just once or twice 19 25 24 22 23 Several times 13 22 19 19 19 Many times 6 15 10 14 12 Always 1 6 4 5 4

8B. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Gone without enough clean water for home use? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 33 51 47 43 45 Just once or twice 17 19 18 19 18 Several times 29 16 19 21 20 Many times 14 10 11 12 11 Always 7 4 5 6 5

8C. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Gone without medicines or medical treatment? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 49 34 40 37 39 Just once or twice 18 24 21 23 22 Several times 17 24 23 20 22 Many times 12 14 11 16 14 Always 3 3 4 3 3 Don’t know 1 0 1 1 1

8D. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Gone without enough fuel to cook your food? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 25 60 50 47 48 Just once or twice 15 16 15 17 16 Several times 20 13 14 17 15 Many times 32 8 16 16 16 Always 9 3 5 5 5

8E. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Gone without a cash income? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 27 10 15 16 16 Just once or twice 22 11 14 14 14 Several times 21 25 25 22 24 Many times 19 29 26 25 25 Always 11 26 20 22 21

9A. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family : Felt unsafe walking in your neighbourhood? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 58 62 63 58 61 Just once or twice 16 21 19 20 19 Several times 14 11 11 13 12 Many times 9 3 5 5 5 Always 4 2 2 3 3

9B. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family : Feared crime in your own home? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 53 64 62 58 60 Just once or twice 14 18 18 17 17 Several times 16 12 12 14 13 Many times 10 4 5 7 6 Always 7 2 4 4 4

10A. During the past year, have you or anyone in your family : Had something stolen from your house? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 59 62 61 60 61 Yes, once 21 19 19 20 20 Yes, twice 12 13 14 13 13 Yes, three or more times 8 6 6 7 7

10B. During the past year, have you or anyone in your family: Been physically attacked? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 91 89 88 91 90 Yes, once 6 8 9 6 7 Yes, twice 2 2 3 2 2 Yes, three or more times 1 1 1 1

10C. Was any such incident reported to the police? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 13 15 14 15 14 Yes 29 26 27 26 27 Not applicable 58 59 59 58 59

11. Some people say that many crimes are never reported to the police. Based on your experience, what do you think is the main reason that many people do not report crimes like thefts or attacks to the police when they occur? Urban Rural Male Female Total Most people do report crimes to the 20 36 30 32 31 police People don't have enough time to 2 3 3 3 3 report crimes No police or police station in the 1 8 6 6 6 area/too far Police don't listen or care 21 12 16 13 15 Police would have demanded money or 21 8 14 11 12 a bribe to help Police wouldn't have been able to do 21 13 15 16 16 anything Police may be involved in the robbery 1 1 1 1 1 or assault Victim feared reprisal from attacker 5 5 4 6 5 Victim too ashamed or embarrassed 4 2 3 3 3 Crime was reported to some other authority 0 6 3 5 4 like local government or traditional leaders Lack of evidence or witnesses 0 0 0 0 0 People fear police/don’t trust police 1 0 1 1 1 Crime was minor 0 0 0 0 0 Criminals were relatives or friends 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know how to report 1 0 0 1 0 People forgive the criminals 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 2 2 2 2 2

12. If you were a victim of crime in this country, who, if anyone, would you go to first for assistance? Urban Rural Male Female Total None of these/no effective assistance 3 2 2 2 2 available The police 79 58 66 64 65 A security service or security company that 1 2 2 2 2 you pay for A traditional leader or traditional court 0 26 17 18 17 A street committee or local security 1 3 2 3 2 organization A powerful local person or local gang 1 1 1 1 1 You would personally take revenge 1 1 1 1 You would join with others to take revenge 1 0 1 1 1 Your own family or friends 11 6 8 8 8 The family of the perpetrator 0 0 0 0 0 Local government official 0 0 0 0 0 Neighbour 0 0 0 1 0 Employer or landlord 0 0 0 0 0 God 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1 0 0 0 0

13A. How often do you get news from the following sources? Radio Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 18 29 21 30 25 Less than once a month 3 9 8 7 7 A few times a month 8 11 10 10 10 A few times a week 25 26 26 26 26 Every day 45 26 36 28 32

13B. How often do you get news from the following sources? Television Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 12 61 42 47 45 Less than once a month 2 11 8 7 8 A few times a month 6 10 10 8 9 A few times a week 23 11 15 14 15 Every day 58 8 24 24 24

13C. How often do you get news from the following sources? Newspapers Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 18 64 42 57 49 Less than once a month 7 16 15 11 13 A few times a month 19 13 17 13 15 A few times a week 30 5 15 12 13 Every day 25 2 11 8 9

13D. How often do you get news from the following sources? Internet Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 48 91 74 80 77 Less than once a month 4 3 3 3 3 A few times a month 9 2 5 3 4 A few times a week 15 2 7 6 6 Every day 24 2 12 7 9

14. How interested would you say you are in public affairs? Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all interested 13 16 11 19 15 Not very interested 25 26 23 28 26 Somewhat interested 38 32 36 32 34 Very interested 24 27 31 20 26

15. When you get together with your friends or family, would you say you discuss political matters Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 21 28 19 32 26 Occasionally 56 53 55 53 54 Frequently 23 19 26 14 20

16. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Sometimes politics and government seem so complicated that a person like me cannot really understand what is going on. Urban Rural Male Female Total

Strongly agree 25 31 25 33 29 Agree 35 31 33 32 33 Neither agree nor disagree 15 12 13 12 13 Disagree 16 15 18 13 15 Strongly disagree 9 9 10 8 9 Don't know/Don't understand 1 2 1 2 2

17A. In this country, how free are you: To say what you think Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all free 30 20 24 24 24 Not very free 32 28 29 29 29 Somewhat free 23 26 25 25 25 Completely free 14 25 22 22 22 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

17B. In this country, how free are you: To join any political organization you want Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all free 23 18 19 20 20 Not very free 32 24 26 27 27 Somewhat free 25 28 27 27 27 Completely free 19 28 27 23 25 Don't know 2 2 1 2 2

17C. In this country, how free are you: To choose who to vote for without feeling pressured Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all free 16 16 15 17 16 Not very free 20 20 21 19 20 Somewhat free 28 27 25 30 27 Completely free 34 36 38 33 35 Don't know 1 1 1 2 1

18. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Once in office, elected leaders are obliged to help their home community or group first. Statement 2: Since elected leaders should represent everyone, they should not do anything that favours their own group over others. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 12 9 10 10 10 Agree with 1 9 11 10 11 10 Agree with 2 30 27 27 29 28 Agree very strongly with 2 49 52 52 50 51 Agree with neither 1 0 1 1 1

19. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Government should be able to ban any organization that goes against its policies. Statement 2: We should be able to join any organization, whether or not the government approves of it. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 13 13 13 12 13 Agree with 1 11 15 13 15 14 Agree with 2 32 34 34 33 33 Agree very strongly with 2 41 35 38 36 37 Agree with neither 2 2 2 3 2 Don't know 0 2 1 2 1

20. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: The media should have the right to publish any views and ideas without government control Statement 2: The government should have the right to prevent the media from publishing things that it considers harmful to society. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 40 26 33 29 31 Agree with 1 27 27 27 27 27 Agree with 2 17 25 21 24 22 Agree very strongly with 2 14 16 16 16 16 Agree with neither 1 3 2 2 2 Don't know 0 3 1 3 2

21. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: The government is like a parent. It should decide what is good for us. Statement 2: The government is like our employee. We are the bosses and should tell government what to do. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 9 15 12 14 13 Agree with 1 10 17 13 16 15 Agree with 2 27 29 28 28 28 Agree very strongly with 2 52 36 44 38 41 Agree with neither 3 3 2 3 3 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1

22. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Men make better political leaders than women, and should be elected rather than women. Statement 2: Women should have the same chance of being elected to political office as men. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 10 13 17 8 12 Agree with 1 7 13 13 9 11 Agree with 2 28 31 31 29 30 Agree very strongly with 2 54 42 38 54 46 Agree with neither 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

23. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: In our country, women should have equal rights and receive the same treatment as men do. Statement 2: Women have always been subject to traditional laws and customs, and should remain so. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 56 41 39 53 46 Agree with 1 28 32 33 28 31 Agree with 2 9 15 15 11 13 Agree very strongly with 2 6 10 11 7 9 Agree with neither 1 2 2 2 2

24. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: If funds for schooling are limited, a boy should always receive an education in school before a girl. Statement 2: If funds for schooling are limited, a family should send the child with the greatest ability to learn. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 2 5 5 3 4 Agree with 1 2 5 5 3 4 Agree with 2 25 28 27 28 27 Agree very strongly with 2 40 46 42 46 44 Agree with neither 32 17 22 21 21

25A. Now I am going to read out a list of groups that people join or attend. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an official leader, an active member, an inactive member, or not a member. A religious group that meets outside of regular worship services Urban Rural Male Female Total Not a Member 38 33 43 27 35 Inactive Member 18 22 20 22 21 Active Member 38 36 30 44 37 Official leader 6 8 7 7 7 Don’t know 0 1 1 0 1

25B. Now I am going to read out a list of groups that people join or attend. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an official leader, an active member, an inactive member, or not a member. Some other voluntary association or community group Urban Rural Male Female Total Not a Member 69 66 67 66 67 Inactive Member 9 13 11 12 12 Active Member 18 18 19 18 18 Official Leader 2 3 2 3 2 Don’t know 2 0 1 1 1

26A. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. If not, would you do this if you had the chance? Attended a community meeting Urban Rural Male Female Total No, would never do this 15 4 8 7 8 No, but would do if had the chance 36 9 17 19 18 Yes, once or twice 24 21 21 23 22 Yes, several times 17 44 35 35 35 Yes, often 8 22 19 15 17 26B. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. If not, would you do this if you had the chance? Got together with others to raise an issue Urban Rural Male Female Total No, would never do this 18 11 11 15 13 No, but would do if had the chance 41 26 28 33 31 Yes, once or twice 23 29 28 26 27 Yes, several times 13 27 25 20 23 Yes, often 5 7 7 6 6

26C. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. If not, would you do this if you had the chance? Refused to pay a tax or fee to government Urban Rural Male Female Total No, would never do this 81 79 78 82 80 No, but would do if had the chance 15 16 18 14 16 Yes once or twice 2 3 2 3 3 Yes several times 1 1 1 0 1 Yes, often 1 0 1 0 0 Don’t know 0 1 1 1 1

26D. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. If not, would you do this if you had the chance? Attended a demonstration or protest march Urban Rural Male Female Total No, would never do this 72 78 72 80 76 No, but would do if had the chance 22 17 22 16 19 Yes, once or twice 4 2 4 2 3 Yes, several times 1 2 2 1 2 Yes often 0 0 0 0 0 Don't know 0 0 0 1 0

26E. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. If not, would you do this if you had the chance? Used force or violence for a political cause Urban Rural Male Female Total No, would never do this 95 93 92 95 93 No, but would do if had the chance 3 5 6 3 4 Yes, once or twice 1 1 1 1 1 Yes, several times 0 1 1 0 0 Yes often 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 1 0 0 0

27. With regard to the most recent national election in March 2008, which statement is true for you? Urban Rural Male Female Total You were too young to vote 10 10 10 10 10 You were not registered to vote 11 6 7 9 8 You voted in the elections 59 69 69 62 65 You decided not to vote 6 4 4 6 5 You could not find the polling station 0 0 0 0 0 You were prevented from voting 1 0 0 0 0 You did not have time to vote 2 1 1 1 1 You did not vote because your name 2 1 2 1 2 not in the register Did not vote for some other reason 9 8 7 10 8 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

27A_ZIM. With regard to the most recent national Presidential run-off election held in June 2008 which statement is true for you? Urban Rural Male Female Total You were too young to vote 10 10 10 10 10 You were not registered to vote 11 6 7 8 7 You voted in the elections 45 61 57 54 55 You decided not to vote 14 10 11 12 11 You could not find the polling station 1 0 0 1 0 You were prevented from voting 1 1 1 1 1 You did not have time to vote 2 1 1 2 1 You did not vote because your name 2 1 2 1 1 not in the register Did not vote for some other reason 15 11 12 13 12

28. On the whole, how would you rate the freeness and fairness of the last national election, held in March 2008. Was it: Urban Rural Male Female Total Not free and fair 49 33 39 37 38 Free and fair, with major problems 16 17 16 18 17 Free and fair, but with minor 18 19 20 18 19 problems Completely free and fair 11 23 19 20 19 Do not understand the question 0 0 0 1 0 Don't know 5 7 5 7 6

28A_ZIM. On the whole, how would you rate the freeness and fairness of the last national Presidential runoff election, held in June 2008. Was it: Urban Rural Male Female Total Not free and fair 65 47 55 51 53 Free and fair, with major problems 10 16 13 16 14 Free and fair, but with minor 10 12 11 12 11 problems Completely free and fair 8 16 13 14 14 Do not understand the question 0 1 0 1 1 Don't know 6 8 6 8 7

29A. Thinking about the last national election in March 2008, did you: Attend a campaign meeting or rally? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 54 30 35 42 38 Yes 46 70 65 58 62

29B. Thinking about the last national election in 2010, did you: Try to persuade others to vote for a certain presidential or legislative candidate or political party? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 87 78 76 86 81 Yes 13 22 24 14 19

29C. Thinking about the last national election in 2010, did you: Work for a candidate or party? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 91 86 83 92 88 Yes 9 14 17 8 12

30A. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views? A local government councilor Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 69 52 52 62 57 Only once 14 20 19 17 18 A few times 15 20 21 15 18 Often 3 8 7 6 7 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

30B. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views? A Member of Parliament Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 86 76 76 83 80 Only once 7 12 11 9 10 A few times 5 10 10 7 8 Often 1 3 3 1 2

30C. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views? An official of a government agency Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 89 78 77 85 81 Only once 5 10 11 6 8 A few times 6 10 10 7 8 Often 1 2 2 2 2 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

30D. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views? A political party official Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 84 69 70 79 74 Only once 5 10 9 7 8 A few times 8 15 15 10 12 Often 3 6 6 4 5 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

31A. There are many ways to govern a country. Would you disapprove or approve of the following alternatives? Only one political party is allowed to stand for election and hold office. Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 48 38 43 39 41 Disapprove 31 32 32 31 32 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 3 4 3 5 4 Approve 13 14 13 14 14 Strongly Approve 5 10 8 9 8 Don't Know 1 2 1 2 2

31B. There are many ways to govern a country. Would you disapprove or approve of the following alternatives? The army comes in to govern the country. Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 57 42 49 45 47 Disapprove 25 35 31 32 32 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 4 6 4 6 5 Approve 12 11 11 11 11 Strongly Approve 1 4 3 3 3 Don't Know 1 2 1 2 2

31C. There are many ways to govern a country. Would you disapprove or approve of the following alternatives? Elections and Parliament are abolished so that the President can decide everything. Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 59 46 53 48 50 Disapprove 32 37 34 36 35 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 2 4 3 4 3 Approve 5 7 6 6 6 Strongly Approve 2 4 4 3 3 Don't Know 0 2 1 3 2

32. Which of these three statements is closest to your own opinion? STATEMENT 1: Democracy is preferable to any other kind of government. STATEMENT 2: In some circumstances, a non-democratic government can be preferable. STATEMENT 3: For someone like me, it doesn’t matter what kind of government we have. Urban Rural Male Female Total STATEMENT 1: Democracy 80 79 80 77 79 preferable. STATEMENT 2: Sometimes non- 10 8 9 8 8 democratic preferable STATEMENT 3: Doesn't matter. 10 13 10 14 12 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1

33. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: It is more important to have a government that can get things done, even if we have no influence over what it does. Statement 2: It is more important for citizens to be able to hold government accountable, even if that means it makes decisions more slowly. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 16 15 15 17 16 Agree with 1 16 21 19 20 19 Agree with 2 33 30 32 30 31 Agree very strongly with 2 33 29 32 29 30 Agree with neither 2 3 3 3 3 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1

34. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: We should choose our leaders in this country through regular, open and honest elections. Statement 2: Since elections sometimes produce bad results, we should adopt other methods for choosing this country’s leaders. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 63 52 59 52 55 Agree with 1 27 35 31 33 32 Agree with 2 5 6 5 6 6 Agree very strongly with 2 5 7 4 8 6 Agree with Neither 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

35. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Political parties create division and confusion; it is therefore unnecessary to have many political parties in Zimbabwe. Statement 2: Many political parties are needed to make sure that Zimbabweans have real choices in who governs them Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 15 17 16 18 17 Agree with 1 15 16 15 17 16 Agree with 2 26 32 29 31 30 Agree very strongly with 2 42 31 37 32 34 Agree with neither 3 3 3 3 3 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1

36. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Parliament should ensure that the President explains to it on a regular basis how his government spends taxpayers’ money. Statement 2: The President should be able to devote his full attention to developing the country rather than wasting time justifying his actions. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 34 27 30 29 29 Agree with 1 28 30 29 29 29 Agree with 2 16 21 19 20 19 Agree very strongly with 2 18 17 18 17 17 Don't know 4 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 2

37. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Opposition parties should regularly examine and criticize government policies and actions. Statement 2: Opposition parties should concentrate on cooperating with government and helping it develop the country. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 17 13 16 13 14 Agree with 1 15 16 17 14 16 Agree with 2 32 35 33 35 34 Agree very strongly with 2 33 31 30 33 32 Agree with neither 4 4 4 4 4 Don't know 1 1 1 1 1

38. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: The news media should constantly investigate and report on government mistakes and corruption. Statement 2: Too much reporting on negative events, like government mistakes and corruption, only harms the country. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 39 24 32 27 29 Agree with 1 26 26 27 24 26 Agree with 2 17 24 19 24 22 Agree very strongly with 2 14 20 18 18 18 Agree with neither 3 4 3 4 4 Don't know 1 2 1 2 2

39. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Members of Parliament represent the people; therefore they should make laws for this country, even if the President does not agree. Statement 2: Since the President represents all of us, he should pass laws without worrying about what Parliament thinks. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 33 30 32 30 31 Agree with 1 39 36 38 36 37 Agree with 2 8 17 12 15 14 Agree very strongly with 2 7 10 9 9 9 Agree with neither 12 5 7 7 7 Don't know 1 3 2 2 2

40. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Since the President was elected to lead the country, he should not be bound by laws or court decisions that he thinks are wrong. Statement 2: The President must always obey the laws and the courts, even if he thinks they are wrong. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 6 7 6 7 6 Agree with 1 10 14 12 13 13 Agree with 2 38 39 37 40 39 Agree very strongly with 2 39 36 40 34 37 Agree with neither 8 2 4 4 4 Don't know 1 2 1 2 2

41. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: The Constitution should limit the President to serving a maximum of two terms in office. Statement 2: There should be no constitutional limit on how long the President can serve Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 64 42 52 46 49 Agree with 1 19 27 24 25 24 Agree with 2 7 14 10 13 12 Agree very strongly with 2 8 13 10 12 11 Agree with neither 1 3 2 3 3 Don't know 1 1 1 1 1

42. In your opinion how much of a democracy is Zimbabwe today? Urban Rural Male Female Total A full democracy 5 11 8 10 9 A democracy, but with minor 20 23 22 22 22 problems A democracy, with major problems 34 34 33 35 34 Not a democracy 40 28 35 29 32 Do not understand 1 2 1 2 1 question/democracy Don't know 1 2 2 2 2

43. Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in Zimbabwe? Are you: Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all satisfied 30 24 29 24 26 Not very satisfied 36 29 29 34 31 Fairly satisfied 16 25 22 22 22 Very satisfied 5 11 8 10 9 Zimbabwe is not a democracy 10 8 10 8 9 Don't Know 2 3 2 3 2

44. Many things may be desirable, but not all of them are essential characteristics of democracy. If you have to choose only one of the things that I am going to read, which one would you choose as the most essential characteristic of democracy? Urban Rural Male Female Total Government narrows the gap 19 27 22 26 24 between the rich and the poor People choose government leaders 44 39 43 38 41 in free and fair elections Government does not waste any 8 8 9 7 8 public money People are free to express their 28 22 23 25 24 political views openly None of these 0 1 1 1 1 Don't know 1 2 2 2 2

45. And here is another list. Which one of these things would you choose as the most essential characteristic of democracy? Urban Rural Male Female Total Government ensures law and order 19 23 21 22 22 Media is free to criticize the things 12 8 11 8 9 government does Government ensures job 33 44 39 42 41 opportunities for all Multiple parties compete fairly in 34 23 27 26 27 elections None of these 0 0 1 0 0 Don't know 1 2 1 2 2

46A. On a scale between 0 and 10, where 0 means completely undemocratic and 10 means completely democratic, where would you place each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Our country today? Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 17 13 16 13 14 1 4 3 4 3 3 2 5 4 5 4 5 3 9 7 7 8 7 4 16 12 12 14 13 5 20 18 17 20 18 6 11 12 12 12 12 7 7 9 9 8 8 8 5 7 6 6 6 9 1 3 3 2 2 10 3 8 6 7 6 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 2 5 3 5 4 to say

46B. On a scale between 0 and 10, where 0 means completely undemocratic and 10 means completely democratic, where would you place each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Our country ten years ago, in 2002? Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 15 13 16 12 14 1 5 4 6 3 5 2 11 6 8 8 8 3 10 7 8 8 8 4 9 12 11 11 11 5 13 16 13 17 15 6 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 8 9 9 8 5 7 5 7 6 9 3 3 3 3 3 10 2 6 5 5 5 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 10 7 8 9 8 to say

46C . On a scale between 0 and 10, where 0 means completely undemocratic and 10 means completely democratic, where would you place each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Our country under colonialism(Ian Smith) Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 25 31 31 27 29 1 7 10 10 8 9 2 8 9 9 9 9 3 9 7 8 7 8 4 6 7 6 7 7 5 6 7 6 7 6 6 3 3 3 2 3 7 2 2 2 2 2 8 3 3 3 3 3 9 1 2 1 2 2 10 2 3 3 3 3 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 28 17 18 23 20 to say

46D. And on the same scale, where would you want our country to be in the future? Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 7 5 3 4 3 3 8 15 8 9 11 10 9 16 9 13 11 12

10 57 68 65 64 64 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 3 7 5 6 6 to say

47A. On the same scale, where 0 means completely undemocratic and 10 means completely democratic, where would you place each of the following countries, or haven’t you heard enough to say? People’s Republic of China Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 3 3 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 4 3 3 5 7 6 8 6 7 6 5 6 6 5 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 8 6 7 9 6 6 7 5 6 10 6 13 11 10 10 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 50 45 41 52 46 to say

47B. On the same scale, where 0 means completely undemocratic and 10 means completely democratic, where would you place each of the following countries, or haven’t you heard enough to say? United States of America Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 5 6 6 6 7 9 7 8 7 8 8 13 10 13 10 11 9 13 10 13 9 11 10 14 21 20 17 18 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 32 36 28 41 35 to say

47C. On the same scale, where 0 means completely undemocratic and 10 means completely democratic, where would you place each of the following countries, or haven’t you heard enough to say? South Africa Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 4 4 3 4 5 8 11 10 10 10 6 10 9 11 9 10

7 22 12 17 14 15 8 16 14 16 13 14 9 7 6 7 5 6 10 10 14 13 12 13 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 21 26 18 30 24 to say

47E. On the same scale, where 0 means completely undemocratic and 10 means completely democratic, where would you place each of the following countries, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Britain, you know, the United Kingdom or UK Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 5 5 5 7 9 6 7 7 7 8 14 10 14 10 12 9 13 12 14 11 12 10 18 20 21 18 19 Don’t know / haven’t heard enough 31 35 28 40 34 to say

48A. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree? The courts have the right to make decisions that people always have to abide by. Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disagree 4 4 4 4 4 Disagree 8 8 10 6 8 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 4 5 4 5 5 Agree 49 46 46 48 47 Strongly Agree 34 34 35 33 34 Don't know 1 3 1 3 2

48B. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree? The police always have the right to make people obey the law. Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disagree 5 3 3 3 3 Disagree 7 7 8 6 7 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 4 6 5 6 6 Agree 51 47 47 50 49 Strongly Agree 32 36 36 33 35 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1

48C. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree? The tax authorities always have the right to make people pay taxes. Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disagree 5 3 4 3 4 Disagree 8 9 9 8 8 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 9 10 9 10 9 Agree 50 49 47 51 49 Strongly Agree 28 26 28 25 27 Don't know 1 4 3 3 3

49. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: It is important to obey the government in power, no matter who you voted for. Statement 2: It is not necessary to obey the laws of a government that you did not vote for. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 54 52 52 53 52 Agree with 1 35 36 35 36 35 Agree with 2 5 6 6 6 6 Agree very strongly with 2 5 4 5 4 5 Agree with neither 2 1 2 1 1 Don't know 0 1 0 0 0

50. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Citizens must pay their taxes to the government in order for our country to develop. Statement 2: The government can find enough resources for development from other sources without having to tax the people. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 28 23 24 24 24 Agree with 1 33 34 34 33 33 Agree with 2 14 16 15 16 16 Agree very strongly with 2 23 23 22 23 23 Agree with neither 2 3 3 2 3 Don't know 0 2 1 2 1

51. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: It is better to pay higher taxes, if it means that there will be more services provided by government. Statement 2: It is better to pay lower taxes, even if it means there will be fewer services provided by government. Urban Rural Male Female Total

Agree very strongly with 1 16 9 12 11 11 Agree with 1 21 19 20 19 20 Agree with 2 28 30 29 30 29 Agree very strongly with 2 20 23 21 23 22 Agree with neither 15 15 16 15 15 Don't know 0 3 2 3 2

52A. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Does the news media abuse its freedoms by printing or saying things it knows are not true? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 7 10 9 9 9 Rarely 16 28 24 24 24 Often 42 31 35 34 34 Always 32 14 22 18 20 Don't know 3 17 10 15 13

52B. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Does competition between political parties lead to violent conflict? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 1 3 2 2 2 Rarely 5 10 8 9 9 Often 42 44 46 42 44 Always 50 41 42 46 44 Don't know 1 2 2 2 2

52C. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Does the President ignore the courts and laws of this country? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 14 28 24 22 23 Rarely 25 25 25 24 25 Often 32 21 24 25 25 Always 16 12 16 10 13 Don't know 14 14 10 18 14

52C_ZIM. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Does the Prime Minister ignore the courts and laws of this country? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 20 22 23 21 22 Rarely 39 37 38 37 38 Often 21 17 20 16 18 Always 3 4 5 4 4 Don't know 16 19 14 22 18

52D. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Are opposition parties or their supporters silenced by the government? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 6 12 11 9 10 Rarely 19 23 22 21 22 Often 37 36 36 38 37 Always 32 21 26 23 25 Don't know 5 8 6 9 7

52E. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Does the President ignore the Parliament and just do what he wants? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 16 28 26 23 24 Rarely 25 24 25 25 25 Often 27 20 23 22 22 Always 16 13 16 12 14 Don't know 15 15 11 19 15

53. In this country, how effective is the news media in revealing government mistakes and corrruption? Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all effective 21 15 19 15 17 Not very effective 37 32 34 34 34 Somewhat effective 31 31 32 31 31 Very effective 8 6 7 7 7 Don't know 3 15 9 13 11

54. During election campaigns in this country, how much do you personally fear becoming a victim of political intimidation or violence? Urban Rural Male Female Total A lot 50 43 43 47 45 Somewhat 15 19 18 18 18 A little bit 18 18 18 17 18 Not at all 17 20 20 17 19 Don't know 0 1 1 0 1

55. How likely do you think it is that powerful people can find out how you voted, even though there is supposed to be a secret ballot in this country? Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all likely 69 54 61 56 59 Not very likely 17 20 19 19 19 Somewhat likely 8 14 11 14 12 Very likely 5 9 7 8 8 Don't know 2 2 2 3 2

56A . In your opinion, how often, in this country: Do people have to be careful of what they say about politics? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 2 4 3 3 3 Rarely 6 9 9 7 8 Often 27 37 33 34 33 Always 64 51 55 56 55 Don't know 1 0 1 0 1

56B. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Are people treated unequally under the law? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 8 15 13 12 13 Rarely 23 30 27 29 28 Often 50 42 45 44 44 Always 18 11 14 12 13 Don't know 2 2 1 3 2

56C. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Are women treated unequally by traditional leaders? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 16 31 27 24 26 Rarely 29 38 36 34 35 Often 35 24 27 29 28 Always 12 4 6 8 7 Don't know 8 3 5 5 5

56D. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Are women treated unequally by the police and courts? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 21 30 27 27 27 Rarely 39 41 42 38 40 Often 28 22 23 25 24 Always 7 4 4 6 5 Don't know 4 3 3 4 4

56E. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Are women treated unequally by employers? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 15 20 19 18 19 Rarely 35 37 38 35 36 Often 35 31 33 32 32 Always 10 6 6 9 7 Don't know 3 6 4 6 5

56F. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Do officials who commit crimes go unpunished? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 5 11 9 10 9 Rarely 13 22 20 18 19 Often 43 40 40 43 41 Always 36 22 28 24 26 Don't know 3 4 3 5 4

56G. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Do ordinary people who break the law go unpunished? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 31 30 30 31 30 Rarely 44 49 47 47 47 Often 19 17 18 18 18 Always 5 3 4 3 4 Don't know 1 1 1 1 1

56H. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Do people obtain household services, like water or electricity, without paying for them? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 32 37 36 35 36 Rarely 38 27 30 31 30 Often 22 13 17 14 16 Always 7 1 3 4 3 Don't know 1 21 13 16 15

56I. In your opinion, how often, in this country: Do people avoid paying the taxes that they owe the government? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 24 35 31 31 31 Rarely 45 34 38 37 38 Often 23 13 17 16 16 Always 5 2 3 2 3 Don't know 4 16 11 14 12

57. Let me ask you again about the most essential characteristics of democracy. If you have to choose only one of the things that I am going to read, which one would you choose as the most essential characteristic of democracy? Urban Rural Male Female Total Legislature closely monitors the 12 11 13 10 11 actions of the President Government provides basic 30 47 37 46 41 necessities for everyone People are free to form 39 25 33 27 30 organisations to influence gvt. Public services work well and do not 18 14 16 15 15 break down None of these 1 1 1 1 1 Don't know 1 2 1 2 2

58. And here is another list. Which one of these things would you choose as the most essential characteristic of democracy? Urban Rural Male Female Total People are free to take part in 18 12 16 12 14 demonstrations and protests Politics is clean and free from 41 38 40 37 39 corruption The court protects ordinary people if 17 10 13 12 13 gvt. mistreats them People receive aid from gvt. when 23 38 29 37 33 they are in need None of these 1 1 1 1 1 Don't know 1 2 1 2 1

59A. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The President

Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 24 14 18 17 17 Just a little 29 19 24 20 22 Somewhat 24 24 23 25 24 A lot 21 41 33 35 34 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 2 3 2 3 3

59A_ZIM. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The Prime Minister Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 15 12 13 13 13 Just a little 26 18 21 21 21 Somewhat 35 37 36 36 36 A lot 22 28 26 25 26 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 2 6 4 6 5

59B. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The Parliament Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 16 7 10 10 10 Just a little 38 26 32 28 30 Somewhat 36 45 41 43 42 A lot 8 18 14 15 14 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 2 5 3 5 4

59C. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 40 23 31 26 29 Just a little 31 27 28 29 29 Somewhat 17 26 22 25 23 A lot 7 16 14 12 13 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 4 8 5 7 6

59D. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 36 19 26 24 25 Just a little 35 28 31 30 30 Somewhat 17 27 25 24 24 A lot 7 10 10 9 9 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 5 15 9 14 12

59E. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Your Local Government Council Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 27 12 17 17 17 Just a little 34 30 32 30 31 Somewhat 27 36 32 34 33 A lot 10 20 17 16 17 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 3 2 2 3 2

59F. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? ZANU-PF after the Inclusive Government Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 38 20 28 24 26 Just a little 30 22 25 25 25 Somewhat 17 25 21 23 22 A lot 12 31 24 25 25 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 3 3 2 3 3

59F1_ZIM. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? MDC-T after the Inclusive Government Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 22 17 18 19 18 Just a little 30 26 28 26 27 Somewhat 31 35 34 34 34 A lot 13 16 16 14 15 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 4 6 4 7 5

59F2_ZIM. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? MDC-N after the Inclusive Governement Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 39 33 37 33 35 Just a little 33 33 35 31 33 Somewhat 17 17 16 18 17 A lot 2 4 3 3 3 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 10 13 9 15 12

59G. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Opposition Political Parties Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 38 37 37 38 37 Just a little 38 32 35 33 34 Somewhat 16 18 17 18 17 A lot 3 4 5 3 4 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 5 9 6 9 8

59H. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The Police Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 36 18 25 23 24 Just a little 33 25 27 28 28 Somewhat 21 34 31 28 30 A lot 9 22 17 19 18 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 1 0 1 1

59I. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The Army Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 27 15 21 17 19 Just a little 27 22 22 25 24 Somewhat 24 32 30 29 30 A lot 20 29 25 27 26 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 2 1 2 2

59J. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Courts of law Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 17 9 12 10 11 Just a little 31 22 25 25 25 Somewhat 35 36 36 36 36 A lot 15 29 25 25 25 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 2 4 3 3 3

60A. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The President and Officials in his Office Urban Rural Male Female Total None 8 16 13 14 13 Some of them 43 44 44 44 44 Most of them 33 23 28 25 26 All of them 10 6 9 7 8 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 5 11 7 11 9

60 A_1 ZIM. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The Prime Minister and Officials in his Office Urban Rural Male Female Total None 6 8 9 6 7 Some of them 61 57 58 59 58 Most of them 22 16 20 16 18 All of them 4 4 4 4 4 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 7 14 10 14 12

60B. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Members of Parliament Urban Rural Male Female Total None 2 3 2 3 3 Some of them 46 56 53 52 52 Most of them 40 31 34 34 34 All of them 9 3 6 5 5 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 3 7 4 7 6

60C. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Government officials Urban Rural Male Female Total None 2 3 3 2 3 Some of them 37 47 44 44 44 Most of them 47 37 41 40 40 All of them 12 7 10 8 9 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 2 6 3 6 4

60D. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Local government councilors Urban Rural Male Female Total None 2 7 5 5 5 Some of them 44 52 51 48 49 Most of them 39 32 34 35 34 All of them 13 4 7 7 7 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 2 4 3 5 4

60E. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Police Urban Rural Male Female Total None 1 4 3 4 3 Some of them 23 37 33 32 32 Most of them 42 40 41 40 41 All of them 32 17 22 22 22 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 1 3 2 3 2

60F. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Tax Officials, like Zimbabwe Revenue Authority officials Urban Rural Male Female Total None 2 4 3 4 4 Some of them 33 42 40 38 39 Most of them 38 29 33 31 32 All of them 23 9 15 12 14 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 3 15 9 14 11

60G. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Judges and Magistrates Urban Rural Male Female Total None 5 10 9 9 9 Some of them 57 56 57 56 57 Most of them 26 19 22 21 21 All of them 7 3 5 3 4 Don't Know/Haven't heard enough 4 11 8 11 9

61A. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour to government officials in order to: Get a document or a permit? Urban Rural Male Female Total No experience with this in past year 35 39 36 41 38 Never 36 42 41 39 40 Once or Twice 21 13 17 14 16 A Few Times 5 3 4 3 3 Often 2 3 3 2 3 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

61B. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour to government officials in order to: Get water or sanitation services? Urban Rural Male Female Total No experience with this in past year 23 41 34 36 35 Never 61 53 56 55 56 Once or Twice 10 3 6 5 5 A Few Times 3 1 2 2 2 Often 2 1 1 1 1 Don’t Know 0 1 0 0 0

61C. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour to government officials in order to: Get treatment at a local health clinic or hospital? Urban Rural Male Female Total No experience with this in past year 23 22 22 22 22 Never 67 66 66 66 66 Once or Twice 6 8 7 8 7 A Few Times 2 3 3 3 3 Often 1 1 1 2 1

61D. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour to government officials in order to: Avoid a problem with the police, like passing a checkpoint or avoiding a fine or arrest? Urban Rural Male Female Total No experience with this in past year 26 30 27 30 29 Never 44 49 45 49 47 Once or Twice 13 10 11 10 11 A Few Times 8 7 9 6 8 Often 9 4 7 5 6

61E. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour to government officials in order to: Get a place in a primary school for a child? Urban Rural Male Female Total No experience with this in past year 34 26 29 28 29 Never 55 66 62 63 62 Once or Twice 8 7 7 7 7 A Few Times 3 1 2 2 2 Often 0 0 0 0 0

61F. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour to government officials in order to: And during the last election in March 2008, how often, if ever did a candidate or someone from a political party offer you something, like food or a gift or money, in return for your vote? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 86 75 78 80 79 Once or Twice 9 10 10 9 10 A Few Times 2 7 6 4 5 Often 1 6 4 4 4 Don’t Know 1 2 1 2 2

62A. How much of the time do you think the following try their best to listen to what people like you have to say? Members of Parliament Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 37 24 28 29 29 Only sometimes 43 45 46 43 45 Often 11 21 18 17 18 Always 4 6 6 6 6 Don't know 4 4 2 5 4

62B. How much of the time do you think the following try their best to listen to what people like you have to say? Local government councilors Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 32 20 24 24 24 Only sometimes 43 41 42 41 41 Often 13 26 22 22 22 Always 8 11 11 9 10 Don't know 3 2 2 3 2

63. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? Urban Rural Male Female Total Management of the economy 13 10 12 10 11 Wages, incomes and salaries 10 6 7 7 7 Unemployment 31 22 28 22 25 Poverty/destitution 4 8 5 8 7 Rates and Taxes 1 0 0 1 0 Loans / credit 1 1 1 1 Farming/agriculture 1 7 5 5 5 Food shortage/famine 2 15 10 11 10 Drought 0 3 1 2 2

Land 0 0 0 0 0 Transportation 0 1 0 1 1 Communications 0 0 0 0 0 Infrastructure / roads 2 3 3 2 2 Education 4 4 2 5 4 Housing 1 0 0 1 0 Electricity 7 1 2 4 3 Water supply 5 4 4 5 5 Orphans/street children/homeless 0 0 0 0 0 children Health 2 2 2 2 2 AIDS 0 0 0 0 0 Sickness / Disease 0 0 0 0 0 Crime and Security 1 0 0 1 0 Corruption 7 3 6 4 5 Political violence 1 1 1 2 1 Political instability/political divisions/ 2 3 2 2 2 ethnic tensions Discrimination/ inequality 0 0 0 0 0 Gender issues / women’s rights 0 0 0 0 0 Democracy/political rights 1 1 1 1 1 War (international) 0 0 0 0 0 Agricultural marketing 0 2 2 1 1 Use of foreign currency 0 2 0 0 0 Lack of local currency 0 0 1 0 1 Removal of sanctions 0 0 0 0 0 Financial support for the disabled and 1 0 0 0 0 elderly Other 1 0 1 0 1 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

63. In your opinion, what are the second most important problems facing this country that government should address? Urban Rural Male Female Total Management of economy 4 4 5 3 4 Wages, incomes and salaries 8 3 5 5 5 Unemployment 17 12 14 12 13 Poverty/ destitution 5 6 5 7 6 Rates and taxes 2 0 1 1 1 Loans/credit 1 1 1 0 1 Farming/ agriculture 2 7 5 6 5 Food shortage/ famine 4 13 10 11 10 Drought 1 4 3 3 3 Land 1 1 1 1 Transportation 1 1 1 1 1 Communications 0 0 0 0 0

Infrastructure/ roads 5 6 7 5 6 Education 7 7 7 7 7 Housing 4 1 1 3 2 Electricity 14 3 6 7 7 Water supply 8 5 6 7 6 Orphans/ street children/ homeless 0 1 1 1 1 Services(Other) 0 0 0 0 0 Health 5 4 4 6 5 AIDS 0 1 1 1 1 Sickness/ disease 0 1 1 0 Crime and security 1 1 2 1 1 Corruption 5 4 5 4 5 Political violence 1 2 1 2 2 Political instability/ethnic tensions 2 2 2 2 2 Discrimination/ inequality 0 0 0 0 0 Gender issues/women’ rights 0 0 0 1 0 Democracy/political rights 2 1 2 1 1 Civil war 0 0 0 0 0 Agricultural marketing 0 3 2 2 2 Lack of local currency 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1 1 1 1 1 No further response 0 1 1 1 1

63. In your opinion, what are the third most important problems facing this country that government should address? Urban Rural Male Female Total Management of economy 5 4 5 4 4 Wages, incomes and salaries 5 2 4 2 3 Unemployment 11 7 9 8 8 Poverty/ destitution 3 4 4 4 4 Rates and taxes 3 1 1 1 Loans/credit 1 1 1 1 1 Farming/ agriculture 0 5 4 3 3 Food shortage/ famine 2 8 6 6 6 Drought 0 3 2 2 2 Land 0 1 1 Transportation 2 1 1 1 1 Communications 0 0 0 1 0 Infrastructure/ roads 7 8 9 7 8 Education 6 8 6 9 8 Housing 2 1 1 3 2 Electricity 13 3 7 5 6 Water supply 6 6 5 7 6 Orphans/ street children/ homeless 2 1 1 2 2 Services(Other) 1 0 0 0 0 Health 6 8 6 9 7

AIDS 1 1 1 1 1 Sickness/ disease 0 1 1 1 Crime and security 1 1 1 1 1 Corruption 9 7 8 8 8 Political violence 2 3 3 2 2 Political instability/ethnic tensions 3 5 4 4 4 Discrimination/ inequality 1 0 1 1 1 Gender issues/ women's rights 1 0 0 1 1 Democracy/political rights 3 2 3 2 2 Agricultural marketing 1 2 1 1 1 Lack/Use of foreign currency 0 0 0 0 0 Sanctions 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1 1 1 1 1 No further response 1 3 3 3 3

64. Taking the problem that you mentioned first, how likely do you think it is that government will solve this problem within the next five years? Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all likely 14 11 13 10 12 Not very likely 31 28 29 29 29 Somewhat likely 40 41 40 42 41 Very likely 9 15 12 14 13 Not Applicable 0 0 0 0 0 Don't know 5 6 6 6 6

65A. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Managing the economy Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 24 20 21 21 21 Fairly Badly 29 29 29 29 29 Fairly Well 45 44 44 44 44 Very Well 2 6 5 5 5 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 1 1 1 1

65B. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Improving the living standards of the poor Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 30 28 27 29 28 Fairly Badly 41 35 39 35 37 Fairly Well 28 34 32 33 32 Very Well 1 3 2 3 2 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 0 0 0 0 0

65C. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Creating jobs Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 59 49 54 51 52 Fairly Badly 34 35 34 36 35 Fairly Well 6 13 10 12 11 Very Well 0 2 1 1 1 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 1 0 1 0

65D. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Keeping prices down Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 25 18 21 20 20 Fairly Badly 33 32 33 31 32 Fairly Well 39 43 40 43 41 Very Well 3 7 6 6 6 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 0 0 0 0

65E. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Narrowing gaps between rich and poor Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 42 38 40 38 39 Fairly Badly 43 37 38 40 39 Fairly Well 13 22 19 20 19 Very Well 1 3 2 2 2 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 1 1 1 1

65F. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Reducing crime Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 31 23 27 25 26 Fairly Badly 35 31 33 31 32 Fairly Well 28 34 32 33 32 Very Well 4 11 8 9 8 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 2 1 1 2 2

65G. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Improving basic health services Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 15 7 9 10 10 Fairly Badly 24 20 21 22 21 Fairly Well 53 56 57 54 55 Very Well 8 16 13 14 14 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 0 0 0 0

65H. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Addressing educational needs Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 13 7 9 9 9 Fairly Badly 21 18 17 21 19 Fairly Well 49 55 55 51 53 Very Well 17 20 18 19 19 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 0 0 1 0

65I. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Providing water and sanitation services Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 36 24 27 28 28 Fairly Badly 40 40 42 38 40 Fairly Well 20 28 25 27 26 Very Well 3 4 4 4 4 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 3 2 3 2

65J. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Ensuring everyone has enough to eat Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 25 34 29 32 31 Fairly Badly 45 37 42 37 39 Fairly Well 27 26 25 28 26 Very Well 2 4 3 3 3 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 0 1 1 1

65K. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Fighting corruption in government Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 61 48 53 52 52 Fairly Badly 28 29 31 27 29 Fairly Well 9 15 12 15 13 Very Well 1 3 3 2 3 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 2 3 2 3 3

65L. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Resolving violent conflict between communities Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 25 23 24 24 24 Fairly Badly 33 30 34 29 31 Fairly Well 33 33 32 34 33 Very Well 4 11 9 9 9 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 4 2 2 3 3

65M. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Combating HIV/AIDS Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 4 5 5 5 5 Fairly Badly 12 10 11 10 11 Fairly Well 47 45 46 46 46 Very Well 36 38 37 38 38 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 1 1 1 1

65N. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Maintaining roads and bridges Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 47 38 43 39 41 Fairly Badly 36 37 35 38 37 Fairly Well 15 21 19 19 19 Very Well 2 3 3 3 3 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 0 0 0 0

65O. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Providing a reliable supply of electricity Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 69 43 51 52 52 Fairly Badly 22 32 30 27 29 Fairly Well 7 15 11 13 12 Very Well 2 2 2 2 2 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 8 5 6 6

65P. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Empowering women Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 7 7 6 8 7 Fairly Badly 16 17 17 17 17 Fairly Well 54 52 52 54 53 Very Well 22 21 23 20 21 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 3 3 1 2

65Q_ZIM. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Resolving political violence Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 29 29 30 28 29 Fairly Badly 35 26 30 28 29 Fairly Well 29 32 30 33 31 Very Well 6 10 9 8 9 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 2 2 2 2 2

66A. What about local government? I do not mean the national government. I mean your municipal or district council. How well or badly would you say your local government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Maintaining local roads Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 47 41 44 42 43 Fairly Badly 33 33 34 32 33 Fairly Well 18 22 18 23 20 Very Well 2 4 4 3 3 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 1 1 1 1

66B. What about local government? I do not mean the national government. I mean your municipal or district council. How well or badly would you say your local government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Maintaining local market places Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 25 13 19 16 17 Fairly Badly 33 34 34 33 33 Fairly Well 37 39 37 39 38 Very Well 4 7 5 6 6 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 8 5 6 5

66C. What about local government? I do not mean the national government. I mean your municipal or district council. How well or badly would you say your local government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Maintaining health standards, for example in restaurants and food stalls Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 18 9 12 12 12 Fairly Badly 28 26 27 27 27 Fairly Well 48 43 45 44 44 Very Well 5 12 9 10 10 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 1 10 6 8 7

66D. What about local government? I do not mean the national government. I mean your municipal or district council. How well or badly would you say your local government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Keeping our community clean, for example, by refuse removed Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 26 11 17 14 16 Fairly Badly 26 23 25 23 24 Fairly Well 42 38 37 41 39 Very Well 6 9 8 8 8 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 0 19 13 14 13

66E. What about local government? I do not mean the national government. I mean your municipal or district council. How well or badly would you say your local government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Managing the use of land Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Badly 22 11 16 14 15 Fairly Badly 37 26 31 28 30 Fairly Well 32 43 38 41 39 Very Well 4 11 9 9 9 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 5 8 7 8 7

67A. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to obtain the following services from government? Or do you never try and get these services from government? An identity document, such as a birth certificate, driver’s license, passport or voter’s card Urban Rural Male Female Total Very difficult 27 30 29 29 29 Difficult 38 29 33 31 32 Easy 28 28 26 30 28 Very easy 5 9 9 7 8 Never try 2 3 2 3 3 Don’t know 0 0 0 1 1

67B. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to obtain the following services from government? Or do you never try and get these services from government? Household services like piped water, electricity or telephone Urban Rural Male Female Total Very difficult 16 26 23 22 22 Difficult 48 27 35 33 34 Easy 25 11 15 17 16 Very easy 4 2 4 3 3 Never try 6 28 20 22 21 Don’t know 1 5 3 5 4

67C. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to obtain the following services from government? Or do you never try and get these services from government? Help from the police Urban Rural Male Female Total Very difficult 12 9 11 10 10 Difficult 38 25 30 28 29 Easy 39 46 42 45 44 Very easy 5 15 13 11 12 Never try 5 4 4 5 5 Don't know 1 1 0 1 1

67D. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to obtain the following services from government? Or do you never try and get these services from government? A place in a public primary school for a child Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Difficult 6 3 4 4 4 Difficult 23 9 14 14 14 Easy 45 46 46 46 46 Very easy 12 36 28 29 28 Never try 11 5 7 6 7 Don't know 3 1 2 1 1

67E. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to obtain the following services from government? Or do you never try and get these services from government? Medical treatment at a public clinic or hospital Urban Rural Male Female Total Very difficult 4 5 4 5 5 Difficult 26 19 21 21 21 Easy 55 53 54 53 54 Very easy 10 22 18 18 18 Never try 3 1 2 2 2 Don’t know 1 0 0 1 1

68A. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public schools during the past 12 months? Services are too expensive / unable to pay Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 19 19 19 20 19 Once or Twice 18 22 20 22 21 A Few Times 12 16 14 16 15 Often 14 20 18 18 18 No experience with public schools in 37 23 29 25 27 past year Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

68B. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public schools during the past 12 months? Lack of textbooks or other supplies?

Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 25 26 25 27 26 Once or Twice 18 20 19 20 20 A Few Times 10 17 14 15 15 Often 9 13 13 11 12 No experience with public schools in 38 23 29 26 28 past year Don’t know 1 0 0 1 0

68C. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public schools during the past 12 months? Poor teaching? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 29 35 32 35 33 Once or Twice 14 20 19 17 18 A Few Times 10 14 12 13 13 Often 8 7 7 8 8 No experience with public schools in 38 23 29 26 28 past year Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

68D. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public schools during the past 12 months? Absent teachers? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 30 36 34 35 34 Once or Twice 16 19 18 19 18 A Few Times 9 14 11 13 12 Often 6 7 7 7 7 No experience with public schools in 38 23 29 26 28 past year Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

68E. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public schools during the past 12 months? Overcrowded classrooms? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 34 40 37 39 38 Once or Twice 10 14 13 12 13 A Few Times 9 12 11 12 11 Often 9 9 9 10 9 No experience with public schools in 38 23 29 26 28 past year Don’t know 1 2 1 1 1

68F. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public schools during the past 12 months? Poor conditions of facilities? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 30 37 35 35 35 Once or Twice 13 19 15 18 17 A Few Times 10 11 11 10 11 Often 9 10 9 10 9 No experience with public schools in 38 23 29 26 28 past year Don’t know 1 0 0 1 1

69A. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public clinic or hospital during the past 12 months? Services are too expensive / unable to pay Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 25 30 28 28 28 Once or Twice 23 22 21 24 23 A Few Times 15 15 15 15 15 Often 13 15 13 16 15 No experience with public clinics in 24 17 23 17 20 past year

69B. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public clinic or hospital during the past 12 months? Lack of medicines or other supplies? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 22 20 21 20 21 Once or Twice 21 23 22 23 22 A Few Times 20 22 20 23 21 Often 13 17 15 17 16 No experience with public clinics in 24 17 23 17 20 past year

69C. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public clinic or hospital during the past 12 months? Lack of attention or respect from staff? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 23 37 32 33 32 Once or Twice 20 19 18 21 19 A Few Times 17 15 15 15 15 Often 17 12 13 14 13 No experience with public clinics in 24 17 23 17 20 past year

69D. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public clinic or hospital during the past 12 months? Absent doctors? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 21 26 24 26 25 Once or Twice 21 19 19 21 20 A Few Times 16 15 15 15 15 Often 17 21 19 21 20 No experience with public clinics in 24 17 23 17 20 past year

69E. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public clinic or hospital during the past 12 months? Long waiting time? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 14 26 21 22 22 Once or Twice 16 20 18 20 19 A Few Times 17 17 16 18 17 Often 29 20 22 24 23 No experience with public clinics in 24 17 23 17 20 past year

69F. Have you encountered any of these problems with your local public clinic or hospital during the past 12 months? Dirty facilities? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 45 56 50 55 52 Once or Twice 17 16 15 17 16 A Few Times 8 7 7 7 7 Often 5 3 4 4 4 No experience with public clinics in 24 17 23 17 20 past year

70A. Do you or anyone in this household receive any of the following : Free visits or medicines from a public or government-run health clinic or hospital? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 91 84 87 86 86 Yes 9 16 13 14 14

70B. Do you or anyone in this household receive any of the following : Food for children from a government-run school feeding programme? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 98 93 95 94 94 Yes 2 7 5 6 5

71A. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past twelve months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? President Robert Mugabe Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 14 14 15 13 14 Disapprove 36 19 26 23 25 Approve 36 39 36 39 38 Strongly Approve 11 26 21 20 21 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 3 3 2 4 3

71 A1_ZIM. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past twelve months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 6 7 7 6 7 Disapprove 26 18 22 19 21 Approve 52 50 51 51 51 Strongly Approve 10 17 15 15 15 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 5 7 5 9 7

71B. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past twelve months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Your Member of the House of Assembly Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 8 7 8 7 8 Disapprove 36 25 30 27 28 Approve 35 49 44 45 45 Strongly Approve 4 9 8 7 7 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 17 9 10 13 12

71B_ZIM. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past twelve months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Your Senator Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 9 7 8 7 8 Disapprove 35 27 30 28 29 Approve 28 41 36 37 36 Strongly Approve 3 7 6 5 5 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 25 20 20 23 21

71C. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past twelve months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Your elected local government councilor Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disapprove 13 9 10 11 10 Disapprove 33 25 28 27 27 Approve 36 50 46 46 46 Strongly Approve 7 12 11 10 11 Don't know/Haven't heard enough 11 4 5 7 6

72A. Who should be responsible for: Making sure that, once elected, Members of the National Assembly do their jobs? Urban Rural Male Female Total The President / Executive 22 30 26 29 28 The Parliament / Local Council 30 23 26 24 25 Their Political Party 7 7 7 7 7 The Voters 39 36 38 36 37 No One 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 2 3 2 4 3

72B. Who should be responsible for: Making sure that, once elected, Municipal/District councilors do their jobs? Urban Rural Male Female Total The President / Executive 5 16 12 13 13 The Parliament / Local Council 39 33 35 35 35 Their Political Party 9 7 9 6 8 The Voters 44 40 42 41 41 No One 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 2 3 2 3 3

72C. Who should be responsible for: Making sure that, once elected, the President does his job? Urban Rural Male Female Total The President / Executive 8 15 12 14 13 The Parliament / Local Council 41 30 35 33 34 Their Political Party 5 7 7 7 7 The Voters 39 39 41 38 39 No One 3 4 3 4 3 Don’t know 3 5 3 6 5

72D_ZIM. Who should be responsible for: Making sure that, once elected, the Prime Minister does his job? Urban Rural Male Female Total The President / Executive 17 26 23 23 23 The Parliament / Local Council 37 26 29 30 29 Their Political Party 6 6 5 7 6 The Voters 37 37 39 35 37 No One 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 2 5 3 5 4

73A. Regardless of whether you are able to pay them, are you required to pay each of the following, or haven’t you been able to find out about this? Value added tax on the food or goods that you buy from shops or traders Urban Rural Male Female Total No, I am not required to pay 26 24 25 25 25 Yes, I am required to pay 68 65 68 63 66 Don't know 6 11 7 12 9

73B. Regardless of whether you are able to pay them, are you required to pay each of the following, or haven’t you been able to find out about this? License fees to local government, for example, for a bicycle, cart, business or market stall Urban Rural Male Female Total No, I am not required to pay 20 26 24 24 24 Yes, I am required to pay 79 65 71 68 69 Don't know 2 9 4 8 6

73C. Regardless of whether you are able to pay them, are you required to pay each of the following, or haven’t you been able to find out about this? Property rates or taxes Urban Rural Male Female Total No, I am not required to pay 11 20 16 17 17 Yes, I am required to pay 87 71 78 75 77 Don't know 1 9 5 8 6

73D. Regardless of whether you are able to pay them, are you required to pay each of the following, or haven’t you been able to find out about this? If you have paid employment, are you required to pay an income tax, that is, a tax deducted from your wages by your employer? Urban Rural Male Female Total No, I am not required to pay 3 7 6 5 6 Yes, I am required to pay 36 17 26 20 23 Not applicable 60 75 67 73 70 Don't know 0 2 1 2 1

73E. Regardless of whether you are able to pay them, are you required to pay each of the following, or haven’t you been able to find out about this? If you are self employed, are you required to pay a tax on the earnings from your business or job? Urban Rural Male Female Total No, I am not required to pay 20 18 18 19 18 Yes, I am required to pay 14 16 17 15 16 Not applicable 63 61 61 63 62 Don't know 3 5 4 4 4

74. In the last year, how often have powerful people or groups other than government, such as criminals or gangs, made people in your community or neighbourhood pay them money in return for protecting them, their property or their businesses? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 84 85 85 84 84 Only once 7 7 7 7 7 A few times 4 5 5 4 4 Often 2 1 1 2 1 Don't Know 2 3 2 3 3

75A. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to do each of the following : To find out what taxes and fees you are supposed to pay to the government? Urban Rural Male Female Total Very easy 4 6 6 5 5 Easy 22 16 19 16 18 Difficult 40 27 31 32 31 Very difficult 24 35 31 32 31 Don't know 10 16 13 15 14

75B. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to do each of the following: To find out how government uses the revenues from people’s taxes and fees? Urban Rural Male Female Total Very easy 1 1 1 1 1 Easy 8 5 7 6 6 Difficult 34 29 30 32 31 Very difficult 47 48 50 46 48 Don't know 10 16 12 16 14

75C. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to do each of the following: To avoid paying the income or property taxes that you owe to government? Urban Rural Male Female Total Very Easy 1 1 1 1 1 Easy 10 4 7 6 6 Difficult 45 32 37 35 36 Very difficult 33 42 39 39 39 Don't have to pay taxes 3 8 6 6 6 Don't know 8 13 10 13 12

76A. I am now going to ask you about a range of different actions that some people take. For each of the following, please tell me whether you think the action is not wrong at all, wrong but understandable, or wrong and punishable: Not paying for the services they receive from government Urban Rural Male Female Total Not wrong at all 7 9 7 9 8 Wrong but understandable 58 52 55 54 54 Wrong and punishable 34 35 36 34 35 Don't know 1 4 3 4 3

76B. I am now going to ask you about a range of different actions that some people take. For each of the following, please tell me whether you think the action is not wrong at all, wrong but understandable, or wrong and punishable: Not paying the taxes they owe on their income Urban Rural Male Female Total Not wrong at all 9 11 9 11 10 Wrong but understandable 48 49 49 48 49 Wrong and punishable 41 34 37 36 37 Don't know 2 6 4 6 5

77. What do you think is the main reason that some people avoid paying government the taxes and fees that they owe? Urban Rural Male Female Total People don't avoid paying 4 10 8 8 8 The tax system is unfair 7 5 7 5 6 The taxes are too high 22 13 15 17 16 People cannot afford to pay 35 45 41 43 42 The poor services they receive from 18 10 14 12 13 government Government does not listen to them 1 1 1 1 1 Government wastes tax money 3 3 3 2 3 Government officials steal tax 4 4 4 4 4 money They know they will not be caught 1 2 1 2 2 Greed / selfishness 0 0 1 0 0 Ignorance, don’t know how to pay 1 1 1 1 1 Other 0 0 1 0 0 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 6 4 6 5

78. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: The use of violence is never justified in Zimbabwean politics today. Statement 2: In this country, it is sometimes necessary to use violence in support of a just cause. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 62 59 59 61 60 Agree with 1 33 32 33 31 32 Agree with 2 1 4 3 3 3 Agree very strongly with 2 2 2 3 1 2 Agree with neither 1 3 2 2 2 Don’t know 0 1 1 1 1

78A1. In your opinion, how much does the African Union do to help this country, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Male Female Total Do nothing, no help 23 18 23 17 20 Help a little bit 32 25 29 26 27 Help somewhat 18 18 19 17 18 Help a lot 8 12 11 10 11 Don’t know 19 26 17 30 24

79_ZIM. Let us shift the discussion to the ongoing debate in Zimbabwe about indigenization, the process by which foreign-owned companies are required to surrender 51 of their shares to Black Zimbabweans. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Choose Statement 1 or Statement 2. Statement 1: Indigenizing the economy by taking over foreign-owned companies is the most effective way of empowering all Zimbabweans. Statement 2: Creating jobs would be a more effective way of empowering all Zimbabweans than taking over ownership of businesses. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree very strongly with 1 7 12 11 9 10 Agree with 1 4 11 8 9 9 Agree with 2 23 25 24 25 24 Agree very strongly with 2 65 49 55 53 54 Agree with neither 1 2 2 2 2 Don't know 1 2 1 2 1

80_ZIM . Do you agree or disagree with the proposed constitutional provision to devolve power, from the central government to governments at a sub-national level, such as a local or provincial government, or haven’t you heard enough to say?. Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly agree 43 27 33 32 32 Agree 34 27 29 30 30 Neither agree nor disagree 7 8 8 7 8 Disagree 8 10 9 9 9 Strongly disagree 5 15 12 11 12 Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough 3 13 10 11 10

81_ZIM. Do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Statement 1: The armed forces liberated Zimbabwe from colonialism; they must therefore continue to be actively involved in the country’s politics. Statement 2: The armed forces are for the external defence and security of Zimbabwe; they must not be involved at all in the country’s politics. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree Very Strongly With 9 12 12 10 11 Statement 1 Agree With Statement 1 12 15 15 14 14 Agree with Statement 2 28 30 29 30 29 Agree very strongly with Statement 2 49 40 42 43 43 Agree With Neither 2 2 2 3 2 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

82_ZIM Statement 1: Local Zimbabwean civic organizations and non-government Organizations (NGOs) are doing a lot to help the people of this country. Statement 2: Local Zimbabwean civic organizations and Non-government Organizations (NGOs) only advance the individual interests of their leaders; they do not do much to help the people of this country. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree Very Strongly With 50 44 47 45 46 Statement 1 Agree With Statement 1 31 35 33 35 34 Agree with Statement 2 8 10 9 11 10 Agree very strongly with Statement 2 8 7 9 6 8 Agree With Neither 1 2 2 2 2

Don’t know 2 1 1 1 1

83A_ZIM Statement 1. Those who are responsible for past political crimes should be granted amnesty, which means that they would never be prosecuted. Statement 2. Those who are responsible for past political crimes should be held accountable; they should face consequences for what they have done. Urban Rural Male Female Total Agree Very Strongly With 8 11 10 10 10 Statement 1 Agree With Statement 1 7 13 12 11 11 Agree with Statement 2 28 27 25 30 28 Agree very strongly with Statement 2 55 43 49 46 47 Agree With Neither 2 2 2 2 2 Don’t know 1 3 2 2 2

83B_ZIM. Let us consider amnesty. There are various conditions under which amnesty for political crimes could possibly be provided. If you could choose only one of the following options for amnesty, what would it be? Urban Rural Male Female Total None of these 1 2 3 1 2 Unconditional or “blanket” amnesty to all 9 12 11 12 11 abusers, including senior leaders who issued orders to commit violent acts Unconditional amnesty only to junior 9 8 9 7 8 officials, that is, those who were simply following orders Amnesty conditional upon perpetrators 11 12 11 11 11 publicly telling the truth about their crimes Amnesty conditional upon perpetrators 18 18 16 19 18 publicly apologizing and expressing remorse to victims Under no conditions should any form of 51 45 47 47 47 amnesty be offered Don’t Know 1 3 2 2 2

83C_ZIM. Now let us consider accountability. There are various ways that individuals who are responsible for past political crimes can be held accountable. If you could choose only one of the following options, what would it be? Urban Rural Male Female Total None of these 1 4 4 3 3 Trying them in an international court of 27 16 21 19 20 law Trying them in a Zimbabwean court of 56 50 51 54 52 law Creating a system of community courts 5 8 8 7 7 to try them Having them face a system of traditional 2 8 6 6 6 justice, for example, through chiefs and elders Under no conditions should any form of 6 11 9 10 9 accountability be attempted DK 1 3 2 2 2

84. What is your ethnic community, cultural group or tribe? Urban Rural Male Female Total Ndebele 20 18 18 19 19 Shona 34 23 28 26 27 Zezuru 19 13 15 15 15 Korekore 3 11 7 9 8 Karanga 8 15 13 13 13 Manyika 6 5 5 5 5 Ndau 2 4 4 4 4 Venda 1 1 1 1 1 Kalanga 1 1 1 1 1 Tonga 1 3 2 2 2 Vhitori 0 0 0 0 0 Shangani 0 1 1 1 1 Nambya 1 0 0 0 0 Maungwe 1 0 1 0 0 Buja 0 0 1 0 0 Mixed race 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwean only, or “doesn’t think of 1 0 1 0 0 self in those terms” Others 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

85A. How often are ______s [Respondent’s Ethnic Group] treated unfairly by the government? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 65 67 65 67 66 Sometimes 17 16 16 16 16 Often 7 7 7 7 7 Always 8 10 10 8 9 Not applicable 1 0 1 0 0 Don't know 2 1 1 1 1

85B. Let us suppose that you had to choose between being a Zimbabwean and being a ______[R’s ETHNIC GROUP]. Which of the following statements best expresses your feelings? Urban Rural Male Female Total I feel only (ethnic group) 4 5 5 5 5 I feel more (ethnic group) than 7 8 8 8 8 Zimbabwean I feel equally Zimbabwean and 44 29 33 35 34 [ethnic group] I feel more Zimbabwean than [ethnic 10 17 14 15 15 group] I feel only Zimbabwean 35 40 40 37 38 Not applicable 1 0 1 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

85C. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: It makes you proud to be called a Zimbabwean Urban Rural Male Female Total Strongly Disagree 6 6 6 6 6 Disagree 4 4 3 4 4 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 4 5 5 4 4 Agree 29 29 29 29 29 Strongly Agree 57 56 57 56 57 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

86A. In your opinion, which of the following people have a right to be a citizen of Zimbabwe? A citizen would have the right to get a Zimbabwean passport and to vote in Zimbabwean elections if they are at least 18 years old. A person born in Zimbabwe with one Zimbabwean and one non- Zimbabwean parent? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 11 14 13 13 13 Yes 87 84 85 85 85 Don't know 3 2 2 2 2

86B. In your opinion, which of the following people have a right to be a citizen of Zimbabwe? A citizen would have the right to get a Zimbabwean passport and to vote in Zimbabwean elections if they are at least 18 years old. A person born in Zimbabwe with two non- Zimbabwean parents? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 27 39 36 34 35 Yes 71 60 63 64 64 Don't know 1 1 1 2 1

86C. In your opinion, which of the following people have a right to be a citizen of Zimbabwe? A citizen would have the right to get a Zimbabwean passport and to vote in Zimbabwean elections if they are at least 18 years old. The wife of a Zimbabwean man, even if she was born outside of Zimbabwe? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 14 20 19 17 18 Yes 85 79 81 82 81 Don't know 0 1 0 1 1

86D. In your opinion, which of the following people have a right to be a citizen of Zimbabwe? A citizen would have the right to get a Zimbabwean passport and to vote in Zimbabwean elections if they are at least 18 years old. The husband of a Zimbabwean woman, even if he was born outside of Zimbabwe? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 38 44 44 40 42 Yes 62 55 56 59 57 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1

86E. In your opinion, which of the following people have a right to be a citizen of Zimbabwe? A citizen would have the right to get a Zimbabwean passport and to vote in Zimbabwean elections if they are at least 18 years old. A person who came from another country, but who has lived and worked in Zimbabwe for many years, and wishes to make Zimbabwe his or her home? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 21 31 27 28 28 Yes 75 65 70 67 68 Don't know 4 4 4 5 4

86F. In your opinion, which of the following people have a right to be a citizen of Zimbabwe? A citizen would have the right to get a Zimbabwean passport and to vote in Zimbabwean elections if they are at least 18 years old. A person who wishes to hold dual citizenship, that is, to be a citizen both of Zimbabwe and some other country? Urban Rural Male Female Total No 71 72 73 70 71 Yes 23 22 22 23 22 Don't know 6 6 5 7 6

87. Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you must be very careful in dealing with people? Urban Rural Male Female Total Must be very careful 92 78 83 82 83 Most people can be trusted 8 22 17 18 17 Don't know 0 0 0 0 0

88A. How much do you trust each of the following types of people? Your relatives Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 6 5 6 5 5 Just a little 16 13 14 14 14 Somewhat 35 34 34 35 34 A lot 43 49 46 47 47

88B. How much do you trust each of the following types of people? Your neighbours Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 15 10 12 11 11 Just a little 34 26 28 29 29 Somewhat 39 36 36 37 37 A lot 12 28 24 23 23

88C. How much do you trust each of the following types of people? Other people you know Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all 29 22 23 26 25 Just a little 43 41 43 40 42 Somewhat 22 25 24 25 24 A lot 5 11 10 9 9

89A. Do you feel close to any particular political party? Urban Rural Male Female Total No, not close to any party 37 27 28 33 30 Yes, feels close to a party 58 67 68 60 64 Refused to answer 6 5 4 6 5

89B. Which party is that? Urban Rural Male Female Total Movement for Democratic Change- 30 23 27 23 25 Tsvangirai [MDC-T] Zimbabwe African Union-Patriotic Front 18 34 30 28 29 [ZANU-PF] Movement for Democratic Change- 0 0 0 0 0 Mutambara [MDC-M] Mavambo.Kusile.Dawn. (MKD) 1 0 1 0 0 Zimbabwe African Patriotic Union- 0 0 0 0 0 Dabengwa [ZAPU-Dabengwa] Movement for Democratic Change- 1 0 1 0 0 Ncube [MDC-N] Other [Specify]: 0 0 0 0 0 Not applicable 42 33 32 40 36 Refused to answer 8 9 9 9 9

90A. Which of these things do you personally own? Radio Urban Rural Male Female Total No, don't own 27 40 31 40 35 Yes, do own 73 60 69 60 65

90B. Which of these things do you personally own? Television Urban Rural Male Female Total No, don't own 17 73 53 56 55 Yes, do own 83 27 47 44 45

90C. Which of these things do you personally own? Motor Vehicle, Car or motorcycle Urban Rural Male Female Total No, don't own 74 96 87 91 89 Yes, do own 26 4 13 9 11

91A. How often do you use: A computer? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 51 93 77 82 79 Less than once a month 5 2 3 3 3 A few times a month 9 2 4 3 4 A few times a week 16 2 7 6 6 Every day 20 1 8 6 7

91B. How often do you use: The internet? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 46 91 73 80 76 Less than once a month 3 2 3 2 2 A few times a month 6 2 3 3 3 A few times a week 17 2 8 6 7 Every day 28 3 13 9 11

92. Do you ever use a mobile phone? If so, who owns the mobile phone that you use most often?

Urban Rural Male Female Total No, I never use a mobile phone 1 13 8 10 9 Yes, I use a mobile phone that I own 94 67 78 74 76 Yes, I use a mobile owned by 4 13 9 11 10 someone else in my household Yes, I use a mobile owned by 1 7 5 5 5 someone else outside my household

93A. How often do you normally use a mobile phone to: Make or receive a call? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 1 13 8 10 9 Less than one time per day 6 35 24 27 26 One or two times per day 23 29 28 26 27 Three or four times per day 23 15 17 18 17 Five or more times per day 47 8 23 19 21

93B. How often do you normally use a mobile phone to: Send or receive a text message or SMS? Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 4 22 14 18 16 Less than one time per day 11 38 29 30 29 One or two times per day 29 21 24 23 24 Three or four times per day 21 11 16 13 14 Five or more times per day 35 8 18 16 17

93C. How often do you normally use a mobile phone to: Send or receive money or pay a bill Urban Rural Male Female Total Never 74 86 81 82 82 Less than one time per day 20 13 15 16 15 One or two times per day 4 1 3 2 2 Three or four times per day 1 0 0 0 0 Five or more times per day 1 0 0 0 0

94. How many mobile phones are owned in Total by members of your household, including yourself? Urban Rural Male Female Total 0 1 18 11 13 12 1 9 30 23 24 23 2 27 31 27 32 30 3 23 12 17 14 15 4 21 4 10 9 9 5 8 1 4 3 3 6 5 1 2 2 2 7 1 0 1 0 1 8 1 0 1 1 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0

19 0 0 0 0 0

95A. Please tell me whether each of the following are available inside your house, inside your compound, or outside your compound: Your main source of water for household use Urban Rural Male Female Total Inside the house 66 3 25 23 24 Inside the compound 28 32 30 32 31 Outside the compound 6 64 45 45 45

95B. Please tell me whether each of the following are available inside your house, inside your compound, or outside your compound: A toilet or latrine Urban Rural Male Female Total None no latrine available 0 16 10 12 11 Inside the house 71 5 26 26 26 Inside the compound 25 61 50 48 49 Outside the compound 4 18 13 14 13

96. Do you have a job that pays a cash income? [If yes, ask:] Is it full-time or part-time? [If no, ask:] Are you presently looking for a job? Urban Rural Male Female Total No (not looking) 25 48 34 47 40 No (looking) 30 27 29 26 28 Yes, part time 18 12 16 12 14 Yes, full time 27 13 21 15 18

97. What is the highest level of education you have completed? Urban Rural Male Female Total No formal schooling 0 6 4 5 4 Informal schooling only (including 0 0 0 0 0 Koranic schooling) Some primary schooling 3 13 8 11 9 Primary school completed 7 19 13 17 15 Some secondary school/high school 17 32 26 28 27

Secondary school completed/high 41 25 33 27 30 school Post-secondary qualifications, not 21 4 10 9 9 university Some university 3 0 2 1 1 University completed 7 0 3 2 2 Post-graduate 2 0 1 1 1

98A. What is your religion, if any? Urban Rural Male Female Total None 3 7 10 2 6 Christian only 16 5 9 8 9 Roman Catholic 16 12 13 14 14 Orthodox 1 0 0 0 0 Anglican 5 5 4 5 5 Lutheran 0 1 0 1 1 Methodist 9 7 8 7 8 Presbyterian 0 0 0 0 0 Baptist 1 1 1 1 1 Evangelic 2 1 1 1 1 Pentecostal 21 14 14 19 16 Independent 9 15 11 15 13 Jehova’s Witness 2 1 1 2 1 Seventh Day Adventist 5 6 6 5 5 Muslim only 0 0 1 0 0 Tijaniya Brotherhood 0 0 0 0 0 Traditional/ethnic religion 2 5 6 3 4 Agnostic(Do not know if there is God) 0 0 0 0 0 Atheist(Do not believe in God) 0 1 1 0 1 Dutch Reformed 2 2 2 2 2 Calvanist 0 0 0 0 0 Church of Christ 2 1 1 2 2 Zionist Christian Church 2 9 6 7 7 ZAOGA 0 0 0 0 0 Salvation Army 1 1 1 1 1 Johanne Masowe 0 1 0 1 0 Brethren in Christ 0 0 0 0 0 African Apostolic Faith 0 1 0 1 0 Other 1 2 1 2 2

98 B. How important is religion in your life? Urban Rural Male Female Total Not at all important 1 4 4 1 3 Not very important 4 4 6 2 4 Somewhat important 13 16 18 13 15 Very important 81 74 70 83 77 Don’t know 0 1 2 0 1

99. If a National Assembly election were held tomorrow, which party’s candidate would you vote for? Urban Rural Male Female Total Movement for Democratic Change- 36 28 32 28 30 Tsvangirai [MDC-T] Zimbabwe African National Union- 22 38 32 33 33 Patriotic Front [ZANU-PF] Movement for Democratic Change- 1 0 0 0 0 Mutambara [MDC-M] Mavambo.Kusile.Dawn. [MKD] 1 0 1 0 1 Zimbabwe African people’s Union- 0 0 0 0 0 Dabengwa [ZAPU-Dabengwa] Movement for Democratic Change- 1 0 1 0 1 Ncube [MDC-N] Other 1 0 1 0 0 Would not vote 13 7 9 9 9 Refused to answer 25 24 22 26 24 Don’t know 2 3 2 3 2

100. Just one more question: Who do you think sent us to do this interview? Urban Rural Male Female Total No one 0 0 0 0 0 Inclusive Government (IG) 21 22 21 22 21 National / Union Government 4 6 5 5 5 Provincial / Regional Government 0 0 0 0 0 Local Government 0 1 1 1 1 8 7 8 President’s / Prime Minister’s Office 4 9

Parliament / National Assembly 1 1 1 1 Government Census / Statistics Office 1 3 2 3 2 National Intelligence/Secret Service 0 1 1 1 Education or Social Affairs Department 0 0 0 1 0 Health Department / Ministry 0 0 0 0 0 Other Government Department / 1 2 1 2 1 Ministry Constitutional Commission 4 2 3 3 3 National Electoral Commission 1 0 0 0 0 National Planning Commission 0 0 0 0 0 Public Utility Company 0 0 0 0 0 NGO 20 21 21 20 21 Political Party / Politicians 11 6 8 7 7 Research Company / Organization / 22 11 16 13 14 Programme (including the Afrobarometer National Partner) Newspapers / Media 1 1 1 1 1 University / School / College 1 1 1 1 1 Private company 0 1 1 1 1 International Organization 1 1 1 1 1 God or a Religious Organization 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1 1 1 0 1

Refused to answer 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 7 11 8 11 10