2010 Minerals Yearbook

U.S. Department of the Interior August 2012 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Zimbabwe By Philip M. Mobbs

Zimbabwe’s diverse mineral output included about 5% of the 2010 Mid Term Fiscal Policy Statement. Royalties on the world’s platinum production and about 3% of the world’s base metals remained at 2% of gross revenue (Central African palladium output. In 2010, additional mineral production Gold PLC, 2010, p. 3; Kramarenko and others, 2010, p. 39). companies resumed operations at mines and plants that had been temporarily suspended (placed on care-and-maintenance status) Production in the past few years. Few companies, however, were operating at full capacity owing in part to the difficulty in securing In 2010, production of numerous mineral commodities funding and the ongoing uncertainty concerning the pace of increased significantly owing to the Government’s changes the indigenization process in the mining sector (which would in legislative and monetary policies in 2009. Such changes affect future equity ownership of mineral operations) (table 1; included the temporary replacement of the Zimbabwe dollar International Monetary Fund, 2011, p. 21–23; Loferski, 2011). by a multicurrency national financial system, which aided In 2010, the real gross domestic product growth was the industry’s recovery from hyperinflation that had ravaged estimated to be 9% compared with 6% in 2009 and –18% in Zimbabwe’s economy in 2008 and early 2009, and allowing 2008. The inflation rate was down to an estimated 3% in 2010 organizations to export gold instead of selling it to the compared with 6.5% in 2009 and an estimated average of Government. Chromite and ferrochromium production increased 55,600,000,000% for the first nine months of 2008 (International in response to increased world demand for ferrochrome. The Monetary Fund, 2011, p. 27). significant increase in diamond production was attributed The Ministry of Mines and Mining Development manages to increased activity in the Marange diamondfields, which the mineral sector in accordance with the Mines and Minerals produced 90% industrial-grade material. Gold output was Act (chapter 21:05), the Mining (General) Regulations, 1977, estimated to have continued to rebound from the low volumes of and their amendments. Mining operations also are regulated by 2008 owing to legislation that allowed production companies to sections of the Environmental Management Act of 2002 (chapter export gold themselves instead of selling it to the Government 20:27) and its 2007 amendment, the Explosive Act, the Forest and waiting for payment. Estimated or reported production Act, the Parks and Wildlife Act, the Public Health Act, and the of ammonia, cement, coal, cobalt, copper ore and metal, Suppression of Money Laundering Act. The Indigenisation and ferrosilicon chromium, graphite, nickel ore, phosphate rock, Economic Empowerment Act of 2007, which requires that 51% PGMs, silver, and stone also increased. Production volumes ownership of businesses in Zimbabwe with a net asset value of asbestos, coke, lithium, perlite, talc, and vermiculite were greater than $500,000 be acquired by eligible Zimbabweans, estimated to have decreased compared with those of 2009 was published in 2008. The Indigenisation and Economic (table 1; Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2010). Empowerment Regulations (chapter 14:33) became effective in early 2010. Structure of the Mineral Industry

Minerals in the National Economy Domestic and international investment companies, domestic and international mining companies, Government-owned Of the approximately 30 minerals and mineral-based companies, mining cooperatives, multinational cement commodities produced in Zimbabwe, gold and platinum-group companies, and small-scale miners managed mineral operations metals (PGMs) were the most economically significant. In in Zimbabwe. Foreign investment was concentrated in the accordance with the Minerals Marketing Corp. of Zimbabwe cement, chromium, coal, diamond, gold, nickel, PGM, and steel Act [as modified by the Minerals Marketing Corp. (Exemption) sectors. Regulations, 1983, and the Precious Stones Trade Act, 1978], State-owned operating companies in the mineral sector state-owned Minerals Marketing Corp. of Zimbabwe officially included Zimbabwe Mining Development Corp. (ZMDC), marketed much of the mineral production of Zimbabwe. The which controlled many inactive copper and gold mines. Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe’s monetary policy statement of Subsidiaries of state-owned Industrial Development Corp. of February 2, 2009, authorized organizations that held appropriate Zimbabwe Ltd. produced industrial minerals and mineral-based permits to export gold. Mining companies previously were commodities. Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (Private) Ltd. required to sell their gold and silver output to Fidelity Printers (Zisco), in which the Government held an 89% interest, owned & Refineries (Private) Ltd., which was a subsidiary of the an idle crude steel plant, and a Zisco subsidiary managed iron Reserve Bank, for a mix of hard and local currency. PGM ore and limestone mines. concentrates and smelter matte were shipped to processing facilities in that were operated by Impala Platinum Ltd. Royalties on precious metals were increased to 4% of gross revenue from 3.5%, effective beginning October 1, by

Zimbabwe—2010 43.1 Commodity Review Africa Holdings Ltd. of Mauritania, which was a subsidiary of Essar Group of India, was selected to be Zisco’s new majority Metals owner. Essar Africa Holdings began negotiations to acquire Zisco and its subsidiaries, which included Buchwa Iron Mining Chromium and Ferroalloys.—Zimbabwe Alloys Ltd. (Zim Co., from the Government. Buchwa controlled operational and Alloys) and Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Co. (Private) Ltd. undeveloped iron ore deposits in Zimbabwe. Negotiations for (Zimasco) were the major chromite ore producing companies. Zisco continued at yearend (Business Report, 2010; Muleya, Much of the ore produced by Zimasco was from podiform 2010; Ndlela, 2010b; Makombe and Nyakezeya, 2011). deposits in the Shurugwi area; however, the lumpy ore from the Nickel.—RioZim continued operations at the Empress Nickel podiform deposits was expected to be mined out by 2015 at the Refinery at about 50% of installed capacity. RioZim reported current (2010) rate of production. Numerous small-scale mining production of about 8,600 metric tons (t) of copper and nickel companies and cooperatives produced a friable chrome ore from in 2010 compared with 8,844 t in 2009. Lower-than-expected alluvial deposits or from the stratiform deposits along the Great volumes of imported nickel matte, which was toll refined for Dyke; this ore required agglomeration before being processed BCL Ltd. of Botswana, affected processing operations, as did by the ferrochrome producers. In 2010, the electric-arc furnace equipment failure, electrical-power outages, water shortages, facilities of the Zimbabwe ferrochrome producers remained and a shortage of working capital (RioZim Ltd., 2011, p. 11, 14). adversely affected by the availability of electric power Bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd.’s nickel mines, smelter, (Chitambira, Miso-Mbele, and Gumbie, 2011). and refinery remained on care-and-maintenance status in 2010. Zim Alloys and Zimasco were also Zimbabwe’s major Bindura Nickel, which was a subsidiary of Mwana Africa PLC, ferrochrome producers. Several small-scale ferrochrome evaluated the feasibility of restarting mining operations at the smelters, which were primarily Chinese-owned, had been Trojan Mine in Bindura without restarting the adjacent smelter established along the Great Dyke in the past few years or refinery (Mwana Africa PLC, 2011, p. 10). (Chitambira, Miso-Mbele, Gumbie, 2011). The lack of available funding delayed Biometallurgical Zimasco proposed to rehabilitate one of its six furnaces by Group of Zimbabwe’s proposed redevelopment of the Empress 2012, which would restore the plant’s capacity to nickel deposit. Niger Uranium Ltd. of the United Kingdom 230,000 metric tons per year (t/yr). Zimasco also planned to formed a joint venture with Southern Africa Nickel Ltd. of install a 600,000-t/yr-capacity pelletizing and sintering plant and South Africa, which held the Bend nickel prospect and other a new 60-megavolt-ampere furnace, which would increase the projects in Zimbabwe. The joint venture planned to explore plant’s capacity to more than 300,000 t/yr by 2014 (Herald, The, the concessions, which had last been evaluated in 1992 by 2010; Kadzere, 2011). Falconbridge Ltd. of Canada. In 2010, Chromex Mining plc acquired Waylox Mining Platinum-Group Metals.—The Ngezi Mine, which was (Private) Ltd., which held the Prince of Wales and the Trixie operated by Zimplats Holdings Ltd. of Guernsey, produced prospects, and started a feasibility study on the Trixie claims. 3.9 million metric tons (Mt) of ore in 2010. The ore contained Synergy Africa Ltd. of the United Kingdom, which was a joint 3,493 t of nickel, 2,506 t of copper, about 5.6 t of platinum, venture of Rukki Group Plc of Norway (51%) and Kermas about 4.6 t of palladium, about 600 kilograms (kg) of gold, and Ltd. of the British Virgin Islands (49%), subsequently acquired about 500 kg of rhodium (Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 2011a, p. 21; b). Chromex Mining. RioZim Ltd. of Zimbabwe explored the The Phase 1 expansion project at the Ngezi Mine, which Darwendale claims for chromite and evaluated a joint venture included the development of the Bimha Mine (Portal 4), with Marantha Ferrochrome (Private) Ltd. of Zimbabwe to was expected to be completed in 2011. Zimplats provisionally produce 30,000 t/yr of chromite concentrate from Darwendale. approved a $445 million Ngezi Phase II expansion program, A consortium, which included Metmar Ltd. of South Africa, which included the 2-million-metric-ton-per-year (Mt/yr)-capacity acquired 40% equity interest in Zim Alloys from Benscore Mupfuti (Portal 3) underground mine, a new 2-Mt/yr-capacity Investments (Private) Ltd. of Zimbabwe (Njini, 2010). concentrator, and additional employee housing. The Phase II Iron and Steel.—The proposed privatization of 60% of the expansion was expected to increase the mining complex’s equity of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (Private) Ltd. platinum output capacity to about 8.4 t/yr from about 6 t/yr (Zisco) was halted in May after the Government declared that (Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 2010). the bids to acquire Zisco by ArcelorMittal South Africa Ltd. The Mimosa Mine, which was operated by Mimosa and by the Gateway Zimbabwe consortium (which included Investments Ltd. of Mauritius, produced about 2.3 million Jindal Steel and Power Ltd. of India) were not in Zimbabwe’s metric tons (Mt) of ore in 2010. Exported concentrated ore national interest, as the companies were too large. Additionally, contained 2,792 t of nickel, 2,396 t of copper, 79 t of cobalt, the issue of who (the buyer or the Government) was to settle about 3.2 t of platinum, about 2.4 t of palladium, about 430 kg Zisco’s existing debt, which was estimated to range from of gold, and about 250 kg of rhodium (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., $240 million to $300 million, remained unclear. To collect some 2010, p. 28; 2011, p. 13). of the debt owed by Zisco, KfW Bankengruppe of Germany Unki Mines (Private) Ltd., which was a subsidiary of began legal proceedings to seize property in South Africa that Anglo Platinum Ltd. of South Africa, commissioned the Unki was owned by the Government of Zimbabwe. The Government concentrator in November. About 2.2 t/yr of platinum contained subsequently renewed its efforts to divest 60% of Zisco’s equity in concentrate was slated to be recovered when the mine reached and by August, requested new bids for Zisco. By October, Essar full production in late 2013. Concentrate was to be trucked

43.2 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 about 500 kilometers to the Polokwane smelter in South Africa abated, but locally sourced loans to fund mineral processing (Anglo Platinum Ltd., 2011, p. 96). and mining operations remained scarce in 2010. Shortages In November, Cape Range Ltd. of Australia secured an option of electrical power, food, fuel, and skilled employees are also to acquire up to 100% equity in the Snakes Head platinum expected to continue to affect mineral sector operations adversely project from Willaway Enterprises (Private) Ltd. of Zimbabwe. in the near term (Goko, 2010; Kaseke, 2010, p. 1–4; Ndlela, The Snakes Head project is located at the northern end of the 2010a; Sandu, 2010a; Sibanda, 2010; Frost & Sullivan Ltd., 2011). Great Dyke. References Cited Industrial Minerals Anglo Platinum Ltd., 2011, 2010 annual report: Johannesburg, South Africa, Asbestos.—The working levels of both the Gaths Mine and Anglo Platinum Ltd., 284 p. Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 2010, Fourth quarter 2010—Production results to the Shabanie Mine were flooded in early 2010 after electrical 30 June 2010: Hamilton, Bermuda, Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 35 p. power to the mines was disconnected owing to unpaid bills. The Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 2011, Second quarter 2011—Production results: flooding ruined equipment that remained underground, which Hamilton, Bermuda, Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 18 p. included conveyor belts, electrical transformers, load-haul-dump Business Report, 2010, ArcelorMittal confirms Zisco rejection: Business Report, May 7. (Accessed June 24, 2010, at http://www.busrep.co.za/ trucks (scoop trams), ore crushers, ventilation blowers, and index.php?fSectionId=612&fArticleId=5459981.) water pumps (Kadzere, 2010; Mpofu, 2010). Cape Range Ltd., 2010, MOU signed for a lithium project: Sydney, New South Lithium.—In October, Cape Range entered into an option Wales, Australia, Cape Range Ltd., October 7, 5 p. to acquire up to 75% equity in the Domboshawa Hill lithium Central African Gold PLC, 2010, Annual report 2009: London, United Kingdom, Central African Gold PLC, 80 p. project from Willaway Enterprises. Cape Range subsequently Chitambira, Blessed, Miso-Mbele, D., and Gumbie, Mufulatelwa., 2011: initiated due diligence research on the project, which was Ferrochrome smelting in Zimbabwe: Southern African Institute of Mining located northeast of (Cape Range Ltd., 2010). and Metallurgy—Zimbabwe Branch Conference, July, 7 p. (Accessed Nitrogen.—Sable Chemical Industries Ltd. operated a November 14, 2011, at http://www.saimm.co.za/download/saimmbranches/ zimbabwe/FERROCHROME SMELTING IN ZIMBABWE.pdf.) nitrogenous fertilizer facility located north of Kwekwe. The Frost & Sullivan Ltd., 2011, Trying times ahead for Zimbabwe’s mining facility included an air separation plant, an ammonia synthesis industry: Frost & Sullivan Ltd., April 11. (Accessed August 12, 2011, plant, an electrolysis plant, an ammonium nitrate plant, and at http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/press-release.pag?Src=RSS&docid a nitric acid plant. Locally produced and imported ammonia, =229919403.) Goko, Chris, 2010, Mining sector poised for growth: Daily News Zimbabwe hydrogen, and nitric acid were the feedstock for the ammonium [Harare, Zimbabwe], September 17. (Accessed September 17, 2010, at nitrate plant. Sable increased ammonium nitrate production to http://dailynews.co.zw/business/35-business/714-mining-sector-poised-for- 89,625 t in 2010 compared with 41,959 t in 2009. Repairs were growth.html.) completed on 10 of its 14 electrolysis units, which separated Herald, The, 2010, Zimasco plans to invest US$300m: The Herald [Harare, Zimbabwe], October 11. (Accessed October 11, 2010, at water into hydrogen and oxygen. The cost of electrical power http://www.herald.co.zw/inside.aspx?sectid=3358&cat=8.) for the electrolysis plant, however, continued to degrade Sable’s International Monetary Fund, 2011, Zimbabwe—2011 article IV consultation— financial situation (TA Holdings Ltd., 2010a, p. 5; 2011, p. 8). Staff report: Washington DC, International Monetary Fund country report no. A 4-year $40 million rehabilitation program of the Sable 11/135, May, 54 p. Kadzere, Martin, 2010, Zimbabwe—Shabanie deeper into abyss: The facility had been proposed, but not implemented. Replacement Herald [Harare, Zimbabwe], March 4. (Accessed May 24, 2010, at of the electrolysis plant and importation of additional ammonia http://www.sarwatch.org/mining-and-politics-in-zimbabwe/124-mining-and- would reduce costs, but closure of the electrolysis plant would politics-in-zimbabwe/1280-zimbabwe-shabanie deeper into abyss.html.) eliminate the facility’s oxygen production, which was sold to Kadzere, Martin, 2011, Zimasco to get US$300m boost: The Herald [Harare, Zimbabwe], May 23. (Accessed May 25, 2011, at http://www.herald.co.zw/ local ferrochrome and steelmaking operations. In addition, index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10629:zimasco-to-get- Sable had problems importing sufficient amounts of ammonia us300m-boost&catid=41:business&itemid=133.) owing to the lack of railroad tank cars and a general reduction Kaseke, Nyasha, 2010, The cost of power outages in Zimbabwe’s mining in the timeliness of rail freight movement in Zimbabwe (Sandu, sector: The African Executive, issue 277, August 11–17, 40 p. (Accessed May 24, 2011, at http://www.africanexecutive.com/downloads/ 2010b; TA Holdings Ltd., 2010a, p. 5; b). ZIMBABWE MINING SECTOR.pdf.) Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2010, Trade of Marange diamond in Outlook compliance with KPCS requirements: Jerusalem, Israel, Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, May 6, 5 p. Kramarenko, Vitaliy, Engstrom, Lars, Verdier, Genevieve, Fernandez, Gilda, Zimbabwe has abundant mineral resources and a Oppers, S.E., Hughes, Richard, McHugh, Jimmy, and Coats, Warren, 2010, well-developed (but deteriorated) transportation system. The Zimbabwe—Challenges and policy options after hyperinflation: Washington, ongoing political uncertainty and the divestment of equity DC, International Monetary Fund African Department paper no. 10/03, 63 p. interest that is required by the Indigenization and Economic Loferski, P.J., 2011, Platinum-group metals: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011, p. 120–121. Empowerment Act are expected to continue to constrain Makombe, Leonard, and Nyakezeya, Paul, 2011, Zisco-Essar deal short-term investment in the Zimbabwe mining industry; controversy deepens: The Zimbabwe Independent [Harare, Zimbabwe], however, optimistic mining companies, especially those from January 13. (Accessed January 18, 2011, at http://www.theindependent.co.zw/ Asia, continue to pursue mineral-sector investments. After business/29495-zisco-essar-deal-controversy-deepens.html.) Mpofu, Bernard, 2010, Shabanie Mine on the verge of collapse: The Zimbabwe the country’s transition from the inflation-ravaged Zimbabwe Independent [Harare, Zimbabwe], February 18. (Accessed February 23, 2010, dollar to usage of the South African rand and U.S. dollar in at http://www.theindependent.co.zw/business/25427-shabanie-mine-on-the- 2008, the mineral industry’s chronic foreign currency shortage verge-of-collapse.html.)

Zimbabwe—2010 43.3 Muleya, Dumisani, 2010, Essar’s Zisco takeover mired in controversy: The Sandu, Ndamu, 2010b, Sable Chemicals ups fertiliser production: The Zimbabwe Independent [Harare, Zimbabwe], December 2. (Accessed Standard [Harare, Zimbabwe], July 3. (Accessed November 16, 2011, at July 15, 2011, at http://www.theindeppendent.co.zw/local/29021-essars-zisco- http://www.thestandard.co.zw/business/25361-sable-chemicals-ups-fertiliser- takeover-mired-in-controversy.html.) production.html.) Mwana Africa PLC, 2011, Annual report 2011: London, United Kingdom, Sibanda, Golden, 2010, Govt reassures investors: The Herald [Harare, Zimbabwe], Mwana Africa PLC, 76 p. September 16. (Accessed September 16, 2010, at http://www.herald.co.zw/ Ndlela, Dumisani, 2010a, Investment in Zim mining growing: Financial inside.aspx?sectid=2266&cat=1.) Gazette [Harare, Zimbabwe], July 30. (Accessed August 10, 2010, at TA Holdings Ltd., 2010a, Annual report 2009: Harare, Zimbabwe, TA Holdings http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/companies-a-markets/4962-investment-in- Ltd., 81 p. zim-mining-growing.html.) TA Holdings Ltd., 2010b, TA to recapitalise Zim businesses: TA Holdings Ltd., Ndlela, Dumisani, 2010b, ZISCO privatisation rankles creditors: Financial June 15. (Accessed November 16, 2011, at http://www.taholdings.com/ Gazette [Harare, Zimbabwe], May 27. (Accessed June 4, 2010, at articles/market/2010/06/15/ta-tp-recapitalise-zim-businesses.) http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/top-stories/4201-zisco-privatisation- TA Holdings Ltd., 2011, Annual report 2010: Harare, Zimbabwe, TA Holdings rankles-creditors.html.) Ltd., 66 p. Njini, Felix, 2010, RioZim in chrome jv with Marantha: The Southern Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 2010, Report for the quarter ended 31 March 2010: Times [Windhoek, Namibia], August 13. (Accessed May 25, 2011, at Guernsey, Channel Islands [United Kingdom], Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 4 p. http://www.southerntimesafrica.com/article.php?title=RioZim_in_chrome_ Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 2011a, Annual report 2011: Guernsey, Channel Islands JV_with_Marantha&id=4635.) [United Kingdom], Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 132 p. RioZim Ltd., 2011, Annual report 2010: Harare, Zimbabwe, RioZim Ltd., 72 p. Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 2011b, Report for the quarter ended 31 December 2010: Sandu, Ndamu, 2010a, Mining investors wary of empowerment laws: The Guernsey, Channel Islands [United Kingdom], Zimplats Holdings Ltd., 4 p. Standard [Harare, Zimbabwe], September 18. (Accessed October 8, 2010, at http://www.thestandard.co.zw/business/26483-mining-investors-wary-of- empowerment-laws.html.)

TabLe 1 Zimbabwe: PRODUCTiON OF miNeRaL COmmODiTieS1

(metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2006 2007e 2008e 2009e 2010e meTaLS Chromite, gross weight 712,908 614,559 3 442,584 3 193,673 3 510,000 Cobalt, metal content4 26 r, 3 29 r, 3 28 r, 3 39 r, 3 60 Copper: mine output, concentrate, Cu content 2,581 2,681 3 2,827 3 3,572 3 4,700 metal, refinery output, refined/cathode, primary 7,000 3 6,798 3 3,072 3 4,000 r 4,545 3 Gold kilograms 11,354 6,750 3 3,579 3 4,965 3 9,100 iron and steel: mine output, iron ore: Gross weight thousand metric tons 104 79 3 3 r, 3 -- -- Fe contente do. 52 55 1 r, 4 -- -- metal: Pig iron do. 24 ------Steel, crude do. 24 23 10 14 r 14 Ferroalloys: Ferrochromium 200,673 187,327 3 145,430 3 72,223 3 146,000 e Ferrosilicon chromium 1,000 e 3,100 1,600 600 1,000 Nickel: mine output, concentrate, Ni content 8,825 8,582 3 6,354 3 4,858 3 6,200 Refinery output, refined metal:e Refined from domestic materials 5,510 4,500 3,400 -- -- Toll refined from imported materials5 9,000 9,500 10,300 5,000 r 4,039 3 Total refined nickel metal 14,500 14,000 13,700 5,000 r 4,039 3 Platinum-group metals: Palladium kilograms 4,022 4,180 3 4,386 3 5,680 7,000 Platinum do. 4,998 5,306 3 5,642 3 6,849 3 8,800 Rhodium do. 410 810 860 1,100 1,400 Ruthenium do. 317 600 630 800 1,000 iridium do. 147 149 3 151 3 209 3 260 Total do. 9,894 11,000 3 11,700 3 14,600 17,000 Silver do. 500 e 250 150 200 400 See footnotes at end of table.

43.4 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 TabLe 1—Continued Zimbabwe: PRODUCTiON OF miNeRaL COmmODiTieS1

(metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2006 2007e 2008e 2009e 2010e iNDUSTRiaL miNeRaLS asbestos 96,956 84,520 3 11,489 3 4,971 3 2,400 Cement, hydraulice thousand metric tons 700 400 400 700 800 Clays6 300 e 600 600 600 600 Diamond carats 1,046,000 695,015 3 797,198 3 963,502 3 8,435,244 3 Graphite 6,588 5,418 3 5,134 3 2,463 3 5,000 Lithium minerals, gross weight 30,000 e 50,000 50,000 50,000 23,500 magnesite 939 1,814 3 2,549 3 449 3 -- micae 130,000 200,000 150,000 1,000 r 1,000 Nitrogen, N content of ammonia 38,000 r, e 37,000 r 20,000 r 14,000 r 29,000 Perlitee 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 1,000 Phosphate rock, marketable concentrate 65,838 46,106 3 21,051 3 20,000 63,000 Stone, sand and gravel: Granite, black 1,000 e 1,000 1,000 500 700 Limestone thousand metric tons 50 e 50 50 40 50 Silica7 do. 12 e ------Sulfur: Pyrite: Gross weight 39,777 19,812 3 30,308 3 -- 3 -- 3 S content (32.6%) 13,000 6,500 3 9,900 3 -- -- byproduct acid, metallurgical and coal process gas, S contente 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 r r Totale 14,000 7,500 10,900 1,000 1,000 Talc 140 200 200 200 -- Vermiculite 13,421 17,395 3 16,123 3 3,211 3 -- miNeRaL FUeLS aND ReLaTeD maTeRiaLS Coal, bituminous thousand metric tons 2,107 2,080 3 1,947 3 1,750 2,400 Coke, including metallurgicale do. 160 400 112 3 43 3 20 eestimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through November 11, 2011. 2in addition to the commodities listed, secondary aluminum; corundum; feldspar; such gemstones as amethyst, aquamarine, emerald, iolite, and tourmaline; kaolin; kyanite; secondary lead; and ores of antimony, tantalum, tin, and tungsten may be produced, but information is inadequate to estimate output. 3Reported figure. 4metal includes metal content of compounds and salts and may include cobalt recovered from nickel-copper matte imported for toll refining. 5Toll-refined data include part of the output from the bindura refinery and all the production from the empress refinery, which processes imported nickel matte from botswana. 6includes fire clay. 7includes rough and ground quartz and silica sand.

Zimbabwe—2010 43.5 TabLe 2 Zimbabwe: STRUCTURe OF THe miNeRaL iNDUSTRY iN 2010

(metric tons unless otherwise specified)

annual Commodity major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity asbestos african associated mines (Private) Ltd. Shabanie mine, Zvishavane 2,400,000 1 Do. do. Gaths mine, mashava 1,400,000 1 Cement: Clinker Portland Holdings Ltd. [Pretoria Portland Cement Colleen bawn, about 115 kilometers 1,000,000 Company Ltd. (PPC)] southeast of Portland Lafarge Cement Zimbabwe Ltd. (Lafarge, S.a., 76.4%) Harare 450,000 Do. Portland Holdings Ltd. [Pretoria Portland Cement bulawayo 800,000 Company Ltd. (PPC)] Do. Sino-Zimbabwe Cement Company Ltd. (China building 300,000 material industrial Corporation for Foreign econo-Technical Cooperation and Zimbabwe industrial Development Corp.) Chromite Local cooperatives mines on the southern Great Dyke 340,000 Do. do. mines on the northern Great Dyke 230,000 Do. Zimbabwe alloys Ltd. (Zim alloys) [benscore investments inyala mine 60,000 (Private) Ltd. and metmar Ltd. consortium] Do. Zimbabwe mining and Smelting Co. (Private) Ltd. (Zimasco) Peak mine, Railway block mine, 120,000 [Zimasco Consolidated enterprises Ltd. (ZCe)] and ironton mine near Shurugwi; Rhodesdale mine at Lalapanzi Coal Hwange Colliery Company Ltd. [Government, 38%; edwards 3 main underground mine, the 5,000,000 Nominees (Private) Ltd., 15.46%; messina investments Ltd., Chaba open pit mine, and the JKL 12.6%] open pit mine, Hwange Do. RioZim Ltd. Sengwa Colliery, about 200 5,000,000 kilometers northeast of Kadoma Do. Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Ltd.) Chiredzi, about 130 kilometers 1,200,000 southeast of Do. Tulicoal (Private) Ltd. [Senzile mining (Private) Ltd.] do. 1,200,000 Cobalt: Ore, cobalt content bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd. (mwana africa PLC, 53%) Trojan mine at bindura and 800 1 Shangani mine, about 100 kilometers northeast of bulawayo Hydroxide bSR Ltd. (bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd., 100%) bindura 700 1 Copper: Ore, copper content bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd. (mwana africa PLC, 53%) Trojan mine at bindura and 1,600 1 Shangani mine, about 100 kilometers northeast of bulawayo Refined empress Nickel Refinery (RioZim Ltd.) eiffle Flats, near Kadoma 6,000 Diamond carats murowa Diamond (Private) Ltd. (Rio Tinto plc, 78%, and murowa mine, near Zvishavane 252,000 RioZim Ltd., 22%) Do. do. River Ranch Ltd. River Ranch mine, near Na 2 Do. do. Canadile miners (Private) Ltd. (Core mining and minerals Ltd. marange deposit in the Chiadzwe Na 2, 3 and marange Resources (Private) Ltd.) area Do. do. mbada mining (Private) Ltd. [Grandwell Holdings Ltd. and do. Na 2, 3 marange Resources (Private) Ltd.] Gold kilograms DTZ-OZGeO (Private) Ltd. (Joint venture of Development Placer mining operations at Na Trust of Zimbabwe and JSC Zarubezhgeologia) Penhalonga, about 15 kilometres northwest of Do. do. Duration Gold Ltd.(Clarity Capital Group, 100%) mine, near Na Do. do. do. athens mine, mvuma Na Do. do. do. Gaika mine, Kwe Kwe Na Do. do. do. Sunace mine, about 31 kilometers Na north of bulawayo See footnotes at end of table.

43.6 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 TabLe 2—Continued Zimbabwe: STRUCTURe OF THe miNeRaL iNDUSTRY iN 2010

(metric tons unless otherwise specified)

annual Commodity major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Gold—Continued kilograms Falcon Gold Zimbabwe Ltd. (New Dawn mining Corp., 85%) Golden Quarry mine, about Na 7 kilometers north of Shurugwi Do. do. do. Dalny Complex, about 33 kilometers Na northwest of Chegutu Do. do. Homestake mining and Technical Services (Private) Ltd. bell Riverlea mine (reprocessing Na (biometallurgical Corp.), 100% tailings), about 9 kilometers west of Kwe Kwe Do. do. do. Chaka mine, Kwe Kwe Na Do. do. do. monti Christo mine, about Na 9 kilometers northwest of Kwe Kwe Do. do. do. Primrose mine, Kwe Kwe Na Do. do. metallon Gold (metallion Corp.) How mine, about 24 kilometers Na southeast of bulawayo Do. do. do. Shamva mine, Shamva Na Do. do. mwana africa PLC Freda Rebecca mine, bindura 2,000 Do. do. New Dawn mining Corp. Turk–angelus mine, 56 kilometers 500 northeast of bulawayo Do. do. do. Old Nic mine, bulawayo 100 Do. do. RioZim Ltd. Renco mine, 75 kilometers 1,000 south-southeast of masvingo iron and steel: Ferroalloys, ferrochromium CiNa Smelter at Gweru 5,000 e Do. Jin an Corp. and Xin Yu mining Corp. do. 5,000 e Do. maranatha Ferrochrome (Private) Ltd. Smelter at eiffel Flats 30,000 Do. monaChrome Smelter at Chegutu 5,000 e Do. Olliken Ferro alloys (Private) Ltd. Smelter at Kwekwe 25,000 Do. wel mining Smelter at Gweru 5,000 e Do. Zimbabwe alloys Ltd. (Zim alloys) [benscore investments do. 45,000 (Private) Ltd. and metmar Ltd. consortium] Do. Zimbabwe mining and Smelting Co. (Private) Ltd. (Zimasco) Smelter at Kwekwe 180,000 [Zimasco Consolidated enterprises Ltd. (ZCe)] iron: iron ore, gross weight buchwa iron mining Co. [Zimbabwe iron and Steel Company Ripple Creek mine, near Redcliff 600,000 (Private) Ltd. (Zisco)] Sponge iron Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Ltd.) masvingo 54,000 Steel: Crude steel Zimbabwe iron and Steel Company (Private) Ltd. (Zisco) blast furnace at Redcliff, near Gweru 72,000 1, 4 Do. Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Ltd.) electric arc furnace at Redcliff 15,000 Rolled steel Lancashire Steel (Private) Ltd. [Zimbabwe iron and Steel wire rod mill at Kwekwe 120,000 Company (Private) Ltd. (Zisco)] Do. Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Ltd.) Rolling mill at Redcliff 36,000 Lithium bikita minerals (Private) Ltd. bikita mine, 60 kilometers 33,000 east of masvingo Nickel: Ore bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd. (mwana africa PLC, 53%) Trojan mine at bindura and 80,000 1 Shangani mine, about 100 kilometers northeast of bulawayo Ore, Ni content Zimplats Holdings Ltd. (impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 86.9%) Ngezi mine, which includes the 4,000 Ngwarati mine (also known as Portal 1), the Rukodzi mine (Portal 2), and the bimha mine (Portal 4) See footnotes at end of table.

Zimbabwe—2010 43.7 TabLe 2—Continued Zimbabwe: STRUCTURe OF THe miNeRaL iNDUSTRY iN 2010

(metric tons unless otherwise specified)

annual Commodity major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Nickel—Continued Refined metal bSR Ltd. (bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd., 100%) bindura 15,600 1 Do. empress Nickel Refinery (RioZim Ltd.) eiffle Flats, near Kadoma 9,000 Nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) Sable Chemical industries Ltd. [Ta Holdings Ltd., 51%; electroysis plant north of Kwekwe 240,000 Chemplex Corporation Ltd., 36%; Yara Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd., 12%]

Phosphate Dorowa minerals (Private) Ltd. (Chemplex Corporation Ltd., Dorowa mine, 90 kilometers 155,000 100%) west of mutare Platinum-group metals: Ore Zimplats Holdings Ltd. (impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 86.9%) Ngezi mine, which includes the 2,200,000 Ngwarati mine (also known as Portal 1), the Rukodzi mine (Portal 2), and the bimha mine (Portal 4) Do. mimosa investments Ltd. (aquarius Platinum Ltd., 50%, and mimosa mine, east of 1,800,000 impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 50%) Zvishavane Do. anglo Platinum Ltd. Unki project 1,440,000 3 Concentrate Zimplats Holdings Ltd. (impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 86.9%) Selous concentrator 2,180,000 Do. mimosa investments Ltd. (aquarius Platinum Ltd., 50%, and mimosa concentrator, east of 1,900,000 impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 50%) Zvishavane Smelter matte Zimplats Holdings Ltd. (impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 86.9%) Selous smelter 72,000 Pyrite iron Duke Pyrites (Chemplex Corporation Ltd.) iron Duke mine Na Vermiculite Shawa Vermiculite (Private) Ltd. Shawa mine, near Dorowa 39,000 Do. Dinidza Vermiculite mining Co. (Private) Ltd. Dinidza mine, near Dorowa 10,000 eestimated. Do., do. Ditto. Na Not available. 1Operations suspended. 2Ownership disputed. 3Under development or redevelopment. 4Nominal capacity 1,000,000 metric tons per year. blast furnaces awaiting refurbishment.

43.8 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010