November 2019 (Except December), at the Hal Holmes Center Next to the Ellensburg Public Library, Are Open to the Public

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

November 2019 (Except December), at the Hal Holmes Center Next to the Ellensburg Public Library, Are Open to the Public All Audubon meetings, held on the 3rd Thursday of each month, 7:00pm, September through May November 2019 (except December), at the Hal Holmes Center next to the Ellensburg Public Library, are open to the public. Please come and meet with us, and stay afterwards for juice, treats, and conversation. Many thanks to the Ellensburg Public Library for sponsoring our meetings! 7:00pm • November 21st • General Program There’s a Fungus Among Us! What lurks beneath us on earth’s carpet? The mission of Can I safely eat that? What purpose does Kittitas Audubon that organism serve? is to develop an appreciation of Find out at November’s program on the 21st! nature through Helen Lau will introduce the audience to the secret life of fungi and discuss some of their ecological functions. She will share images of some of our most common education and local fungi and common edible fungi as well as their look-a-likes. Helen Lau is a conservation, botanist for the USFS on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. She manages with a focus on the rare botanical species (plants, lichens, bryophytes and fungi), native plant restoration and invasive plant program on the Cle Elum Ranger District. Helen’s birds. research interests are in fungi biodiversity and she received an undergraduate degree at Evergreen State College and her master’s degree on mycorrhizae ecology in the Biological Sciences Department at Central Washington University. Photos provided by Helen Lau The Hooter • Kittitas Audubon’s Newsletter kittitas audubon • www.kittitasaudubon.org By Gloria Baldi Following is a brief summary of the September 5th Board minutes: Board Members Announcements • Injured birds from Kittitas County have previously been taken to Blue Mountain Wildlife in Pendleton, PRESIDENT Oregon. Because of a state requirement for interstate avian transport, BMW may no longer be able to Judy Hallisey ................270.792.9188 take the birds unless an Oregon Veterinarian decrees the bird is disease free, a monetarily prohibitive VICE PRESIDENT requirement (as well as a senseless requirement). Jan Demorest ...............509.933.1179 • A discussion on hummingbirds ensued. It was suggested leaving feeders out through the month of October for those hummers migrating later than others. In the case of the Anna’s Hummingbirds, SECRETARY which do not migrate, discussion centered on heated feeders, or how to keep a feeder from freezing. Jim Briggs .....................509.933.2231 If you do have an Anna’s coming daily to your feeder, please contact KAS for possible feeder solutions. TREASURER Audubon Conference of Washington was attended by Judy Hallisey and Barry Brunson. Sharon Lumsden .........509.968.3889 • The big news was the impending release of the October 10th Audubon Climate Initiative listing 389 CLIMATE CHANGE Barry Brunson ..............270.792.9186 species of North American birds on the brink of survival due to climate change, habitat destruction, cats, windows, and more. 140 million points of observation are included in the data. (The latest issue CONSERVATION of the Audubon has detailed information.) Norm Peck ....................509.933.4233 • The next national Audubon Conference will be in Tacoma in 2021. EDUCATION Conservation/Wildlife Open Position .........contact us! • Norm Peck is monitoring the early scoping of the wolf recovery program. FIELD TRIPS Steve Moore ..................509.933.1179 • The south end Wenas shooting range continues to be developed. • Judy Hallisey wrote the PUD about an osprey nest that had been removed. HISTORIAN • Judy has been approved to be a member of the Nature Conservancy Checkerboard Project, with the Open Position .........contact us! goal of managing the lands as community forests. MEMBERSHIP Climate Change Kris Kaylor .....................509.304.4103 • Thanks to all the KAS members and Climate Change people who participated in the worldwide climate PAST PRESIDENT strike on September 20th. There were 200 to 300 participants rather than 100 reported by the Daily Tom Gauron ..................509.968.3175 Record. PROGRAMS Lesley McGalliard .........509.933.2812 Old Business • A grant for the ‘butterfly garden’ at Helen McCabe Park is being pursued. PUBLICITY Open Position .........contact us! • The solar farm siting resolution was discussed at WA State Audubon, and continues to be refined. SCHOLARSHIPS Scholarship Gloria Baldi ...................509.933.1558 • Kiana Rose, a senior at CWU and one of KAS’s present scholarship recipients, spoke about her project. NEWSLETTER She is surveying the birds found at Englehorn Pond and the Native Plant Garden on the CWU campus, Kris Kaylor .....................509.304.4103 an area near the CWU Parking Facility and not accessible to the public. Therefore bird behavior is rather undisturbed. Total acreage is 1.97 with 0.82 acre in pond habitat and the balance in wetlands * BLUEBIRD BOXES Jan Demorest .............509.933.1179 and a garden….all designated as a critical area by the City of Ellensburg. The primary question of her research is: what is the species composition, diversity and abundance of birds at Englehorn Pond? * SOCIAL GREETER • Secondary questions include determining if there are climate-sensitive species in the area, what Kay Forsythe ...............509.925.2356 factors are disturbing the health of the pond and garden ecosystems, and are there steps the CWU * CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT Biology Department could take to restore and improve the habitat. Phil Mattocks • Kiana will publish a booklet of the birds and findings to be used by teachers and students. KAS Board Meetings are held at The next Board meeting is November 7th. Come join us. 4:30pm on the 1st Thursday of each month at the Methodist Church across from The Ellensburg Library. The 2019 KAS Christmas Bird Count is These meetings are open to the public and all Audubon members— happening on December 14th. please come and join in the discussions. Meetings adjourn by More information will be in the 6:00 or 6:30pm, then we all go out December Hooter, but if you intend for a sociable dinner—NO business to count, please mark your calendar! discussion allowed! *Non-voting members 2 The Hooter • Novembert 2019 • Kittitas Audubon’s Newsletter October 5th 1st Saturday BirdWalk Report by Steve Moore. Photos by Kris Kaylor We had 10 walkers on a cool sunny morning with a definite autumn feel to the air. Our winter residents are arriving and settling in: juncos just getting in from the forests, many Steller’s Jays around and perhaps arriving from upland areas, and some less common birds for these woods (chased in by cooler weather maybe?)***********************: Spotted Towhee, Red-breasted Nuthatch, and Fox Sparrow. No ducks, but a couple of Pied-billed Grebes in the upper pond. Still around after summer were aWarbling Vireo, and small groups of Yellow- rumped Warblers gleaning bugs off the branches and moving from tree to tree. We tallied 24 species. The Big Event of the day was finding a dark lump perched in a tree at the edge of the river, evidently patient enough to bear several moments of our scrutiny with the binocs. Careful looking resolved the dark cap-with-earflaps of a Peregrine Falcon, by now looking at us with suspicious interest. As we watched, a shape, a missile, crossed our field of view from upper right to left and disappeared in a tree – it was like seeing a meteor when you don’t expect it. Some large bird, of course, and the falcon flushed immediately, screaming its discomfort up the river, then back again overhead. It returned another time or two after some minutes, still keening. That was some angry bird! Next, we moved left-wise through the woods and found the object of its ire, sitting non-plussed on an inclined branch: a Great Horned Owl, who remained there, half- interested in us, for 5 minutes or more. Wonder why it flew in like that? – perhaps it had seen the falcon and wanted a more secluded perch. Anyway, both characters gave us a good show and a memorable Oregon Shorebird Festival by Dick and Terry Carkner The 33rd Oregon Shorebird Festival was the weekend of September 20 in Charleston, Oregon, just south of Coos Bay. We gathered at the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology to register. They offered lodging but we drove down in our camper. The RV park was within walking distance to the Institute and several restaurants. They offered 3 different tours Saturday and two on Sunday plus a pelagic tour. We signed up for the Bandon Marsh and beach trip for Saturday and the pelagic tour for Sunday. At the Bandon Marsh National Wildlife refuge observation deck we saw Black-bellied Plovers, Semipalmated Plovers, a MewGull and Surf Scoters. The tide was going out so the birds were pretty far out. Lots of gulls and cormorants. We drove around to the south jetty to find Wandering Tattlers, and Black Turnstones. Further down the coast at China Creek along Bandon Beach we looked for the Western Snowy Plovers. At Face Rock we added a Common Murre to the list. The Tufted Puffins and Black Oystercatchers nest on these rocks in the spring so we might make a trip back there in the spring. We had three good leaders with scopes and we were surprised that no one had a field guide. I had mine! It was a lovely fall day, perfect for birding. Unfortunately, rain was forecast for the pelagic tour on Sunday but we were prepared with rain gear, muck boots to keep our feet dry, and patches behind our ears to help prevent motion sickness. Sunday morning we got up very early to catch the pelagic tour in hopes of seeing and adding a lot of new birds to my life list. Oregon Pelagic Tours led this five hour tour. Our guides, both named Tim, were enthusiastic and very knowledgeable.
Recommended publications
  • The Effect of Intense Light on Bird Behavior and Physiology
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center Bird Control Seminars Proceedings for October 1973 THE EFFECT OF INTENSE LIGHT ON BIRD BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY Sheldon Lustick Ohio State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmbirdcontrol Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Lustick, Sheldon, "THE EFFECT OF INTENSE LIGHT ON BIRD BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY" (1973). Bird Control Seminars Proceedings. 119. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmbirdcontrol/119 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bird Control Seminars Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 171 THE EFFECT OF INTENSE LIGHT ON BIRD BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY Sheldon Lustick Zoology Department Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 It has been known for centuries that light (photoperiod ) is possibly the major environmental stimuli affecting bird behavior and physiology. The length of the light period stimulates the breeding cycle , migration , fat de - position , and molt in most species of birds. Therefore , it is only natural that one would think of using light as a means of bird control. In fa ct , light has already been used as a bird control; flood -light traps have been used to trap blackbirds (Meanley 1971 ); Meanley states that 2000 -W search lights have been used to alleviate depredation by ducks in rice fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnificent Magpie Colours by Feathers with Layers of Hollow Melanosomes Doekele G
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb174656. doi:10.1242/jeb.174656 RESEARCH ARTICLE Magnificent magpie colours by feathers with layers of hollow melanosomes Doekele G. Stavenga1,*, Hein L. Leertouwer1 and Bodo D. Wilts2 ABSTRACT absorption coefficient throughout the visible wavelength range, The blue secondary and purple-to-green tail feathers of magpies are resulting in a higher refractive index (RI) than that of the structurally coloured owing to stacks of hollow, air-containing surrounding keratin. By arranging melanosomes in the feather melanosomes embedded in the keratin matrix of the barbules. barbules in more or less regular patterns with nanosized dimensions, We investigated the spectral and spatial reflection characteristics of vivid iridescent colours are created due to constructive interference the feathers by applying (micro)spectrophotometry and imaging in a restricted wavelength range (Durrer, 1977; Prum, 2006). scatterometry. To interpret the spectral data, we performed optical The melanosomes come in many different shapes and forms, and modelling, applying the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method their spatial arrangement is similarly diverse (Prum, 2006). This has as well as an effective media approach, treating the melanosome been shown in impressive detail by Durrer (1977), who performed stacks as multi-layers with effective refractive indices dependent on extensive transmission electron microscopy of the feather barbules the component media. The differently coloured magpie feathers are of numerous bird species. He interpreted the observed structural realised by adjusting the melanosome size, with the diameter of the colours to be created by regularly ordered melanosome stacks acting melanosomes as well as their hollowness being the most sensitive as optical multi-layers.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird Dispersal Techniques Are a Vital Part of Safely and Droppings And, in Some Cases, Their Aggressive Behavior Efficiently Reducing Bird Conflicts with Humans
    U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services August 2016 Bird Dispersal Wildlife Damage Management Technical Series Techniques Thomas W. Seamans Supervisory Wildlife Biologist USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Sandusky, Ohio Allen Gosser State Director USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services Rensselaer, New York Figure 1. Photo of a frightened wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Human-Wildlife Conflicts Quick Links Conflicts between humans and birds likely Successful dispersal techniques should have existed since agricultural practices capitalize on bird sensory capabilities. If Human-Wildlife Conflicts 1 began. Paintings from ancient Greek, birds cannot perceive the dispersal Habitat Modification 2 Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict technique, it will not be effective in Frightening Techniques 4 birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, dispersing birds. recording of efforts at reducing bird Bird Management 7 damage began in the 1400s, with books Birds rely primarily on their vision and Examples on bird control written in the 1600s. Even hearing to find food, avoid predators, and Conclusion 8 so, the problem persists. Avian damage to locate mates. Bird vision is quite different crops remains an issue today, but we also from human vision; birds can see colors Glossary & Key Words 10 are concerned with damage to homes, that humans cannot perceive (including Resources 11 businesses, and aircraft, and the the ultraviolet range), and and they detect possibility of disease transmission from and use polarized light. Bird response to birds to humans or livestock. scare devices (Figure 1) that rely on vision Page 2 WDM Technical Series—Bird Dispersal may depend on the visibility of the object to the bird, as present.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dulmison BFD Is Available in a Variety of Colors and Different Sizes to Accommodate Wires Ranging from 0.175 to 1.212 Inches (Figure 4-9)
    The Dulmison BFD is available in a variety of colors and different sizes to accommodate wires ranging from 0.175 to 1.212 inches (Figure 4-9). The BFD has been effective when tested on transmission overhead static wires in Europe, where typical spacing ranges &om 16 to 33 feet. In North America, the BFD also has shown to be effective in reducing waterfowl collisions with overhead static wires (Crowder 2000). The BFD is believed to be effective because its profile increases line visibility. As with “active devices” such as the Flapper, these more “passive” devices have not been tested on communication tower guy wires; however, it is assumed that they would Figure 4-9 Bird Flight Diverters for Small and Larger increase the profile and, therefore, the Wires visibility of the guy wires during daytime conditions. Regarding long-term use, BFD colors may fade after long periods of exposure but should not become brittle or lose their elastic properties. ESKOM has used the Preformed Line Products, BFD in South Atka for years with no reports of mechanical failure (van Rooyen 2000) although some red PVC devices have faded. 4.2.1.4 Swan Flight Diverter The Swan Flight Diverter (SFD) is similar to the BFD but includes four 7-inch spirals (Figure 4-10). The SFD also is made from a high-impact, standard gray PVC and is UV stabilized. The Dulmison SFD is available in a variety of colors and sizes to accommodate wires ranging fiom 0.175 to 1.212 inches. Notice Of Inquiry Comment Review 4-14 September 2004 Final Figure 4-10 Swan Flight Diverters Being Placed on a Static Wire As with the BFD, the SFD has been shown to be effective when installed on transmission overhead static wires in North America, but has not been tested on tower guy wires.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds: Our Feathered Friends
    OUR FEATHERED FRIENDS STEM Preschool Teaching Unit Ages 2.9-5 years www.massaudubon.org/education oung children are naturally curious about birds, and all animals, and are delighted when Ythey can observe birds up close. This unit offers several activities for observing birds and learning about birds, their habitats, their foods, and their behaviors. The investigations includes the following. 1. What do you know about birds? 2. What are feathers? How do they help birds? 3. How are beaks useful to birds? Why are they different? 4. What sounds do birds make? Are they all the same? 5. What are nests? How are they made? How do they help birds? 6. How do birds survive? 7. What is migration? Why do birds migrate? Do all birds migrate? This unit is ideally taught with the involvement of a parent volunteer or other person who is already a birdwatcher or nature enthusiast. Mass Audubon Philosophy on Early Education 1 Brain Building in Progress 2 The Nature of Early Childhood Science in the Outdoor Classroom 3 Tips for Taking Preschoolers Outdoors 4 CONTENTS Our Feathered Friends Why Teach About Birds? 5 Investigation Objectives 6 Materials 8 Teacher’s Corner 9 Preschool Interest Areas Planning Form 12 Investigation Summaries 13 INVESTIGATION 1 Introduction to Birds 15 INVESTIGATION 2 What are feathers? How do they help birds? 17 INVESTIGATION 3 How are beaks useful to birds? Why are they different? 19 INVESTIGATION 4 What sounds do birds make? Are they all the same? 20 INVESTIGATION 5 What are nests? How are they made? How do they help birds? 21 INVESTIGATION 6 How do birds survive? 24 INVESTIGATION 7 What is migration? Why do birds migrate? Do all birds migrate? 25 Extensions 27 Resources 28 Teachers Bibliography/Resources 30 Pre-K TEACHING UNITS • www.massaudubon.org/education Mass Audubon Philosophy on Early Education What we strive for At Mass Audubon we strive to create learning experiences that are enriching, innovative, meaningful, and engaging.
    [Show full text]
  • Simple Devices for Restricting the Visual Fields of Birds
    Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 1978, Vol. 10 (3), 401-403 Simple devices for restricting the visual fields of birds JOSH WALLMAN and CHARLOTTE LEDOUX Biology Department City College ofthe City University ofNew York, New York, New York 10031 and MARK B. FRIEDMAN Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 The construction and use of several simple occluders designed for long-term use is described. They permit limiting vision either to one eye or to the frontal or lateral visual fields and permit rapid interchange among these conditions. Frequently in behavioral studies it is desirable to a smooth knob facilitates applying pressure with the limit a bird's vision either to one eye or to one part of palm of the hand. This rod is encased by a sliding brass the visual field. A variety of hoods (Chiu, Lauber, & sleeve that, at the ball end, widens to form a collar Kinnear, 1975; Hess, 1956; Rossi, 1968; Siegel, 1953), that holds the outer edges of the vinyl and prevents goggles(Catania, 1963), patches (Cherkin, 1970; Lauber, pleating of the occluder rim (Figure 1). The inold into McGinnis, & Boyd, 1965), and contact lenses (Zeier, which the vinyl is pressed is a cylindrical piece of brass 1970) have been used for this purpose. In our experience with a bored hole. The radius of the hole is equal to the with young chicks, adult chickens, and ring doves, radius of the aluminum ball plus the thickness of the we have found that the most successful devices for plastic. (A cruder version of these tools can be made long-term use are those that are lightweight, have no by using a stack of washers taped together for the mold protruding edges, and are securely glued to the skin and by soldering another washer or a nut of the same and feathers.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana for the Birds! Hoosier Educators Teaching Packet
    Indiana for the Birds! Hoosier Educators Teaching Packet Our Hoosier children are naturally curious about birds, wildlife, and all our amazing natural resources found in this great state. Nature is an incredible learning tool and free resource that children encounter every day, and we have the power to keep them connected to it. This educational kit explores the fascinating lives of birds and features hands-on activities that highlight their behavior and survival, the habitats they reside in, and ways to observe them up- close through interactive outdoor experiences. Questions explored in the Indiana for the Birds! curriculum include: 1. What do you know about birds? 2. What are feathers? How do they help birds? 3. How are beaks useful to birds? Why are they different? 4. What sounds do birds make? Are they all the same? 5. What are nests? How are they made? How do they help birds? 6. How do birds survive? 7. What is migration? Why do birds migrate? Do all birds migrate? 8. What are the common bird species we see in our backyard? Program sponsorship provided by: 1 indianaaudubon.org Indiana for the Birds! Hoosier Educators Teaching Packet CONTENTS Page 3 An Intro from Indiana Audubon Society 4 Why Teach Birds 5 Our Hoosier Feathered Friends 8 Hoosier Bird Search 10 Engage: Seeking out Birds 13 Amazing Migration 15 Resources for Educators . 2 indianaaudubon.org Indiana Audubon Society Our Mission Indiana Audubon strives to protect and preserve the amazing bird life in Indiana. Indiana Audubon Society's mission is to stimulate interest in birds and their protection; to serve the needs of youth, civic, church, schools and other groups by providing information concerning birds; and to educate the public concerning the necessity for conserving and preserving Indiana's natural heritage, its unique flora, and fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • The Retinal Basis of Vision in Chicken
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 11 March 2020 The Retinal Basis of Vision in Chicken Seifert M1$, Baden T1,2, Osorio D1 1: Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, UK; 2: Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Germany. $Correspondence to [email protected] SUMMARY sensitivities and birds are probably tetrachromatic. The number of receptor The Avian retina is far less known than inputs is reflected in the retinal circuitry. that of mammals such as mouse and The chicken probably has four types of macaque, and detailed study is horizontal cell, there are at least 11 overdue. The chicken (Gallus gallus) types of bipolar cell, often with bi- or tri- has potential as a model, in part stratified axon terminals, and there is a because research can build on high density of ganglion cells, which developmental studies of the eye and make complex connections in the inner nervous system. One can expect plexiform layer. In addition, there is differences between bird and mammal likely to be retinal specialisation, for retinas simply because whereas most example chicken photoreceptors and mammals have three types of visual ganglion cells have separate peaks of photoreceptor birds normally have six. cell density in the central and dorsal Spectral pathways and colour vision are retina, which probably serve different of particular interest, because filtering types of behaviour. by oil droplets narrows cone spectral 1 © 2020 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 11 March 2020 INTRODUCTION Mielke, 2005; Jones et al., 2007; Richard H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Orientation of Visual Space from the Perspective of Hummingbirds
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 30 January 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00016 The Orientation of Visual Space from the Perspective of Hummingbirds Luke P. Tyrrell 1,2, Benjamin Goller 1, Bret A. Moore 3, Douglas L. Altshuler 4 and Esteban Fernández-Juricic 1* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, United States, 3 William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States, 4 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Vision is a key component of hummingbird behavior. Hummingbirds hover in front of flowers, guide their bills into them for foraging, and maneuver backwards to undock from them. Capturing insects is also an important foraging strategy for most hummingbirds. However, little is known about the visual sensory specializations hummingbirds use to guide these two foraging strategies. We characterized the hummingbird visual field configuration, degree of eye movement, and orientation of the centers of acute vision. Edited by: Hummingbirds had a relatively narrow binocular field (∼30◦) that extended above Qasim Zaidi, ◦ State University of New York College and behind their heads. Their blind area was also relatively narrow (∼23 ), which at Buffalo, United States increased their visual coverage (about 98% of their celestial hemisphere). Additionally, eye Reviewed by: movement amplitude was relatively low (∼9◦), so their ability to converge or diverge their Misha Vorobyev, University of Auckland, New Zealand eyes was limited. We confirmed that hummingbirds have two centers of acute vision: a Thomas Lisney, fovea centralis, projecting laterally, and an area temporalis, projecting more frontally.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on How to Avoid Or Mitigate Impact of Electricity Power Grids on Migratory Birds in the African-Eurasian Region
    TECHNICAL SERIES No. 29 (CMS) No. 50 (AEWA) No. 3 (CMS Raptors MOU) Guidelines on How to Avoid or Mitigate Impact of Electricity Power Grids on Migratory Birds in the African-Eurasian Region Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia (Raptors MOU) AEWA Conservation Guidelines No. 14 Guidelines on How to Avoid or Mitigate Impact of Electricity Power Grids on Migratory Birds in the African-Eurasian Region CMS Technical Series No. 29 AEWA Technical Series No. 50 CMS Raptors MOU Technical Series No. 3 May 2012 Funded by AEWA cooperation partner RWE RR NSG, Germany (RWE RR NSG has developed the method for fitting bird protection markings to overhead lines by helicopter) Produced by Bureau Waardenburg, Netherlands Endangered Wildlife Trust – Wildlife & Energy Programme, South Africa Boere Conservation Consultancy, Netherlands STRIX Ambiente e Inovação, Portugal Compiled by: H.A.M. Prinsen1, J.J. Smallie2, G.C. Boere3 and N. Píres4 1 Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg, the Netherlands, [email protected], www.buwa.nl 2 Endangered Wildlife Trust (Wildlife & Energy Programme), Modderfontein, South Africa, [email protected], www.ewt.org.za 3 Boere Conservation Consultancy, Gorssel, the Netherlands, [email protected] 4 STRIX Ambiente e Inovação, Porto Salvo, Portugal, [email protected], www.strix.pt Milestones in the production of these guidelines First draft: September 2011, presented to the CMS Scientific Council through correspondence and to the 10th Meeting of the AEWA Technical Committee, 12-16 September 2011, Naivasha, Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperfectly Camouflaged Avian Eggs: Artefact Or Adaptation?
    AVIAN BIOLOGY RESEARCH 4 (4), 2011 196– 213 Imperfectly camouflaged avian eggs: artefact or adaptation? Mary Caswell Stoddard*, Kate L.A. Marshall and Rebecca M. Kilner Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT For many birds, the fight for survival begins at the egg stage: avoiding predation is paramount. At a broad phylogenetic level, selection by predators for egg camouflage appears to be the primary driver of variation in egg colouration and patterning. Despite this, experiments at fine-scale taxonomic levels have largely failed to find support for adaptively camouflaged egg appearance. How are we to resolve this baffling contradiction? Here we present and evaluate five explanations which are not mutually exclusive and which may explain why eggs appear imperfectly camouflaged at the genus or species level. First, imperfect camouflage may be an artefact of imperfect measurements. In studies of egg camouflage, researchers have consistently neglected to account for predator vision, and only rarely have egg appearance and camouflage been quantified carefully and objectively. Recalibrating our assessment of egg camouflage may answer many questions, but it is unlikely to wholly explain why many eggs do not appear seamlessly cryptic. Instead, imperfect camouflage may stem from mechanistic constraints on pigment production in some avian lineages or may be a consequence of selection for anti-microbial protection. Or perhaps the manifold demands of the egg and selection for functions other than protective concealment have tugged the egg phenotype away from an ideally cryptic appearance. Finally, imperfect egg camouflage may occur if other forms of defence are simply more effective, or if a diverse brigade of predators imposes different selective pressures on egg appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Modelling Suggests a Weak Relationship Between the Evolution of Ultraviolet Vision and Plumage Colouration in Birds
    1 Almost as it appears in the final version published in Journal of Evolutionary Biology (doi: 10.1111/jeb.12595) Visual modelling suggests a weak relationship between the evolution of ultraviolet vision and plumage colouration in birds Olle Lind1,2 and Kaspar Delhey3 1Department of Philosophy, Lund University 2Department of optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland 3School of Biological Sciences, Monash University Corresponding author: olle.lind[at]lucs.lu.se tel. +64 (0)21 08174657 Short title: Visual sensitivity and bird colours 2 Abstract Birds have sophisticated colour vision mediated by four cones types that cover a wide visual spectrum including ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. Many birds have modest UV- sensitivity provided by violet-sensitive (VS) cones with sensitivity maxima between 400- 425 nm. However, some birds have evolved higher UV-sensitivity and a larger visual spectrum given by UV-sensitive (UVS) cones maximally sensitive at 360-370 nm. The reasons for VS-UVS transitions and their relationship to visual ecology remain unclear. It has been hypothesized that the evolution of UVS-cone vision is linked to plumage colours so that visual sensitivity and feather colouration are “matched”. This leads to the specific prediction that UVS-cone vision enhance the discrimination of plumage colours of UVS-birds while such an advantage is absent or less pronounced for VS-bird colouration. We test this hypothesis using knowledge of the complex distribution of UVS-cones among birds combined with mathematical modelling of colour discrimination during different viewing conditions. We find no support for the hypothesis, which, combined with previous studies suggests only a weak relationship between UVS-cone vision and plumage colour evolution.
    [Show full text]