DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genetic and Phenotypic Consequences of Translocations of Deer (Genus Cervus) in Scotland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genetic and Phenotypic Consequences of Translocations of Deer (Genus Cervus) in Scotland The Genetic and Phenotypic consequences of translocations of deer (Genus Cervus) in Scotland Graeme Mackie Swanson Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Edinburgh 1999 To Lisbeth and Rory "The Japanese are a most satisfactory little deer.. " Viscount Powers court (1884) CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 GENERAL WTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1 Conservation genetics .......................................................................................................... '7 1.2 TI-IE GENUS CERVUS ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Phenotype ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.2 Genotype ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Phylogeny .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.4 Taxonomy .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 TRANSLOCATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Red deer and wapiti ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Sika ................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4 HYBRIDISA TION WITHIN THE CERVWAE ...................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................... , .. .. .. ... .... 18 1.4.2 Scottish studies .................................................................................................................. 24 1.4.3 Consequences of hybridisation................................................ ........................................... 27 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF STUDy ................................................................................................................ 28 1.6 SPECIFIC AIMS ............................................................................................................................ 30 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR GENETIC STUDY ........................................................ 31 2.1 SAMPLWG REGIME ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Intensive Argyll study ........................................................................................................ 31 2.1.3 Extensive Scotland wide survey .......................................................................................... 36 2.2 MOLECULAR MARKERS .............................................................................................................. 39 2.2.1 Diagnostic Markers ........................................................................................................... 39 2.2.2 Number of markers ............................................................................................................ 40 2.2.3 Nuclear Markers ................................................................................................................ 40 2.2.4 Mitochondrial Markers ...................................................................................................... 42 2.3 LABORATORY TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................ 43 2.3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 43 2.3.2 Sample Collection and Storage .......................................................................................... 43 2.3.3 Extraction .......................................................................................................................... 44 2.3.4 Microsatellite Markers ....................................................................................................... 44 2.3.5 D-Loop Mitochondrial Marker .......................................................................................... 45 3 GENETIC DATA SET ................................................................................................................. 46 3. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 46 3.2 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 46 3.3 SUMMARY STATISTICS ................................................................................................................ 47 3.3.1 Allele Frequencies ............................................................................................................. 47 BM6438 ......................................................................................................................................... 49 BOVIRBP....................................................... ............................................................................... 50 FCB193 ......................................................................................................................................... 51 MM012 .......................................................................................................................................... 52 RM188 ........................................................................................................................................... 53 INRA05..................................................... ..................................................................................... 55 RM095 ........................................................................................................................................... 5'7 Table 3.1 Argyll mitochondrial DNA haplotypes listed by population and phenotype . ................... 58 3.3.2 Heterozygosity ................................................................................................................... 58 3.3.3 Inbreeding Coefficient (FjJ ................................................................................................ 60 3.4 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 63 4 HYBRIDISATION ....................................................................................................................... 64 4.1 INTRoDUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 64 4.2 ANALYSIS METHODS .................................................................................................................. 64 4.2. J Identification ofhybrids ..................................................................................................... 64 4.2.2 Calculation ofhybrid indices ............................................................................................. 67 4.3 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 67 4.3.1 Extensive Scotland wide survey .......................................................................................... 67 4.3.2 Intensive Argyll Study........................................................................................................ 73 4.4 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 73 4.5 SUMMARy .................................................................................................................................. 76 5 GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN RED & SIKA ...................................................................... 78 5.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 78 5.2 GENETIC VARIATION ................................................................................................................... 79 5.2. J Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 79 5.2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 80 5.2.3 Results ..............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • White-Tailed Deer Winter Feeding Strategy in Area Shared with Other Deer Species
    Folia Zool. – 57(3): 283–293 (2008) White-tailed deer winter feeding strategy in area shared with other deer species Miloslav HOMOLKA1, Marta HEROLDOVÁ1 and Luděk BARToš2 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,v.v.i., Květná 8, CZ-603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, P.O.B. 1, CZ-104 01 Praha 10 Uhříněves, Czech Republic Received 25 January 2008, Accepted 9 June 2008 Abstract. White-tailed deer were introduced into the Czech Republic about one hundred years ago. Population numbers have remained stable at low density despite almost no harvesting. This differs from other introductions of this species in Europe. We presumed that one of the possible factors preventing expansion of the white-tailed deer population is lack of high-quality food components in an area overpopulated by sympatric roe, fallow and red deer. We analyzed the WTD winter diet and diets of the other deer species to get information on their feeding strategy during a critical period of a year. We focused primarily on conifer needle consumption, a generally accepted indicator of starvation and on bramble leaves as an indicator of high-quality items. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) If the environment has a limited food supply, the poorest competitors of the four deer species will have the highest proportion of conifer needles in the diet ; (2) the deer will overlap in trophic niches and will share limited nutritious resource (bramble). White-tailed, roe, fallow, and red deer diets were investigated by microscopic analysis of plant remains in their faeces.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Red Deer a Research Review Relevant to Their Management in Scotland
    Ecologyof RedDeer A researchreview relevant to theirmanagement in Scotland Instituteof TerrestrialEcology Natural EnvironmentResearch Council á á á á á Natural Environment Research Council Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Ecology of Red Deer A research review relevant to their management in Scotland Brian Mitchell, Brian W. Staines and David Welch Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Banchory iv Printed in England by Graphic Art (Cambridge) Ltd. ©Copyright 1977 Published in 1977 by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 68 Hills Road Cambridge CB2 11LA ISBN 0 904282 090 Authors' address: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Hill of Brathens Glassel, Banchory Kincardineshire AB3 4BY Telephone 033 02 3434. The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) was established in 1973, from the former Nature Conservancy's research stations and staff, joined later by the Institute of Tree Biology and the Culture Centre of Algae and Protozoa. ITE contributes to and draws upon the collective knowledge of the fourteen sister institutes which make up the Natural Environment Research Council, spanning all the environmental sciences. The Institute studies the factors determining the structure, composition and processes of land and freshwater systems, and of individual plant and animal species. It is developing a Sounder scientific basis for predicting and modelling environmental trends arising from natural or man-made change. The results of this research are available to those responsible for the protection, management and wise use of our natural resources. Nearly half of ITE'Swork is research commissioned by customers, such as the Nature Conservancy Council who require information for wildlife conservation, the Forestry Commission and the Department of the Environment. The remainder is fundamental research supported by NERC.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Ways Well and Deer
    Wild Ways Well and Deer Today’s Wild Ways Well task is to go for a walk in your local greenspace and keep an eye out for deer… Remember to follow the guidelines on Social Distancing, stay 2m apart from other people and only walk in your local area – and remember to wash your hands! You’ll Be Active by carefully walking outdoors (observing social distancing) keeping your mind busy and occupying your time looking for signs of these elusive mammals. Deer are quite common, even in urban areas, but spotting them can be difficult. We can Connect with deer by opening up our senses and empathising with the way they live their lives. Deer have many of the same needs as us – how do they find food, water and shelter in Cumbernauld? How do their senses compare to ours? Do they see the world in the same way we do? We can Keep Learning, there are hundreds of web pages, book and tv programmes dedicated to deer. Deer have been part of human culture for thousands of years, we can learn what our ancestors thought of them and how we can live alongside them today. Although they are secretive and hard to see Deer area actually all around us, and are vital to the ecosystem we all share but we rarely Take Notice and look very closely at them. It’s amazing how much we miss out in nature when we just walk through without paying attention to what is around us. We can Give by giving ourselves a break from the drama of the current events and focusing on the little things around us that give us pleasure and by sharing these with others, in person or online.
    [Show full text]
  • The Management of Wild Deer in Scotland
    The Management of Wild Deer in Scotland Report of the Deer Working Group RED DEER ROE DEER SIKA DEER FALLOW DEER 1 The Management of Wild Deer in Scotland Report of the Deer Working Group Simon Pepper OBE, Andrew Barbour, Dr Jayne Glass Presented to Scottish Ministers by the Deer Working Group December 2019 2 Front Cover Maps The maps show the distributions in 2016 of the four species of wild deer that occur in Scotland. The maps are shown at a larger scale in Section 2 of the Report. The Deer Working Group is very grateful to the British Deer Society for providing these maps. © Crown copyright 2020 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.scot Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at The Scottish Government St Andrew’s House Edinburgh EH1 3DG ISBN: 978-1-83960-525-3 Published by The Scottish Government, February 2020 Produced for The Scottish Government by APS Group Scotland, 21 Tennant Street, Edinburgh EH6 5NA PPDAS687714 (02/20) 3 PREFACE PREFACE The Deer Working Group was established by the Scottish Government in 2017, as a result of the Government’s concern at the continuing issues over the standards of deer management in Scotland and the levels of damage to public interests caused by wild deer.
    [Show full text]
  • VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Irma Pūraitė
    VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS GAMTOS MOKSL Ų FAKULTETAS BIOLOGIJOS KATEDRA Irma P ūrait ė ELNINI Ų GENETIN Ė ĮVAIROV Ė BEI J Ų PERNEŠAMŲ ERKI Ų UŽSIKR ĖTIMAS BORRELIA BURGDORFERI S.L. IR ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM Magistro baigiamasis darbas Molekulin ės biologijos ir biotechnologijos studij ų programa, 62401B107 Biologijos studij ų kryptis Vadovas prof. Algimantas Paulauskas (parašas) (data) Apginta prof. habil. dr. Gintautas Kamuntavi čius (parašas) (data) KAUNAS, 2010 Darbas atliktas: 2008 – 2010 m. Vytauto Didžiojo universitete, Biologijos katedroje, Kaune, Lietuvoje ir 2009.07.01 – 2009.09.30 LLP Erasmus student ų praktikos metu, Telemark University College, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Bø i Telemark, Norvegijoje. Recenzentas: dr. J.Radzijevskaja, fiziniai mokslai, biochemija. Darbas ginamas: viešame magistr ų darb ų gynimo komisijos pos ėdyje 2010 met ų birželio 3d. Vytauto Didžiojo universitete, Biologijos katedroje, 801 auditorijoje, 10 val. Adresas: Vileikos g. 8, LT-44404 Kaunas, Lietuva. Protokolo Nr. Darbo vykdytojas: I.P ūrait ė Mokslinis vadovas: prof. A.Paulauskas Biologijos katedra, ved ėjas: prof. A.Paulauskas 2 TURINYS SANTRAUKA .................................................................................................................................. 4 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 5 ĮVADAS ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 'Deer Management Strategy for the NFE'
    Forest Enterprise Scotland Deer Management on the National Forest Estate Current Practice and Future Directions 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2016 [Draft 20.03.2013] Contents Introduction The significance of deer on the National Forest Estate Protecting and enhancing the environment Supporting social well-being Supporting sustainable economic development Distribution of deer on the National Forest Estate Working with others Deer Management Groups Working with neighbours and stakeholders Leading by example Our approach to professional standards The FES deer management team Professional standards Operational guidance Forestry Commission Firearms Advisory Group Industry best practice Deer Management Qualifications Raising Awareness Health and safety Resources for deer management How we manage deer Planning deer management Evidence-based Management Deciding the management approach Fencing Culling Setting Cull Targets Distribution of the cull Deer Culled on the NFE 2010/11 & 11/12 Firearms and ammunition Out of season and night shooting Safeguarding the welfare of deer and the wider environment Deer health Deer vehicle collisions Despatch of wounded deer Managing significant incursions of deer Sika deer Other non-native species Wildlife crime and disturbance Deer stalking on the NFE Recreational stalking Accompanied stalking Venison Venison Supply Quality Assurance Deer Larders Summary of key commitments 2 INTRODUCTION Forestry Commission Scotland (FCS) serves as part of the Scottish Government’s Environment and Forestry Directorate and is responsible to Scottish Ministers. Forest Enterprise Scotland (FES) is an agency of Forestry Commission Scotland charged with managing the National Forest Estate (NFE). FES manages about 9 per cent of Scotland’s land area in line with the Scottish Government’s ‘Land Use Strategy’ to deliver a wide range of public benefits, including those outlined in the Scottish Government’s ‘Scottish Forestry Strategy’.
    [Show full text]
  • (CERVUS ELAPHUS L.) in SCOTLAND by VPW LOWE
    A DISCUSSION ON THE HISTORY, PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE CONSERVATION OF RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS L.) IN SCOTLAND by V. P. W. LOWE The NatU'ne Conservancy, Edinburgh In view of the limited information available at the present time, this paper can only be, at best, an attempt at reviewing the probable history and present status of red deer in Scotland. The main intention is to present, against their blackgrounds, some of the problems on whose solution the future conservation of the species depends. Many of the problems are common to all forms of conservation, but a number may be peculiar to Scottish red deer, due to the particular ecological changes which have occured in this country in the last 200 years. One, which may be shared with other countries, is that deer in Scot­ land have only become a conservation problem compara­ tively recently, since the demands of civilization began to exceed the potential of the land, which in this case is deteriorating steadily and proving progressively mar­ ginal for man's possible utilisation. Generally speaking, the situation with which we are confronted today in Scotland can be said to have resulted from the cumulative effects of just two of man's actions. The first is progressive deforestation in the interests of timber exploitation and increased grazing for livestock ; the second is predator reduction in the interests of farming and game preserva�ion. A third concomitant factor has been the oscillating post-glacial climate. This over-simplified picture has been complicated by such actions as State re-afforestation and recent hydro-electric schemes-further developments of the de- -9- mands of modern civilisation-requiring the fencing or flooding of glens and thus the removal of some of the best remaining grazing ground needed by deer for their normal wintering.
    [Show full text]
  • A Presentation on the History and Harvesting of Red Deer and Other
    History and harvesting of red deer and other cervids in Norway Duncan Halley [email protected] The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) is an independent, not-for-profit institute working in the areas of fish and game management, monitoring, biodiversity, ecosystems services, sustainability, and community development of natural resource management. www.nina.no http://hjortevilt.no/www.nina.no Remains of pit trap lines for reindeer, moose, and red deer are widespread in Norway X = Location of Kvikneskogen reindeer pit-trap lines - a natural migration bottleneck between summer and winter pastures. www.nina.no A deer trapping pit on Deeside? www.nina.no Photo: David Hetherington A mass trapping construction. Dots are rows of post holes revealed by archaeological investigation. A modern road and power line are indicated. Circles: Main concentrations of known pit-trap lines for reindeer in southern Norway. Dots: Known mass trapping constructions. www.nina.no Sami semi-domestic reindeer pastoralism in N. Norway www.nina.no www.nina.no www.nina.no www.nina.no History of cervids in Norway • Before Bronze Age (5000 years ago): Moose, red deer, roe deer common in woodlands throughout country, though apparently no red deer N of Arctic Circle. Reindeer above conifer treeline throughout. • Moose disappear from coastal west Norway about this time, probably because extensive woodland removed due to agriculture and grazing. • By 1274 considered necessary to – attempt - to regulate hunting (Law of Magnus Lagabøter). Trapping installations regulated, hunting moose on skis forbidden. • Kristian IV’s law of 1604 introduces regulation for red deer and moose; however all landowners have right to take two deer a year.
    [Show full text]
  • Cervus Elaphus) Females in North-Eastern Poland
    University of Warsaw Faculty of Biology Tomasz Borowik Factors affecting fertility of red deer (Cervus elaphus) females in north-eastern Poland Doctoral dissertation in biological sciences Discipline: biology Thesis conducted at the Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża Dissertation conducted under supervision of: Prof. Dr habil. Bogumiła Jędrzejewska Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy Sciences Warsaw – Białowieża, July 2014 Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Biologii Tomasz Borowik Czynniki kształtujące płodność samic jelenia (Cervus elaphus) w północno-wschodniej Polsce Rozprawa doktorska w zakresie nauk biologicznych w dyscyplinie biologii Praca wykonana w Instytucie Biologii Ssaków Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Białowieży Praca wykonana pod kierunkiem Prof. dr hab. Bogumiły Jędrzejewskiej Instytut Biologii Ssaków Polskiej Akademii Nauk Warszawa – Białowieża, lipiec 2014 Oświadczenie kierującego pracą Oświadczam, że niniejsza praca została przygotowana pod moim kierunkiem i stwierdzam, że spełnia ona warunki do przedstawienia jej w postępowaniu o nadanie stopnia doktora nauk biologicznych w zakresie nauk biologicznych w dyscyplinie biologii. Data Podpis kierującego pracą Oświadczenie autora pracy Świadom odpowiedzialności prawnej oświadczam, że niniejsza rozprawa doktorska została napisana przeze mnie samodzielnie i nie zawiera treści uzyskanych w sposób niezgodny z obowiązującymi przepisami. Oświadczam również, że przedstawiona praca nie była wcześniej przedmiotem procedur związanych z uzyskaniem stopnia doktora
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Wild Venison”
    PRODUCT SPECIFICATION “Scottish Wild Venison” PDO ( ) PGI (X) 1. RESPONSIBLE DEPARTMENT IN THE MEMBER STATE Defra SW Area 2nd Floor Seacole Building 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Email: [email protected] 2. GROUP Name: Scottish Venison Partnership Address: c/o Playfair Walker, Winton Loan, Edinburgh EH10 7AN Tel: +44 (0) 131 445 5570 E mail: [email protected] Composition: Producers/processors (X) Other ( ) 3. TYPE OF PRODUCT Class 1.1 Fresh meat (and offal) 4. SPECIFICATION 4.1 Name “Scottish Wild Venison” 4.2. Description Scottish Wild Venison is the name given to the meat derived from all free-roaming deer species in Scotland. Currently these are red deer Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), fallow deer (Dama dama) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Venison is acknowledged as being one of the most nutritious of all red meats, is low in fat and is not marbled in the same way as beef and lamb, the exception being venison from sika deer which can produce significant marbling in well fed mature animals. Coupled with the fact it contains no salt or sugar, venison is an excellent source of healthy protein. Deer older than three years can carry fat in the autumn but this is easily trimmed. Venison is also a good source of iron, delivering more than any meat from conventional livestock, and much more than vegetables. It is high in vitamins B6, B12, potassium, phosphorus, riboflavin, niacin, and is also a source of zinc. Whilst important that it is lower in both fat and saturated fat than other red meats, venison is higher in polyunsaturated fats, highly favourable saturated to polyunsaturated (P:S) and omega n-3 to omega n-6 ratios1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Impact of Past Introductions on an Iconic and Economically Important
    1 The impact of past introductions on an iconic and economically important 2 species, the red deer of Scotland 3 Sílvia Pérez-Espona1,2*, Richard J. Hall3, F. Javier Pérez-Barbería2, Belinda C. Glass3, Jamie 4 F. Ward3, Josephine M. Pemberton1 5 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, 6 Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK 7 2The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK 8 3AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Puddle Alley, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, 9 New Zealand 10 11 *Corresponding author: Sílvia Pérez-Espona 12 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 13 Running title: Effect of past introductions in Scottish red deer 14 15 Summary 16 The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is an iconic species in Scotland and, due to its value as a game 17 species, an important element of the Scottish rural economy. The native status of this species 18 is sometimes questioned because of many, recorded, introductions of non-native deer in the 19 past in an attempt to improve trophy size. In this study, we assessed the impact of past 20 introductions on the genetic make-up of Scottish red deer by genotyping at 15 microsatellite 21 loci a large number of samples (n = 1,152), including mainland and island Scottish red deer 22 and individuals from several putative external source populations used in introductions to 23 improve trophy. Population structure and introgression assessment analyses revealed that the 24 impact of introductions was weak in Highland red deer populations but more prominent on 25 the islands, especially on those where current red deer populations are mostly or entirely 1 26 derived from introductions (Harris & Lewis, Arran and Rum).
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Deaths Among Open-Hill Populations of Red Deer in Scotland
    Winter Deaths Among Open-Hill Populations of Red Deer in Scotland By Professor Rory Putman and Dr Peter Green BVSc CertEO MRCVS The national news media, especially north of the Border have been full of reports on the recent heavy mortality of open range (moorland) populations of red deer in some parts of Scotland. Several members of the Society have also been concerned to understand why this has happened and if there is anything that can be done. The Chairman and the Chairman of Scottish Council have asked us to offer some background to the biology and pathology of these episodes of heavy winter mortality, and to answer some of the more “Frequently- Asked Questions”. Winter mortalities in red deer populations are nothing new. Overwinter mortality is in fact the main agent of natural mortality among adult red deer (5) and many other wild ungulates except in places where there are large carnivores present, such as wolves or lynx. Recent events must therefore be seen against a background that there is always a steady trickle of deaths among Scottish red deer populations through the winter period. Perhaps it is the scale of the scale of the recent mortalities that has caused alarm but, again, such periodic “winter die-offs” or episodes of heavier mortality are nothing new. There has always been a pattern of ongoing low mortality every year punctuated by years of heavier loss. Indeed, such winter die-offs were probably more common in the past than they are now. Older members of the Society will remember the impassioned debate in the July and November 1989 issues of Deer following a previous die-off in the winter of 1988/89 (4,12,13) and there were earlier periods of major loss as well in for example 1947, 1955 and 1962/63 amongst others (14).
    [Show full text]