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Quality of Trophies in Game Ruminants: from the Study of Mechanical and Structural Properties, to the Mineral Composition and Characterization of the Trophy

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Quality of Trophies in Game Ruminants: from the Study of Mechanical and Structural Properties, to the Mineral Composition and Characterization of the Trophy UNIVERSIDAD DE CASTILLA-LA MANCHA Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética Quality of trophies in game ruminants: from the study of mechanical and structural properties, to the mineral composition and characterization of the trophy. TESIS DOCTORAL Jamil Cappelli Albacete, 2019 2 Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha TESIS DOCTORAL Quality of trophies in game ruminants: from the study of mechanical and structural properties, to the mineral composition and characterization of the trophy. Memoria presentada por Jamil Cappelli para optar al Grado de Doctor en Ciencias Agrarias y Ambientales. El Doctorando ____________ Jamil Cappelli En Albacete, 2019 3 4 D. Andrés José García Díaz, D. Tomás Landete Castillejos y D. Laureano Gallego Martínez, Catedráticos de Universidad pertenecientes al Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. INFORMAN Que la presente memoria, titulada “Quality of trophies in game ruminants: from the study of mechanical and structural properties, to the mineral composition and characterization of the trophy”, de la que es autor el Ingeniero de montes Don Jamil Cappelli, con un máster en Ciencias y gestión de la fauna silvestre y recursos ambientales, ha sido realizada bajo nuestra dirección y cumple las condiciones exigidas para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha (Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias y Ambientales impartido por el Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete). Fdo: D. Andrés José García Díaz Fdo: D. Tomás Landete Castillejos Fdo: D. Laureano Gallego Martínez 5 6 Esta tesis ha sido posible gracias al proyecto cofinanciado por el Fondo Social Europeo para la formación predoctoral UCLM (ref.: 2015/4062) y al proyecto nacional financiado por el MINECO titulado “Factores que afectan a la rotura de las cuernas en España y en Europa: de la composición mineral al manejo” (ref.: AGL201238898). Durante la realización de esta tesis disfruté de las ayudas de FPI de la UCLM y ERASMUS+ para hacer varios periodos de estancia que suman más de 3 meses fuera de España en centro de investigación y universidades extranjeras; estas estancias en una institución de enseñanza superior o centro de investigación extranjero son un requisito necesario para la acreditación del doctorado internacional. This thesis was made due to the project co-financed by the European Social Fund for UCLM pre-doctoral training (ref.: 2015/4062) and the national project funded by MINECO entitled "Factors affecting the breaking of the antlers in Spain and in Europe: from mineral composition to management "(ref.: AGL201238898). During the realization of this thesis I enjoyed an FPI grant from the UCLM and ERASMUS+ grant to make several periods of stay that total more than 3 months outside of Spain in foreign research center and universities; these stays in an institution of foreign higher education or research institution belong to the conditions necessary for the accreditation of the international doctorate (international PhD). 7 8 Acknowledgment Acknowledgment En primer lugar, quisiera agradecer mis directores de tesis. Agradezco al Dr. Andrés José García Díaz, por guiarme y asesorarme de la mejor manera sobre mis actividades y por ayudarme con sus consejos. Gracias al Dr. Tomas Landete- Castillejos por sus ideas y dedicación invertido en mi formación, siempre con una perspectiva dirigida a nuevos desafíos. Y finalmente, gracias a Laureano Gallego, un pilar importante para el grupo de investigación y por su insustituible guía. Gracias a todos los otros miembros del grupo de investigación, que me han acompañado en el pasado y que aun siguen trabajando duro en nuevos proyectos de investigación: Pablo Gambín, María López Quintanilla, Javier Pérez-Barbería, Martina Pérez Serrano, Francisco Ceacero. No quisiera olvidar tampoco José Maria, y todos los estudiantes que nos han ayudado con sus practicas en las tareas de campo y en los trabajos de laboratorio. Finalmente, gracias a todos los investigadores y profesores que conocí durante estos largos años de doctorado, solo por mencionar algunos: Alberto Stanislao Atzori, Marco Zaccaroni, Radim Kotrba, Martina Komárková. Muchas gracias también a Ana Molina Casanova, que gracias a su contacto con la Universidad de Florencia me permitió llegar al campus de Albacete, inicialmente como estudiante del programa Erasmus, y desde este primer paso continué el camino en la investigación científica. Gracias a Martina por apoyarme en este camino de la vida y por soportar las distancias y dificultades encontradas durante nuestro viaje. Gracias a mi familia por su apoyo incondicional y por todo el cariño recibido, a lo largo de estos años. 9 10 The wild deer, wandering here and there Keeps the human soul from care. (William Blake, Auguries of Innocence; 1863) […] el gran ciervo miraba y al mediodía su corona de cuernas brillaba cómo un altar en llamas. (Pablo Neruda, Tercer libros de las odas; 1976) 11 12 Index General index Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... 9 General index .............................................................................................................. 13 Index of figures ........................................................................................................... 15 Index of tables ............................................................................................................ 17 List of acronyms and abbreviations ..................................................................... 19 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 43 1.1 Economic aspects of hunting and game trophies .............................. 45 1.2 Cranial appendages: antlers, horns, and much more ........................ 50 1.2.1 Evolution of horns and antlers ............................................................. 51 1.3 Antlers .................................................................................................... 53 1.3.1 Structure ..................................................................................................... 54 1.3.2 Species as a study model: Red deer (Cervus elaphus spp.) ....... 60 1.3.2.1 Distribution and diffusion history ...................................................... 60 1.3.2.2 Biology .................................................................................................. 66 1.3.2.3 Ecology and reproduction .................................................................. 68 1.3.2.4 Antler cycle ........................................................................................... 70 1.3.3 Species as a study model: Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) ....... 76 1.3.3.1 Distribution and diffusion history ...................................................... 76 1.3.3.2 Biology .................................................................................................. 78 1.3.3.3 Ecology and reproduction .................................................................. 80 1.3.3.4 Antler cycle ........................................................................................... 83 1.4 Horns ...................................................................................................... 87 1.4.1. Structure.................................................................................................... 87 1.4.2. Species as a study model: Common eland (Taurotragus oryx) . 91 1.4.2.1 Distribution and diffusion history ...................................................... 91 1.4.2.2 Biology .................................................................................................. 93 1.4.2.3 Ecology and reproduction .................................................................. 94 1.4.2.4 Horn growth ......................................................................................... 95 1.5. Factors affecting the growth of antlers and horns ............................ 97 1.5.1 Influence of hormone secretion and environment ............................. 97 1.5.2 Density of population and influence of the social environment ..... 101 1.5.3 Genetics and age ................................................................................. 103 1.5.4 Nutrition.................................................................................................. 106 Chapter 2. Justification .......................................................................................... 111 13 Index Chapter 3. Objectives .............................................................................................. 117 Chapter 4. Work plan, materials and methodology ......................................... 121 4.1 Material and geographical origin of animal’s samples .................... 123 4.1.1. Cervus elaphus spp. ............................................................................. 123 4.1.2. Capreolus capreolus ............................................................................ 126 4.1.3. Taurotragus
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