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Electrophorus Electricus ERSS
Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, August 2011 Revised, July 2018 Web Version, 8/21/2018 Photo: Brian Gratwicke. Licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0. Available: http://eol.org/pages/206595/overview. (July 2018). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Eschmeyer et al. (2018): “Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco River basins and other areas in northern Brazil: Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.” Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. This species is in trade in the United States. From AquaScapeOnline (2018): “Electric Eel 24” (2 feet) (Electrophorus electricus) […] Our Price: $300.00” 1 The State of Arizona has listed Electrophorus electricus as restricted live wildlife. Restricted live wildlife “means wildlife that cannot be imported, exported, or possessed without a special license or lawful exemption” (Arizona Secretary of State 2006a,b). The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has listed the electric eel Electrophorus electricus as a prohibited species. Prohibited nonnative species, "are considered to be dangerous to the ecology and/or the health and welfare of the people of Florida. These species are not allowed to be personally possessed or used for commercial activities” (FFWCC 2018). The State of Hawaii Plant Industry Division (2006) includes Electrophorus electricus on its list of prohibited animals. From -
Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi
Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 (http://www.accessscience.com/) Article by: Boschung, Herbert Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Gardiner, Brian Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom. Publication year: 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400) Content Morphology Euteleostei Bibliography Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi The most recent group of actinopterygians (rayfin fishes), first appearing in the Upper Triassic (Fig. 1). About 26,840 species are contained within the Teleostei, accounting for more than half of all living vertebrates and over 96% of all living fishes. Teleosts comprise 517 families, of which 69 are extinct, leaving 448 extant families; of these, about 43% have no fossil record. See also: Actinopterygii (/content/actinopterygii/009100); Osteichthyes (/content/osteichthyes/478500) Fig. 1 Cladogram showing the relationships of the extant teleosts with the other extant actinopterygians. (J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2006) 1 of 9 10/7/2015 1:07 PM Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 Morphology Much of the evidence for teleost monophyly (evolving from a common ancestral form) and relationships comes from the caudal skeleton and concomitant acquisition of a homocercal tail (upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin are symmetrical). This type of tail primitively results from an ontogenetic fusion of centra (bodies of vertebrae) and the possession of paired bracing bones located bilaterally along the dorsal region of the caudal skeleton, derived ontogenetically from the neural arches (uroneurals) of the ural (tail) centra. -
Brachyhypopomus Bullocki, a New Species of Electric Knifefish
ISSN 0097-3157 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 158: 183-192 APRIL 2009 Brachyhypopomus bullocki, a new species of electric knifefish (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae) from northern South America JOHN P. SULLIVAN Department of Ichthyology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195, USA, Email: [email protected] CARL D. HOPKINS Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT.—We describe the new species Brachyhypopomus bullocki (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae) from the río Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela as well as the Takutu River/rio Branco-rio Negro basin of Guyana and Brazil. Among its congeners, B. bullocki most closely resembles Brachyhypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner, 1868) in possessing an elongated caudal filament which may reach up to 45% TL in reproductive males, in having wide, evenly spaced saddles of pigment over the dorsum connecting to lateral bands of pigment along the abdominal flanks, and in having a mesocoracoid bone. This new species is distinguished from B. brevirostris and other members of the genus by a large eye (15.5–19.2% of head length), a short abdomen usually with 12 pre-caudal vertebrae, and poorly ossified third and fourth branchiostegal rays that are enlarged distally, producing a bulbous appearance of the opercular region. The electric organ discharge waveform of B. bullocki is biphasic, 0.9–1.6 milliseconds in duration, and the pulse rate varies from 20–80 Hz. RESUMEN.— Se describe la nueva especie Brachyhypopomus bullocki (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae) de la cuenca del río Orinoco de Colombia y Venezuela, como así también de la cuenca del Río Takutu/Rio Branco-Rio Negro de Guyana y Brasil. -
Electric Organ Electric Organ Discharge
1050 Electric Organ return to the opposite pole of the source. This is 9. Zakon HH, Unguez GA (1999) Development and important in freshwater fish with water conductivity far regeneration of the electric organ. J exp Biol – below the conductivity of body fluids (usually below 202:1427 1434 μ μ 10. Westby GWM, Kirschbaum F (1978) Emergence and 100 S/cm for tropical freshwaters vs. 5,000 S/cm for development of the electric organ discharge in the body fluids, or, in resistivity terms, 10 kOhm × cm vs. mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus isidori. II. Replacement of 200 Ohm × cm, respectively) [4]. the larval by the adult discharge. J Comp Physiol A In strongly electric fish, impedance matching to the 127:45–59 surrounding water is especially obvious, both on a gross morphological level and also regarding membrane physiology. In freshwater fish, such as the South American strongly electric eel, there are only about 70 columns arranged in parallel, consisting of about 6,000 electrocytes each. Therefore, in this fish, it is the Electric Organ voltage that is maximized (500 V or more). In a marine environment, this would not be possible; here, it is the current that should be maximized. Accordingly, in Definition the strong electric rays, such as the Torpedo species, So far only electric fishes are known to possess electric there are many relatively short columns arranged in organs. In most cases myogenic organs generate electric parallel, yielding a low-voltage strong-current output. fields. Some fishes, like the electric eel, use strong – The number of columns is 500 1,000, the number fields for prey catching or to ward off predators, while of electrocytes per column about 1,000. -
Brachyhypopomus Draco, a New Sexually Dimorphic Species of Neotropical Electric Fish from Southern South America (Gymnotiformes : Hypopomidae)
University of Central Florida STARS Faculty Bibliography 2000s Faculty Bibliography 1-1-2008 Brachyhypopomus draco, a new sexually dimorphic species of neotropical electric fish from southern South America (Gymnotiformes : Hypopomidae) Julia Giora Luiz R. Malabarba William Crampton University of Central Florida Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/facultybib2000 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Bibliography at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Bibliography 2000s by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Giora, Julia; Malabarba, Luiz R.; and Crampton, William, "Brachyhypopomus draco, a new sexually dimorphic species of neotropical electric fish from southern South America (Gymnotiformes : Hypopomidae)" (2008). Faculty Bibliography 2000s. 378. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/facultybib2000/378 Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(2):159-168, 2008 Copyright © 2008 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Brachyhypopomus draco, a new sexually dimorphic species of Neotropical electric fish from southern South America (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae) Julia Giora1, Luiz R. Malabarba1 and William Crampton2 Brachyhypopomus draco, new species, is described from central, southern and coastal regions of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, and Uruguay. It is diagnosed from congeners by, among other characters, the shape of the distal portion of the caudal filament in mature males, which during the reproductive period forms a distinct paddle shape structure. Brachyhypopomus draco, espécie nova, é descrita para as regiões central, sul e costeira do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e Uruguai. Ela é diagnosticada de seus congêneres, entre outros caracteres, pela porção final do filamento caudal de machos maduros, que adquire a forma de um remo durante o período reprodutivo, . -
Life History of Gymnotus Refugio (Gymnotiformes; Gymnotidae): an Endangered Species of Weakly Electric Fish
Environ Biol Fish (2017) 100:69–84 DOI 10.1007/s10641-016-0556-z Life history of Gymnotus refugio (Gymnotiformes; Gymnotidae): an endangered species of weakly electric fish Aline Salvador Vanin & Julia Giora & Clarice Bernhardt Fialho Received: 16 June 2016 /Accepted: 21 November 2016 /Published online: 28 November 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract The present study describes the life history of Keywords Electric-fish . Threatened species . Gymnotus refugio, a species classified as Endangered in Reproduction . Feeding the last published list of threatened species of the Brazilian fauna. The study was conducted at a conser- vation unity that protect one of the last remaining Introduction semideciduous forests in the region. The reproductive period was estimated as occurring from the end of The order Gymnotiformes is composed by freshwater winter to the last summer months. Gymnotus refugio weakly electric fishes, which are able to produce and exibited fractional spawning, the lowest relative fecun- detect electric fields with the function of localization and dity registered among the Gymnotifomes species stud- intra and interspecific communication (Crampton and ied at the present, and male parental care behavior. The Hopkins 2005). They can be found from southern analyses showed a seasonal pattern on the species diet, Mexico to Argentina, and in the Caribbean island of associating different food categories to winter, autumn, Trinidad (Albert and Crampton 2003). The genus and spring. According to food items analysis and esti- Gymnotus is the representative with the largest distribu- mated intestinal quotient, G. refugio was classified as tion among the order, including 40 valid species invertivorous, feeding mainly on autochthonous insects. -
Convergent Evolution of Weakly Electric Fishes from Floodplain Habitats in Africa and South America
Environmental Biology of Fishes 49: 175–186, 1997. 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Convergent evolution of weakly electric fishes from floodplain habitats in Africa and South America Kirk O. Winemiller & Alphonse Adite Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A. Received 19.7.1995 Accepted 27.5.1996 Key words: diet, electrogenesis, electroreception, foraging, morphology, niche, Venezuela, Zambia Synopsis An assemblage of seven gymnotiform fishes in Venezuela was compared with an assemblage of six mormyri- form fishes in Zambia to test the assumption of convergent evolution in the two groups of very distantly related, weakly electric, noctournal fishes. Both assemblages occur in strongly seasonal floodplain habitats, but the upper Zambezi floodplain in Zambia covers a much larger area. The two assemblages had broad diet overlap but relatively narrow overlap of morphological attributes associated with feeding. The gymnotiform assemblage had greater morphological variation, but mormyriforms had more dietary variation. There was ample evidence of evolutionary convergence based on both morphology and diet, and this was despite the fact that species pairwise morphological similarity and dietary similarity were uncorrelated in this dataset. For the most part, the two groups have diversified in a convergent fashion within the confines of their broader niche as nocturnal invertebrate feeders. Both assemblages contain midwater planktivores, microphagous vegetation- dwellers, macrophagous benthic foragers, and long-snouted benthic probers. The gymnotiform assemblage has one piscivore, a niche not represented in the upper Zambezi mormyriform assemblage, but present in the form of Mormyrops deliciousus in the lower Zambezi and many other regions of Africa. -
The Biology and Genetics of Electric Organ of Electric Fishes
International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology ISSN: 2639-216X The Biology and Genetics of Electric Organ of Electric Fishes Khandaker AM* Editorial Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Volume 1 Issue 5 *Corresponding author: Ashfaqul Muid Khandaker, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Received Date: November 19, 2018 Department of Zoology, Branch of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Published Date: November 29, 2018 DOI: 10.23880/izab-16000131 Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: [email protected] Editorial The electric fish comprises an interesting feature electric organs and sense feedback signals from their called electric organ (EO) which can generate electricity. EODs by electroreceptors in the skin. These weak signals In fact, they have an electrogenic system that generates an can also serve in communication within and between electric field. This field is used by the fish as a carrier of species. But the strongly electric fishes produce electric signals for active sensing and communicating with remarkably powerful pulses. A large electric eel generates other electric fish [1]. The electric discharge from this in excess of 500 V. A large Torpedo generates a smaller organ is used for navigation, communication, and defense voltage, about 50 V in air, but the current is larger and the and also for capturing prey [2]. The power of electric pulse power in each case can exceed I kW [5]. organ varies from species to species. Some electric fish species can produce strong current (100 to 800 volts), The generating elements of the electric organs are especially electric eel and some torpedo electric rays are specialized cells termed electrocytes. -
A New Report of Multiple Sex Chromosome System in the Order Gymnotiformes (Pisces)
© 2004 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 69(2): 155–160, 2004 A New Report of Multiple Sex Chromosome System in the Order Gymnotiformes (Pisces) Sebastián Sánchez1,*, Alejandro Laudicina2 and Lilian Cristina Jorge1 1 Instituto de Ictiología del Nordeste, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2139 (3400) Corrientes, Argentina 2 Laboratorio de Citogenética Molecular, Departamento de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Gral. Paz 1499 (1650) San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina Received December 25, 2004; accepted April 3, 2004 Summary An X1X2Y sex chromosome system is reported for the first time in Gymnotus sp. The chromosome number observed was 2nϭ40 (14 M-SMϩ26 ST-A) in females and 2nϭ39 (15 M- SMϩ24 ST-A) in males, with the same fundamental number in both sexes (FNϭ54). The multiple sex chromosome system might have been originated by a Robertsonian translocation of an ancestral acrocentric Y-chromosome with an acrocentric autosome, resulting in a metacentric neo-Y chromo- some observed in males. Single NORs were detected on the short arm of a middle-sized acrocentric chromosome pair. Constitutive heterochromatin was observed in the pericentromeric regions of sev- eral chromosome pairs, including the neo-Y chromosome and the NOR carrier chromosomes. The ϩ DAPI/CMA3 stain revealed that all the pericentromeric heterochromatin are A T rich whereas the NORs were associated with GϩC rich base composition. The possible ancestral condition character- ized by an undifferentiated Y- chromosome from all the Gymnotiformes fishes is discussed. Key words X1X2Y sex chromosomes, C-NOR band, CMA3-DAPI stain, Gymnotus, Fishes. Multiple sex chromosome systems are known only for 7 neotropical fish species representing near 1% species cytogenetically analyzed already (Almeida-Toledo and Foresti 2001). -
Curriculum Vitae 21 May 2012 Christopher B
Curriculum Vitae 21 May 2012 Christopher B. Braun Department of Psychology Hunter College Biopsychology Program City University of New York 695 Park Avenue New York, NY 10021 Phone: (212) 772-5554; Fax: (212) 772-5620 [email protected] www.urban.hunter.cuny.edu/~cbraun Education: Postdoctoral (Neuroethology) Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University Chicago 2001 Ph.D. (Neurosciences) University of California at San Diego 1997 M.S. (Neurosciences) University of California at San Diego 1993 B.A. (Evolutionary Biology) Hampshire College. 1991 Positions Held: 2008- Research Associate, Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. 2007- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Hunter College, and Biopsychology and Ecology Evolution and Behavior programs, City University of New York. 2001-2006 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Hunter College, and Biopsychology and Ecology Evolution and Behavior programs, City University of New York. 1997-2001 Postdoctoral Research Associate, Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University Chicago. 1999 Lecturer in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago. 1998-2000 Postdoctoral Fellow, Neuroscience and Aging Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago. 1991-1997 Graduate Research Assistant, University of California at San Diego. 1991 Research Assistant to Dr. W. Wheeler, Curator, American Museum of Natural History. Grants and Research Support: 2012-2013 PSC-CUNY #65638-00 43 2008-2013 RUI: Collaborative Research: The Origin and Diversification of Hearing in Malagasy-South Asian Cichlids. NSF # 0749984. 2007 Endocrine disruptors and fin-ray morphology in teleost fish: Organizational and activational effects, PSC-CUNY Equipment Grant, Co-investigator. 2007-2008 Enhanced Audition and Temporal Resolution. C. Braun Principal Investigator. PSC-CUNY #69494-00 38 2005-2006 Evolution of Hearing Specializations. -
Action of Suramin Upon Ecto-Apyrase Activity and Synaptic Depression Of
British Journal of Pharmacology (1996) 118, 1232 - 1236 B 1996 Stockton Press Ail rights reserved 0007-1188/96 $12.00 0 Action of suramin upon ecto-apyrase activity and synaptic depression of Torpedo electric organ Eulakia Marti, Carles Canti, Immaculada Gomez de Aranda, Francesc Miralles & 'Carles Solsona Laboratori de Neurobiologia Cellular i Molecular, Departament de Biologia Cellular i Anatomia Patologica, Facultat de Medicina, Hospital de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge, Pavello de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08907, Spain 1 The role of ATP, which is co-released with acetylcholine in synaptic contacts of Torpedo electric organ, was investigated by use of suramin. Suramin [8-(3-benzamido-4-methylbenzamido)naphthalene- 1,3,5-trisulphonic acid], a P2 purinoceptor antagonist, potently inhibited in a non-competitive manner the ecto-apyrase activity associated with plasma membrane isolated from cholinergic nerve terminals of Torpedo electric organ. The Ki was 30 gM and 43 gM for Ca2+-ADPase and Ca2+-ATPase respectively. 2 In Torpedo electric organ, repetitive stimulation decreased the evoked synaptic current by 51%. However, when fragments of electric organ were incubated with suramin the evoked synaptic current declined by only 14%. Fragments incubated with the selective Al purinoceptor antagonist, DPCPX, showed 5% synaptic depression. 3 The effects of suramin and DPCPX on synaptic depression were not addictive. Synaptic depression may thus be linked to endogenous adenosine formed by dephosphorylation of released ATP by an ecto- apyrase. The final effector in synaptic depression, adenosine, acts via the Al purinoceptor. 4 ATP hydrolysis is prevented in the presence of suramin. -
A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname
Rapid Assessment Program A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname Editors: Leeanne E. Alonso and Trond H. Larsen 67 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - SURINAME CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME THE SURINAME FOREST SERVICE (LBB) NATURE CONSERVATION DIVISION (NB) FOUNDATION FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION CONTROL (SBB) SURINAME CONSERVATION FOUNDATION THE HARBERS FAMILY FOUNDATION Rapid Assessment Program A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed RAP (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname Bulletin of Biological Assessment 67 Editors: Leeanne E. Alonso and Trond H. Larsen CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - SURINAME CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME THE SURINAME FOREST SERVICE (LBB) NATURE CONSERVATION DIVISION (NB) FOUNDATION FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION CONTROL (SBB) SURINAME CONSERVATION FOUNDATION THE HARBERS FAMILY FOUNDATION The RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment is published by: Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA USA 22202 Tel : +1 703-341-2400 www.conservation.org Cover photos: The RAP team surveyed the Grensgebergte Mountains and Upper Palumeu Watershed, as well as the Middle Palumeu River and Kasikasima Mountains visible here. Freshwater resources originating here are vital for all of Suriname. (T. Larsen) Glass frogs (Hyalinobatrachium cf. taylori) lay their